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Science -- Asher et al. 307 (5712): 1091: We describe several fossils referable to Gomphos elkema from deposits close to the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at Tsagan Khushu, Mongolia. Gomphos shares a suite of cranioskeletal characters with extant rabbits, hares, and pikas but retains a primitive dentition and jaw compared to its modern relatives. Phylogenetic analysis supports the position of Gomphos as a stem lagomorph and excludes Cretaceous taxa from the crown radiation of placental mammals. Our results support the hypothesis that rodents and lagomorphs radiated during the Cenozoic and diverged from other placental mammals close to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Lagomorphs are rabbits, hares, and pikas. This might be referred to as a "missing link" of the rodents. Why do we care? Most mammals are rodents, and this tells us about the evolution of the most successful group of mammals. Cool!

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Office of Financial Aid Before you borrow please review the following questions and answers. If you have already borrowed on a student loan, pay attention to this Q&A as it will provide valuable information. This Q&A will help answer most of your questions and give you resources to assist you while in school, during a leave of absence/withdrawal and after completion of your program. - How much should I borrow? - How do I track and manage my loans? - How do I consolidate my student loans? - How do I repay my student loans? - What repayment plans are available to me? - What is loan default? - What if I default on my student loans? Eastern Wyoming College (EWC) strongly encourages borrowers to carefully weigh the need for loans and to borrow only what is actually needed. We encourage you to estimate and plan your repayment obligations prior to borrowing. Borrowing in excess of what is actually needed means you must repay more at a later date. Your monthly payments will be higher and you may be paying over a longer period of time due to the interest that accrues on your loans. For federal student and parent loans, borrowers should be aware of the repayment options that are available. In addition, there are a number of deferment or forbearance provisions available once the loan is in repayment. For some qualifying majors and professions, such as teaching, federal and state loan cancelation provisions can also be beneficial. Click here for estimate, repayment, deferment and forbearance options. Click here for Loan Forgiveness Program Information. Remember, loans must be repaid even if you did not complete your program and/or degree. To keep track of your student loans or to contact your loan servicer for repayment, log onto to the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS) at www.nslds.ed.gov or call the Federal Student Aid Information Center at 1-800-4-FED-AID (1-800-433-3243; TTY 1-800-730-8913). The PIN number that you used as your electronic signature for the FAFSA can also be used to gain access to NSLDS. This website will not only show you all of the federal and private loans you borrowed, but also who the servicer is for your loan(s). The servicer is the entity you will be corresponding with to coordinate repayment. To see a list of Federal Student Aid servicers for the Direct Loan Program and for FFEL Program Loans purchased by the U.S. Department of Education, go to the Loan Servicer page. If you have borrowed loans in the past through the FFEL Program (i.e. a federal loan serviced by Bank of America, Wells Fargo, Citibank, etc.) these loans have most likely been sold to a third party processor. We cannot stress enough how important it is to know your loan servicer. Please refer to “Understanding the PUT Program” under the loan consolidation section. If you are expecting to borrow a Federal Direct Student Loan or Federal PLUS Loan for this coming year and also have a Federal Family Educational Loan (FFEL), Stafford or PLUS Loans from prior years, you will have at least two lenders to repay when you graduate: your selected FFEL lender and the federal government. The Direct Lending Consolidation program offers a way for you to combine both loans into one consolidation loan with one point of repayment. This loan consolidation program will be available to you once you graduate and begin thinking about repayment. There are advantages and disadvantages to loan consolidation and we recommend that you research this option carefully before proceeding. If you have questions about whether or not consolidation is right for you, please contact the Direct Loan Consolidation Loan Information Center at www.loanconsolidation.ed.gov. After borrowers graduate, leave school, or drop below half-time enrollment, loans that were made for that period of study have several months before payments are due. This is called the “grace period”. Grace periods extend to 6 months after borrowers leave school or cease to be enrolled in at least half time enrollment for 6 months. Grace periods can also extend up to 12 months; however, you must contact your loan servicer directly. Borrower repayment period begins the day after their loan grace period ends. First payment will be due within 60 days after the repayment period begin. Each loan has only one grace period. If borrowers return to school at a half-time enrollment status after the grace period has expired, the borrower qualifies for deferment while enrolled but returns to repayment after leaving school. There is no additional grace period. You are able to make payments on your student loan while you are still enrolled. If you have unsubsidized loans, you are able to make payments on your interest that is accruing. When it comes time to start repaying your student loan(s), you can select a repayment plan what’s right for your financial situation. Generally, you’ll have from 10 to 25 years to repay your loan, depending on total amount borrowed and which repayment plan you choose. With the standard plan, you’ll pay a fixed amount each month until your loans are paid in full. Your monthly payments will be at least $50, and you’ll have up to 10 years to repay your loans. Your monthly payment under the standard plan may be higher than it would be under the other plans because your loans will be repaid in the shortest time. For that reason, having a 10-year limit on repayment, you may pay the least interest. To calculate your estimated loan payments, go to the Standard Repayment plan calculator. Under the extended plan, you’ll pay a fixed annual or graduated repayment amount over a period not to exceed 25 years. If you’re a FFEL borrower, you must have more than $30,000 in outstanding FFEL Program loans. If you’re a Direct Loan borrower, you must have more than $30,000 in outstanding Direct Loans. This means, for example, that if you have $35,000 in outstanding FFEL Program loans and $10,000 in outstanding Direct Loans, you can choose the extended repayment plan for your FFEL Program loans, but not for your Direct Loans. Your fixed monthly payment is lower than it would be under the Standard Plan, but you’ll ultimately pay more for your loan because of the interest that accumulates during the longer repayment period. This is a good plan if you will need to make smaller monthly payments. Because the repayment period will be 25 years, your monthly payments will be less than with the standard plan. However, you may pay more in interest because you’re taking longer to repay the loans. Remember that the longer your loans are in repayment, the more interest you will pay. To calculate your estimated loan payments, go to the Extended Repayment plan calculator. With this plan, your payments start out low and increase every two years. The length of your repayment period will be up to ten years. If you expect your income to increase steadily over time, this plan may be right for you. Your monthly payment will never be less than the amount of interest that accrues between payments. Although your monthly payment will gradually increase, no single payment under this plan will be more than three times greater than any other payment. To calculate your estimated loan payments, go to the Graduated Repayment plan calculator. Income Based Repayment (IBR) – Effective July 1, 2009 Income Based Repayment is a new repayment plan for the major types of federal loans made to students. Under IBR, the required monthly payment is capped at an amount that is intended to be affordable based on income and family size. You are eligible for IBR if the monthly repayment amount under IBR will be less than the monthly amount calculated under a 10-year standard repayment plan. If you repay under the IBR plan for 25 years and meet other requirements you may have any remaining balance of your loan(s) cancelled. Additionally, if you work in public service and have reduced loan payments through IBR, the remaining balance after ten years in a public service job could be cancelled. For more important information about IBR go to IBR Plan Information. Loan default is failure to repay a loan according to terms of the Master Promissory Note. There can be serious legal consequences for student loan defaulters. There are different options to prevent falling into default status. The following are some options: Deferment = a postponement of payment on a loan that is allowed under certain conditions and during which interest does not accrue for subsidized loans. This request can be made if you are returning to school and are enrolled in at least half-time status. Please contact your loan servicer for more information. Forbearance = a period during which your monthly loan payments are temporarily suspended or reduced. You may qualify for forbearance if you are willing but not able to make loan payments due to certain types of financial hardships. A complete list of Direct Loan forbearances and their eligibility criteria can be reviewed at www.dlservicer.ed.gov. Repayment Plan = Changing repayment plans is a good way to manage your loan debt when your financial circumstances change. For example, you can usually lower your monthly payment by changing to another repayment plan with a longer term to repay the loan. There are no penalties for changing repayment plans. If you default, it means you failed to make payments on your student loan according to the terms of your promissory note, the binding legal document you signed at the time you took out your loan. In other words, you failed to make your loan payments as scheduled. Your school, the financial institution that made or owns your loan, your loan guarantor, and the federal government all can take action to recover the money you owe. Consequences of Default National credit bureaus can be notified of your default, which will harm your credit rating, making it hard to buy a car or a house. You will be ineligible for additional federal student aid if you decide to return to school. State and federal income tax refunds can be withheld and applied toward the amount you owe. You will have to pay late fees and collection costs on top of what you already owe. How do I get help with my loan problems? If you are having a problem with your federal student loan, contact the FSA Ombudsman at the U.S. Department of Education. The FSA Ombudsman is dedicated to helping students resolve disputes and other problems with federal student loans. You can contact the FSA Ombudsman by phone at 1-877-557-2575, by fax at 1-202-275-0549, by mail at U.S. Department of Education, FSA Ombudsman, 830 First Street, NE, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20202-5144, by visiting fsahelp.ed.gov or by e-mail at [email protected]. For more information and to learn what actions to take if you default on your loans see the Department of Education’s Default Resolution Group Web site. Important: Remember, you are responsible to repay your student loans as agreed on your signed Master Promissory Note(s). Please keep your contact information up to date with your loan servicer to ensure you receive important correspondence. When in doubt, contact your loan servicer. Staying in touch with your loan servicer will maintain a good relationship and decrease the chances of loan default.

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Takashi Uesugi, who says he is an ex-journalist and now a "hyper golf creator" (whatever that means), went inside the no-entry zone in Fukushima (I believe it was in May or June) with his dosimeters to ostensibly visit his favorite golf course in Fukushima. Mr. Uesugi, former New York Times reporter, created the bilingual (Japanese/English) video below, which is on his website, as a teaser for the longer, full version to be released later. In the early days of the Fukushima nuclear accident, he was more active, accusing the government and TEPCO for withholding the information about the accident, particularly about the "meltdown" of the reactors. On his visit to his favorite golf course, Uesugi also dropped by near Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant. His dosimeter showed 106.87 microsieverts/hour. What's astonishing to me about the video than the radiation level (yes it is high) is that Uesugi visited a family who continues to live inside the no-entry zone because of the very old mother who is bed-ridden. The daughter, herself in her 60s or 70s, says even the doctors tell them it was a good choice to remain there, because her mother wouldn't have made it in the temporary shelter. But there is no water, no gas, no propane delivery, nothing. How do these people survive? Why should they suffer like this? Because of the arbitrary circle that the inept government marked on the map in March last year. But the daughter is reassuring the mother, "This is your house, you don't need to go anywhere." Many who saw this video are crying "TEPCO lies!" on Twitter because one of the monitoring posts at the plant on July 12 was only 9.3 microsieverts/hour, nowhere near 106 microsieverts/hour that Uesugi measured. That is an unjust accusation, though. TEPCO says on its webpage that summarizes the monitoring post data that the company did the thorough decontamination from February to April this year around the the monitoring posts MP2 through 8 in order to reduce the background radiation levels to better monitor the radiation fluctuations. The radiation level near the Main Building has been extremely stable around 220 microsieverts/hour.

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Photo Courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, bugwood.org Thermopsis montana Nutt. Scientific Name Synonyms: Life Span: Perennial Growth Characteristics: Mountain goldenpea is an erect forb, growing up to 2 feet in height and spreading by rhizomes. It blooms between May and August, depending on the elevations. Flowers: Pea-like lemon-yellow colored flowers in a raceme. Flowers are ½ to ¾ inch long. There are five to fifty flowers which make up the inflorescence. The flower spikes arise from the leaf axils Fruits/Seeds: The seedpods are long, thin, blue/green and covered with downy hairy. They project vertically from the stem. The pods grow quickly in the late spring and early summer, and mature in late summer. There are two to five seeds per pod. Leaves: Leaves are alternate, palmate, with 3 leaflets, which are oval in shape. Stems: Multiple stems up to 2 feet tall. Mountain goldenpea is found in montane and subalpine zones. It is common in woodlands and meadows. Soils: Sandy, well-drained soils. Associated Species: Aspen, lupine, snowberry. Uses and Management: Mountain goldenpea is poisonous to cattle. The principle toxin has not been isolated, but is thought to be similar to quinolizidine alkaloids found in Lupines. The toxin causes acute muscle degeneration – cattle become weak, ataxic, and unable to stand. Animals die from hunger and thirst. Mountain Glodenpea will remain toxic in hay, especially if seed pods are present.

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Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, which is made up of the iris, ciliary body and choroid. Together, these form the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera (white of the eye). The eye is shaped like a tennis ball, with three different layers of tissue surrounding the central gel-filled cavity, which is called the vitreous. The innermost layer is the retina, which senses light and helps to send images to your brain. The outermost layer is the sclera, the strong white wall of the eye. The middle layer between the sclera and retina is called the uvea. The uvea contains many blood vessels — the veins, arteries and capillaries — that carry blood to and from the eye. Because the uvea nourishes many important parts of the eye (such as the retina), inflammation of the uvea can damage your sight. There are several types of uveitis, defined by the part of the eye where it occurs. - Iritis affects the front of your eye. Also called anterior uveitis, this is the most common type of uveitis. Iritis usually develops suddenly and may last six to eight weeks. Some types of anterior uveitis can be chronic or recurrent. - If the uvea is inflamed in the middle or intermediate region of the eye, it is called pars planitis (or intermediate uveitis). Episodes of pars planitis can last between a few weeks to years. The disease goes through cycles of getting better, then worse. - Posterior uveitis affects the back parts of your eye. Posterior uveitis can develop slowly and often lasts for many years. - Panuveitis occurs when all layers of the uvea are inflamed. Next Page: Uveitis Causes

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I am using xsl-fo to render a PDF. I need to create a table header for my TOC that has one element("Chapter Contents") on the left and the other element("Page") on the right, and the two elements appear on the same line. Currently, I create two fo:inline elements to wrap the text, which are then be wrapper under a fo:block element. I have my xslfo code looks like: <fo:block text-align="left"> <fo:inline color="#0082C8" font-size="8pt" font-family="serif" font-weight="normal" >Chapter Contents: </fo:inline> <fo:inline font-size="8pt" font-family="serif" font-weight="normal" alignment-adjust="alphabetic" >Page </fo:inline> </fo:block> This code will simply put both two elements on the left-hand side. If I did make two in-line elements into two separate blocks, they will be on different lines! Also, adding in text-align="right" into the second will have no effect. Could experts offer some help? I want both elements appear on the same line and one on the very right while other on the left. Thanks!

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I have noticed a number of video online (YouTube, etc) where people appear to have taken a MIDI file (ie: instrumental music in a note form, not raw audio), and managed to use a sound-font such that they can use a sound effect as a specific note, and then have the song use that same sound at various pitches to play the WAV file as an instrument. One example of this in action is here, where the Inspector Gadget theme is played, but the word "BONK" from a WAV file is used in place of a bass guitar (Inspector Bonk): Here is another example, "Kirby Falcon Punch Remix": A friend told me the type of software is called a "tracker", but I can't find anything that fits the build. Any help is appreciated. EDIT: I could possibly just tear apart a MIDI file, parse it with MATLAB, and then create a script to rebuild the song, but given the number of these types of remixes on Youtube, I'm guessing there is a simpler way to do this.

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Maggie Gundersen: Hello Mr. Hirose and hello people of Kansai. I am Maggie Gundersen. I am the President and the founder of Fairewinds Associates and the founding director of Fairewinds Energy Education non-profit. I am here today with Arnie Gundersen, my husband, and Chief Engineer for Fairewinds Associates. We are here today to talk to you about the triple meltdown at Fukushima-Daiichi. We hope to answer all your questions. I wish we could have joined you in person, but I thank you for watching this video and please send us any follow-up questions. We will be happy to answer them. Now let's bring Arnie into this conversation. Arnie, how dangerous is the situation now at Fukushima-Daiichi Unit 4, particularly in Japan with its continuous danger of earthquakes and seismic activity and chance for an additional tsunami. Arnie Gundersen: Unit 4 has always been my biggest concern. If you watched our website on the very first week of the accident I was saying that if Unit 4 were to catch fire, you would have to evacuate Tokyo. As a matter of fact the book that we wrote talks about that a lot. It is really important and it remains the biggest concern that I have about the Fukushima site. Unit 4 has more fuel in it than any of the other units in the complex, but more importantly it has the most recently used nuclear fuel. And all of that fuel is outside of the containment. So that would make it dangerous enough. Except that also, of course, Unit 4 has had a series of explosions and is weakened structurally. Before it might have withstood a 7.5 earthquake. I believe that the structural damage to Unit 4 is so great that if there is a 7.5 earthquake, it will not withstand it. Here is what would happen if Unit 4 were to crack and the water were to drain out of the nuclear fuel pool. The fuel is hot enough that it needs to be water-cooled. If air is all there is cooling the fuel, it will burn. It will burn the zircaloy cladding on the fuel, (and) will react with the oxygen to create a fire. And it is a fire that once it starts, cannot be put out by water. Water would make it worse. So the nuclear fuel would have to burn completely before the fire would ever go out. In the process, all that radiation would go up into the atmosphere and blow all over Japan and all over the world. There is as much cesium in the fuel pool at Unit 4 as there was in all of the atomic bombs dropped in all of the tests in the 1940's, the 1950's, the 1960's, and into the 1970's. All of the above ground testing has less cesium in it than is in the reactor pool at Fukushima 4 right now. So it is a grave situation. I don't believe that the Japanese Government is moving fast enough. If there is no earthquake, the plan to remove the fuel slowly is going to be adequate. But we cannot wait on Mother Nature. We have to quickly move that fuel out of that pool and onto the ground. The key here is quickly. The Japanese Government finally just this month came up with a plan to build a building around the fuel pool building and begin removing the fuel in 2013 or 2014. I said that that is what they needed to do on the Fairewinds site in an interview with Chris Martenson a year ago. These things have been evident, but TEPCO is not moving fast enough and the Japanese Government is not pushing TEPCO to move fast enough either. I think the top priority of TEPCO and the top priority of the Japanese Government should be to move the fuel out of that pool just as quickly as possible. And in the meantime, they need to strengthen that pool to make sure that it can withstand an earthquake. Remember, that pool is not in a containment. You can look down in a satellite and see the nuclear fuel. The roof is blown off. And that is what makes it dangerous. In America, we had the Brookhaven National Laboratory do a study to examine what would happen in a fuel pool fire. Brookhaven National Labs determined that there would be 187,000 people who would develop cancer from a fuel pool fire. It is a serious concern and I do not believe that Tokyo Electric and I do not believe that the Japanese Government is taking it seriously enough. For the last year I have been working with Akio Matsumora and finally it appears that the world community is listening to Akio Matsumora's concerns about the pool. We need to tackle this as a concerned world community and encourage the Japanese Government and encourage Tokyo Electric to solve it quickly. Maggie Gundersen: Arnie you mentioned cesium in your earlier discussion. Why is it important? What is the health effect of cesium and are there any other radioactive isotopes that would have been released during the triple meltdown? Arnie Gundersen: Cesium is one of many radioactive isotopes that are created in a nuclear reactor. It has got a 30 year half life which means that it hangs around for 300 years and biologically it mimics potassium. You might remember that if you have a muscle cramp, you eat a banana and it goes to your muscles and relieves the cramp. Well, cesium also goes to your muscles. It is called a muscle seeker. When it goes to your muscles, it can cause cancer, but it can also cause a variety of other illnesses. The Brookhaven study only looks at cancer. It does not look at all the other things that radioactive cesium can do. In young children with rapidly developing muscles, especially their heart muscle, it can create something called Chernobyl Heart which is damage to the heart muscle, which once it is damaged, never ever recovers for the life of the child. So cesium is just one of many isotopes, but it is relatively easy to measure and also biologically causes almost the most damage of any of the other isotopes that are in that reactor. Maggie Gundersen: Arnie, you have said that you believe the explosion at Unit 3 was a prompt criticality. What is a prompt criticality and why do you believe that? Arnie Gundersen: I developed my concern about a prompt criticality because of the nature of the explosion in Unit 3. Unit 1, when it exploded, blew sideways and with relatively low energy. You can measure the rate at which it moves and it moves less than the speed of sound. And that is called a deflagration. It does not do anywhere near as much damage. When I looked at the explosion on Unit 3, however, it was entirely different. You can see it, it is not hard to see. It is called a detonation. The speed at which Unit 3 exploded was faster than the speed of sound. And the important thing is not how Unit 3 exploded. What is the most important thing is that it exploded with a detonation, not a deflagration. The nuclear industry is not paying attention to this now, but it should be, because a nuclear containment can handle the slow moving deflagration, but it cannot handle the fast moving detonation. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the international community are absolutely ignoring the fact that a detonation occurred in Unit 3. Well how did a detonation occur? That was the question I asked myself. I checked with chemists and atmospheric pressure and hydrogen will not create a detonation. Like on Unit 1 it will only create a deflagration. So I needed to figure out how a detonation could occur. But there are a couple of other clues here. One clue is that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission way back in March of last year, wrote a report that is on our website, that talks about nuclear fuel being deposited on the site and nuclear fuel being discovered as far away as two kilometers. How can nuclear fuel get blown out of a nuclear reactor? The fuel that is inside the reactor is also inside the containment and there is no indication of a massive containment failure and a massive reactor failure that could have thrown the nuclear fuel out. So I had to come up with a reason that the nuclear fuel could have been released in pieces, not little fine atoms, but in pieces which is what the Nuclear Regulatory Commission says was discovered. The only way that could happen is if the explosion occurred in the fuel pool at Unit 3. Now if you look at the video of Unit 3, the very first frames show the explosion occurring on the side of the building and that is the side of the building that has the nuclear fuel pool. It started on the nuclear fuel pool side and then worked it's way up into the massive cloud that you see. So what could have caused that? That is the question. Hydrogen would have been above the nuclear fuel, it would have been a gas above the nuclear fuel and if it had exploded, it would have pushed the nuclear fuel down. That is not what happened. Remember, we have fuel fragments found off-site. Something had to lift the nuclear fuel up. The only thing I could determine is that it was a criticality in the fuel pool that caused the fuel to lift up. The division I ran built nuclear fuel racks for boiling water reactors exactly like Fukushima. The dense fuel racks that are now in every reactor everywhere are very close to becoming critical anyway. And in the accident situation where there was seismic event and explosions occurring, it is likely that they were very near to becoming critical. And what that means is that they were very near to becoming a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Way back in college 40 years ago, we watched a movie called the Borax Experiment. You can find it on the web today. The explosion at Borax was a prompt moderated criticality. It looks almost exactly like the explosion in Fukushima unit 3. So an image I had from 40 years ago led me to conclude that the same thing happened in Unit 3. That a criticality occurred in the fuel pool and it pushed some of the nuclear fuel up into pellets and the pellets wound up scattered around the site. Now, the criticality is called prompt moderated criticality. It is not a bomb. A bomb is a prompt fast criticality. This reaction occurs slower than a bomb, but faster than what occurs inside a nuclear reactor. The Borax experiments were designed to test just how violent that reaction could be. I think if you look at Borax and compare it to Fukushima Unit 3, you will see that there are an awful lot of similarities. Again this is a theory, but it is the only theory that accounts for the explosion occurring on the side where the fuel pool is, and it is the only theory that creates the uplift force that caused the fuel particles to be thrown about the site and discovered as far as 2 kilometers away. Well there is one more piece of evidence and that is that the roof over the fuel pool has been totally destroyed whereas the roof over the nuclear reactor and the containment, collapsed downward. We talk about that in a video on the site as well and I think that is another important indication that whatever it was that caused the fuel to lift occurred on the fuel pool side of the building, and not in the middle where the nuclear reactor was. The videos after the accident and after the explosion show containment leaks as well. You will see in the weeks afterward, steam coming from the center of the building. And I believe that the containment lid lifted on Unit 3 and never went back down straight, so it has lifted and twisted sideways and radioactive gasses are lifting from that containment lid. But there is not enough evidence to say that that is what caused the explosion that we saw during the accident. The jury is still out and will be for 10 years until we get inside the Fukushima reactor to see what the damage is. But right now, I think my theory accounts for the damage, the speed of the shock wave, and also the fact that the contamination has been found as far away as 2 kilometers. Maggie Gundersen: Arnie, let's talk about the Unit 4 spent fuel pool. There have been a lot of questions about that and a lot of concerns right now. Was there a hydrogen explosion at the Unit 4 spent fuel pool and if there was, what is a hydrogen explosion and why would it have occurred there? Arnie Gundersen: One of the biggest mysteries at Fukushima is how did Fukushima Unit 4 explode? There are a couple of very, very grainy videos that clearly show it did explode. It was a different type of explosion and perhaps a fire and an explosion that went on for a period of days. So exactly how it did explode is one of the big questions about the Fukushima accident. There are 3 competing theories. Tokyo Electric says that the radioactive gasses over in Unit 3 went through a pipe that connected Unit 4 and entered Unit 4 causing Unit 4 to explode. So Tokyo Electric's position is that the radioactive hydrogen that was created in Unit 3 went through a pipe, entered Unit 4, and there it exploded. There is one piece of evidence that supports that. There is some contamination in some filters in Unit 4 that would indicate that gasses did come from Unit 3. So that is a possibility, but I do not think it is accurate because I believe that the containment was so damaged on Unit 3, that there was no pressure to push those gasses into Unit 4. I can't understand how the gasses, what the mode of force was to push those gasses into Unit 4. I think the hydrogen explosion came from something in side Unit 4 itself. There are two possibilities there. One is by Dr. Gen Saji and it is an excellent analysis. He believes that the hydrogen in the water in the pool that was dissolved because of the radiation in the pool over months and months and months, was enough to cause the building to explode. As the water got hot in the fuel pool, it liberated the hydrogen that was in the water and that hydrogen was enough to cause the explosion. The second possibility, and this is my theory, early on in the accident, there is some video that is up on our site, that shows that the top of the fuel racks were exposed to air. I am not suggesting that the entire fuel pool ran dry. But the top of the nuclear fuel I believe was exposed to air and I think the photos show that. So if the top of the fuel was exposed to air, it is possible that a reaction could have occurred at the top of the fuel that would have created enough hydrogen to blow the building up. Dr. Saji and I agree that the hydrogen came from the Unit 4 fuel pool. He believes it was dissolved in the water. I believe it came from the fuel. Only time will tell when we get in to analyze the reaction. But there is an important lesson here that the nuclear industry is not taking into account. And that is the fuel pool temperature. The fuel pool is a large pool and it can boil locally. And that is something the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the international community is not looking at. You can get local boiling in a pool even though the bulk temperature of the pool may be at 80 degrees Celsius. In portions of the pool, it can be boiling. That supports Dr. Saji's comment that as it boiled it would liberate hydrogen, even though the bulk temperature never ever exceeded boiling. My theory is that I do believe that the entire pool had drained to the point where there was boiling occurring. But the real issue here is that the nuclear industry is not looking at the fact that localized boiling can occur even though the bulk temperature might be less than 100 degrees centigrade. That is an important distinction moving forward. We have about 23 of these Mark I reactors in the United States and there are another 10 or so around the world. I think that we need to design these pools so that the hydrogen generated by dissociation can be accommodated without exploding the building. No one ever designed for that because no one ever anticipated it happening. But it did happen at Unit 4 and we need to prevent that in the future. Not just on these Mark I reactors but on the 400 reactors that all have fuel pools that are all susceptible to that identical type of failure. Maggie Gundersen: Arnie, I want to follow up with a few more questions. In your discussion of Unit 4, you have talked about its hydrogen explosion. Is there any chance of a prompt criticality or a hydrogen explosion now at Unit 4? Would anything cause it to release more fuel or more radioactivity? Arnie Gundersen: The fuel in the fuel pool at Unit 4 has now been cooled for about a year after the accident and it had been removed a couple of months before that. So the fuel is becoming cooler. It still needs to be water-cooled for another 2 years, but it is much cooler than it was at the beginning of the accident. So the chances of hydrogen generation are much, much lower now than when the accident occurred. So I do not believe that we are going to see an explosion in the pool now, no matter what happens. My biggest concern is that if the pool loses water, then it is an entirely different story. So if there is a large seismic event that causes the building to topple, or the pool to crack and the water to drain out, there is not enough cooling in the air of that fuel, and it will start to burn. Now the consequences of that are depending on which way the wind is blowing, it could mean the evacuation of Tokyo as a worst case. It could also mean cutting Japan in half so that the northern part is separated from the southern part by a band of contamination. So this is a very serious accident waiting to happen and we just all have to pray that an earthquake does not happen before that fuel is removed. Maggie Gundersen: Arnie, compared to the accident at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, how dangerous are the radioactive releases from the four reactors at Fukushima-Daiichi? Arnie Gundersen: Three Mile Island was a level 5 accident and Chernobyl and Fukushima are level 7 accidents. That means roughly that Three Mile Island was a 100 times less than the accident at Chernobyl and the accident at Fukushima. People did die as a result of the accident at Three Mile Island. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission says no, no one died, on their web page. But the evidence is clear that there was an increase in cancer. I refer you to Dr. Steve Wing's report that is also on our site that talks about it. And in addition some reports coming out of the University of Pittsburgh indicate just now that we are beginning to see leukemia as a result. So while Three Mile Island was much less than either Chernobyl or Fukushima, people did die as a result of the radiation released. At Fukushima-Daiichi the evidence tells us that at least three times more radiation in the form of noble gasses were released from Units 1, 2 and 3 than from Chernobyl. We have seen radioactive gas clouds, noble gas clouds to the northwest, that are much worse than we ever anticipated to have been released. So we know that the noble gasses were larger than Chernobyl. Now iodine, which is another gas that is released, and also cesium and other gasses, seem to be roughly on the same level as the releases from Chernobyl. There are 2 issues here. As terrible as it is, it would have been much worse but for 2 things. The first is that most of the time the wind was blowing out to sea. And of course Chernobyl was surrounded by land, so whatever way the plume meandered after Chernobyl, it contaminated the land. So when we compare Fukushima to Chernobyl, the total releases from Fukushima are likely higher than they were at Chernobyl, but because most of it blew out to sea, that is a good thing for the Japanese people. The second important thing that happened that was lucky, if we can call it luck in such a severe accident, was that it happened on a Friday and not on a weekend. There were a thousand people at the Daini site and at the Daiichi site, because it was a weekday, who could respond to the accident. If it had happened on a weekend, there would have been a small crew of people there and the accidents at both sites would have been much much worse. Now that has an implication worldwide, because on weekends and in the evenings, we have very small crews at these nuclear reactors. And should there be a major accident, there is no way to respond quickly enough with the small crew of people that are working on the shifts, other than the main shift in the middle of the day. The international community needs to look at that and it is not a matter of well, we can get people there in a half a day. That is too late. The staff on site has to be larger at the beginning of the accident to mitigate the potential for a serious accident. But yet it all boils down to money. The utilities that run these power plants really do not want a large staff because they have to pay for it. But in fact, it was the large staff at Daiichi and the large staff at Daini that likely saved the world. So the important take-away here is that the releases from Fukushima are as serious if not more so than Chernobyl. And that they would have been much worse if the accident had happened on a weekend. Maggie Gundersen: Arnie, thank you. How significant is the danger of hot particles and why? <strong>Arnie Gundersen:</strong> I am really concerned about the hot particles that were released after the Fukushima accident. Now a hot particle is more than just a single atom. An atom of cesium decays once and it is over, it is no longer radioactive. A hot particle though, contains thousands or hundreds of thousands of atoms of cesium or other radioactive material and they, of course, decay for many, many years and decades. So if a hot particle is lodged inside you, either in your lung or in your liver or in your gastrointestinal tract, it can cause a constant bombardment of radiation over a long period of time to a very small localized part of your tissue. And that is exactly the conditions that can cause a cancer. So we have seen in Mr Kaltofen's analysis to the American Public Health Association: he shows what an air filter looked like in a car in Fukushima and what an air filter looked like in a car in Tokyo. Those air filters are no different than our lung, our lung acts as an air filter, and that causes that radiation to get trapped in our lungs or in our livers or elsewhere in our bodies, and will constantly, over decades, cause cellular damage. It is particularly a concern in young children because they have a longer life, and because their cells are rapidly developing. So it is important that we monitor the children at Fukushima and throughout Japan over the next 3 or 4 decades to make sure that they do not develop cancers as a result of the hot particles that were released from Fukushima-Daiichi. Maggie Gundersen: So Arnie, in closing, what do you want people to remember from your review of the accident at Fukushima-Daiichi? Arnie Gundersen: About a month before the accident, we were walking and we were talking about an accident and where it might occur. And I said I did not know where it would occur, but I thought it would occur in a boiling water reactor of the Fukushima design, I said a Mark I reactor. And it turned out to be true. But I think the bigger lesson from Fukushima is that this is a technology that can destroy a nation. After Fukushima I was reading Mikolai Gorbachov's memoirs and he says it was the Chernobyl accident, not Perestroika, that destroyed the Soviet Union. So we had that information for 30 years but yet we really did not realize that it could happen elsewhere. So we know that the accident at Chernobyl was a cause in the factor of the collapse of the Soviet Union. And we know that the cost alone from the Fukushima-Daiichi accident will easily go to a half a trillion US dollars over the next 20 years. That is enough to bring Japan to its knees. Japan is at a tipping point. You have an opportunity here to change the way we use energy. Or Japan can go back and turn on all its nuclear reactors again and continue business as usual and of course risk another accident. So you have a choice, you have the opportunity to change the way you use energy and to change the way you distribute energy. You can create smart grids that share power from the north to the south and from the east to the west, where the frequencies are different. We can distribute our generation, instead of having massive power plants in locations like Fukushima-Daiichi and Fukushima-Danai. We can distribute those power plants throughout Japan, throughout the world, with windmills, with solar power, with conservation and with distributed small sources of generation. Those are all one way of doing it compared to the other which we are presently using, which is central station power. We needed central station power in the 20th century. Now with computers, we do not need central station power anymore. We can do it another way. And Japan can lead the way if it chooses to. If it leads the way, it will have an export commodity that the rest of the world will want desperately. You have an opportunity here to change your country. And you also have a business opportunity here to sell to the rest of the world a product that we all desperately need. So the Fukushima-Daiichi accident is the worst industrial accident in history: it is a half a trillion dollars. But it also can be an opportunity for Japan to change the way it does business and to create the economy for the 21st century and beyond with distributed generation and smart grids. I hope you choose that choice. Japan is at a tipping point and it is your choice to make.

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In the meantime, I thought I'd share this little passage from a letter Williamson wrote about the appropriateness of women wearing trousers, which is from the SSPX website: Girls, be mothers, and in order to be mothers, let not wild horses drag you into shorts or trousers. When activities are proposed to you requiring trousers, if it is something your great-grandmother did, then find a way of doing it, like her, in a skirt. And if your great-grandmother did not do it, then forget it! Her generation created your country, your generation is destroying it. Of course not all women who wear trousers abort the fruit of their womb, but all help to create the abortive society. Old-fashioned is good, modern is suicidal. You wish to stop abortion? Do it by example. Never wear trousers or shorts. [source]Not his most serious problem, but it is revealing. Williamson's recent comments denying the Holocaust on Swedish television are being well-publicised. Less is being made of previous things he has said and/or written, which show that this is not coming out of the blue. This is from John L. Allen at the National Catholic Reporter: In 1989, for example, police in Canada briefly considered filing charges against Williamson under that country’s hate speech laws after he gave an address in Quebec charging that Jews were responsible for "changes and corruption" in the Catholic church, that “not one Jew” perished in Nazi gas chambers, and that the Holocaust was a myth created so that the West would "approve the state of Israel."Incidentally, Ernst Zundel should no longer be called a "Canadian immigrant," as he has been deported (and imprisoned) in Germany. Also, he did not write Did Six Million Really Die?, though he did publish it. Which takes nothing away from Allen's point, I just wanted to be accurate. Williamson also praised the writings of Ernst Zundel, a German-born Canadian immigrant whose works include Did Six Million Really Die? and The Hitler We Loved and Why, both considered mainstays of Holocaust denial literature. In 1991, Williamson issued a letter from Winona, Minn., where he served as rector of a Lefebvrite seminary, stating, "Until [Jews] rediscover their true Messianic vocation, they may be expected to continue fanatically agitating, in accordance with their false messianic vocation of Jewish world dominion, to prepare the Antichrist’s throne in Jerusalem." [source]

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The National Cattlemen's Beef Association has criticized a review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. Conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the study was done as part of a required review of the coarse particulate matter standards. In effect, EPA is looking at the impact of duct. According to a statement from NCBA, coarse particulate matter is "nothing more than dust kicked up by cars and trucks traveling on dirt roads, a tractor tilling a field or cattle moving around on dirt," says Tamara Theis, NCBA's chief environmental council. "Studies do not show that rural dust is a health problem." EPA, back in 2006, set a coarse particulate matter standard of 150 micrograms per cubic meter of air, and when reviewing the standard in 2008, determined that the evidence on health effects from this level of dust was inconclusive. However, in July 2009, EPA reinterpreted what NCBA calls "the inconclusive evidence" and made use of what the group calls a flawed study to suggest that there are adverse health effects from dust at leves that are 10 times lower than the current standard. Theis says EPA is suggesting 12 to 15 micrograms of dust per cubic meter of air, which is below the naturally occurring levels of dust through most Western states - including "pristine National Parks," she says. If EPA were to set air standards at this level, much of the country would be over the limit. Cattle producers are concerned because it would limit the ability to raise livestock, but the issue goes beyond agriculture, Theis says. "States would be required to impose extreme control requirements and limitations on many businesses to ensure that the standard is met." The group is urging EPA to reject the study results and refrain from tightening the dust standard further.

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Cattle prices are expected to set new records in 2013 while hog prices are expected to have their second highest year ever. High feed costs have led to lower numbers of animals, which University of Missouri Extension agricultural economist Ron Plain says is why meat prices will be going up. "The U.S. meat supply per capita has been steadily declining," Plain said. "It's expected that 2013 will be the seventh consecutive year with less meat per person, down 22 pounds from 2006 and the lowest per capita supply since 1991." Slaughter steer, yearling and slaughter cow prices all reached record highs in 2012. It was the third straight year for steers to set record prices and the second consecutive year for both yearlings and slaughter cows. "The expectation is that all three will set new price records again in 2013," Plain said. "We are not yet to the peak in cattle prices." Hogs have also been hit by the high cost of feed. Plain says there is a high correlation between the price of corn and the break-even cost for hog production. Even so, surveys show some producers are looking to expand. "If we look out ahead of us and anticipate good crops and lower feed prices, there is reason to think hog producers will want to expand despite the tough financial year last year," Plain said. "On average, the typical hog sold for a $12 loss in 2012, but it looks like if you give the hog industry more feed they'll expand hog numbers." The number of farrowing sows this spring is forecast to be down 1.9%, a modest reduction. "It looks a bit down this year in the number of litters to be farrowed," Plain said. "But pigs per litter keep going up, so most likely any reduction in the number of sows being farrowed will be covered by more pigs per litter, so we'll end up with the same to maybe a few more pigs born in 2013 than what we had last year." The calf crop is expected to be smaller than last year. Plain says that 2012 was the 17th consecutive year with a smaller calf crop. With the shrinking herd and tightening supplies, Plain thinks 2014 prices will be even higher than 2013. "The forecast for the coming year is 4.3% less beef than a year ago, 0.2% more pork, 0.4% less chicken, and 0.3% more turkey," Plain said. "Total meat production is forecast to be down 1.3%. The population will grow about 0.9%, so it's about 2.2% less meat per person, unless we see a big jump in meat imports." Source: University of Missouri

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Grain farmers could make more money be switching to organic grain crops according to a new study released at last week's American Agricultural Economics Association's annual meeting. Records showed that organic crops fetched much more than conventional crops: soybeans, up to $14 more per bushel; corn, up to $3 more; and wheat, up to $5 more. Organic alfalfa hay is too new to have a track record, so researchers recorded it as selling for the same price as conventionally grown hay. Over four years the study analyzed both economic risks and transition effects of switching to organic farming of the Agricultural Research Service's Swan Lake Research Farm near Morris, Minn. The 130-acre Swan Lake farm is representative of typical corn-soybean farms in Minnesota. ARS economist David Archer and soil scientist Hillarius Kludze compared an organic corn-soybean rotation and an organic corn-soybean-spring wheat/alfalfa rotation - half grown with conventional tillage and half with strip tillage - with a corn-soybean rotation using conventional tillage. Strip tillage involves tilling only the middle of the seedbed. The scientists found that when strip tillage is used with organic farming, one of the transition risks is an increase in weeds until farmers learn to manage the system. Computer simulations projected costs, yields and risks over a 20-year period, using yield and economic data from the four-year study, as well as crop price records of recent years. Another computer model projected that farmers would net an average $50 to $60 more per acre a year by going organic, even with the highest transition costs. The premium price advantage would outweigh the initial higher costs and possibly lower yields, even if organic prices were to drop by half.

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David Leonhardt’s column in yesterday's New York Times makes a great case for a new way forward in transportation funding. Leonhardt believes, as do I, that what’s needed to improve our transportation network isn’t just money. We need results-driven decision making processes, and a funding system that doesn’t rely on political influence to get projects across the finish line: “….the bigger problem has been an utter lack of seriousness in deciding how that money gets spent. And as long as we’re going to stimulate the economy by spending money on roads, bridges and the like, we may as well do it right…So if you talk to people who spend their lives studying infrastructure, you’ll hear two reactions to the attention that Mr. Obama, Nancy Pelosi and even some Republicans are now lavishing on the subject. The first is: Thank goodness. The second is: Please, please don’t just pour more money into the current system.” Read the entire column here, and let me know your thoughts.

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Basic Use To make a new number, a simple initialization suffices: var foo = 0; // or whatever number you want foo = 1; //foo = 1 foo += 2; //foo = 3 (the two gets added on) foo -= 2; //foo = 1 (the two gets removed) Number literals define the number value. In particular: They appear as a set of digits of varying length. Negative literal numbers have a minus sign before the set of digits. Floating point literal numbers contain one decimal point, and may optionally use the E notation with the character e. An integer literal may be prepended with "0", to indicate that a number is in base-8. (8 and 9 are not octal digits, and if found, cause the integer to be read in the normal base-10). An integer literal may also be found with "0x", to indicate a hexadecimal number. The Math Object Unlike strings, arrays, and dates, the numbers aren't objects. The Math object provides numeric functions and constants as methods and properties. The methods and properties of the Math object are referenced using the dot operator in the usual way, for example: var varOne = Math.ceil(8.5); var varPi = Math.PI; var sqrt3 = Math.sqrt(3); Methods random() Generates a pseudo-random number. var myInt = Math.random(); max(int1, int2) Returns the highest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myInt = Math.max(8, 9); document.write(myInt); //9 min(int1, int2) Returns the lowest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myInt = Math.min(8, 9); document.write(myInt); //8 floor(float) Returns the greatest integer less than the number passed as an argument. var myInt = Math.floor(90.8); document.write(myInt); //90; ceil(float) Returns the least integer greater than the number passed as an argument. var myInt = Math.ceil(90.8); document.write(myInt); //91; round(float) Returns the closest integer to the number passed as an argument. var myInt = Math.round(90.8); document.write(myInt); //91;

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The National Responsible Fatherhood Clearinghouse (NRFC) produces series of resources dedicated to furthering the work of fatherhood professionals, the research and information available to the fatherhood field, as well as providing resources to help fathers take time to be better dads. This section of the NRFC website highlights these resources. Spotlight on Dads For fathers and families, these short articles help dads think about the ways their involvement affects the lives of their children. NRFC Quick Statistics Written with researchers and program development in mind, NRFC Quick Statistics are brief research-based pieces focused on specific topics related to responsible fatherhood. Responsible Fatherhood Spotlights Responsible Fatherhood Spotlights are research-based, narrative pieces focused on specific topics related to responsible fatherhood. Promising Practice Reports are research-based compendiums examining issues faced by responsible fatherhood programs and determining where, if any, promising, emerging, and developing practices are occurring. Practice Briefs accompany each Report and highlight findings. NRFC Tips for Professionals NRFC Tips for Fatherhood Professionals are written specifically to support fatherhood professionals, focused on topics to help fatherhood programs operate more effectively. NRFC State Profiles These fact sheets highlight State programs and strategies to promote parenting and responsible fatherhood. This section includes fact sheets and Research Reviews.

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The Wannsee Protocol This English text of the Wannsee protocol is based on the official U.S. government translation prepared for evidence in trials at Nuremberg, as reproduced in John Mendelsohn, ed., The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes Vol. 11: The Wannsee Protocol and a 1944 Report on Auschwitz by the Office of Strategic Services (New York: Garland, 1982), 18-32. Substantial revisions to the Nuremberg text have been made to add clarity and, in some cases, to correct mistakes in an obviously hasty translation. These revisions were made by Dan Rogers of the University of South Alabama. This document is in the public domain and may be freely reproduced. Stamp: Top Secret 30 copies 16th copy Minutes of discussion. I. The following persons took part in the discussion about the final solution of the Jewish question which took place in Berlin, am Grossen Wannsee No. 56/58 on 20 January 1942. Gauleiter Dr. Meyer and Reichsamt- Reich Ministry for leiter Dr. Leibbrandt the Occupied Eastern territories Secretary of State Dr. Stuckart Reich Ministry for the Interior Secretary of State Neumann Plenipotentiary for the Four Year Plan Secretary of State Dr. Freisler Reich Ministry of Justice Secretary of State Dr. Buehler Office of the Govern- ment General Under Secretary of State Dr. Luther Foreign Office SS-Oberführer Klopfer Party Chancellery Ministerialdirektor Kritzinger Reich Chancellery SS-Gruppenführer Hofmann Race and Settlement Main Office SS-Gruppenführer Mueller Reich Main Security SS-Obersturmbannführer Eichmann Office SS-Oberführer Dr. Schoengarth Security Police and SD Chief of the Security Police and the SD in the Government General SS-Sturmbannführer Dr. Lange Security Police and SD Commander of the Security Police and the SD for the General-District Latvia, as deputy of the Commander of the Security Police and the SD for the Reich Commissariat "Eastland". II. At the beginning of the discussion Chief of the Security Police and of the SD, SS-Obergruppenführer Heydrich, reported that the Reich Marshal had appointed him delegate for the preparations for the final solution of the Jewish question in Europe and pointed out that this discussion had been called for the purpose of clarifying fundamental questions. The wish of the Reich Marshal to have a draft sent to him concerning organizational, factual and material interests in relation to the final solution of the Jewish question in Europe makes necessary an initial common action of all central offices immediately concerned with these questions in order to bring their general activities into line. The Reichsführer-SS and the Chief of the German Police (Chief of the Security Police and the SD) was entrusted with the official central handling of the final solution of the Jewish question without regard to geographic borders. The Chief of the Security Police and the SD then gave a short report of the struggle which has been carried on thus far against this enemy, the essential points being the following: a) the expulsion of the Jews from every sphere of life of the German people, b) the expulsion of the Jews from the living space of the German people. In carrying out these efforts, an increased and planned acceleration of the emigration of the Jews from Reich territory was started, as the only possible present solution. By order of the Reich Marshal, a Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration was set up in January 1939 and the Chief of the Security Police and SD was entrusted with the management. Its most important tasks were a) to make all necessary arrangements for the preparation for an increased emigration of the Jews, b) to direct the flow of emigration, c) to speed the procedure of emigration in each individual case. The aim of all this was to cleanse German living space of Jews in a legal manner. All the offices realized the drawbacks of such enforced accelerated emigration. For the time being they had, however, tolerated it on account of the lack of other possible solutions of the problem. The work concerned with emigration was, later on, not only a German problem, but also a problem with which the authorities of the countries to which the flow of emigrants was being directed would have to deal. Financial difficulties, such as the demand by various foreign governments for increasing sums of money to be presented at the time of the landing, the lack of shipping space, increasing restriction of entry permits, or the canceling of such, increased extraordinarily the difficulties of emigration. In spite of these difficulties, 537,000 Jews were sent out of the country between the takeover of power and the deadline of 31 October 1941. Of these approximately 360,000 were in Germany proper on 30 January 1933 approximately 147,000 were in Austria (Ostmark) on 15 March 1939 approximately 30,000 were in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia on 15 March 1939. The Jews themselves, or their Jewish political organizations, financed the emigration. In order to avoid impoverished Jews' remaining behind, the principle was followed that wealthy Jews have to finance the emigration of poor Jews; this was arranged by imposing a suitable tax, i.e., an emigration tax, which was used for financial arrangements in connection with the emigration of poor Jews and was imposed according to income. Apart from the necessary Reichsmark exchange, foreign currency had to presented at the time of landing. In order to save foreign exchange held by Germany, the foreign Jewish financial organizations were--with the help of Jewish organizations in Germany--made responsible for arranging an adequate amount of foreign currency. Up to 30 October 1941, these foreign Jews donated a total of around 9,500,000 dollars. In the meantime the Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police had prohibited emigration of Jews due to the dangers of an emigration in wartime and due to the possibilities of the East. III. Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Führer gives the appropriate approval in advance. These actions are, however, only to be considered provisional, but practical experience is already being collected which is of the greatest importance in relation to the future final solution of the Jewish question. Approximately 11 million Jews will be involved in the final solution of the European Jewish question, distributed as follows among the individual countries: Country Number A. Germany proper 131,800 Austria 43,700 Eastern territories 420,000 General Government 2,284,000 Bialystok 400,000 Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia 74,200 Estonia - free of Jews - Latvia 3,500 Lithuania 34,000 Belgium 43,000 Denmark 5,600 France / occupied territory 165,000 unoccupied territory 700,000 Greece 69,600 Netherlands 160,800 Norway 1,300 B. Bulgaria 48,000 England 330,000 Finland 2,300 Ireland 4,000 Italy including Sardinia 58,000 Albania 200 Croatia 40,000 Portugal 3,000 Rumania including Bessarabia 342,000 Sweden 8,000 Switzerland 18,000 Serbia 10,000 Slovakia 88,000 Spain 6,000 Turkey (European portion) 55,500 Hungary 742,800 USSR 5,000,000 Ukraine 2,994,684 White Russia excluding Bialystok 446,484 Total over 11,000,000 The number of Jews given here for foreign countries includes, however, only those Jews who still adhere to the Jewish faith, since some countries still do not have a definition of the term "Jew" according to racial principles. The handling of the problem in the individual countries will meet with difficulties due to the attitude and outlook of the people there, especially in Hungary and Rumania. Thus, for example, even today the Jew can buy documents in Rumania that will officially prove his foreign citizenship. The influence of the Jews in all walks of life in the USSR is well known. Approximately five million Jews live in the European part of the USSR, in the Asian part scarcely 1/4 million. The breakdown of Jews residing in the European part of the USSR according to trades was approximately as follows: Agriculture 9.1 % Urban workers 14.8 % In trade 20.0 % Employed by the state 23.4 % In private occupations such as medical profession, press, theater, etc. 32. 7% Under proper guidance, in the course of the final solution the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. Able-bodied Jews, separated according to sex, will be taken in large work columns to these areas for work on roads, in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will be eliminated by natural causes. The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly, because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as a the seed of a new Jewish revival (see the experience of history.) In the course of the practical execution of the final solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. SS-Obergruppenführer Heydrich went on to say that an important prerequisite for the evacuation as such is the exact definition of the persons involved. It is not intended to evacuate Jews over 65 years old, but to send them to an old-age ghetto--Theresienstadt is being considered for this purpose. In addition to these age groups--of the approximately 280,000 Jews in Germany proper and Austria on 31 October 1941, approximately 30% are over 65 years old--severely wounded veterans and Jews with war decorations (Iron Cross I) will be accepted in the old-age ghettos. With this expedient solution, in one fell swoop many interventions will be prevented. The beginning of the individual larger evacuation actions will largely depend on military developments. Regarding the handling of the final solution in those European countries occupied and influenced by us, it was proposed that the appropriate expert of the Foreign Office discuss the matter with the responsible official of the Security Police and SD. In Slovakia and Croatia the matter is no longer so difficult, since the most substantial problems in this respect have already been brought near a solution. In Rumania the government has in the meantime also appointed a commissioner for Jewish affairs. In order to settle the question in Hungary, it will soon be necessary to force an adviser for Jewish questions onto the Hungarian government. With regard to taking up preparations for dealing with the problem in Italy, SS-Obergruppenführer Heydrich considers it opportune to contact the chief of police with a view to these problems. In occupied and unoccupied France, the registration of Jews for evacuation will in all probability proceed without great difficulty. Under Secretary of State Luther calls attention in this matter to the fact that in some countries, such as the Scandinavian states, difficulties will arise if this problem is dealt with thoroughly and that it will therefore be advisable to defer actions in these countries. Besides, in view of the small numbers of Jews affected, this deferral will not cause any substantial limitation. The Foreign Office sees no great difficulties for southeast and western Europe. SS-Gruppenführer Hofmann plans to send an expert to Hungary from the Race and Settlement Main Office for general orientation at the time when the Chief of the Security Police and SD takes up the matter there. It was decided to assign this expert from the Race and Settlement Main Office, who will not work actively, as an assistant to the police attache. IV. In the course of the final solution plans, the Nuremberg Laws should provide a certain foundation, in which a prerequisite for the absolute solution of the problem is also the solution to the problem of mixed marriages and persons of mixed blood. The Chief of the Security Police and the SD discusses the following points, at first theoretically, in regard to a letter from the chief of the Reich chancellery: 1) Treatment of Persons of Mixed Blood of the First Degree Persons of mixed blood of the first degree will, as regards the final solution of the Jewish question, be treated as Jews. From this treatment the following exceptions will be made: a) Persons of mixed blood of the first degree married to persons of German blood if their marriage has resulted in children (persons of mixed blood of the second degree). These persons of mixed blood of the second degree are to be treated essentially as Germans. b) Persons of mixed blood of the first degree, for whom the highest offices of the Party and State have already issued exemption permits in any sphere of life. Each individual case must be examined, and it is not ruled out that the decision may be made to the detriment of the person of mixed blood. The prerequisite for any exemption must always be the personal merit of the person of mixed blood. (Not the merit of the parent or spouse of German blood.) Persons of mixed blood of the first degree who are exempted from evacuation will be sterilized in order to prevent any offspring and to eliminate the problem of persons of mixed blood once and for all. Such sterilization will be voluntary. But it is required to remain in the Reich. The sterilized "person of mixed blood" is thereafter free of all restrictions to which he was previously subjected. 2) Treatment of Persons of Mixed Blood of the Second Degree Persons of mixed blood of the second degree will be treated fundamentally as persons of German blood, with the exception of the following cases, in which the persons of mixed blood of the second degree will be considered as Jews: a) The person of mixed blood of the second degree was born of a marriage in which both parents are persons of mixed blood. b) The person of mixed blood of the second degree has a racially especially undesirable appearance that marks him outwardly as a Jew. c) The person of mixed blood of the second degree has a particularly bad police and political record that shows that he feels and behaves like a Jew. Also in these cases exemptions should not be made if the person of mixed blood of the second degree has married a person of German blood. 3) Marriages between Full Jews and Persons of German Blood. Here it must be decided from case to case whether the Jewish partner will be evacuated or whether, with regard to the effects of such a step on the German relatives, [this mixed marriage] should be sent to an old-age ghetto. 4) Marriages between Persons of Mixed Blood of the First Degree and Persons of German Blood. a) Without Children. If no children have resulted from the marriage, the person of mixed blood of the first degree will be evacuated or sent to an old-age ghetto (same treatment as in the case of marriages between full Jews and persons of German blood, point 3.) b) With Children. If children have resulted from the marriage (persons of mixed blood of the second degree), they will, if they are to be treated as Jews, be evacuated or sent to a ghetto along with the parent of mixed blood of the first degree. If these children are to be treated as Germans (regular cases), they are exempted from evacuation as is therefore the parent of mixed blood of the first degree. 5) Marriages between Persons of Mixed Blood of the First Degree and Persons of Mixed Blood of the First Degree or Jews. In these marriages (including the children) all members of the family will be treated as Jews and therefore be evacuated or sent to an old-age ghetto. 6) Marriages between Persons of Mixed Blood of the First Degree and Persons of Mixed Blood of the Second Degree. In these marriages both partners will be evacuated or sent to an old-age ghetto without consideration of whether the marriage has produced children, since possible children will as a rule have stronger Jewish blood than the Jewish person of mixed blood of the second degree. SS-Gruppenführer Hofmann advocates the opinion that sterilization will have to be widely used, since the person of mixed blood who is given the choice whether he will be evacuated or sterilized would rather undergo sterilization. State Secretary Dr. Stuckart maintains that carrying out in practice of the just mentioned possibilities for solving the problem of mixed marriages and persons of mixed blood will create endless administrative work. In the second place, as the biological facts cannot be disregarded in any case, State Secretary Dr. Stuckart proposed proceeding to forced sterilization. Furthermore, to simplify the problem of mixed marriages possibilities must be considered with the goal of the legislator saying something like: "These marriages have been dissolved." With regard to the issue of the effect of the evacuation of Jews on the economy, State Secretary Neumann stated that Jews who are working in industries vital to the war effort, provided that no replacements are available, cannot be evacuated. SS-Obergruppenführer Heydrich indicated that these Jews would not be evacuated according to the rules he had approved for carrying out the evacuations then underway. State Secretary Dr. Buehler stated that the General Government would welcome it if the final solution of this problem could be begun in the General Government, since on the one hand transportation does not play such a large role here nor would problems of labor supply hamper this action. Jews must be removed from the territory of the General Government as quickly as possible, since it is especially here that the Jew as an epidemic carrier represents an extreme danger and on the other hand he is causing permanent chaos in the economic structure of the country through continued black market dealings. Moreover, of the approximately 2 1/2 million Jews concerned, the majority is unfit for work. State Secretary Dr. Buehler stated further that the solution to the Jewish question in the General Government is the responsibility of the Chief of the Security Police and the SD and that his efforts would be supported by the officials of the General Government. He had only one request, to solve the Jewish question in this area as quickly as possible. In conclusion the different types of possible solutions were discussed, during which discussion both Gauleiter Dr. Meyer and State Secretary Dr. Buehler took the position that certain preparatory activities for the final solution should be carried out immediately in the territories in question, in which process alarming the populace must be avoided. The meeting was closed with the request of the Chief of the Security Police and the SD to the participants that they afford him appropriate support during the carrying out of the tasks involved in the solution. A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida © 2005.

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When Satyajit Ray introduced a new Bengali detective in Feludar Goendagiri (ফেলুদার গোয়েন্দাগিরি) in the Bengali periodical Sandesh in 1965, he did not have any plans for continuing the series. Details on how the story originated can be found in Sandip Ray’s piece in a Feluda commemorative issue published 30 years later and also in a report published in The Telegraph. The short story involves a case quite simple compared to some of Feluda’s more intricate adventures. We also learn some facts about Feluda, some of which change in future stories. In Feludar Goendagiri, Topshe’s name is Tapesh Ranjan Bose, and Pradosh Mitter (Feluda) is a cousin related to him on his mother’s side. Topshe’s name changes to Tapesh Ranjan Mitter (Mitra) in subsequent stories and so does the relationship. Tosphe is a little over thirteen, and Feluda is twenty-seven years old in the story. We also learn that Feluda’s father’s name is Jaykrishna Mitter (Mitra). Although Feluda is as sharp as ever, in my opinion, he does seem a bit more impatient with Topshe than in future stories. From reading Sandip Ray’s reminisces we know that Satyajit Ray was fond of traveling and making sure Bengali readers could share his experiences through the Feluda adventures. Satyajit Ray directed Kanchenjunga, his first completely original screenplay a few years earlier. Kanchenjunga (which has always been one of my all-time favorite movies in any language) was shot in Darjeeling. For the first Feluda story, Feludar Goendagiri, readers were transported back to Darjeeling. Feluda would come back again for Darjeeling Jomjomat and Sandip Ray mentions that this was one of Satyajit Ray’s favorite places. Through Topshe’s first-person narrative, Feluda also educates as well as entertains. From the outset, he explains his thought-process and shares tidbits of information with readers. For example, in Feludar Goendagiri, readers learn some facts about differences in Bengali type-fonts Equally important, Feluda’s acute sense of observation is evident in Feludar Goendagiri. He notices minute details that others fail to detect. However, his acute powers are not limited to visual observation, since the sense of smell, plays a major part in this story. Feluda uses this sense to great effect in future stories such as Bombaiyer Bombete as well. As discussed, many of the key features of future Feluda stories are already present in Feludar Goendagiri. (If you’ve already read the story, please check out the quiz.) ©2010-2012 Feluda.net. All rights reserved.

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Study: More Women Using Longer-Acting Birth Control A new federal study from the National Center for Health Statistics released today finds that the pill and sterilization are still the most popular birth control methods, but other hormonal methods like the patch, the ring, and the IUD are on the rise. The National Center for Health Statistics surveyed approximately 12,000 American women ages 15-44 about their use of birth control between 2006 and 2010. They compared the new data to a similar sample of about 10,000 women from 1995. The study found that women's use of daily birth control pills and sterilization remained almost constant, both hovering around 27% each. However, condom use as a sole form of birth control is on the decline, while the use of other hormonal methods like the patch and the ring, and other "long-acting" methods like the IUD, are on the rise. In fact, use of longer acting hormonal birth control like the patch and ring has increased 75% since 1995, and IUD use has increased by an astounding 600%. "There is some shift toward more effective contraception. The shift is also toward methods that require less user intervention," Lawrence Finer, director of domestic research at the New York City non-profit Guttmacher Institute, said to USA Today. Finer also published a study earlier this month, finding that the proportion of women using long-acting birth control methods "increased significantly" since 2002. This shift occurred among women in almost every demographic. Despite the drastic jump in use of these longer-acting and more effective methods of birth control, the reality is that these methods still make up a relatively small percentage of birth control use- with only 7% of respondents using the patch or ring and only 5.6% using the IUD. The author of the report notes that the form of birth control used by women varies depending on their insurance coverage and income. Although the long-acting IUD is a more effective form of contraception than the pill, co-pays for IUDs have not typically been covered under insurance plans, which caused them to cost up to a thousand dollars up front and out of pocket. Under the Affordable Care Act's birth control provision, employer-based insurance plans are required to cover all forms of birth control without a co-pay. This provision of the Affordable Care Act went into effect on August 1st, 2012. The Guttmacher Institute also released a study finding that IUD use is increasing among US women, and that removing cost barriers significantly increases the number of women choosing the most effective method of contraception, rather than the most cost-effective. Media Resources: USA Today 10/18/12; ThinkProgress 10/18/12; National Center for Health Statistics Study -Current Contraceptive Use in the United States; Testimony of Guttmacher Institute Submitted to the Committee on Preventive Services for Women

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MOUNT DESERT — Concerns about the stability of the cliff above Peabody Drive (Route 3), on the opposite side of the harbor from the marina in Northeast Harbor, has prompted the Maine Department of Transportation (MDOT) to look at ways to shore it up. “Pieces of the ledge face tumble down to the side of the road at times, likely loosened by the freeze-thaw cycles,” said Mount Desert public works director Tony Smith. Paul MacDonald, a MDOT highway project manager, said plans have been developed for “preliminary engineering” for stabilizing the “rock back slope.” But that doesn’t mean anything will actually be done any time soon. “This is not a high problem area,” Mr. MacDonald said. “This location is being evaluated for severity compared to other similar rock slopes throughout the state. The data collected will enable the department to prioritize the spending of its limited construction dollars.” For more environmental news, pick up a copy of the Mount Desert Islander.

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Categories > Original > Poetry2 Reviews A Christmas gift poem I wrote two years ago. A reflection on Christmas. The cacophony of sounds and tunes, Of candies sold in brightly colored packs, Of crowded malls and elbows rubbing, Of festive lights, brightly shining, Of gifts and thanks changing hands, Of tired arms and feet aching, Of the rush of joyful feeling, Of many a moment to delight... Let's take a moment to reflect... A moment to pause and think back, To the past year, of trials and joy. Give thanks for the moments that made you smile: For the festive celebrations amidst woes and toil, For rewards worth the extra mile, For the great food and greater company, For simple things, such as a child's laughter... And for friends, who will be true forever. Give thanks to God for His Son He gave, A gift so great... that all may live. And raise his name in praise and silent prayer Emmanuel, the Christ Jesus, our Deliverer. A year has passed, a new year dawns... We may not know what the future brings But in our hearts, I hope the words would sing: "A blessed Christmas, one and all! Peace, hope, and love... forever more." --Mark Poa, December 22, 2004

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|Relm: I couldn't miss the chance to practice my drawing!| |This article is in need of a few pictures. Perhaps you can help by uploading and adding a picture or two.| - "The gigas Ramuh himself infused this staff with a bolt of lightning." - —Description, Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift The Judgment Staff (裁きの杖, Sabaki no Tsue?), also known as Judge Staff, Judgement, Judicer's Staff, and Staff of Judgment, is a recurring weapon in the series. It is often a high-level staff, mainly used by the magical classes, and boosts Magic Power. - "A staff that casts Flare when used." The Judgment Staff is the second strongest staff in the game, only being surpassed by the Sage's Staff. It has an Attack and Accuracy of 25 and casts Flare when used as an item. It is only equippable by Black Wizards, and can only be obtained from Atomos. - "Staff intended to render judgment unto evil. Full power from back row." The Judgment Staff has the highest Attack Power of all staffs, though Sage Staff is still stronger otherwise. It has an Attack power of 57, and can only be obtained through stealing from Black Warlock or Istory Lythos, and during the first battle with Exdeath. It increases Magic by 5 and casts Dispel when used as an item in battle. Judicer's Staff is a high-level staff, it gives the character 43 Attack power and 8 Evade and a 15% chance to inflict Stop on hit. The license Staves 3 is required to use it. It can be bought in Archades, and it is a rare steal from the monster Golem. - "A toy weapon made to resemble a serious staff." Staff of Judgment is an adornment and as such is available only to monsters changing only their appearance without changing its battle performance. - "This staff was struck by Ramuh's lightning." The Judge Staff is a low-level staff that is Lightning-elemental. It teaches Ramuh to Summoners, Shell to White Mages, and Aero to Bishops, and has an Attack of 21, Magic of 3, and Magic Resistance of 5. It can be bought for 1,500 gil in shops. The Judicer's Staff is a low-level staff that provides +23 Attack, +3 Defense, and +5 Resistance, as well as again being Lightning-elemental. It teaches the same abilities as before to the same classes, and can be bought in the shop for 500 gil after sending a Storm Stone, a Recall Grass, and Waltwood to the Bazaar. - "A mighty gavel capable of judging the gods themselves. Use at your own risk." The Judgment Staff is the second strongest staff in the game, being surpassed by the Kitty Staff. It has an Attack of 80 and a Magic of 100. - "The rod held by the god of death. It was once considered a very trendy item among the dead." Judgement Staff is the second strongest staff in the game in terms of Magic, and can be used by any race. It provides 57 attack and 85 magic at level 1 while providing 77 attack and 127 magic at level 30, gives +10 to Stun and +5 to Thunder, has one empty slot, and comes with the ability Fast Charge 1. It can be created for 1,620 gil by using up one Adamantite and three Abyssians. When turned into a jewel, a level 3-9 Judgment Staff makes a Charjade, level 10-19 makes a Magic Stone 4, and level 20-30 makes an Amethyst. |This section of the article about Final Fantasy Type-0 is a stub. You can help Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.| Judgement Staff is a high level staff. It provides 55 attack power, +3 Intelligence, and +9 Wisdom. It casts Dispel when used as an item. The Judicer's Staff is an high-rank staff which adds 28 to base Bravery, 39 to Attack, and increases EX Mode duration by 20%. It can be obtained by trading 17,810 gil, a Flamescepter, a Mistletoe, and two Quality Lumbers in at the shop. - "Though normally wrong to judge others, holding this staff authorizes you to do so." Judicer's Staff grants +8 to Attack. It can be equipped by White Mage, Devout, Sage, Rydia, Krile, Eiko, and Yuna.

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The long running industrial dispute was resolved in June 2001 when a collective agreement was signed with the Professional Firefighters Union. Firewise, the flagship fire education programme was launched in the same year. The programme was targeted at year one and two primary school students and years seven and eight intermediate students and has continued (with some changes) since. In 2002, a spate of fatal house fires in Northland lead to the establishment of Te Kotahitanga, an interagency programme with Work and Income New Zealand, Housing New Zealand, ACC and People Potential. Northlanders under the Taskforce Green programme were trained to become ‘fire safety advisors’ and visited ‘at risk’ communities providing fire safety advice, installing smoke alarms and completing escape plans for households. In 2003, the ‘Speed of Fire’ advertisement was launched. This ad was used to show people how quickly fire spread. The success of the ad is still felt today. The ad won numerous awards including a Gold Award at the Cannes International Advertising Awards. In 2006, the National Training Centre was opened in Rotorua. The centre has the latest state of the art training tools and is the international benchmark for fire training facilities. In 2008 the Fire Service took part in the 50 year celebration of the 111 Emergency phone number. You can check out the website to read more about the history of 111. March 2008 saw the launch of the new television campaign to raise fire safety awareness in New Zealand. These ads feature firefighters giving 15 second safety messages that help prevent fires in the home.

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by +Richard Holbrooke – Schwann cells boost and amplify nerve growth in animal models, but their clinical use has been held back because they are difficult, time-consuming and costly to culture. A University of Sheffield team, led by Professor John Haycock, has developed a new technique with adult rat tissue which overcomes all these problems, producing Schwann cells in less than half the time and at much lower cost. “The ability of Schwann cells to boost nerve growth was proved many years ago in animals, but if you want to use this technique with patients, the problem is: where do you get enough cells from?” said Professor Haycock, from the University’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. “To reduce immune rejection, the cells have to be grown from the patient’s own tissue. Of course, you want to take the smallest amount of tissue necessary, so the technique must be efficient. It must also be fast, so treatment can begin as soon as possible after injury. For clinical use, it must also provide pure Schwann cells. And finally, to make it viable, it has to be at a reasonable cost.” Existing methods for growing Schwann cells from adult tissue promote the growth of another type of cell, called fibroblasts, which swamp the Schwann cells, reducing the speed they grow and their numbers. This means that large amounts of tissue are needed at the outset, to grow sufficient cells for therapeutic use. It also requires extra purification stages added to the process, making it slow and costly – taking up to 3 months to complete. Professor Haycock and his team have come up with a very simple solution: feed the Schwann cells but starve the fibroblasts. The research, published today in Nature Protocols, uses an amino acid that only the Schwann cells can break down and feed off, and are able to produce a 97 per cent pure population of Schwann cells in a much shorter space of time – just 19 days – from a small sample of adult tissue. Professor Haycock is confident the technique can be replicated in humans. His team are trialling the same method using human nerve tissue, with results expected within the next six months.

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|Feature type||allele||Associated gene||Dmel\aux| |Also Known As||dAuxG257E| |Map ( GBrowse )| What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes. Click the icon below to subscribe to this FlyBase record and receive updates automatically through your feed reader. |All updates||Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.| |Nature of the Allele| |Mutations Mapped to the Genome| |Associated Sequence Data| |Nature of the lesion| Amino acid replacement: G257E. |Phenotype Manifest In| aux[I670K]/aux[G257E] adults exhibit rough eyes, with extra photoreceptor cells and occasional extra bristles on the notum, sternopleurum, and scutellum. aux[I670K]/aux[G257E] mutant males, when mated to wild-type females, do not produce any embryos that hatch. Spermatids do develop in the testis, however the seminal vesicles are empty in adult male flies. The morphology of the testis hub cells appear normal in these animals. A slightly reduced number of germ cells is observed compared to wild-type testes. Cytokinesis is mostly normal in these animals. In 5% of spermatids examined, an enlarged mitochondrial derivative associated with two nuclei is observed. Spermatid individualisation is disrupted in mutants, and migration of the investment cone along spermatid cysts does not occur normally. |Phenotype Manifest In| |Complementation & Rescue Data| |Fails to rescue| Expression of aux[FL.βTub85D.T:Disc\RFP-mRFP] in aux[I670K]/aux[G257E] mutants rescues male sterility. The rough eye and supernumerary bristle phenotypes are not rescued. Expression of aux[ΔK.βTub85D.T:Disc\RFP-mRFP] in aux[I670K]/aux[G257E] mutants rescues male sterility. Expression of aux[CJ.βTub85D.T:Disc\RFP-mRFP] in aux[I670K]/aux[G257E] mutants rescues male sterility. Expression of aux[ΔJ.βTub85D.T:Disc\RFP-mRFP] in aux[I670K]/aux[G257E] mutants fails to rescue male sterility. Expression of aux[ΔC.βTub85D.T:Disc\RFP-mRFP] in aux[I670K]/aux[G257E] mutants fails to rescue male sterility. |Stocks ( 0 )| |Notes on Origin| |External Crossreferences & Linkouts| |Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 2 )| |Secondary FlyBase IDs| |References ( 3 )|

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LANs to WANs(c) The Complete Management Guide Authors: Muller N.J. Published year: 2003 |< Day Day Up >| Depending on the situation facing network managers, bridges can be used to either extend or segment LANs. At one level, bridges can be used for segmenting LANs into smaller subnets to improve performance, control access, and facilitate fault isolation and testing without impacting the overall user population. At another level, they are used to create an extended network that greatly expands the number of devices that can be supported and the services available to each user . Bridges may even offer additional features such as data compression, which has the effect of providing greater throughput over low-speed lines. Compression ratios of 2:1 all the way down to 6:1 may be selected by the network manager, depending on what the vendor offers with a specific product. As noted, bridging occurs at the data link layer (see Figure 5.1), which provides physical addressing, manages access to the physical medium, controls data flow, and handles transmission errors. Bridges analyze incoming frames, make forwarding decisions based on the source and destination addresses of those frames, and then forward the frames to their destinations. Sometimes, as in source-route bridging, the frame contains the entire path to the destination. In other cases, as in transparent bridging, frames are forwarded one hop at a time toward the destination. Figure 5.1: Bridge functionality in reference to the OSI model. Bridges can be either local or remote. Local bridges provide direct connections between many LAN segments in the same area. Remote bridges connect LAN segments in different areas, usually over telecommunication lines. There are several kinds of bridging and all may be supported in the same device: Transparent bridging —used mostly in Ethernet environments that have the same media types, these bridges keep a table of destination addresses and outbound interfaces. Source-route bridging —used mostly in token-ring environments, these bridges only forward frames based on the routing indicator contained in the frame. End stations are responsible for determining and maintaining the table of destination addresses and routing indicators. Translation bridging —used to bridge data between different media types, these devices typically go between Ethernet and FDDI or token ring to Ethernet. Source-route translation bridging —this is a combination of source-route bridging and transparent bridging that allows communication in mixed Ethernet and token-ring environments. (Translation bridging without routing indicators between token ring and Ethernet is also called source-route transparent bridging.) The engine for transparent bridging is the spanning tree algorithm (STA), which dynamically discovers a loop-free subset of the network’s topology. The STA accomplishes this by placing active bridge ports that create loops into a standby or blocked condition. A blocked port can provide redundancy in that if the primary port fails, it can be activated to take the traffic load. The spanning tree calculation is triggered when the bridge is powered up and whenever a change in topology is detected . A topology change might occur when a forwarding port is going down (blocking) or when a port transitions to forwarding and the bridge has a designated port, which also indicates that the bridge is not standalone. Configuration messages known as bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) actually trigger the spanning tree calculation. These messages are exchanged between bridges at regular intervals set by the network manager, usually 1 to 4 seconds. Once a change in topology is detected, this information must be shared with all bridges on the network. This is a two-step process that starts when a bridge notifies the root bridge of the spanning tree by sending it a special BPDU known as a topology change notification (TCN). The bridge sends the TCN out over its root port. The root bridge acknowledges the message by sending back a normal configuration BPDU with the topology change acknowledgment (TCA) bit set. The second step in the topology update process entails the root bridge sending out configuration BPDUs with the topology change (TC) bit set. These BPDUs are relayed by every bridge, so they can become aware of the changed topology. There are some problems associated with spanning tree. The more hosts on the network, the higher the probability of topology changes. For example, a directly attached host, such as a client or server, will trigger a topology change when powered off, then go on to clear an operating system problem. In a large, flat network, the point can be reached when it is continually in topology change status. The resulting high level of flooding can lead to an unstable STP environment. To deal with this problem, vendors have come up with ways to avoid TCN generation for certain events. For example, the network manager can configure the bridge so that it issues a TCN when a server is power cycled, but not when client devices are power cycled. If a bridge port going up or down is not deemed an important event, this event too can be programmed not to issue a TCN. Source-route bridging (SRB) is used in the token-ring environment as the method by which a station establishes a route through a multiple-ring network to its destination. The first step for a station to reach another is to create a packet called an explorer. This packet is copied by all bridges in the network, with each of them adding information about itself before passing it on. The explorer packet’s routing information field (RIF) contains the information of where it has traversed through the network and within the RIF; a route descriptor stores the path it has taken through the network. As the explorer packet is constructed on its way through the network, the destination station will start receiving data packets from the originating station. Based on the contents of the explorer packet, the destination station will then decide which route to use to send data packets back to the originating station. Or it will send its own explorer packet so that the originating station can determine its own route. The explorer packet is limited in terms of how many rings it can hold in the routing information field. Although the RIF can hold a total of 14 rings, IBM long ago limited this to seven. Other vendors also adopted this limitation. Consequently, an explorer packet that has traversed seven rings will be dropped in the network. To control traffic in the network with more precision, parameters can be set in the bridge to decrease this number even further, so that packets that reach X number of rings (any number below seven) will be dropped. While explorers are limited to traversing only seven rings, in a meshed ring environment, one explorer can finish being copied by many bridges, which can cause too many explorers. Explorer storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. Since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters, such as the number of explorers that were dropped outbound on that interface. While Ethernet has become the network of choice for new installations, there is still a good amount of token ring in use, making it necessary to mix the two environments for data exchange. Doing so is complicated because some very fundamental differences between Ethernet and token ring must be reconciled. Token ring has functional addresses, while Ethernet primarily relies on broadcasts. Furthermore, MAC addresses on the Ethernet are different from MAC addresses on the token ring. Ethernet does not have a source-route bridging capability and token ring has a routing information field. Finally, token ring and Ethernet use different methods to read the bits into their adapters. To unify the two environments, vendors have come up with various methods such as translation bridging. This is a type of bridging that is implemented on networks that use different MAC sublayer protocols, providing a method of resolving differences in header formats and protocol specifications. Since there are no real standards in how communication between two media types should occur, however, no single translation implementation can be called correct. The only consideration for network managers is to select a method of translation and implement it uniformly throughout the network. Essentially, the bridges reorder source and destination address bits when translating between Ethernet and token-ring frame formats. The problem of embedded MAC-addresses can be resolved by programming the bridge to look for various types of MAC addresses. Some translation-bridges simply check for the most popular embedded addresses. If others are used, the bridge must be programmed to look for them as well. But if translation-bridging software runs in a multi-protocol router, which is very common today, these protocols can be routed and the problem avoided entirely. Token ring’s RIF field has a component that indicates the largest frame size that can be accepted by a particular source-route bridging implementation. Translation bridges that send frames from the transparent-bridging domain to the SRB domain usually set the maximum transfer unit (MTU) field to 1,500 bytes to limit the size of token-ring frames entering the transparent-bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of Ethernet frames. Some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop the frames that exceed Ethernet’s MTU size. Bits representing token-ring functions that are absent in Ethernet are discarded by translation bridges. For example, token ring’s priority, reservation, and monitor bits are discarded during translation. And token ring’s frame status bits are treated differently, depending on the bridge manufacturer; the products of some manufacturers may even ignore these bits. Sometimes, the bridge will have the C bit set, indicating that the frame has been copied, but not the A bit set, indicating that the destination station recognizes the address. In the former case, a token-ring source node determines if the frame it sent has become lost. Advocates of this approach claim that reliability mechanisms, such as the tracking of lost frames, are better left for implementation in Layer 4 of the OSI model. Advocates of setting the C bit argue that this bit must be set to track lost frames, but that the A bit cannot be set because the bridge is not the final destination. Translation bridges also can be used to create a software gateway between the token ring and Ethernet domains. To the SRB end stations, the translation bridge has a ring number and a bridge number associated with it, so it looks like a standard source-route bridge. In this case, the ring number reflects the entire transparent-bridging domain. To the transparent-bridging domain, the translation bridge is just another transparent bridge. When bridging from the SRB domain to the transparent-bridging domain, SRB information is removed. Token ring’s routing information fields usually are cached for use by any subsequent return traffic. When bridging from the transparent bridging to the SRB domain, the translation bridge checks the frame to see if it has a multicast or unicast destination. If the frame has a multicast or broadcast destination, it is sent into the SRB domain as a spanning-tree explorer. If the frame has a unicast address, the translation bridge looks up the destination in the RIF cache. If a path is found, it is used and the RIF information is added to the frame; otherwise , the frame is sent as a spanning-tree explorer. Another solution to unify the Ethernet and token-ring environments is source-route translation bridging (SRTLB). This entails the addition of bridge groups to the interfaces of both the token ring and Ethernet bridges to create a transparent bridge domain between the two environments. The bridges at each end are responsible for establishing the path through the network. When a bridge on a token ring receives a packet from an Ethernet, for example, path establishment is handled as follows (see Figure 5.2): Figure 5.2: Source-route translation bridging, from token ring to Ethernet. Bridge-1 receives a packet from the Ethernet. This is from PC-1 to the host. Bridge-1 needs a RIF to reach the host, so it creates an explorer to learn the path to reach the host. After Bridge-1 receives the response, it sends the response (without a RIF) to the Ethernet station. PC-1 sends an exchange identifier (XID) to the host MAC address. Bridge-1 gets the Ethernet packet, attaches the RIF to the host, and sends the packet on its way. As far as the host is concerned , the Ethernet is sitting on a pseudo ring. This is configured with the source-bridge transparent command on the bridge. The pseudo ring makes the host treat the Ethernet as if it were a token ring. |< Day Day Up >| LANs to WANs(c) The Complete Management Guide Authors: Muller N.J. Published year: 2003

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Remove all-hands scores and Revise tutorial |Opened on:||Tuesday, February 14, 2012 - 17:18| |Last modified:||Monday, August 13, 2012 - 07:09| Can we remove All_Hands Scores? It is a relic. Thing of the past. The year 2012 is for computer power, as you can see with the new recruits. Four Core, Six core, 8 core computers on line. Teaching new comers molecular biology is futile. They want to play games and level up. How many hundreds give up each day? Because we force them to move side chains, tweak coil and sheets... We have LUA, and programmers make it easy for new comers. And programmers make more good programs each day. Why pull side chains? why manually do re-structure? Why do mutate manually? Why shake? Why wiggle?.....all is automated now..... We have to revise the tutorial it discourages everyone. Teach them Recipes. Combining recipes, when to stop a recipe and start another one, Use recipes that are useful..midgame, end game... These are still human intuition that computers can not do. Rav3n and Tlaloc you are heroes! But to force players to be like us! Hand making? Learn Molecular biology? Just to enter the game? .... Then we are not helping foldit. We just become a bureaucratic force, to protect our ranks. The ideal situation is to make new comers to play a game like pacman and at the same time curing cancer. Let us use the resource they are giving. Human intuition and computer power.

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Marion Levine teaches English, Literature and Film Production at Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies, Los Angeles, CA Measure for Measure, Act 4 or 5 What's On for Today and Why Students will choose a character from Measure for Measure and create a "back story" for that character. This will encourage students to read the text closely looking for clues regarding a specific character's history. Students will re-read a portion of the text and then write about what has happened to the character before the play begins. They will then create an artifact, such as a diary or journal entry, written by the charcacter they have selected. This will allow them the opportunity to think like the character and to view the events of the play from a specific point of view. This lesson will take two 40 minute class periods. What You Need Measure for Measure, Folger Edition What To Do 1. Explain the concept of a "back story" as the important events that occur to a character before the play begins. You may need to prompt students with questions such as: What was the character like as a child? In what situation did he/she grow up? Students will need to show how the script supports their choices. 2. Have the students write a one or two page back story in either the first or third person. 3. Divide students into small groups of 4 or 5 and have them re-read Act 4 or Act 5, combing throught the text for character details. 4. Have students write a letter, diary or journal entry from their selected characters point of view (first person). This artifact should concern one or more characters in the play. 5. For increased authenticity, appropriate for an "Extra-Extended" book, students could write their letter, diary entry using calligraphy, a handwriting font or on a piece of yellowed paper. 6. Allow students time to read their pieces and share their artifacts with the class. How Did It Go? Were students able to justify their choices with reference to the text? Did their artifacts accurately portray character traits that can be interpreted from the text? Were students able to convey a sense of the character's perspective through this activity? This lesson could be applied to any fictional text that the students read in class. Through close reading and attention to a specific character, students are able to identify with, and understand the concerns of a character on a deeper level. Possible choices could include Jay Gatsby, Hester Prynne,and Atticus Finch. If you used this lesson, we would like to hear how it went and about any adaptations you made to suit the needs of YOUR students.

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For more in this series, see #Consumer4sight The future consumer wants to play: with you and with her friends. That means having more options, choices, new experiences, and interaction with you, your products, systems, and services. It means variety and fun in the course of using a product or service and engaging with a company. We have come to talk about “gamification” in this context. That means that a system or user experience is made more like a game, with interaction, puzzles to solve, players to compete with, rewards and “levels” along the way. A key driver of this new consumer expectation is digitally-enabled interactivity. We’ve already set new standards for engagement with technology, e.g. with i-devices and even with Siri, the voice recognizing iPhone agent. Technology is also making this possible with non-electronic products, since any product or brand can have associated apps. More consumers will look for the chance to interact and play. The bottom line for business – Interactivity and engagement are essential for consumers. There will always be products that are used without much thought, e.g. trash bags, but the sense of fun and the positive possibilities for it for business can come just about anywhere. If a product cannot be interactive and fun, maybe the buying experience, or the ads for it can be. Consumers increasingly crave variety and interest, and reward the companies that offer it. Here’s a nice example: Dodge, to promote its Journey model, hid cars around the world, offering clues for people to find them. The first to find one of the cars got to keep it. i-device enabled consumer life is more and more app-driven. That means with a service or access to a product, such as through a store’s app, there are ways to build in fun. The goal is to enchant the consumer and build interest and loyalty. And there’s plenty of room for more fun in the consumer marketplace.

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Taking a walk around the streets, usually in my lunch hour, there are 3 plants that seem to be attracting the bees the most. Salvias, Eucalypts and another plant (shrub) that I havn't found the name of yet. It has slightly rusty small pointy leaves with small white trumpet to bell shaped flowers. It is common in the gardens from the sixties and seems to be making a comeback again in some of the newer gardens too. With the Eucalypts they seem to have just started opening in the last 24 hours. Feel free to add to the list. Phil, google Abelia spp and see if that is the one you're thinking of

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I am currently studying on gaining ACE status in a few Adobe programs. Perhaps I'm special, but as I'm reviewing the ACE checklists (or practice exams), I'm trying to understand what it means when the choices open up as: "Given an option . . . describe that option". What exactly am I being asked to do? That's it? Maybe I'm confused because I'm going along the ACE Certification Checklist and I'm assuming that each numbered section is an individual question. But I read your post in another discussion saying that each question is multiple choice. It's just so hard to believe because it is of a really technical software. Am I being duped? That's correct Kevin ALL questions are multiple choice. In my experience the majority of questions ask you to choose 1 option from 4 possible answers, but there are also questions that ask you to make 2 choices from a list of 6 - 8 options. Some questions are based on a visual, ie, click to see Exibit A (an image appears) and there will be a question related to it but most questions are written out with no visual. Hope that helps Europe, Middle East and Africa

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Cannot Add Then Cancel Record In VB6 & Access 2003 I am using VB6 with Access 2003. I must of done something because all of a sudden I cannot add a record and cancel it without causing an error. Here is my code: strCnn = "PROVIDER=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=myMDB.mdb" Set adoPrimaryRS = New Recordset adoPrimaryRS.CursorLocation = adUseServer strPrimarySQL = "select casename,renldate,product,fundingcode, * from Client " & " order by casename, renldate, product, fundingcode" adoPrimaryRS.Open strPrimarySQL, cnn1, adOpenStatic, adLockOptimistic When I want to add a record: If Not (.BOF Or .EOF Or .RecordCount = 0) Then mvBookMark = .Bookmark mvBookMark = 0 I cancel a record by: If adoPrimaryRS.RecordCount = 0 Then If mvBookMark > 0 Then adoPrimaryRS.Bookmark = mvBookMark If I then go to a previous record I get an "Operation Canceled" error message on the moveprevious statement. If Not adoPrimaryRS.BOF Then If adoPrimaryRS.BOF And adoPrimaryRS.RecordCount > 0 Then 'moved off the end so go back This makes no sense to me because it was working fine 2 weeks ago. I reinstalled MDAC_TYP,EXE. What would cause this to happen. I also repaired the database several times without any success. It seems like a corrupted file someplace but for the life of me I can't figure out which one. Are there any other errors in the Errors collection of the Connection object? Microsoft MVP (Visual Basic) When I do the addnew, in cnn1.error(0) I get "No such interface supported". Then when I get to the CancelUpdate command I get "Operation was canceled" Last edited by mark1110; 05-07-2007 at 01:37 PM. You should use the .RollbackTrans after creating a transaction off of the connection object. Private Sub Form_Load() On Error GoTo MyError Dim oCnn As ADODB.Connection Set oCnn = New ADODB.Connection 'Do insert or update record stuf Unfortunately rewriting the code is not an option. What would cause something like this to happen. Here is some more code that first gives me an error "No such interface supported" Dim oText As TextBox, oCheckbox As CheckBox Dim oCombo As ComboBox, oList As ListBox, oMaskEDBox As MaskEdBox Dim ctl As Control 'Bind the text boxes to the data provider For Each oText In Me.txtFields Set oText.DataSource = adoPrimaryRS nDataType = adoPrimaryRS.Fields(oText.DataField).Type oText.Tag = WhatIsDataType(adoPrimaryRS.Fields(oText.DataField).Type) txtFields is a control array of textboxes from 0 to 150. I first get the error message on the first textbox. It does populate the text box with the correct information from the access database and it does seem to work when I do a next and previous. But when I add then cancel I get the operation has been canceled error message. . By kctse1 in forum VB Classic Last Post: 06-13-2005, 10:59 PM By me_code2004 in forum Database Last Post: 06-04-2005, 06:06 AM By Bob in forum VB Classic Last Post: 05-09-2001, 09:46 AM By Jonathan Sullivan in forum VB Classic Last Post: 04-12-2001, 05:39 AM By Mak Foka in forum authorevents.kurata Last Post: 04-18-2000, 08:21 PM Top DevX Stories Easy Web Services with SQL Server 2005 HTTP Endpoints JavaOne 2005: Java Platform Roadmap Focuses on Ease of Development, Sun Focuses on the "Free" in F.O.S.S. Wed Yourself to UML with the Power of Associations Microsoft to Add AJAX Capabilities to ASP.NET IBM's Cloudscape Versus MySQL

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My daughter Samara told me this on the way home from school today, I have no idea where she heard it! "Don't throw a fit, you get what you get." Hissy fit temper tantrum layouts anyone? LMAO! My boys' kindergarden teacher taught the same saying. My son who is now a Jr in high school tells his 3 year old sister that too. Great word art idea. I proudly ct for: YEAH! WA sounds good! What's REALLY funny is when the kids start getting all hissy about not getting their way, we start singing a rousing tune of.. "You can't always get what you waaaant, No you can't always get what you waaaant." Usually it just infuriates them more, but it gives us a good laugh anyways! LOL! I love it I've never heard that before - I'll have to try it with my kiddos! And I do think it'd make a great WA! I am probably neglecting housework so I can be here... My Gallery My girls have been saying "you get what you get and you don't get upset" which they heard in Pinkalicious, one of their very favorite books

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I'm not really sure how Relic goes about implementing their projectiles. This way may be completely inefficient and may actually not work in game. I do recall asking at some point how to go about putting in projectiles and I thought I remembered the answer being much more involved then the route I took. In fact, this is probably the *easiest* of the tutorials (assuming you've done the other two so you have some familiarity with the FX system). While more of a placeholder projectile, this is our final product: A bit tought to see from the picture but he is actually "throwing" (in his punching motion) the single cube in a straight line. First (and really last) thing we are going to need is our spray. If you've ever fired up the default spray you may have noticed its nothing but a bunch of cube projectiles. Limit it to one and straighten 'er out....and we may have ourselves a projectile. If you watch the default spray you'll notice that it initially starts out in a straight line and then kind of breaks out. Well, the first thing we need to change is we need to keep it in a straight line the whole time. Click Emitter_Deviation and change the last Keyframe from 180.0 to 0.0. Once you have that set and you click Play again, you'll notice that the spray is going up in a straight line. Now, I know you are immediately jumping to the Emitter_Rate and dropping it to 1.0. Even after doing this though you'll notice its still firing off more than one projectile. The reason is that you've set the spray to 1.0 projectile per second, and the spray is lasting for more than one second. So we need to *also* change the Emitter_Duration to something under 1 second (.5 seconds...) You may notice that the projectile isnt the speediest moving thing ever. A quick change of both Particle_Speed Keyframes (beginning and ending keyframe) to 100.0 seems to zip it along fairly quickly. This is definately a field that can use some tweaking as I have no idea how fast a projectile should be set for (you could also make it start slow and pick up momentum...) With that done go ahead and save it and fire up the Object Editor. Load up the henchman and jump into the Event Editor. Our NewMelee Settings: marker: bip01 r hand Thats about it. The animtime is set to .68 to coincide with when hes at the peak of his fist movement...everything else is pretty standard from other tutorials. Now, if you didnt want a cube as a projectile (who wouldnt want a cube?!?) you could create a mesh, load up a new Ring, select your mesh from the "Mesh" option, save it, and then load that ring into the spray. Thats about it...pretty easy and straight forward.

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The new SmartScreen Filter in IE 8 should improve this even further by detecting most malware before it ever reaches the filing system. IEBlog: IE8 Security Part IX - Anti-Malware protection with IE8’s SmartScreen Filter Spybot S&D Immunize by default places the same entires in the Hosts file, but I don't use that either. As with the current issue with Restricted Sites, large Hosts file lists often create peformance issues, though usually only on Windows 2000 and older systems that lack resources. The more common issue is with many current anti-virus products which contain monitoring features that partially conflict with such large files, causing their own performance issues.Then, why not just take the Restricted Sites Zone option, since, what you mention, would be better to place at the HOSTS file, which would prevent anything in the system to connect to that domain. But, what the Restricted Sites Zone offers, that the HOSTS file lacks, is the capability of adding domains like *.bad-domain. com. By placing a *, the user would be blocking access to any domain within the domain .bad-domain. com, and not just to the main one. So, such feature and such entries, are, in my most opinion, useful, and waste no resources. Most important, provide an extra layer of security. As I stated earlier, all lists which are searched linearly will create some overhead, the only question is how much. Unless either the PC is very high performance or the lists are indexed like a database, performance will eventually suffer, it's simply a matter of at what quantity it will become noticeable. The developers who are 'stuffing' these lists programatically don't want to hear that Microsoft doesn't support this, but they need to.This info my be useful to some person, digging through this thread. Not to me, though. But, thanks. I'll give you some of this, since what I should have said is that UAC isn't a 'security boundary', it's merely an alerting system tied to the process elevation ability. However, UAC itself desn't create the Protected Mode, it merely enables it to function within a Standard account to provide the security. Here's the key elements and a link to the complete explanation.Actually, it is a security mechanism. When UAC is enabled, it will also enable the Protected Mode in IE7 and IE8, in Windows Vista and Windows 7. This will decrease what IE can do in the system. UAC is also a good way to know when something is requiring elevated rights to do important changes in the system. Let's imagine that some user would open an e-mail, and, UAC alert for something. "Houston, we have problem.". So, UAC is much more than just an annoyance. Originally Posted by bitman < SNIP > Unfortunately the Microsoft estimate is that roughly 60% of systems out there belong to people who don't even have a current antimalware installed or being updated (expired subscriptions) on their PC, let alone those operating with several conflicting programs of dubious value.Unfortunately, it happens. But, this are people, who get, perhaps, their first system. Are not even aware of the existing dangers. But, the main problem here, are the IT professionals. They don't alert the costumers for that very same fact. They just install a free and crippled antivirus, and that's it, pretty much. Last year, a relative of mine, bought a computer (New computer user), and the folks where this computer was bought, only installed a free and crippled antivirus. They didn't care to explain how to update it. They haven't enabled UAC. They also didn't explain how to work with it, obvisiouly. To make things a lot worse, they didn't create a normal user account. Actually, though I agree with your general discussion here, I wouldn't call these 'IT professionals', they're mostly sales people and often just kids. In any case, their primary job is to get the buyer out of the store and not have them calling to ask questions, so security is of little concern to them. If they do things like turn on UAC or provide Standard accounts, most users would complain or call the store for help, so they take the easy out. This isn't surprising and is just a portion of the symptoms of a dysfunctional computer industry that's based on selling the box rather than the services that are really needed by most customers. Unfortunately the US consumer himself is the problem here, since he wants to buy the box cheap and not pay anything for support, so he gets exactly what he paid for. I'm not saying the system you're trying to use isn't simple enough, but is it really the most effective? If you're deciding to stay with IE 7 to keep the Spybot S&D Immunizations then you're missing the improved security features included in IE 8.Yes, I agree. That security should be simple, that is. But, just because one makes use of a layered security, that doesn't mean it isn't simple. One can just make use of a very complex Intrusion Prevention System. But, would it be simple, then? I know you'd rather have both, but the discussion here has asssumed that for some they appear to be mutually exclusive, at least until the perfomance problem has been resolved.

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On Thursday, May 5, the nation’s Catholic bishops issued a dramatic appeal to the members of the U.S. Senate, and it wasn’t about abortion. In a letter sent to all 100 members of that august chamber, the bishops urged the lawmakers to ensure that the upcoming federal budget doesn’t “rely on disproportionate cuts in essential services to poor persons.” “The moral measure of this budget debate,” the letter said, “is not which party wins or which powerful interests prevail, but rather how those who are jobless, hungry, homeless or poor are treated,” the letter said. “Their voices are too often missing in these debates, but they have the most compelling moral claim on our consciences and our common resources.” The letter’s specific target was the long-term budget “framework” proposed by Wisconsin Representative Paul Ryan, chair of the House budget committee, which purports to attack the national debt by slashing social spending. A “just” budget framework, the bishops wrote, “requires shared sacrifice by all, including raising adequate revenues, eliminating unnecessary military and other spending, and addressing the long-term costs of health insurance and retirement programs fairly.” In other words: Raise taxes on the rich, cut military spending and don’t weaken Medicare, Medicaid or Social Security. Don’t cut unemployment benefits, welfare or affordable housing. A nearly identical letter sent to members of the House in April, before their budget vote, specifically criticized Ryan’s plan to convert Medicare to a voucher program and turn Medicaid into block grants to the states. Now, none of this breaks any new ground in Catholic social doctrine. Church teachings on economics have been pretty consistent since 1891, when Pope Leo XIII issued his landmark encyclical, “Rerum Novarum,” on the evils of unfettered market capitalism and the rights of working people and the poor. The doctrine has been periodically reaffirmed and updated, most recently by the current pope in 2009. The American bishops issued a lengthy “pastoral letter” in 1986, “Economic Justice for All,” that remains unmatched as a statement of the spiritual roots of social justice. But the church as an institution hasn’t put much muscle behind it in the past few decades. On the contrary, the Catholic hierarchy has invested the lion’s share of its political capital in fighting abortion. It has allied itself firmly with conservatives because of the abortion issue, and to a lesser degree gay rights. The late Pope John Paul II, best remembered for his warmth toward Jews, moved the church far to the right during his 26-year papacy by appointing an entire generation of conservative bishops to replace the previous generation of Vatican II-era liberals. Leading American clerics have regularly attacked and bullied liberal Catholics like John Kerry and Mario Cuomo for their views on abortion. The rights of the poor have consistently taken a back seat. This spring the church is pointing its guns in the other direction. Without naming names, it is taking direct aim at the Republican economic agenda — at a key moment when the issues are actually on the table. The bishhops’ letter talked about preserving funds for childhood nutrition and affordable housing and avoiding cuts in health care. It condemned draconian cuts to foreign aid that would eliminate life-saving food and medicines and abandon flood and earthquake victims to their fate. It mentioned raising taxes — which means, simply, taking money from those who can afford it rather than from those who can’t. This criticism is particularly pointed because the Republican leaders most prominently identified with those policies, budget chief Ryan and House Speaker John Boehner, are both Catholic. By saying that the policies they’re championing are in violation of church teachings, the bishops are implying that they’re bad Catholics. If a believer is expected to respect the rights of the unborn, surely there’s an obligation to the born as well. Judaism teaches this lesson, too: A portion of each person’s income is taken by law to support the poor. We will recite this lesson in synagogue in a few days when we celebrate the holiday of Shavuot, the ancient festival of the spring wheat harvest, the traditional anniversary of the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai, which falls on June 8. We observe Shavuot by reading the biblical Book of Ruth, the storied Moabite woman who became the ancestor of King David. The story recalls how Ruth met her future husband when she went to his wheat field during the spring harvest to retrieve the gleanings. This is the grain that grows in the corners of the field and the sheaves that fall to the ground during harvest; it is left for the poor as their right. That is, a portion of your income is not yours but is redistributed to the poor. To keep it, to seek to extract the full profit from your enterprise, is a sin. Sharing your income with those who have less is not a matter of charity or generosity, but a legal obligation. This is the lesson we recite in celebration of the giving of the Torah and to honor the memory of King David, Israel’s greatest sovereign. This is the beginning of law and the meaning of sovereign governance. I’d like to think that the bishops’ letters are the beginning of a new phase in America’s spiritual journey. I’d like to think they will tell Boehner and Ryan what they told Kerry: You may not preach sin and call yourself a person of faith. I’d like to think that rabbis around the country will be reading the bishops’ letter along with the Book of Ruth in synagogue on Shavuot. I’d like to think that a delegation of bishops and rabbis would pay a Shavuot visit to the House Republican leaders, Speaker Boehner, budget chairman Ryan and Majority Leader Eric Cantor, and read to them about the gleaning. I’d like to think I could put money on this. But I won’t. Contact J.J. Goldberg at [email protected]

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Alphabetic Index : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |— Metropolitan municipality —| |Clockwise from top: The Golden Horn between Galata and the Sarayburnu; the Maslak financial district; İstiklal Avenue; Haydarpaşa Terminal; and Sultan Ahmed Mosque| |IstanbulLocation in Turkey| |Coordinates: 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.955°E / 41.01361; 28.955| |c. 660 BC| |Kadir Topbaş (AKP)| |5,343 km2 (2,063 sq mi)| |• Density||2,523/km2 (6,530/sq mi)| |Demonym||Istanbulite(s) (Turkish: İstanbullu(lar))| |34000 to 34850| |(+90) 212 (European side) (+90) 216 (Asian side)| |Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality| Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.5 million, the city forms one of the largest urban agglomerations in Europe and is among the largest cities in the world by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is the administrative capital. Istanbul is a transcontinental city, straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies in Europe, while a third of its population lives in Asia. Founded on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BC as Byzantium, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires: the Roman Empire (330–395), the Byzantine Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the last caliphate. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital in Ankara, palaces and imperial mosques still line Istanbul's hills as visible reminders of the city's previous central role. Istanbul's strategic position along the historic Silk Road, rail networks to Europe and the Middle East, and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have helped foster an eclectic populace, although less so since the establishment of the Republic in 1923. Overlooked for the new capital during the interwar period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have flocked to the metropolis and city limits have expanded to accommodate them. Arts festivals were established at the end of the 20th century, while infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network. Seven million foreign visitors arrived in Istanbul in 2010, when it was named a European Capital of Culture, making the city the world's tenth-most-popular tourist destination. The city's biggest draw remains its historic center, partially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but its cultural and entertainment hub can be found across the city's natural harbor, the Golden Horn, in the Beyoğlu district. Considered a global city, Istanbul hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the country's gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul is currently bidding for the 2020 Summer Olympics. The first known name of the city is Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion), originating from the name of the king, Byzas, whose colony founded it around 660 BC. After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD, the city became widely known as Constantinopolis (Constantinople), which, as the Latinized form of "Κωνσταντινούπολις" (Kōnstantinoúpolis), means the "City of Constantine". He also attempted to promote the name Nea Roma ("New Rome"), but this did not attain widespread usage. Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, and Kostantiniyye (Ottoman Turkish قسطنطينيه) was the primary name used by the Ottomans during their rule. Nevertheless, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired a number of other names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, but used the name Stamboul—as the Turks also did—to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. Pera (from the Greek word for "across") was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu, which is still in use today. Islambol (meaning either "City of Islam" or "Full of Islam") was sometimes colloquially used to refer to the city, and was even engraved on some Ottoman coins, but the belief that it was the precursor to the present name, İstanbul, is belied by the fact that the latter existed well before the former and even predates the Ottoman and Muslim conquest of the city. Etymologically, the name İstanbul (Turkish pronunciation: , colloquially ) derives from the Medieval Greek phrase "εἰς τὴν Πόλιν" (pronounced ), which means "in the city" or "to the city". This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity, much in the same way people today often colloquially refer to their nearby urban centers as "the City". An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first and third syllables dropped. In modern Turkish, the name is written as İstanbul, with a dotted İ, as the Turkish alphabet distinguishes between a dotted and dotless I. Also, while in English the stress is on the first syllable (Is), in Turkish it is on the second syllable (tan). İstanbul was officially adopted as the sole name of the city in 1930. A person from the city is an İstanbullu (plural: İstanbullular), although Istanbulite is used in English.History Main article: History of IstanbulRemains of a Byzantine column found at Byzantium's acropolis, located today within the Topkapı Palace complex Neolithic artifacts, dating back to the 7th millennium BC and uncovered by archaeologists at the beginning of the 21st century AD, indicate Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled earlier than previously thought and before the Bosphorus was even formed. Before the discovery, conventional wisdom held that Thracian tribes, including the Phrygians, began settling on the Sarayburnu in the late 6th millennium BC. On the Asian side, artifacts originating around the 4th millennium BC have been found in Fikirtepe (within Kadıköy). The same location was the site of a Phoenician trading post at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC as well as the town of Chalcedon, which was established in c. 680 BC. However, the history of Istanbul generally begins around 660 BC, when settlers from Megara, under the command of King Byzas, established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus. The settlers proceeded to build an acropolis adjacent to the Golden Horn on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy. The city experienced a brief period of Persian rule at the turn of the 5th century BC, but the Greeks recaptured it during the Greco-Persian Wars. Byzantium then continued as part of the Athenian League and its successor, the Second Athenian Empire, before ultimately gaining independence in 355 BC. Long allied with the Romans, Byzantium officially became a part of the Roman Empire in 73 AD. Byzantium's decision to side with the usurper Pescennius Niger against Roman Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 AD, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Still, five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity.Rise and fall of Constantinople Main article: Constantinople Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, Constantine laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named Nea Roma; however, most simply called it Constantinople, a name that persisted into the 20th century. Six years later, on 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of an empire that eventually became known as the Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire.Created in 1422 by Cristoforo Buondelmonti, this is the oldest surviving map of Constantinople. The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sophia, which remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years. Other improvements to the city undertaken by Constantine included a major renovation and expansion of the Hippodrome of Constantinople; accommodating tens of thousands of spectators, the hippodrome became central to civic life and, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the epicenter of episodes of unrest, including the Nika riots. Constantinople's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time; for many centuries, its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east and the advance of Islam. During most of the Middle Ages, the latter part of the Byzantine era, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople began to decline after the Fourth Crusade, during which it was sacked and pillaged. The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire, created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. However, the Latin Empire was short-lived, and the Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair, and its population had dwindled to a hundred thousand from up to half a million during the 8th century. Various economic and military policies instituted by Andronikos II, such as the reduction of military forces, weakened the empire and left it more vulnerable to attack. In the mid-14th century, the Ottoman Turks began a strategy of taking smaller towns and cities over time, cutting off Constantinople's supply routes and strangling it slowly. Finally, on 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege (during which the last Roman emperor, Constantine XI, was killed), Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. Hours later, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sophia and summoned an imam to proclaim the Islamic creed, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque.Ottoman and Turkish eraSüleymaniye Mosque is one of several mosques in Istanbul designed by Mimar Sinan. Following the fall of Constantinople, Mehmed II immediately set out to revitalize the city, by then also known as Istanbul. He urged the return of those who had fled the city during the siege, and forcibly resettled Muslims, Jews, and Christians from other parts of Anatolia. The sultan invited people from all over Europe to his capital, creating a cosmopolitan society that persisted through much of the Ottoman period. Meanwhile, Mehmed II repaired the city's damaged infrastructure, began to build the Grand Bazaar, and constructed Topkapı Palace, the sultan's official residence. The Ottomans quickly transformed the city from a bastion of Christianity to a symbol of Islamic culture. Religious foundations were established to fund the construction of grand imperial mosques, often adjoined by schools, hospitals, and public baths. The Ottoman Dynasty claimed the status of caliphate in 1517, with Istanbul remaining the capital of this last caliphate for four centuries. Suleiman the Magnificent's reign from 1520 to 1566 was a period of especially great artistic and architectural achievement; chief architect Mimar Sinan designed several iconic buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of ceramics, calligraphy, and miniature flourished. The total population of Istanbul amounted to 570,000 by the end of the 18th century. A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan Mahmud II and eventually to the Tanzimat period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city. Bridges across the Golden Horn were constructed during this period, and Istanbul was connected to the rest of the European railway network in the 1880s. Modern facilities, such as a stable water network, electricity, telephones, and trams, were gradually introduced to Istanbul over the following decades, although later than to other European cities. Still, the modernization efforts were not enough to forestall the decline of the Ottoman regime.The Greek battleship Lemnos and torpedo boat Dafni off the shores of Istanbul during the occupation of the city In the early 20th century, the Young Turk Revolution disposed of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and a series of wars plagued the ailing empire's capital. The last of these, World War I, resulted in the British, French, and Italian occupation of Istanbul. The final Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI, was exiled in November 1922; the following year, the occupation of Istanbul ended with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne and the recognition of the Republic of Turkey, declared by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. In the early years of the republic, Istanbul was overlooked in favor of Ankara, selected as Turkey's capital to distance the new, secular country from its Ottoman history. However, starting from the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings. The population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. This sudden, sharp rise in the city's population caused a large demand for housing development, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the metropolitan area of Istanbul.Geography Further information: Geography of Turkey and Geology of TurkeySatellite view of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Istanbul is located in northwestern Turkey within the Marmara Region on a total area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi). The Bosphorus, which connects the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea, divides the city into a European, Thracian side—comprising the historic and economic centers—and an Asian, Anatolian side. The city is further divided by the Golden Horn, a natural harbor bounding the peninsula where the former Byzantium and Constantinople were founded. The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus, and the Golden Horn at the heart of present-day Istanbul has deterred attacking forces for thousands of years and still remains a prominent feature of the city's landscape. Following the model of Rome, the historic peninsula is said to be characterized by seven hills, each topped by imperial mosques. The easternmost of these hills is the site of Topkapı Palace on the Sarayburnu. Rising from the opposite side of the Golden Horn is another, conical hill, where the modern Beyoğlu district is situated. Because of the topography, buildings in Beyoğlu were once constructed with the help of terraced retaining walls, and roads were laid out in the form of steps. Üsküdar on the Asian side exhibits similarly hilly characteristics, with the terrain gradually extending down to the Bosphorus coast, but the landscape in Şemsipaşa and Ayazma is more abrupt, akin to a promontory. The highest point in Istanbul is Çamlıca Hill, with an altitude of 288 meters (945 ft).Faults in western Turkey are concentrated just southwest of Istanbul, under the Sea of Marmara and northern Aegean Sea. Istanbul is situated near the North Anatolian Fault, close to the boundary between the African and Eurasian Plates. This fault zone, which runs from northern Anatolia to the Sea of Marmara, has been responsible for several deadly earthquakes throughout the city's history. Among the most devastating of these seismic events was the 1509 earthquake, which caused a tsunami that broke over the walls of the city and killed more than 10,000 people. More recently, in 1999, an earthquake with its epicenter in nearby İzmit left 18,000 people dead, including 1,000 people in Istanbul's suburbs. The people of Istanbul remain concerned that an even more catastrophic seismic event may be in the city's near future, as thousands of structures recently built to accommodate Istanbul's rapidly increasing population may not have been constructed properly. Seismologists say the risk of a 7.6-magnitude or greater earthquake striking Istanbul by 2030 is more than 60 percent.Climate Istanbul is characterized as having a Mediterranean climate, according to the updated Köppen–Geiger classification system. However, due to its vast size, diverse topography, and maritime location, Istanbul exhibits microclimates. Northern parts of the city express characteristics of an oceanic climate because of humidity from the Black Sea and the relatively high concentration of vegetation. The climate in the populated areas of the city in the south is warmer and less affected by humidity.Fog, seen here shrouding the Levent business district, frequently forms in the morning. Indeed, one of the most salient characteristics of the climate in parts of Istanbul is its persistently high humidity, which reaches 80 percent most mornings. Because of these conditions, fog is very common, although more so in northern parts of the city and away from the city center. Notably dense fog events that disrupt transportation in the region, including on the Bosphorus, are perennial occurrences during the autumn and winter months, when the humidity remains high into the afternoon. The humid conditions and the fog tend to dissipate by midday during the summer months, but the lingering humidity still has the effect of exacerbating the moderately high summer temperatures. During these summer months, high temperatures average around 29 °C (84 °F) and rainfall is uncommon; there are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June and August. Nevertheless, despite the low precipitation, the summer months also have the highest concentration of thunderstorms. Winter is colder in Istanbul than in other cities around the Mediterranean basin, with low temperatures averaging 4–5 °C (39–41 °F). Lake-effect snow from the Black Sea is common, although difficult to forecast, with the potential to be heavy and—as with the fog—disruptive to the city's infrastructure. Spring and autumn are mild, but often wet and unpredictable; chilly winds from the northwest and warm gusts from the south—sometimes in the same day—tend to cause fluctuations in temperature. Overall, Istanbul has an annual average of 115 days with significant precipitation, which amounts to 852 millimeters (33.5 in) per year. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in the city are 40.5 °C (105 °F) and −16.1 °C (3 °F), respectively. The highest amount of rainfall recorded in a single day is 227 millimeters (8.9 in), whereas the highest recorded snow cover is 80 centimeters (31 in). |9.3 (48.7)||9.7 (49.5)||12.1 (53.8)||17.0 (62.6)||22.1 (71.8)||26.9 (80.4)||29.4 (84.9)||29.2 (84.6)||25.5 (77.9)||20.2 (68.4)||15.2 (59.4)||11.2 (52.2)||18.98 (66.17)| |4.2 (39.6)||4.0 (39.2)||5.5 (41.9)||9.3 (48.7)||13.5 (56.3)||18.0 (64.4)||20.4 (68.7)||20.5 (68.9)||17.4 (63.3)||13.6 (56.5)||9.3 (48.7)||6.2 (43.2)||11.83 (53.29)| |100.9 (3.972)||80.9 (3.185)||69.6 (2.74)||45.4 (1.787)||35.5 (1.398)||37.5 (1.476)||39.0 (1.535)||46.3 (1.823)||62.9 (2.476)||100.7 (3.965)||108.6 (4.276)||124.7 (4.909)||852 (33.54)| |Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service (all exc. rain data: 1970–2011; rain data: 1970–2010)| |UNESCO World Heritage Site| |I, II, III, IV| |Europe and North America| |1985 (9th Session)| |* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO| The Fatih district corresponds to what was, until the Ottoman conquest, the whole of the city, across from which stood the Genoese citadel of Galata. Those Genoese fortifications were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the Galata Tower, to make way for northward expansion of the city. Galata is now a part of the Beyoğlu district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center around Taksim Square. Dolmabahçe Palace, the seat of government during the late Ottoman period, is located in Beşiktaş, just north of Beyoğlu, across from BJK İnönü Stadium, home to Turkey's oldest football club. The former village of Ortaköy is situated within Beşiktaş and provides its name to the Ortaköy Mosque, along the Bosphorus near the First Bosphorus Bridge. Lining the shores of the Bosphorus north of there are yalıs, luxurious chalet mansions originally built by 19th-century aristocrats and elites as summer homes. Farther inland, outside the city's inner ring road, are Levent and Maslak, Istanbul's primary economic centers.Originally outside the city, yalı residences along the Bosphorus are now homes in some of Istanbul's elite neighborhoods. During the Ottoman period, Üsküdar and Kadıköy were outside the scope of urban Istanbul, serving as tranquil outposts with seaside yalıs and gardens. However, during the second half of the 20th century, the Asian side experienced massive urban growth; the late development of this part of the city led to better infrastructure and tidier urban planning when compared with most other residential areas in the city. Much of the Asian side of the Bosphorus functions as a suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul, accounting for a third of the city's population but only a quarter of its employment. As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth during the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of gecekondular (literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. At present, some gecekondu areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds. Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, unlike other large cities, but it does have a number of green areas. Gülhane Park and Yıldız Park were originally included within the grounds of two of Istanbul's palaces—Topkapı Palace and Yıldız Palace—but they were repurposed as public parks in the early decades of the Turkish Republic. Another park, Fethi Paşa Korusu, is situated on a hillside adjacent to the Bosphorus Bridge in Anatolia, opposite Yıldız Palace. Along the European side, and closer to the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, is Emirgan Park; originally a private estate belonging to Ottoman leaders, the 47-hectare (120-acre) park is known for its diversity of plants and an annual tulip festival held since 2005. Popular during the summer among Istanbulites is Belgrad Forest, spreading across 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) at the northern edge of the city. The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times still survive.Architecture Main article: Architecture of IstanbulOriginally a church, later a mosque, and now a museum, the Hagia Sophia was built by Justinian in the 6th century. Istanbul is primarily known for its Byzantine and Ottoman architecture, but its buildings reflect the various peoples and empires that have previously ruled the city. Examples of Genoese and Roman architecture remain visible in Istanbul alongside their Ottoman counterparts. While nothing of the architecture of the classical Greek period has survived, Roman architecture has proved to be more durable. Obelisks from the Hippodrome of Constantinople are still visible in Sultanahmet Square, while a section of the Valens Aqueduct, constructed in the late 4th century, stands relatively intact at the western edge of the Fatih district. The Column of Constantine, erected in 330 AD to mark the new Roman capital, still stands not far from the Hippodrome. Early Byzantine architecture followed the classical Roman model of domes and arches, but improved upon these elements, as in the Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus. The oldest surviving Byzantine church in Istanbul—albeit in ruins—is the Monastery of Stoudios (later converted into the Imrahor Mosque), which was built in 454. After the recapture of Constantinople in 1261, the Byzantines enlarged two of the most important churches still extant, Chora Church and Pammakaristos Church. Still, the pinnacle of Byzantine architecture, and one of Istanbul's most iconic structures, is the Hagia Sophia. Topped by a dome 31 meters (102 ft) in diameter, the Hagia Sophia stood as the world's largest cathedral for more than a thousand years, before being converted into a mosque and, as it stands now, a museum. Among the oldest surviving examples of Ottoman architecture in Istanbul are the Anadoluhisarı and Rumelihisarı fortresses, which assisted the Ottomans during their siege of the city. Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans proceeded to make an indelible impression on the skyline of Istanbul, building towering mosques and ornate palaces. The largest palace, Topkapı, includes a diverse array of architectural styles, from Baroque inside the Harem, to its Neoclassical Enderûn Library. The imperial mosques include Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the Blue Mosque), Süleymaniye Mosque, and Yeni Mosque, all of which were built at the peak of the Ottoman Empire, in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the following centuries, and especially after the Tanzimat reforms, Ottoman architecture was supplanted by European styles. Areas around İstiklal Avenue were filled with grand European embassies and rows of buildings in Neoclassical and Renaissance Revival styles, which went on to influence the architecture of a variety of structures in Beyoğlu—including churches, stores, and theaters—and official buildings such as Dolmabahçe Palace.AdministrationIstanbul's districts extend far from the city center, along the full length of the Bosphorus (with the Black Sea at top and the Sea of Marmara at bottom). Since 2004, Istanbul has been one of only two cities in Turkey (the other being İzmit) whose city boundaries are concurrent with the boundaries of its province. The city, considered capital of Istanbul Province, is administered by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (MMI), which oversees the thirty-nine districts of the city-province. The current city structure can be traced back to the Tanzimat period of reform in the 19th century, before which Islamic judges and imams led the city under the auspices of the Grand Vizier. Following the model of French cities, this religious system was replaced by a mayor and a citywide council composed of representatives of the confessional groups (millet) across Istanbul. Beyoğlu was the first area of the city to have its own director and council, with members instead being longtime residents of the neighborhood. Laws enacted after the Ottoman constitution of 1876 aimed to expand this structure across the city, imitating the twenty arrondissements of Paris, but they were not fully implemented until 1908, when Istanbul was declared a province with nine constituent districts. This system continued beyond the founding of the Turkish Republic, with the province renamed a belediye (municipality), but the municipality was disbanded in 1957. Small settlements adjacent to major population centers in Turkey, including Istanbul, were merged into their respective primary cities during the early 1980s, resulting in metropolitan municipalities. The main decision-making body of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is the Municipal Council, with members drawn from district councils. The Municipal Council is responsible for citywide issues, including managing the budget, maintaining civic infrastructure, and overseeing museums and major cultural centers. Since the government operates under a "powerful mayor, weak council" approach, the council's leader—the metropolitan mayor—has the authority to make swift decisions, often at the expense of transparency. The Municipal Council is advised by the Metropolitan Executive Committee, although the Committee also has limited power to make decisions of its own. All representatives on the Committee are appointed by the metropolitan mayor and the Council, with the mayor—or someone of his or her choosing—serving as head.The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality City Hall, built in 1953, is in the Fatih district. Meanwhile, district councils are chiefly responsible for waste management and construction projects within their respective districts. They each maintain their own budgets, although the metropolitan mayor reserves the right to review district decisions. One-fifth of all district council members, including the district mayors, also represent their districts in the Municipal Council. All members of the district councils and the Municipal Council, including the metropolitan mayor, are elected to five-year terms. Representing the Justice and Development Party, Kadir Topbaş has been Mayor of Istanbul since March 2004. With the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province having equivalent jurisdictions, few responsibilities remain for the provincial government. Similar to the MMI, the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration has a governor, a democratically elected decision-making body—the Provincial Parliament—and an appointed Executive Committee. Mirroring the executive committee at the municipal level, the Provincial Executive Committee includes a secretary-general and leaders of departments that advise the Provincial Parliament. The Provincial Administration's duties are largely limited to the building and maintenance of schools, residences, government buildings, and roads, and the promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation. Hüseyin Avni Mutlu has been Governor of Istanbul Province since May 2010.Demographics See also: Demographics of Turkey |Sources: Chandler 1987, Morris 2010, and Turan 2010 Pre-Republic figures estimated| Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 AD, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for world's largest city. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad and Chang'an, for the position of world's most populous city until the 13th century. While it never returned to being the world's largest, it remained Europe's largest city from not long after the Fall of Constantinople until the start of the 19th century, when it was surpassed by London. Today, it still forms one of the largest urban agglomerations in Europe, alongside Moscow. The Turkish Statistic Institute estimates that the population of Istanbul was 13,483,052 on 31 December 2011, making it the largest city in Turkey, with 18 percent of the country's population. Because of its vast land area, Istanbul is among the five most populous cities proper in the world, even though its metropolitan area—roughly equivalent to the city proper—ranks below fifteenth. The city's annual population growth of 3.45 percent ranks as the highest among the seventy-eight largest metropolises in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The high population growth mirrors an urbanization trend across the country, as the second- and third-fastest growing OECD metropolises are the Turkish cities of İzmir and Ankara. Istanbul experienced especially rapid growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population increasing tenfold between 1950 and 2000. This growth in population comes, in part, from an expansion of city limits—particularly between 1980 and 1985, when the number of Istanbulites nearly doubled. The remarkable growth was, and still is, largely fueled by migrants from eastern Turkey seeking employment and improved living conditions. The number of residents of Istanbul originating from seven northern and eastern provinces is greater than the populations of their entire respective provinces; notably, Sivas and Kastamonu each account for more than half a million residents of Istanbul. Istanbul's foreign population, by comparison, is very small, amounting to just 42,228 residents in 2007. Only 28 percent of the city's residents are originally from Istanbul. Istanbul's population density of 2,523 people per square kilometer (6,530/mi2) far exceeds Turkey's 102 people per square kilometer (264/mi2). The most densely populated areas tend to lie to the northwest, west, and southwest of the city center, on the European side; the most densely populated district on the Asian side is Üsküdar.Religious and ethnic groups Main article: Religion in Istanbul See also: Greeks in Turkey, Armenians in Turkey, and Jews in Turkey Istanbul has been a cosmopolitan city throughout much of its history, but it has become more homogenized since the end of the Ottoman Empire. Still, most of Turkey's religious and ethnic minorities remain concentrated in Istanbul. The vast majority of people across Turkey, and in Istanbul, consider themselves Muslim, and more specifically members of the Sunni branch of Islam. Most Sunnis follow the Hanafi school of Islamic thought, although approximately 10 percent of Sunnis follow the Shafi'i school. The largest non-Sunni Muslim sect, accounting for 4.5 million Turks, is the Alevis; a third of all Alevis in the country live in Istanbul. Mystic movements, like Sufism, were officially banned after the establishment of the Turkish Republic, but they still boast numerous followers.Eyüp Sultan Mosque, the resting place of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, is a popular place of pilgrimage. The Patriarch of Constantinople has been designated Ecumenical Patriarch since the 6th century, and has subsequently come to be widely regarded as the leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians. Since 1601, the Patriarchate has been based in Istanbul's Church of St. George. Into the 19th century, the Christians of Istanbul tended to be either Greek Orthodox or members of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Because of a number of events during the 20th century—including the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, a 1942 wealth tax, and the 1955 Istanbul riots—the Greek population, originally centered in Fener and Samatya, has decreased substantially. At the start of the 21st century, Istanbul's Greek population numbered just 3,000 (down from 130,000 in 1923). The Armenian population in Turkey also saw a decline, in part due to the Armenian Genocide, but it has been on the rebound because of recent immigration from Armenia; today, there are between 50,000 and 70,000 Armenians in Istanbul, down from 164,000 in 1913. The largest ethnic minority in Istanbul is the Kurdish community, originating from eastern and southeastern Turkey. Although the Kurdish presence in the city dates back to the early Ottoman period, the influx of Kurds into the city has accelerated since the beginning of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (i.e. since the late 1970s). Between two and four million residents of Istanbul are Kurdish, meaning there are more Kurds in Istanbul than in any other city in the world. The neighborhood of Balat used to be home to a sizable Sephardi Jewish community, first formed during the period of the Spanish Inquisition. Romaniotes and Ashkenazi Jews resided in Istanbul even before the Sephardim, but their proportion has since dwindled; today, just 1 percent of Istanbul's Jews are Ashkenazi. In large part due to emigration to Israel, the Jewish population nationwide dropped from 100,000 in 1950 to just 18,000 in 2005, with the majority of them living in either Istanbul or Izmir. Levantines, Latin Christians who settled in Galata during the Ottoman period, played a seminal role in shaping the culture and architecture of Istanbul during the 19th and early 20th centuries; their population has dwindled, but they still remain in the city in small numbers.Economy Main article: Economy of IstanbulThe Levent business district is home to Istanbul's tallest buildings. With a GDP of US$182 billion in 2008, Istanbul ranked 34th among the world's urban areas in terms of gross domestic product. Istanbul is responsible for 27 percent of Turkey's GDP, with 20 percent of the country's industrial labor force residing in the city. Its GDP per capita and productivity are greater than their national averages by 70 percent and 50 percent, respectively, owing in part to the focus on high-value-added activities. With its high population and significant contribution to the Turkish economy, Istanbul is responsible for two-fifths of the nation's tax revenue. That includes the taxes of thirty billionaires based in Istanbul, the fifth-highest number among cities around the world. As expected for a city of its size, Istanbul has a diverse industrial economy, producing commodities as varied as olive oil, tobacco, transport vehicles, and electronics. Despite having a focus on high-value-added work, its low-value-added manufacturing sector is substantial, representing just 26 percent of Istanbul's GDP, but four-fifths of the city's total exports. In 2005, companies based in Istanbul produced exports worth $41.4 billion and received imports totaling $69.9 billion; these figures were equivalent to 57 percent and 60 percent, respectively, of the national totals. Istanbul is home to Turkey's only securities market, the Istanbul Stock Exchange. Although it was originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1866, its importance declined after the Great Depression in the 1930s. It was ultimately reorganized into its current form at the start of 1986, following a series of governmental financial liberalization programs. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in Galata was the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, where the Ottoman Stock Exchange was located. Bankalar Caddesi continued to be Istanbul's main financial district until the 1990s, when most Turkish banks began moving their headquarters to the modern central business districts of Levent and Maslak. In 1995, the Istanbul Stock Exchange moved to its current building in the İstinye quarter of the Sarıyer district.As a route to the Black Sea, the Bosphorus is one of the busiest waterways in the world. As the only sea route between the oil-rich Black Sea and the Mediterranean, the Bosphorus is one of the busiest waterways in the world; more than 200 million tonnes of oil pass through the strait each year, and the traffic on the Bosphorus is three times that on the Suez Canal. As a result, there have been proposals to build a canal, known as Canal Istanbul, parallel to the strait, on the European side of the city. Istanbul has three major shipping ports—the Port of Haydarpaşa, the Port of Ambarlı, and the Port of Zeytinburnu—as well as several smaller ports and oil terminals along the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. Haydarpaşa, situated at the southeastern end of the Bosphorus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s. Shifts in operations to Ambarlı since then have left Haydarpaşa running under capacity and with plans to decommission the port. As of 2007, Ambarlı, on the western edge of the urban center, had an annual capacity of 1.5 million TEUs (compared to 354,000 TEUs at Haydarpaşa), making it the fourth-largest cargo terminal in the Mediterranean basin. The Port of Zeytinburnu is advantaged by its proximity to motorways and Atatürk International Airport, and long-term plans for the city call for greater connectivity between all terminals and the road and rail networks. Istanbul is an increasingly popular tourist destination; whereas just 2.4 million foreigners visited the city in 2000, it welcomed 7 million foreign tourists in 2010, making it the world's tenth-most visited city. Istanbul is Turkey's second-largest international gateway, after Antalya, receiving a quarter of the nation's foreign tourists. Istanbul's tourist industry is concentrated in the European side, with 90 percent of the city's hotels located there. Low- and mid-range hotels tend to be located on the Sarayburnu, while higher-end hotels are primarily located in the entertainment and financial centers north of the Golden Horn. Istanbul's seventy museums, the most visited of which are the Topkapı Palace Museum and the Hagia Sophia, bring in $30 million in revenue each year. The city's environmental master plan also notes that there are 17 palaces, 64 mosques, and 49 churches of historical significance in Istanbul.Culture Main article: Culture of Istanbul Istanbul was historically known as a cultural hub, but its cultural scene stagnated after the Turkish Republic shifted its focus toward Ankara. The new national government established programs that served to orient Turks toward musical traditions, especially those originating in Europe, but musical institutions and visits by foreign classical artists were primarily centered in the new capital. Although much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, it was not until the 1980s and 1990s that Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory.The Istanbul Archaeology Museums, founded by Osman Hamdi Bey in 1891, form Turkey's oldest modern museum. By the end of the 19th century, Istanbul had established itself as a regional artistic center, with Turkish, European, and Middle Eastern artists flocking to the city. Despite efforts to make Ankara Turkey's cultural heart, Istanbul had the country's primary institution of art until the 1970s. Furthermore, when additional universities and art journals were founded in Istanbul during the 1980s, artists formerly based in Ankara moved in. Beyoğlu has been transformed into the artistic center of the city, with young artists and older Turkish artists formerly residing abroad finding footing there. Modern art museums, including İstanbul Modern, the Pera Museum, and SantralIstanbul, opened in the 2000s to complement the exhibition spaces and auction houses that have already contributed to the cosmopolitan nature of the city. Still, these museums have yet to attain the popularity of older museums on the historic peninsula, including the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, which ushered in the era of modern museums in Turkey, and the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum. The first film screening in Turkey was at Yıldız Palace in 1896, just a year after the technology publicly debuted in Paris. Movie theaters rapidly cropped up in Beyoğlu, with the greatest concentration of theaters being along the street now known as İstiklal Avenue. Istanbul also became the heart of Turkey's nascent film industry, although Turkish films were not consistently developed until the 1950s. Since then, Istanbul has been the most popular location to film Turkish dramas and comedies. While the Turkish film industry ramped up in the second half of the century, it was not until Uzak (2002) and My Father and My Son (2005), both filmed in Istanbul, that the nation's movies began to see substantial international success. Istanbul and its picturesque skyline have also served as a backdrop for a number of foreign films, including Topkapi (1964), The World Is Not Enough (1999), and Mission Istaanbul (2008). Coinciding with this cultural reemergence was the establishment of the Istanbul Festival, which began showcasing a variety of art from Turkey and around the world in 1973. From this flagship festival came the International Istanbul Film Festival and the Istanbul International Jazz Festival in the early 1980s. With its focus now solely on music and dance, the Istanbul Festival has been known as the Istanbul International Music Festival since 1994. The most prominent of the festivals that evolved from the original Istanbul Festival is the Istanbul Biennial, held every two years since 1987. While its early incarnations were aimed at showcasing Turkish visual art, it has since opened to international artists and risen in prestige to become among the elite biennales, alongside the Venice Biennale and the São Paulo Art Biennial.Leisure and entertainmentThe Grand Bazaar is one of the largest covered markets in the world. Istanbul has numerous shopping centers, from the historic to the modern. The Grand Bazaar, in operation since 1461, is among the world's oldest and largest covered markets. Mahmutpasha Bazaar is an open-air market extending between the Grand Bazaar and the Egyptian Bazaar, which has been Istanbul's major spice market since 1660. Galleria Ataköy ushered in the age of modern shopping malls in Turkey when it opened in 1987. Since then, malls have become major shopping centers outside the historic peninsula. Akmerkez was awarded the title of Europe's best shopping mall by the International Council of Shopping Centers, while Istanbul Cevahir has been among the continent's largest since opening in 2005. Abdi İpekçi Street in Nişantaşı and Bağdat Avenue on the Anatolian side of the city have evolved into high-end shopping districts. Aside from typical Turkish cuisine like kebab, Istanbul is also famous for its historic seafood restaurants. Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosphorus, while the Kumkapı neighborhood along the Sea of Marmara has a pedestrian zone that hosts around fifty fish restaurants. The Princes' Islands, 15 kilometers (9 mi) from the city center, are also popular for their seafood restaurants. Because of their restaurants, historic summer mansions, and tranquil, car-free streets, the Princes' Islands are a popular vacation destination among Istanbulites and foreign tourists. Restaurants featuring foreign cuisines are mainly concentrated in the Beyoğlu district. Residing along İstiklal Avenue is the Çiçek Pasajı, now home to winehouses (known as meyhanes), pubs, and restaurants. While the focus of İstiklal Avenue, originally famous for its taverns, has shifted toward shopping, the nearby Nevizade Street is still lined with winehouses and pubs. Some other neighborhoods around İstiklal Avenue have recently been revamped to cater to Beyoğlu's nightlife, with formerly commercial streets now lined with pubs, cafés, and restaurants playing live music. Other focal points for Istanbul's nightlife include Nişantaşı, Ortaköy, Bebek, and Kadıköy.Sports See also: List of sport facilities in IstanbulWith a capacity of 76,092 spectators, Atatürk Olympic Stadium is Turkey's largest multi-purpose stadium. Istanbul has some of Turkey's oldest—and, by some measures, most successful—sports clubs. Beşiktaş J.K., established in 1903, is considered the oldest of these sports clubs; because of its initial status as Turkey's only club, it occasionally played as the national team. While its football team has seen several periods of dominance in national competition, Istanbul's Galatasaray S.K. and Fenerbahçe S.K. have fared better in international competition and tie for the honor of winning the most Süper Lig championships. Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe have a long-standing rivalry across the Bosphorus, with Galatasaray based in European Istanbul and Fenerbahçe based in the Anatolian part of the city. Istanbul has four basketball teams—Anadolu Efes S.K., Beşiktaş Milangaz, Fenerbahçe Ülker, and Galatasaray Medical Park—that play in the premier-level Turkish Basketball League. Many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded since 2000 to bolster the city's bids for the Summer Olympic Games. Atatürk Olympic Stadium, the largest multi-purpose stadium in Turkey, was completed in 2002 as an IAAF first-class venue for track and field. The stadium hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final and remains the home field of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor. Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Fenerbahçe's home field, hosted the 2009 UEFA Cup Final three years after its completion, and Türk Telekom Arena opened in 2011 to replace Ali Sami Yen Stadium as Galatasaray's home turf. All three stadiums are elite Category 4 (formerly five-star) UEFA stadiums.Ülker Sports Arena, completed in 2012, is the home court of Fenerbahçe's basketball teams. The Sinan Erdem Dome, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, and the 2011–12 Euroleague Final Four. Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010, Abdi İpekçi Arena was Istanbul's primary indoor arena, having hosted the finals of EuroBasket 2001. Several other indoor arenas, including the Beşiktaş Milangaz Arena, have also been inaugurated since 2000, serving as the home courts of Istanbul's sports clubs. The most recent of these is the 13,800-seat Ülker Sports Arena, which opened in 2012 as the home court of Fenerbahçe's basketball teams. Despite the construction boom, four consecutive bids for the Summer Olympics—in 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012—and national bids for UEFA Euro 2012 and UEFA Euro 2016 have ended unsuccessfully. Istanbul is currently bidding for the 2020 Summer Olympics, with the host city expected to be announced in September 2013, and is at the center of Turkey's UEFA Euro 2020 bid, on which a decision is expected in early 2014. Istanbul Park was a stop on the World Touring Car Championship circuit and the European Le Mans Series in 2005 and 2006, but the track has not seen either of these competitions since then. Between its opening in 2005 and 2011, Istanbul Park also hosted the annual Turkish Grand Prix; its future remains uncertain due to financial troubles. The Istanbul Sailing Club, established in 1952, hosts a number of races, showcases, and events on the waterways in and around Istanbul each year. The Turkish Offshore Racing Club also hosts major races, with its most prestigious being its race for the Marine Forces Trophy. Istanbul was also an occasional stop on the F1 Powerboat World Championship circuit, although its last appearance on the Bosphorus was in 2000.MediaEstablished in 1948, Hürriyet is one of Turkey's most circulated newspapers. While most state-run radio and television stations are based in Ankara, Istanbul is the primary hub of Turkish media. The industry has its roots in the former Ottoman capital, where the first Turkish newspaper, Takvim-i Vekayi (Calendar of Affairs), was published in 1831. The Cağaloğlu street on which the newspaper was printed, Bâb-ı Âli Street, rapidly became the center of Turkish print media, alongside Beyoğlu across the Golden Horn. Today, Istanbul hosts a wide variety of periodicals. Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and İzmir editions. Istanbul-based Zaman, although only founded in 1986, is Turkey's most widely circulated paper, with a weekly distribution of more than one million. Posta, Hürriyet, Sabah, and Habertürk, which round out the country's top five papers, are all headquartered in Istanbul, boasting more than 200,000 weekly sales each. Hürriyet's English-language edition, The Hürriyet Daily News, has been printed since 1961, but the English-language Today's Zaman, first published by Zaman in 2007, has overtaken it in circulation. Several smaller newspapers, including popular publications like Milliyet and Cumhuriyet, are also based in Istanbul.Headquarters of the state-run TRT's Istanbul radio operations Radio broadcasts in Istanbul date back to 1927, when Turkey's first radio transmission came from atop the Central Post Office in Eminönü. Control of this transmission, and other radio stations established in the following decades, ultimately came under the state-run Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), which held a monopoly on radio and television broadcasts between its founding in 1964 and 1990. Today, TRT runs four national radio stations; while these stations have transmitters across the country so each can reach over 90 percent of the country's population, only one—Radio 2—is based in Istanbul. Offering a range of content from educational programming to coverage of sporting events, Radio 2 is the most popular radio station in Turkey. Istanbul's airwaves are the busiest in Turkey, primarily featuring either Turkish-language or English-language content. One of the rare exceptions, offering both, is Açık Radyo (94.9 FM). Among Turkey's first private stations, and the first featuring foreign popular music, was Istanbul's Metro FM (97.2 FM). The state-run Radio 3, although based in Ankara, also features English-language popular music, while English-language news programming is provided on NTV Radyo (102.8 FM). TRT-Children is the only TRT television station based in Istanbul. Regardless, Istanbul is home to the headquarters of a number of Turkish stations and regional headquarters of international media outlets. Istanbul-based Star TV was the first private television network to be established following the end of the TRT monopoly; Star TV and Show TV (also based in Istanbul) remain highly popular throughout the country, airing Turkish and American series. Samanyolu TV, Kanal D, and ATV are other stations in Istanbul that offer a mix of news and series, while NTV (partnered with U.S. media outlet MSNBC) and Sky Turk—both based in the city—are mainly just known for their news coverage in Turkish. The BBC has a regional office in Istanbul, assisting its Turkish-language news operations, while American news channel CNN established the Turkish-language CNN Türk there in 1999.Education Further information: Education in TurkeyMain entrance gate of Istanbul University, the city's oldest Turkish institution Istanbul University, founded in 1453, is the oldest Turkish educational institution in the city. Although originally an Islamic school, the university established law, medicine, and science departments in the 19th century and was secularized after the founding of the Turkish Republic. Istanbul Technical University, founded in 1773 as the Royal School of Naval Engineering, is the world's third-oldest university dedicated entirely to engineering sciences. These public universities are two of just eight across the city; other prominent state universities in Istanbul include the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, which served as Turkey's primary institution of art until the 1970s, and Marmara University, the country's third-largest institution of higher learning. Istanbul Medeniyet University, founded in 2010, is the newest public university, offering two-year degrees through eleven academic departments. While the most established universities in Istanbul are backed by the government, the city has a number of prominent private institutions. The first modern private university in Istanbul was Robert College, founded by a group from the United States in 1863. The tertiary element of its education program has now become the public Boğaziçi University, while the remaining portion in Arnavutköy continues as a boarding school under the name Robert College. Private universities were officially outlawed in Turkey before the Constitution of 1982, but there were already fifteen private "higher schools", which were effectively universities, in Istanbul by 1970. The first private university established in Istanbul since 1982 was Koç University (founded in 1992), and another dozen had opened within the following decade. Today, there are at least thirty private universities in the city, including Istanbul Commerce University and Kadir Has University.Since its higher education section became Boğaziçi University, Robert College has been an American boarding school In 2007, there were about 4,350 schools, about half of which were primary schools; on average, each school had 688 students. In recent years, Istanbul's educational system has expanded substantially; from 2000 to 2007, the number of classrooms and teachers nearly doubled and the number of students increased by more than 60 percent. Galatasaray High School, established in 1481 as the Galata Palace Imperial School, is the oldest high school in Istanbul and the second-oldest educational institution in the city. It was built at the behest of Sultan Bayezid II, who sought to bring students with diverse backgrounds together as a means of further strengthening his growing empire. It is one of Turkey's Anatolian High Schools, elite public high schools that place a stronger emphasis on instruction in foreign languages. Galatasaray, for example, offers instruction in French, while other Anatolian High Schools primarily teach in English or German alongside Turkish. The city also has foreign high schools, such as Liceo Italiano, that were established in the 19th century to educate foreigners. A few of Istanbul's other high schools are notable for their styles of teaching or entrance requirements. Kuleli Military High School, located along the shores of the Bosphorus in Çengelköy, and Turkish Naval High School, located on one of the Princes' Islands, are military high schools, complemented by three military academies—the Turkish Air Force, Turkish Military, and Turkish Naval Academies. Another important school in Istanbul is Darüşşafaka High School, which provides free education to children across the country missing at least one parent. Darüşşafaka begins instruction with the fourth grade, providing instruction in English and, starting in sixth grade, a second foreign language—German or French. Other prominent high schools in the city include Kabataş Erkek Lisesi (founded in 1908) and Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi (founded in 1955).Public services Main article: Utilities in Istanbul Further information: Telecommunications in Turkey and Health care in TurkeyThe Silahtarağa Power Station, now the art museum SantralIstanbul, was Istanbul's sole source of power between 1914 and 1952. Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000 cu ft) of water to 158 sites each day. In later years, with the aim of responding to the ever-increasing public demand, water from various springs was channeled to public fountains, like the Fountain of Ahmed III, by means of supply lines. Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a sewage treatment system managed by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ). The Silahtarağa Power Station, a coal-fired power plant along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952. Following the founding of the Turkish Republic, the plant underwent a number of renovations to accommodate the city's increasing demand; its capacity grew from 23 megawatts in 1923 to a peak of 120 megawatts in 1956. Capacity proceeded to decline until the Silahtarağa Power Station reached the end of its economic life and shut down in 1983. The state-run Turkish Electrical Authority (TEK) briefly—between its founding in 1970 and 1984—held a monopoly on the generation and distribution of electricity, but now the authority—since split between the Turkish Electricity Generation Transmission Company (TEAŞ) and the Turkish Electricity Distribution Company (TEDAŞ)—competes with private electric utilities.Istanbul's current central post office dates back to 1909. The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in 1840 and the first post office, the Imperial Post Office, opened near the courtyard of Yeni Mosque. By 1876, the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the vast Ottoman Empire had been established. Sultan Abdülmecid I issued Samuel Morse his first official honor for the telegraph in 1847, and construction of the first telegraph line—between Istanbul and Edirne—finished in time to announce the end of the Crimean War in 1856. A nascent telephone circuit began to emerge in Istanbul in 1881 and after the first manual telephone exchange became operational in Istanbul in 1909, the Ministry of Post and Telegraph became the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone. Of course, Istanbul's telecommunications infrastructure has developed substantially in the century since. GSM cellular networks arrived in Turkey in 1994, with Istanbul among the first cities to receive the service. Today, mobile and landline service is provided by a number of private companies, after Türk Telekom, which split from the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone in 1995, was privatized in 2005. Postal services remain under the purview of what is now the Post and Telegraph Organization (retaining the initialism PTT). In 2000, Istanbul had 137 hospitals, of which 100 were private. Turkish citizens are entitled to subsidized healthcare in the nation's state-run hospitals. As public hospitals tend to be overcrowded or otherwise slow, private hospitals are preferable for those who can afford them. Their prevalence has increased significantly over the last decade, as the percentage of outpatients using private hospitals increased from 6 percent to 23 percent between 2005 and 2009. Many of these private hospitals, as well as some of the public hospitals, are equipped with high-tech equipment, including MRI machines, or associated with medical research centers. Turkey has more hospitals accredited by the U.S.-based Joint Commission than any other country in the world, with most concentrated in its big cities. The high quality of healthcare, especially in private hospitals, has contributed to a recent upsurge in medical tourism to Turkey (with a 40 percent increase between 2007 and 2008 alone). Laser eye surgery is particularly common among medical tourists, as Turkey is known for specializing in the procedure.Transportation Main article: Public transport in IstanbulThe Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge is one of two suspension bridges on the Bosphorus. Istanbul's primary motorways are the O-1, O-2, O-3, and O-4. The O-1 forms the city's inner ring road, traversing the Bosphorus Bridge, and the O-2 is the city's outer ring road, crossing the Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosphorus) Bridge. The O-2 continues west to Edirne and the O-4 continues east to Ankara; the O-2, O-3, and O-4 are coterminous with European route E80 (the Trans European Motorway) between Portugal and the Turkish–Iranian border. The two Bosphorus Bridges currently form the only fixed links between the Asian and European sides of Turkey, together carrying 400,000 vehicles each day. The dual-deck, 14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi) Eurasia Tunnel is currently under construction beneath the Bosphorus, between Fatih and Kadıköy. The Third Bosphorus Bridge, first considered in the 1990s, may also finally be coming to fruition, as the project was officially launched in 2012. Both projects may be completed as early as 2015.Istanbul's modern trams are a long way from the horse-drawn trams that debuted in 1872. Istanbul's local public transportation system is a complex network of trams, funiculars, metro lines, buses, bus rapid transit, and ferries. Fares across modes are integrated, using the contactless Istanbulkart, introduced in 2010, or the older Akbil electronic ticket device. Trams in Istanbul date back to 1872, when they were horse-drawn, but even the first electrified trams were decommissioned in the 1960s. Operated by Istanbul Electricity, Tramway, and Tunnel (IETT), trams slowly returned to the city in the 1990s with the introduction of a nostalgic route and a faster modern tram line, which now carries 265,000 passengers each day. The Tünel opened in 1875 as the world's second-oldest subterranean rail line (after London's Metropolitan Railway). It still carries passengers between Karaköy and İstiklal Avenue along a steep 573-meter (1,880 ft) track, while a more modern funicular between Taksim Square and Kabataş began running in 2006. The Istanbul Metro comprises three disconnected lines (the M1, M2, and M4) with several other lines (including the M3) and extensions under construction or proposed. The two sides of Istanbul's metro will ultimately be connected under the Bosphorus when the Marmaray tunnel, the first rail connection of any kind between Thrace and Anatolia, is completed in 2015. Upon its completion, rail use in the city is expected to increase to 28 percent (from just 4 percent), behind only Tokyo and New York City. Until then, buses provide transportation within and between the two halves of the city, accommodating 2.2 million passenger-trips each day. The Metrobus, a form of bus rapid transit, traverses the Bosphorus Bridge, with dedicated lanes leading to its termini. İDO (Istanbul Seabuses) runs a combination of all-passenger ferries and car-and-passenger ferries to ports on both sides of the Bosphorus, as far north as the Black Sea. With additional destinations around the Sea of Marmara, İDO runs the largest municipal ferry operation in the world. The city's main cruise ship terminal is the Port of Istanbul in Karaköy, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour. While most visitors enter Istanbul by air, about half a million foreign tourists enter the city by sea each year.Atatürk International Airport, which handled 37.4 million passengers in 2011, is the city's primary airport. International rail service from Istanbul launched in 1889, with a line between Bucharest and Istanbul's Sirkeci Terminal, which ultimately became famous as the eastern terminus of the Orient Express from Paris. Regular service to Bucharest and Thessaloniki continued until the early 2010s, when the former was interrupted for Marmaray construction and the latter was halted due to economic woes in Greece. After Istanbul's Haydarpaşa Terminal opened in 1908, it served as the western terminus of the Baghdad Railway and an extension of the Hejaz Railway; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul. Service to Ankara and other points across Turkey is normally offered by Turkish State Railways, but construction of Marmaray and the Istanbul-Ankara high-speed line forced the station to close in 2012. New stations to replace both the Haydarpaşa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's disjointed railway networks, are expected to open upon completion of the Marmaray project; until then, Istanbul is left without intercity rail service. Private bus companies instead operate routes along—and well beyond—those offered by the rail network. Istanbul's main bus station is the largest in Europe, with a daily capacity of 15,000 buses and 600,000 passengers, serving destinations as far as Frankfurt. Istanbul has two international airports, the larger of which is Atatürk International. Atatürk, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center, handled 37.4 million passengers in 2011, making it the eighth-busiest airport in Europe and the thirtieth-busiest in the world. Sabiha Gökçen International Airport, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeast of the city center, opened in 2001 to relieve Atatürk International. Dominated by low-cost carriers, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular among travelers, especially since inaugurating a new international terminal in 2009; the airport handled 12.7 million passengers in 2011, when Airports Council International named it the world's fastest growing airport. A third airport has been proposed for the Black Sea coast.

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With the severity of the disaster in Slave Lake, as well as the recent wildfires in and around town, I would like to assure the community that the Town of Fox Creek has a very comprehensive Municipal Emergency Response Plan in place. This plan is designed to ensure a prompt and coordinated response for events that extend beyond routine emergencies and maintains an emergency management organization to ensure the safety of the citizens. In the event that a major emergency or disaster occurs, this plan would be activated. The Emergency Operations Centre would be assembled and a Local State of Emergency could be declared. On Saturday, while the Fire Department, Sustainable Resources Development (SRD) and the RCMP were responding to the wildfire in Town, there was a lot going on behind the scene. Our Deputy Director of Disaster Services, Cindy Nielson, was receiving up to date information on the fire from Sustainable Resource Development and it was being communicated to Acting CAO/Administration, Florrie MacLeod, Acting CAO/Operations, Owen Farnel, and the Mayor. Acting CAO/Operations, Owen Farnel, monitored water levels at the pump house and continually relayed information to the Fire Chief and Mayor. The Director of Community Services, Shannon Bray, and Director of Recreation and Parks, Renee Fenwick, key members in the Emergency Response Plan, where on standby. Fortunately, due to the quick actions of the Fire Chief, SRD and the entire Fire Department, the wildfire did not escalate into a disaster. Had the word been given by the Fire Chief to evacuate residents, the Town was ready to activate the Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) at the Town Administration Office. Once the EOC is activated it is the centre for direct support to execute control over emergency operations. The Public Information Officer would prepare Media Releases with accurate information advising the Town residents of any action that was needed. The Media Releases cover a wide range of local broadcasted radio stations, tv channels and newspapers. The Town of Fox Creek’s Emergency Response Plan is a working document that sets out the rules and guide lines for all major emergencies or disasters in the municipality. The members are well trained and continue to take additional courses. Coincidentally, on May 3 the Town hosted a Basic Emergency Management training session, and had several staff members attend as well as some Fire Department members. On Wednesday, May 18 Acting CAO/Operations, Owen Farnel held a debriefing meeting with the Fire Chief, RCMP, SRD, MD of Greenview and Atco to review the events of the wildfire and to ensure that our plan is up to date. Fox Creek is very fortunate to have such a dedicated group of emergency responders.Print This Post

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ZF-3513: The "remove" family of methods in Zend_Form et al should not return Boolean The "remove" method family (Zend_Form::removeElement(), Zend_Form_DisplayGroup::removeDecorator(), Zend_Form_Element::removeValidator(), etc) should not return a Boolean but an Object. Either these methods should return the Object they remove or the Object on which the method is called, which is fairly standard behavior for pushing and popping Stack Objects. In languages where garbage collection is an issue, the Stack returns the object popped, so that it can be explicitly destroyed. In a language such as PHP where garbage collection isn't as much of an issue, the Stack should return itself, to allow additional method chaining on itself. In the case of Zend_Form, this latter approach would be invaluable, as a developer could then perform an action such as: $Form = new Zend_Form; $Form->removeDecorator('FormElements')->addDecorator('Fieldset')->addDecorator('FormElements'); echo $Form;

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Vanilla is a product of Lussumo:Documentation and Support. 1 to 16 of 16 This year’s Nobel Prize in medicine went to a trio of scientists who discovered the enzyme telomerase, which allows cells to divide without any limits, making them effectively immortal.It may be nature’s greatest double-edged sword. Coax cells into producing telomerase, and they will survive indefinitely, but they will also become cancerous. “In the absence of a comprehensive understanding, it’s very dangerous,” Muller said. “We have to figure out how to do maintenance on our telomeres.”Muller thinks humans could live for 90 to 210 years once scientists know more about the molecular basis of aging.“If we could figure out how to do maintenance, we could extend our lives,” he said. “But it has to be done very carefully, and we’d have to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism. ” It really does my heart good to know that I'm part of one of the last generations to not live forever.

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(I am taking a break from original posts due to the holidays and because of travel after that. Until I return, here are some old posts, updated and edited, for those who might have missed them the first time around. New posts should appear starting Monday, January 14, 2008.) I just finished reading Malcolm Gladwell’s book Blink. It deals with how we all make snap judgments about people and things, sometimes within a couple of seconds or less. Gladwell reports on a whole slew of studies that suggest that we have the ability to ‘thin-slice’ events, to make major conclusions from just a narrow window of observations. I first read about this as applied to teaching in an essay by Gladwell that appeared in the New Yorker (May 29, 2000) where he described research by psychologists Nalini Ambady and Robert Rosenthal who found that by showing observers silent videoclips of teachers in action, the observers (who had never met the teachers before) were able to make judgments of teacher effectiveness that correlated strongly with the evaluations of students who had taken an entire course with that teacher. (Source: Half a Minute: Predicting Teacher Evaluations From Thin Slices of Nonverbal Behavior and Physical Attractiveness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993, vol. 64, No. 3, 431-441.) This result is enough to give any teacher the heebie-jeebies. The thought that students have formed stable and robust judgments about you before you have even opened your mouth on the very first day of the very first class is unnerving. It seems so unfair that you are being judged before you can even begin to prove yourself. But, for good or bad, this seems to be supported by other studies, such as those done by Robert Boice in his book Advice for New Faculty Members. The implication for this is that the cliché “You never get a second chance to make a first impression” is all too true. And what Gladwell’s New Yorker article and book seem to suggest is that this kind of thin-slicing is something that all of us do all the time. But not all of us do it well. Some people use thin-slicing to arrive at conclusions that are valid, others to arrive at completely erroneous judgments. Those who do it well tend to be people who have considerable experience in that particular area. They have distilled that experience into some key variables that they then use to size up the situation at a glance, often without even consciously being aware of how they do it. Seen in this way, the seemingly uncanny ability of people to identify at a glance who the good and bad teachers are might not seem that surprising. Most people have had lots of experience with many teachers in their lives, and along the way have unconsciously picked up subtle non-verbal cues that they use to correlate with good and bad teaching. They use these markers as predictors and seem to be quite good at it. I was self-consciously reflecting on this last week when I ran two mock-seminars for visiting high-school seniors as part of “Experience Case ” days. The idea was to have a seminar class for these students so that they could see what a seminar would be like if they chose to matriculate here. I found that just by glancing around the room at the assembled students at the beginning, I could tell who was likely to be an active participant in the seminar and who would not. It was easy for me to make these predictions and I was pretty confident that I would be proven right, and I usually was. But how did I do it? Hard to tell. But I have taught for many years and encountered thousands of students and this wealth of experience undoubtedly played a role in my ability to make snap judgments. If pressed to explain my judgments I might say that it was the way the students sat, their body language, the way they made eye contact, the expression on their faces, and other things like that. But while I am confident about my ability to predict the students’ subsequent behavior in the seminar, I am not nearly as confident in the validity of the reasons I give. And this is consistent with what Gladwell reports in his book. Many of the experts who made good judgments did not know how they arrived at their conclusions or, when they did give reasons, the reasons could not stand up to close scrutiny. He gives the example of veteran tennis pro and coach Vic Braden. Braden found that when watching tennis players about to make their second serve, he could predict with uncanny accuracy (close to 100%) when they would double fault. This is amazing because he was watching top players (who very rarely double fault) perform on television, and many of the players were people he had never seen play before. But what drove Braden crazy was that he could not say how he made his predictions. He just knew in a flash of insight that they would, and no amount of watching slow-motion replays enabled him to pinpoint the reasons. But Gladwell points out that we use thin-slicing techniques even is situations where we do not have much experience or expertise and these judgments can lead us astray. In later postings, I will describe the kinds of situations where snap judgments are likely to lead us to shaky conclusions and where we should be alert. POST SCRIPT: Charlie Wilson’s War The film with the above name tries to make a comedy out of the role that the US played in creating the Taleban in Afghanistan. Stanley Heller points out that this was no laughing matter for the million Afghans who died as a result of the geostrategic games played by the Soviet Union and the Carter-Reagan governments.

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In England, the Reading University Atheist, Humanist and Secularist Society (RAHS) was kicked out of a fair aimed at first-year students when they tried to advertise a forthcoming debate on the topic “Should we respect religion?” Their offense? As part of their display, they had in their stall a pineapple with the label Mohammed. Towards the afternoon, the group was informed they had to leave the fair by a member of Reading University Student Union (RUSU) staff. The reason given was several complaints had made against the offending pineapple, although RAHS members insist they were not made aware of any such protestations. The society refused to remove the fruit due to their “commitment to freedom of expression”, to which they were told by the RUSU member: “Either the pineapple goes, or you do.” A struggle ensued, wherein the pineapple was seized, but shortly returned to the owners, where it was re-christened Jesus. According to the RAHS, a small group of students then gathered around the table and forcefully removed the pineapple’s name tag. The society was then “forced to leave the venue”, accompanied by security staff. As the RAHS spokesperson said, “We wanted to celebrate the fact that we live in a country in which free speech is protected, and where it is lawful to call a pineapple by whatever name one chooses.” Rightly so. What kind of country is one where people cannot give their own beloved pineapples the name of their choice? Of course, we all know that in the wrong hands any fruit can be a dangerous weapon. So here’s a video on how to defend yourself in such an event.

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The text is my territory. Though not only words, letters, syllables written or spoken, but the text in a broad sense: the cultural text that constitutes us, and thus the myths we live; the text of our circular memory, the infinite intertext of our being in the world; the text of the universe, the always already, the text(ure) of being, the rhythm that is intrinsic to a text’s composition; and - we have heard it before, but it needs saying again - in a digital world everything from design to downloading is literally text. Consequently, the web comes natural as the medium for writing creating composing. There is a logic here but a logic without logical connectives - the ones you need to write in a linear fashion but which you here have to unlearn - whose complexity goes beyond my control. Still, digital technology enables me to follow the creative process from its conception through every stage to the text’s final editing - which never seems to be final. And, in the process I have to unlearn to rely on the word. There is more. Image music text technology. The interface where I tip in to the Other. Which is why I write create compose for the web. Recurrent themes in my work are language, desire and love by means of which we create our subjectivity. Themes that continue my scholarly work in reader-response theory. In producing for the web I combine my intellectual work with the visual, the imaginative and the performative - it’s all a kind of an essay.

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VIDEO CLIP: Sewage Leaking into Mississippi from Pipe in Fridley River Bank The Metropolitan Council Environmental Services stopped the leak at about 2 a.m. Friday. Here is a short video clip from the Metropolitan Council Environmental Services (MCES) of sewage flowing from a leaking pipe down a Fridley riverbank into the Mississippi River. MCES fixed the leak at about 2 a.m. Friday—about 12 hours after a Fridley resident reported an odor of sewage. Metropolitan Council spokesperson Bonnie Kollodge said MCES staff will continue to monitor the river into the weekend; she added that current high water flows were dissapating the sewage more quickly than would have been the case with normal water levels.

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The story is that as Mark Twain and novelist William Dean Howells stepped outside one morning, a downpour began and Howells asked Twain, “Do you think it will stop?” Twain answered, “It always has.” The debt- ceiling impasse has, as things generally do, ended, and a post-mortem validates conservatives’ portrayal of Barack Obama and their dismay about the dangers and incompetence of liberalism’s legacy, the regulatory state. For weeks, you could not fling a brick in Washington without hitting someone with a debt-reduction plan — unless you hit Obama, whose plan, which he intimated was terrifically brave, was never put on paper. In a prime-time spill of his usual applesauce about millionaires, billionaires and oil companies, he said, yet again, that justice demanded a “balanced” solution — one involving new revenues. His whistle into the wind came after Washington’s most consequential Democrat, Harry Reid, proposed a revenue-free solution. By affirming liberalism’s lodestar — the principle that government’s grasp on national resources must constantly increase — Obama made himself a spectator in a Washington more conservative than it was during the Reagan presidency. By accepting, as he had no choice but to do, Congress’ resolution of the crisis, Obama annoyed liberals. They indict him for apostasy from their one-word catechism, “More!” But egged on by them, he talked himself into a corner. Having said that failure to raise the ceiling would mean apocalypse, he could hardly say failure to raise revenues would be worse. As with his dozens of exhortations during the health care debate, and his campaigning for candidates in 2009 and 2010, his debt-ceiling rhetoric was impotent. Still, the debt debate was instructive about recent history, the openness of America’s political process, and the nature of the American regime. Regarding recent history: Panic-mongers warned, “Raise the ceiling lest the stock market experience a TARP convulsion.” Yes, the market declined almost 778 points when the House rejected TARP. But who remembered that after TARP was quickly enacted, in the next five months the market lost another 3,800 points? Regarding the political process: There are limits to what can be accomplished by those controlling only half of Congress, but the tea party has demonstrated that the limits are elastic under the pressure of disciplined and durable passion. As Tom Brokaw said in Washington on “Meet the Press” last Sunday, the debt-ceiling drama ended as it did because the tea party got angry, got organized and got here. Regarding the federal regime: Before this debate, who knew that the government sends more than 100 million checks or electronic transfers a month to employees, vendors and — much the largest group — entitlement beneficiaries, including 21 million households receiving food stamps? During various liberal ascendancies, the federal spider has woven a web of dependencies. The political purpose has been to produce growing constituencies of voters disposed to vote Democratic. This disposition, aka the entitlement mentality, is triggered by making the constituencies constantly apprehensive about the security of their status as wards of government. Obama’s presidency may last 17 or 65 more months, but it has been irreversibly neutered by two historic blunders made at its outset. It defined itself by health care reform most Americans did not desire, rather than by economic recovery. And it allowed, even encouraged, self-indulgent liberal majorities in Congress to create a stimulus that confirmed conservatism’s portrayal of liberalism as an undisciplined agglomeration of parochial appetites. This sterile stimulus discredited stimulus as a policy. Obama’s 2012 problem is that he dare not run as a liberal but cannot run from his liberalism. The left’s narrative for 2012 is that by not offering another stimulus, Washington is being dangerously frugal. This, even though his stimulus — including cash for clunkers, cash for caulkers, dollars for dishwashers (yes, there actually were money showers for home improvements and greener appliances), etc. — led downhill. The economy’s calamitous 0.8 percent growth in the first half of this year indicates that the already appalling deficit projections for coming years are much too optimistic. The debt increases caused by anemic growth and job creation may dwarf whatever debt reduction results from the process initiated by the debt-ceiling agreement. This may portend a vicious downward spiral as increased borrowing and the burden of debt service further suffocate America’s dynamism. America may be one-third of the way through a lost decade — or worse, toward a lost national identity. So, Republicans have their 2012 theme: “Is this the best we can do?” George Will’s email address is [email protected]. Washington Post Writers Group Do you have an opinion to share with other readers? Then send us a letter.

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Cancer Fighting Foods/Spices The National Cancer Institute estimates that roughly one-third of all cancer deaths may be diet related. What you eat can hurt you, but it can also help you. Many of the common foods found in grocery stores or organic markets contain cancer-fighting properties, from the antioxidants that neutralize the damage caused by free radicals to the powerful phytochemicals that scientists are just beginning to explore. There isn’t a single element in a particular food that does all the work: The best thing to do is eat a variety of foods. The following foods have the ability to help stave off cancer and some can even help inhibit cancer cell growth or reduce tumor size. Avocados are rich in glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that attacks free radicals in the body by blocking intestinal absorption of certain fats. They also supply even more potassium than bananas and are a strong source of beta-carotene. Scientists also believe that avocados may also be useful in treating viral hepatitis (a cause of liver cancer), as well as other sources of liver damage. Broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower have a chemical component called indole-3-carbinol that can combat breast cancer by converting a cancer-promoting estrogen into a more protective variety. Broccoli, especially sprouts, also have the phytochemical sulforaphane, a product of glucoraphanin – believed to aid in preventing some types of cancer, like colon and rectal cancer. Sulforaphane induces the production of certain enzymes that can deactivate free radicals and carcinogens. The enzymes have been shown to inhibit the growth of tumors in laboratory animals. However, be aware that the Agriculture Department studied 71 types of broccoli plants and found a 30-fold difference in the amounts of glucoraphanin. It appears that the more bitter the broccoli is, the more glucoraphanin it has. Broccoli sprouts have been developed under the trade name BroccoSprouts that have a consistent level of sulforaphane – as much as 20 times higher than the levels found in mature heads of broccoli. Carrots contain a lot of beta carotene, which may help reduce a wide range of cancers including lung, mouth, throat, stomach, intestine, bladder, prostate and breast. Some research indicated beta carotene may actually cause cancer, but this has not proven that eating carrots, unless in very large quantities – 2 to 3 kilos a day, can cause cancer. In fact, a substance called falcarinol that is found in carrots has been found to reduce the risk of cancer, according to researchers at Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DIAS). Kirsten Brandt, head of the research department, explained that isolated cancer cells grow more slowly when exposed to falcarinol. This substance is a polyacethylen, however, so it is important not to cook the carrots. Chili peppers and jalapenos contain a chemical, capsaicin, which may neutralize certain cancer-causing substances (nitrosamines) and may help prevent cancers such as stomach cancer. November 20, 2008 at 3:27 pm Maybe you should be eating more beets, left, or chopped cabbage. (Credit: Evan Sung for The New York Times, left Nutritionist and author Jonny Bowden has created several lists of healthful foods people should be eating but aren’t. But some of his favorites, like purslane, guava and goji berries, aren’t always available at regular grocery stores. I asked Dr. Bowden, author of “The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth,” to update his list with some favorite foods that are easy to find but don’t always find their way into our shopping carts. Here’s his advice. - Beets: Think of beets as red spinach, Dr. Bowden said, because they are a rich source of folate as well as natural red pigments that may be cancer fighters. How to eat: Fresh, raw and grated to make a salad. Heating decreases the antioxidant power. - Cabbage: Loaded with nutrients like sulforaphane, a chemical said to boost cancer-fighting enzymes. How to eat: Asian-style slaw or as a crunchy topping on burgers and sandwiches. - Swiss chard: A leafy green vegetable packed with carotenoids that protect aging eyes. How to eat it: Chop and saute in olive oil. - Cinnamon: Helps control blood sugar and cholesterol. How to eat it: Sprinkle on coffee or oatmeal. - Pomegranate juice: Appears to lower blood pressure and loaded with antioxidants. How to eat: Just drink it. - Dried plums: Okay, so they are really prunes, but packed with cancer-fighting antioxidants. How to eat: Wrapped in prosciutto and baked. - Pumpkin seeds: The most nutritious part of the pumpkin and packed with magnesium; high levels of the mineral are associated with lower risk for early death. How to eat: Roasted as a snack, or sprinkled on salad. - Sardines: Dr. Bowden calls them “health food in a can.’’ They are high in omega-3’s, contain virtually no mercury and are loaded with calcium. They also contain iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese as well as a full complement of B vitamins. How to eat: Choose sardines packed in olive or sardine oil. Eat plain, mixed with salad, on toast, or mashed with dijon mustard and onions as a spread. - Turmeric: The “superstar of spices,’’ it has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. How to eat: Mix with scrambled eggs or in any vegetable dish. - Frozen blueberries: Even though freezing can degrade some of the nutrients in fruits and vegetables, frozen blueberries are available year-round and don’t spoil; associated with better memory in animal studies. How to eat: Blended with yogurt or chocolate soy milk and sprinkled with crushed almonds. - Canned pumpkin: A low-calorie vegetable that is high in fiber and immune-stimulating vitamin A; fills you up on very few calories. How to eat: Mix with a little butter, cinnamon and nutmeg. You can find more details and recipes on the Men’s Health Web site, which published the original version of the list last year. In my own house, I only have two of these items — pumpkin seeds, which I often roast and put on salads, and frozen blueberries, which I mix with milk, yogurt and other fruits for morning smoothies. How about you? Have any of these foods found their way into your shopping cart? Courtesy: New York Times July 1, 2008 at 9:06 am

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HAVANA, Cuba (AP) — Along Havana’s northern coastline, storms that roll down from the north send waves crashing against the concrete seawall, drenching vintage cars and kids playing games of chicken with the salty spray. Fishermen toss their lines into the warm waters, shirtless men play dominoes on card tables, and throngs of young people gather on weekend nights to laugh, flirt and sip cheap rum. This is the achingly beautiful and most instantly recognisable part of Havana’s cityscape: the Malecon seafront boulevard, with its curlicue lamp posts and pastel buildings rising into an azure sky. Just about anywhere else in the world, it would be a playground for the wealthy, diners in four-star restaurants and tourists willing to spend hundreds of dollars a night for a million-dollar view. But along the Malecon, many buildings are dank, labyrinthine tenements bursting beyond capacity, plagued by mold and reeking of backed-up sewer drains. Paint peels away from plaster, and the saline air rusts iron bars to dust. Some buildings have collapsed entirely, their propped-up facades testimony to a more dignified architectural era. Now, for the first time since the 1959 revolution, a new law that permits the sale of real estate has transformed these buildings into extremely valuable properties. Another new law that allows more people to go into business for themselves has entrepreneurs setting up shop and talking up the future. And a multimillion-dollar revitalisation project is marching down the street improving lighting, sidewalks and drainage. The year has seen some remarkable first steps toward a new Cuban economic model, including the sacrificing of a number of Marxism’s sacred cows. The state is still firmly in control of all key sectors, from energy and manufacturing to health care and education, but increasingly people are allowed to engage in a small measure of private enterprise. Officials say the changes are irreversible, and this is the last chance to save the economy. Yet Cubans will tell you that change comes slowly on the island. Strict controls on foreign investment and property ownership mean there’s precious little money to bankroll a capitalist revival. Even some Malecon denizens who embrace the reforms see a long haul ahead. “It’s not that I see the future as black, more like I’m seeing a little spark from someone three kilometres away who lit a match,” said Jose Luis Leal Ordonez, the proprietor of a modest snack shop.”But it’s a match, not a lantern.” Leal’s block, the first one along the promenade, has offered a front row seat to five decades of Cuba under Fidel Castro. The residents of Malecon 1 to 33 have watched the powerful forces of revolution play out beneath their balconies, and today they’re bracing for yet another act as Castro’s younger brother Raul turns a half-century of communist dogma on its ear. Given that Cuba’s national identity has been inextricably bound up with its powerful neighbour 150 kilometres to the north, it is perhaps fitting that the Malecon is the legacy of a “Yanqui”. The year was 1900 and the country was under US control following the Spanish-American War. Governor General Leonard Wood, who commanded the Rough Riders during the war with friend Teddy Roosevelt as his No 2, launched a public works programme to clean up unsanitary conditions and stimulate the economy. A key element was the Malecon. At that time Havana ended about a block from the sea, separated from the waves by craggy rock. Raw sewage seeped into the bay nearby, so fishermen and bathers avoided this part of the waterfront. Only later would high-rise hotels and casinos spring up to make the Malecon a world-famous tourism draw. For those early American occupiers, “The idea was to create a maritime drive so the city, which until now had its back to the sea, would begin to face the ocean,” said architect Abel Esquivel. Since 1994, he has been working with the City Historian’s office to restore the crumbling Malecon. As the boulevard and promenade took shape, buildings sprang up on this block. One of the first was a three-storey boarding house for singles and childless couples who occupied 12 apartments. Today, those have been subdivided horizontally and vertically, again and again, to take advantage of every last inch of space, and some 70 families live crammed into every nook and cranny. Leal runs his cafeteria in the home where he was born 46 years ago, at the dark crux of an interior passageway. It caters mostly to neighbours and goes unnoticed by tourists on the sun-drenched walk outside. A lifelong supporter of the revolution, Leal is grateful for the opportunity to live rent free and earn two master’s degrees on the state’s dime. Still, after years of frustration working for dysfunctional government bureacracies, he quit his state job. He opened his snack shop May 1, and already it brings more income than before, enough even for his daughter’s upcoming “quinceanera,” her coming-of-age 15th birthday party. He is one of the people on this block who is buying into Castro’s entrepreneurial challenge. Another is Omar Torres, who operates a private restaurant known as a “paladar” on a second-storey terrace with sea and skyline views. He praised the government for lifting a ban on the serving of lobster and steak and allowing him to more than quadruple the number of diners he can seat. Downstairs, an artist runs an independent gallery selling paintings of “Che” Guevara and cityscapes to tourists. Although he doesn’t own the house, he’s so confident in the future that he’s using the income to remodel his rental. Elsewhere, folks are letting out rooms to travellers, and newly licensed street vendors are now legally peddling peanuts in tightly wrapped paper cones. “Cubans dream of truly feeling like masters of their own destiny, for the state not to interfere in personal matters,” Leal said. “Until now the state told you that you couldn’t even sell your home.” From its early days, the Malecon was a place to see and be seen, to celebrate a success, drown a sorrow or woo a sweetheart. By the 1920s it was a favourite strip for middle-class Cubans who motored up and down to show off their vehicles. Havana developed without a strong central plan or dominant core, and the Malecon became one of its most important communal spaces, said historian Daniel Rodriguez, a Cuban-American researcher at New York University. “I think the closest thing Havana has to an urban centre is this long seawall,” Rodriguez said. “It’s a long, ribbony main square.” Today the concrete promenade stretches six kilometres from the harbour to the Almendares River, the last section completed in 1958 under strongman Fulgencio Batista. Those were heady times, when the city’s nightclubs pulsed with a mambo beat and mafia casinos on the Malecon drew planeloads of American tourists. But their days were numbered. The following January, the young rebel Fidel Castro marched triumphantly into Havana and in short order began seizing mansions and apartment buildings and redistributing them to the poor, triggering a tectonic shift in housing as well as the rest of the economy and society. Castro declared private real estate incompatible with the revolution’s ideals. “For the bourgeoisie,” he said, things like “country, society, liberty, family and humanity have always been tied to a single concept: private property.” In a country where everyone is guaranteed a place to live, millions are jammed into dilapidated, multigenerational homes. The government is landlord to vast ranks of tenants who pay nothing or a nominal rent of around $2 a month. Sapped of any sense of ownership, some cannibalised the old buildings, ripping out wood, cinderblocks and decorative tiles to use or sell. That, combined with the punishing climate, has stifled upkeep and hastened decay in the buildings on the Malecon. One of them, the Hotel Surf, was a beauty when Griselia Valdes arrived here as an 18-year-old newly-wed in 1963. The entryway was tiled in pink and black with white benches and a restaurant on the ground floor. The rooms even had air-conditioning. The glass bricks that lined the front wall are long gone, demolished by big storms. A drainpipe dumps over a spider web of electrical wires hanging at eye level in a passageway, while rainwater filters through the walls and spills into the lobby. The elevator was taken out years ago, but, with the motor left rusting at the top of the shaft, people fear it could come crashing down any day. “Mostly it is us who have abused the building with the subdivisions, with the banging and the crashing,” Valdes said. “From neglecting it, from indolence.” Jan Ochoa Barzaga, who lives in the hotel’s basement, is pessimistic about how much Raul Castro’s reforms can change things. The factory worker finds it very frustrating that his girlfriend, like many others in Cuba, received a free university education from a generous government, but is languishing in a low-paid job. Ochoa Barzaga tried to make the sea passage off the island in 2009, but was caught and returned home. If he had another opportunity to leave, he wouldn’t think long. “If they opened it up again,” said the 32-year-old. “I’d be out of here.” The Malecon continued to serve as center stage throughout Fidel Castro’s rule, with the military conducting war games along the seawall during the 1960s after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. In 2000, a flag-waving Castro personally led marches along the seawall to demand Cuban raft-boy Elian Gonzalez’s return from the United States. Four years earlier, with Cuba buckling under a severe economic crisis following the collapse of the Soviet Union, thousands marched through the streets with makeshift plywood and inner-tube rafts and set off from the Malecon in a desperate gamble to reach Florida. Many failed. On August 5 of that year, riotous protests erupted on the boulevard and surrounding streets that were likely the biggest challenge to Castro since he took power. Amid looting and dozens of arrests, Castro addressed the crowd from atop a military vehicle. “We were witnesses to all that,” said Torres, the private restaurant owner, who saw the multitudes from his balcony. “You began to reconsider the meaning that Fidel has for Cubans, because in a moment of chaos and uncertainty, his presence was something else. Even the rioters began shouting, “Fidel! Fidel!” That image of a robust, charismatic father figure faded when illness forced him from power five years ago. The future is left to Raul, who at 80, is five years younger than his brother. He has dropped one bombshell after another with his economic reforms. None caused more of a stir than the measure legalising the real estate market. There’s no sign of an imminent gold rush along this block of the Malecon, or anywhere else. Few individuals hold title to these homes; most rent from the government. Meanwhile the new law contains protections against individual accumulation of property or wealth, and officials insist this is no wholesale embrace of capitalism. “All these changes, necessary to update the economic model, aim to preserve socialism, strengthen it and make it truly irrevocable,” Raul Castro said in December 2010. There’s also the question of money: Cuba has only a tiny middle class with the kind of coin to not only buy a seafront home but afford the maintenance needed to keep the corrosive air at bay. The new law bars anyone not a permanent resident from buying property, including exiles who still imagine a day when they might return. For Jorge Sanguinetty, who grew up a few blocks from the Malecon and was an economist for central planning under Fidel Castro before fleeing in 1967, the history of the seawalk is personal. “I was like Tom Sawyer or Huck Finn. I used to go fishing there, walking through the rocks. We could see the salt from the waves on our windows during the storms,” Sanguinetty recalled, saying he still dreams about it more than 40 years later. “You have to see a sunset (on the) Malecon. They are absolutely sensational.” Sanguinetty, founder of the international development group DevTech Systems, is writing a book about potential redevelopment in Cuba and has followed the issue closely over the years. He said the same forces that caused the Malecon’s decay also added to its charm. “The stagnation of Havana had this unintended consequence: Even though many things have fallen apart and are no longer salvageable, Havana will remain very desirable because uncontrolled development didn’t take place,” he said by phone from his office in Miami. “So there are many jewels there architecturally, and the Malecon is one of the most beautiful jewels in the crown.” When it comes to the Malecon, the City Historian’s Office wields near-total control. A largely autonomous institution, it collects undisclosed millions of dollars each year from the hotels and tourist restaurants it runs in restored buildings, and plows a big chunk of that back into rehabilitating more. The office recently said it has more than 180 projects, on top of the hundreds already completed. The result has been an architectural rebirth that’s on display in the gleaming Spanish-American cultural centre, a rescued former tenement next door to Leal’s building. A few doors away is a near-total rehab with brand-new apartments upstairs from a state-run restaurant, a mixed-use model that could be repeated. There are also reminders that money is tight. Residents here remember how in the early 2000s, at the site of the collapsed Hotel Miramar, a fancy hotel from 1902 where tuxedoed waiters once attended to a fashionable clientele, Fidel Castro and Chinese President Jiang Zemin laid the cornerstone for a $24-million hotel to be built with help from Beijing. Construction mysteriously froze after just a few weeks. Today, bricks form a single uncompleted first storey and a faded artistic rendering tacked to a fence depicts the glassy, hyper-modern structure that never got built. Despite the decay and unfulfilled hopes, the residents say they live in a magical place that creates a sense of community that doesn’t exist even one block inland. “I’m right on what we call the balcony of the city,” said Leal, the cafeteria owner. “For me there’s no place more sacred than where I live.”

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Image Source: blog.ted.com Autonomous cars are coming! The very first licensed self-driven car is a modified Toyota Prius which won a special permit recently, the first applied for by Google, which allows it to be used on the roads, including now in the capital of sin, Las Vegas strip. Self-driving computer automated vehicles are the “cars of the future,” said Bruce Breslow, of Nevada’s (DMV). Chris Gerdes: The future race car — 150 mph, and no driver Chris Gerdes team is currently developing robotic race cars speeding up to 150 mph while not getting into accidents. - Future Predictions Cars: In the USA We Waste 4.2 Billion Hours in Traffic Jams as Sebastian Thrun Director of the AI Lab at Stanford and Google Wants to Change This! - Predictions: Flying Cars – Coming to a Garage Near You - Predictions: Will Israel Strike Iran? Attack Would Accelerate Iranian Nuclear Race - Hydrogen Cars - Future: Electric Luxury Rolls-Royce Motor Cars

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I did something similiar several years ago for a mockup demo of cyberpunk-themed "Jagged Alliance" clone which was supposed to have large maps filled with skyscrapers. It was a stupid idea, apparently maps for tactical combat should be tidy and easily understandable :) In order to have a quicker pathfinding one global map was divided into several discrete square-shaped areas. Once we have a criteria for areas, it's time to find possible "entrances" between each pair of adjacent areas. "Entrance" is a transition point which shows that this agent can enter this area at this point. In your example with building of several floors, each floor would be an area with borders defined by floor, ceiling and outer walls; and varius holes in wall or floor, or ladders would be entrances, there could be a lot of them. So entrances basically link path nodes from one area to path nodes in the other area. Once you identified entrances, you'll need to find all possible ways to traverse each area resulting in a "map of area entrances to adjacent area entrances" with edges between entrances showing length of this path through area. If everything went right, your agent standing on the 1-st floor will be able to find its way to that special box on the 4-th floor quickly. Maybe something similiar could be used in your problem of multiple maps, so hope it helps.

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In my setup there is a box with a hole on one side, and a freely movable "stick" (or bar, tube). This stick can be inserted/moved through the hole into the box. This hole is exactly as wide as the ... What all do I need to learn or work on before creating a 3D virtual environment to simulate a welding process in order to train workers? Any books or tutorials that might help me begin? I have a basic ... I'm seeking advice, suggestions, and ideas on how to handle the updating of large amounts of data in OpenGL and c++. My partner and I have gone through two methods. The first is vertex by vertex ... I want to study water simulation, with a a demo with source code which using physically-based methods(Eulerian approaches or Lagrangian approaches). How can I get some examples?

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Building a structure over zoned buildings, as agent86's comment points out, counts as bulldozing the building and dezoning the land. Recall that in SimCity 4, bulldozing zoned building requires the city to buy then decommission the structure from private hands, which means that doing this with hi-rise apartments or office blocks can be quite expensive. You will also of course displace any citizens living or working in those zones as you demolish the buildings. In addition, in rare cases when building a small structure such as the 1x1 bus stop it is possible to create zones which cannot access roads anymore. For example, take a 4x4 zoned area ( < indicate the direction of the zone): If we build a bus stop at s, it is possible that the zone marked * could become trapped. This is rare as the game usually intelligently realigns the zones so that they always face roads, but it is possible to happen if this area was occupied by 2x1 buildings.

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Peter A. Jell Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101,. Australia Jell, P.A. & Duncan, P.M. 1986. Invertebrates, mainly insects, from the freshwater, Lower Cretaceous, Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Korumburra Group), South Gippsland, Victoria (pp. 111-205). In Jell, P.A. & Roberts J. (eds.). Plants and invertebrates from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra Fossil Bed, South Gippsland, Victoria. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir 3: 205 pp. Sydney. [(31.xii).1986.] Bolton B, Alpert G, Ward PS, Naskrecki P. 2007. [CD-ROM] Bolton's Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Harvard University Press.

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Posted September 14, 2012 Atlanta, GA The top-tier science magazine, Popular Science, has named Andrea Thomaz, assistant professor in Georgia Tech’s School of Interactive Computing, one of 2012’s “Brilliant 10,” an award given by the publication to ten scientists under 40 whose innovations will change the world. Thomaz, along with nine other researchers, is featured in the October issue of the magazine. As Director of the College of Computing’s Socially Intelligent Machines research lab, Thomaz ‘s research focuses on all aspects of human-robot interaction and, specifically, on machines that learn new tasks and goals from ordinary people in everyday environments. This research works from the assumption that machines meant to learn from people can better take advantage of the ways in which people naturally approach teaching. Through the development of new computational models, Thomaz is working to build machines that participate in social learning environments. As a result, she has improved the performance of a machine's learning behavior through attention to human interaction and improving the experience of the human teacher by designing interactive learning algorithms based on how people teach, in order to develop a smooth human-robot relationship. Thomaz’s work with robotics opens up a wider world of personal robotics, in which machines are doing anything their owners can program them to do—without actually being programmers. In 2009, Thomaz was awarded the prestigious “MIT Tech Review 2009 Young Innovators Under 35” for her work in robot-human interaction and the development of Simon. Additionally, she has been named a College of Computing Professor of Excellence for her outstanding contributions to the Institute and to her field of study. Thomaz holds a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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The U.S. Navy and a giant defense contractor are asking mom and dad for money to build an ultra-wicked laser death ray, because otherwise it's impossible to stop pirate ships. At last, the historic invincibility of pirate ships is over! The military-industrial complex has been trying to make killer lasers at least since Ronald Reagan's "Star Wars" Strategic Defense Initiative of the 1980s. The unproven, ridiculously-expensive technology was later tested against ground targets. And now, maybe pirates. Northrop Grumman and the Navy want $98 million just to test a laser for warning away suspicious boats — including pirates, ooo — and even melting their engines. The Pirate Menace has become the hot new way of selling weapons systems; a defense-industry consultant recently floated the absurd argument that the cancelled F-22 air-to-air fighter would be awesome against pirates. But the Navy has about a trillion other ways of destroying pirate ships, other than with pricey lasers: Phalanx: A radar-aimed Gatling gun originally designed to shoot down missiles, it has been adapted to work against small ships and is widely deployed. Chain gun: The 25mm M242 Bushmaster machine gun has been mounted on everything from the Apache helicopter to the M2 Bradley infrantry fighting vehicle. The Navy version includes an infrared scope for night operations and a laser rangefinder. Harpoon anti-ship missile: Intended for use over long ranges, the missile was recently adapted for use in shoreline areas. So the Navy has all of these toys at its disposal already. There are two land-based insurgency wars ongoing, which have killed thousands of ground troops. There's a massive recession. And the high command is asking for a super sea laser, to kill pirates. Someone needs to walk the plank, just for thinking about asking for this bullshit.

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Surface Turbulent Fluxes, 1x1 deg Daily Grid, Set1Entry ID: GES_DISC_GSSTF_2c Abstract: These data are the Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes Version-2c (GSSTF2c) Dataset recently produced through a MEaSUREs funded project led by Dr. Chung-Lin Shie (UMBC/GEST, NASA/GSFC), converted to HDF-EOS5 format. The stewardship of this HDF-EOS5 dataset is part of the MEaSUREs project, GSSTF version 2b (Shie et al. 2010, Shie et al. 2009) generally agreed better with available ship measurements obtained from several field experiments in 1999 than GSSTF2 (Chou et al. 2003) did in all three flux components, i.e., latent heat flux [LHF], sensible heat flux [SHF], and wind stress [WST] (Shie 2010a,b). GSSTF2b was also found favorable, particularly for LHF and SHF, in an intercomparison study that accessed eleven products of ocean surface turbulent fluxes, in which GSSTF2 and GSSTF2b were also included (Brunke et al. 2011). However, a temporal trend appeared in the globally averaged LHF of GSSTF2b, particularly post year 2000. Shie (2010a,b) attributed the LHF trend to the trends originally found in the globally averaged SSM/I Tb's, i.e., Tb(19v), Tb(19h), Tb(22v) and Tb(37v), which were used to retrieve the GSSTF2b bottom-layer (the lowest atmospheric 500 meter layer) precipitable water [WB], then the surface specific humidity [Qa], and subsequently LHF. The SSM/I Tb's trends were recently found mainly due to the variations/trends of Earth incidence angle (EIA) in the SSM/I satellites (Hilburn and Shie 2011a,b). They have further developed an algorithm properly resolving the EIA problem and successfully reproducing the corrected Tb's by genuinely removing the "artifactitious" trends. An upgraded production of GSSTF2c (Shie et al. 2011) using the corrected Tb's has been completed very recently. GSSTF2c shows a significant improvement in the resultant WB, and subsequently the retrieved LHF - the temporal trends of WB and LHF are greatly reduced after the proper adjustments/treatments in the SSM/I Tb's (Shie and Hilburn 2011). In closing, we believe that the insightful "Rice Cooker Theory" by Shie (2010a,b), i.e., "To produce a good and trustworthy 'output product' (delicious 'cooked rice') depends not only on a well-functioned 'model/algorithm' ('rice cooker'), but also on a genuine and reliable 'input data' ('raw rice') with good quality" should help us better comprehend the impact of the improved Tb on the subsequently retrieved LHF of GSSTF2c. This is the Daily (24-hour) product; data are projected to equidistant Grid that covers the globe at 1x1 degree cell size, resulting in data arrays of 360x180 size. The GSSTF, Version 2c, daily fluxes have first been produced for each individual available SSM/I satellite tapes (e.g., F08, F10, F11, F13, F14 and F15). Then, the Combined daily fluxes are produced by averaging (equally weighted) over available flux data/files from various satellites. These Combined daily flux data are considered as the "final" GSSTF, Version 2c, and are stored in this HDF-EOS5 collection. There are only one set of GSSTF, Version 2c, Combined data, "Set1" It contains 9 variables: "E" 'latent heat flux' (W/m**2), "STu" 'zonal wind stress' (N/m**2), "STv" 'meridional wind stress' (N/m**2), "H" 'sensible heat flux' (W/m**2), "Qair" 'surface air (~10-m) specific humidity' (g/kg), "WB" 'lowest 500-m precipitable water' (g/cm**2), "U" '10-m wind speed' (m/s), "DQ" 'sea-air humidity difference' (g/kg) "Tot_Precip_Water" 'total precipitable water' (g/cm**2) The double-quoted labels are the short names of the data fields in the HDF-EOS5 files. The "individual" daily flux data files, produced for each individual satellite, are also available in HDF-EOS5, although from different collections: GES_DISC_GSSTF_xxx_2c, where xxx are the individual satellites (F08, F10, etc..) The input data sets used for this recent GSSTF production include the upgraded and improved datasets such as the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Version-6 (V6) product of brightness temperature [Tb], total precipitable water [W], and wind speed [U] produced by the Wentz of Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), as well as the NCEP/DOE Reanalysis-2 (R2) product of sea skin temperature [SKT], 2-meter air temperature [Tair], and sea level pressure [SLP]. Relevant to this MEaSUREs project, these are converted to HDF-EOS5, and are stored in the GES_DISC_GSSTF_NCEP_2c collection. Please use these products with care and proper citations, i.e., properly indicating your applications with, e.g., "using the combined 2001 data file of Set1" or "using the 2001 F13 data file". The following list summarizes individual satellites used to produce the Combined SET1. 1987/07-12: F08 (Note: 1987/12 is filled with missing value due to data scarcity) 1990/01-12: F08 (Note: F10 started in 1990/12, but N/A due to data scarcity) F10/ F11/ F13/ 1995/01-12: 01-04: F10+F11 F10/ F11/ F13/ F10/ F11/ F13/ F14/ 1997/01-12: 01-04: F10+F11+F13 F11/ F13/ F14/ F11/ F13/ F14/ F11/ F13/ F14/ F15/ 2000/01-12: 01/01-05/16: F11+F13+F14+F15 F13/ F14/ F15/ F13/ F14/ F15/ F13/ F14/ F15/ F13/ F14/ F15/ F13/ F14/ F15/ F13/ F14/ F15/ F13/ F14/ F15/ F13/ F14/ F15/ 2008/01-12: 01-07: F13+F14 (a) For Y2006, Y2007 and Y2008, the current Combined daily data files do not include the F15 Individual daily data files due to problematic calibration in F15. The Combined daily files will be updated for those three years once an improved set of Individual daily data files are produced using corrected and updated SSM/I F15 input files. (b) The current Combined daily data files are produced with at most 4 combined satellites, i.e., F10, F11, F13 and F14 for May-Nov 1997, and F11, F13, F14 and F15 for Jan-May 2000. Parameters contained in the data files include the following: DQ|sea-air humidity difference|(g/kg) E|latent heat flux|(W/m^^2) H|sensible heat flux|(W/m^^2) Qair|surface air (~10-m) specific humidity|(g/kg) STu|zonal wind stress|(N/m^^2) STv|meridional wind stress|(N/m^^2) Tot_Precip_Water|total precipitable water|(g/cm^^2) U|10-m wind speed|(m/s) WB|lowest 500-m precipitable water|(g/cm^^2) End of parameter information Purpose: The daily temporal and one-degree spatial resolution of the product can be used to examining climate variability at these scales. The global water cycle's provision of water to terrestrial storage, reservoirs, and rivers rests upon the global excess of evaporation to precipitation over the oceans. Variations in the magnitude of this ocean evaporation excess will ultimately lead to variations in ... the amount of freshwater that is transported (by the atmosphere) and precipitated over continental regions. The air-sea fluxes of momentum, radiation, and freshwater (precipitation-evaporation) play a very essential role in a wide variety of atmospheric and oceanic problems (e.g., oceanic evaporation contributes to the net fresh water input to the oceans and drives the upper ocean density structure and consequently the circulation of the oceans). Information on these fluxes is crucial in understanding the interactions between the atmosphere and oceans, global energy, and water cycle variability, and in improving model simulations of climate variations. The GSSTF dataset has been widely used by scientific communities for global energy and water cycle research and regional and short period data analysis since its official release in 2000/2001. Accurate sea surface fluxes measurements are crucial to understanding the global water and energy cycles. The oceanic evaporation that is a major component of the global oceanic fresh water flux is particularly useful to predicting oceanic circulation and transport. Remote sensing is a valuable tool for global monitoring of these flux measurements. The GSSTF algorithm has been developed and applied to remote sensing research and applications. We are looking forward to serving the scientific communities with another useful dataset in GSSTF2c. (Click for Interactive Map) Data Set Citation Dataset Originator/Creator: Shie, C.-L., K. Hilburn, L. S. Chiu, R. Adler, I-I Lin, E. Nelkin, and J. Ardizzone Dataset Title: Surface Turbulent Fluxes, 1x1 deg Daily Grid, Set1 Dataset Series Name: GSSTF Dataset Release Date: November 18, 2011 Dataset Release Place: Greenbelt, MD, USA Dataset Publisher: Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) Dataset Editor: Andrey Savtchenko Issue Identification: GSSTF_2c Data Presentation Form: Digital Science Data Other Citation Details: http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/GES_DISC_GSSTF_2c.htmlOnline Resource: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/daac-bin/DataHoldingsMEASURES.pl?PROG... Start Date: 1987-07-09Stop Date: 2009-01-01 Latitude Resolution: 1 degree Longitude Resolution: 1 degree Horizontal Resolution Range: 100 km - < 250 km or approximately 1 degree - < 2.5 degrees Temporal Resolution: 24 hr Temporal Resolution Range: Daily - < Weekly ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE > SEA LEVEL PRESSURE ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE > AIR TEMPERATURE ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE > SKIN TEMPERATURE ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE > SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR > EVAPORATION ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR > HUMIDITY ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR > PRECIPITABLE WATER ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR > WATER VAPOR ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WINDS > SURFACE WINDS ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WINDS > TURBULENCE ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WINDS > WIND STRESS ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION > ATMOSPHERIC HEATING ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION > HEAT FLUX ATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION > RADIATIVE FLUX OCEANS > OCEAN HEAT BUDGET > CONDUCTION OCEANS > OCEAN HEAT BUDGET > EVAPORATION OCEANS > OCEAN HEAT BUDGET > HEAT FLUX OCEANS > OCEAN PRESSURE > SEA LEVEL PRESSURE OCEANS > OCEAN TEMPERATURE > SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE OCEANS > OCEAN WINDS > SURFACE WINDS OCEANS > OCEAN WINDS > TURBULENCE OCEANS > OCEAN WINDS > WIND STRESS Data Set Progress Distribution Media: FTP/HTTP Distribution Size: 4 MB Distribution Format: HDF-EOS5 Role: DIF AUTHOR Email: Andrey.Savtchenko at nasa.gov Distributed Active Archive Center Global Change Data Center Code 610.2 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Province or State: MD Postal Code: 20771 Email: chung-lin.shie-1 at nasa.gov Brunke, A. M., Z. Wang, X. Zeng, M. Bosilovich, and C.-L. Shie, 2011: An assessment of the uncertainties in ocean surface turbulent fluxes in 11 reanalysis, satellite-derived, and combined global data sets. J. Climate, Vol. 24, 5469-5493. doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4223.1 Chiu, L. S., S. Gao, and C.-L. Shie, 2012: Oceanic evaporation: Trends and variations (book chapter title), Book title: Remote ... Sensing / Book 2. InTech - Open Access Publisher. (accepted) Chiu, L. S., S. Gao, and C.-L. Shie, 2012: Satellite-based ocean surface turbulent fluxes (book chapter title), Book title: Satellite-based Applications of Climate Change, Editors: J. Qu and A. Powell. CRC Press. (in review) Hilburn, K. A., and C.-L. Shie, 2011: Decadal trends and variability in Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperatures and Earth incidence angle, report number 092811, Remote Sensing Systems, 53 pp. (Available online at: Hilburn, K., and C.-L. Shie, 2011: Decadal trends and variability in Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperatures and Earth incidence angle, Abstract IN21A-1418, the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, 5-9 December 2011, San Francisco, CA, 2011. Lai, Q., L. Wu, L., and C.-L. Shie, 2012: Sea Surface Response to Typhoon Morakot (2009) and the Influence on its Activity, Journal of Tropical Meteorology. (in press) Shie, C.-L., and K. Hilburn, 2011: A newly revived satellite-based global air-sea surface turbulent fluxes dataset and its dependence on the SSM/I brightness temperature, the 2011 IEEE IGARSS, Vancouver, Canada, 25-29 July. Extended Abstract (4 pp), Proceedings (published in CD). Shie, C.-L., and K. Hilburn, 2011: A satellite-based global ocean surface turbulent fluxes dataset and the impact of the associated SSM/I brightness temperature, the 2011 EUMESAT Meteorological Satellite Conference, Oslo, Norway, 5-9 September. Proceedings, 8 pp. (Available online at: Shie, C.-L., K. Hilburn, & L. S. Chiu, R. Adler, I-I Lin, E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, S. Gao, A. Savtchenko, 2011: The Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) Datasets and the uncertainties/impact due to the SSM/I brightness temperature, Abstract IN21A-1417, the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, 5-9 December 2011, San Francisco, CA, 2011. Shie, C.-L., and collaborators, 2012: The Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) datasets: updates, improvements and applications, the 18th Conference on Satellite Meteorology, Oceanography and Climatology (SatMOC) Conference, New Orleans, LA, 22-26 Jan 2012. (invited talk) (Abstract available at http://ams.confex.com/ams/92Annual/webprogram/Paper192220.html) Chou, S.-H., E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, R. Atlas, and C.-L. Shie (2003) Surface turbulent heat and momentum fluxes over global oceans based on the Goddard satellite retrieval, version 2 (GSSTF2). J. Climate, 16, pp. 3256-3273, 2003. Hilburn, K. A., and C-L. Shie (2011a) The impact of incidence angle variations on climate trends from simple water vapor retrieval algorithms, The 2011 EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conference, Oslo, Norway, 5-9 September, 2011. Hilburn, K. A., and C.-L. Shie (2011b) Decadal trends and variability in Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperatures and Earth incidence angle, report number 092811, Remote Sensing Systems, 53 pp. Shie, C.-L., L. S. Chiu, R. Adler, P. Xie, I-I Lin, F.-C. Wang, E. Nelkin, R. Chokngamwong, W. S. Olson, and D. A. Chu (2009) A note on reviving the Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) dataset, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 26(6), 1071-1080. Shie, C.-L., (2010b) A recently revived dataset of satellite-based global air-sea surface turbulent fluxes (GSSTF2b) - features and applications, paper presented at 17th AMS Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Annapolis, MD. Available online: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/measures/documentation/2010-Sat-Air-S... Shie, C.-L, and K. A. Hilburn, (2011) A Satellite-based Global Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes Dataset and the Impact of the Associated SSM/I Brightness Temperature, The 2011 EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conference, Oslo, Norway, 5-9 September, 2011. Shie, C.-L., K. A. Hilburn, L. S. Chiu, R. Adler, I-I Lin, E. Nelkin, and J. Ardizzone (2011) The Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes Dataset --- Version 2c (GSSTF 2c). GSSTF2c of HDF-EOS5 format is scheduled for official distribution via NASA GES DISC by October 2011. Extended Metadata Properties (Click to view more) Creation and Review Dates DIF Creation Date: 2011-10-04 Last DIF Revision Date: 2013-03-29

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The Gartner-Denowh Angus ranch has two locations in Eastern Montana. The home place is just north of Sidney, MT. The Blue Mountain ranch is about 30 miles south of Sidney on the way to Wibaux. Most of the operation is grazing land, but we do have some farmland on which we raise feed. The grazing land is mostly native short grass prairie with pastures ranging from 300 to 1300 acres. Montana weather can vary greatly. We can go from weeks of below zero temperatures in the winter to 100 degree days in the summer. Some years we get moisture, and some we don't. But whatever the conditions our cows are expected to endure and thrive. We calve around 700 cows and heifers each year. Our cows are expected to run under the same conditions that the local commercial man endures. This means they graze out as long as possible in the fall, usually until late December, before they ever see any feed. They are then fed a low cost diet until they are turned out on grass in May. We fall graze and feed a low cost, low energy diet to weed out any inefficient cows. Cows that can't function on a low input system in our environment are culled from the herd. The majority of our bulls go to commercial operations in a similar environment to our own, and we want those bulls to surpass their expectations. The calves are weaned around the end of September and put on a high roughage ration at the home place. At this time about 1/3 of the bull calves are banded, and the bottom end of the heifer calves are culled off. Neither the bulls or heifers are pushed for high gains on feed, instead being fed a diet to ensure longevity. Data collection and evaluation is central to our operation. We take a lot of pride in having solid, reliable numbers. It is our opinion that the more accurate and dependable the data provided, the more accurate and dependable the EPDs and ratios will be. Larger contemporary and sire groups will give more accurate results. That is why we strive so hard to treat all the cattle the same all year round - to have the most accurate and dependable data that we can provide. While our environment and location can be trying at times and can create a lot of extra work, we still feel very lucky to be able to test our genetics in such a harsh and varying location. It can only make GDAR genetics more functional, more efficient, and more profitable.

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Japanese developer group Brave Robotics recently showcased its latest endeavor, a 1/12 scale transformable robot car that walks, turns and even shoots darts. This iteration is the company’s latest development, coming full circle in a process that began in 2002. After 10 years of failure and frustration, Brave Robotics finally have something to offer the public, on the proviso you have two million yen, which roughly translates to US$24 000. Not exactly within everyone’s tax bracket. The robot is currently listed on the company’s online store and is said to take one month to deliver. This is part in fact to do with the 3D printing process, which takes up a considerable chuck of production time. From what we’ve seen on the video, which made its way to YouTube a couple of days ago, the toy functions in both vehicle and robot modes. The vehicle mode is operated by a PlayStation styled controller (They are Japanese after all) and features fully functional headlights as well as a Wi-Fi enabled camera. The transformation, although jerky, is rather fast and does a pretty good job of mimicking the Autobot-like look and feel. In robot mode, the 3D printed toy has a pretty decent range of movement, being able to move both forwards and backwards as well as turn a full 360 degrees. We’re sure this isn’t the end of the road for Brave Robotics, we just hope its next toy won’t cost as much as an actual car. Topics for this article |[ advertising enquiries ]|

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GED Testing in North San Juan CA Are you ready to take your GED exam in North San Juan CA? The GED test is only offered in person and not online. Usually in order to sit for the GED examination the student must be at least 17 years old. The General Education Development testing cost in the state of California ranges from $40 to $90. The General Education Development (GED) exam consists of five topics: reading, writing, math, science and social studies. Each section of the test awards a score between 200-800. Most states require test takers to get a score of 410 on each of the five topics and an overall average of 450 for the General Education Development test to pass. Usually GED testing centers in North San Juan CA are offered at: - North San Juan Community Colleges - North San Juan ISD - North San Juan Literacy Centers - North San Juan High Schools Directory of GED Testing in North San Juan CA Nevada Jt Union High Sch Dist 11645 Ridge Road Grass Valley, CA 6.34 miles away

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Google had announced that it would be providing Gigabit network to the home, in order to study the usages of high speed internet. Google Fiber networks are now being installed across the country on the shortlisted cities like Kansas and Stanford university. The initial speed tests are out and boy, they are fast. Throughputs of upto 151.68Mb/s download and 92.79Mb/s upload have been testified so far. The ping delay is as low as 5ms, the order of something that you can get on a wifi too. The ISP is listed as TATA communications, which is a pioneer ISP in India. They do have operations in US, but we are not very sure if Google fiber’s backend is provided by TATA comm. This is just the testing phase, its free and speeds would increase in the future. as per Google, We’ve reached an agreement with Stanford University to build an ultra-high speed broadband network to the university’s Residential Subdivision, a group of approximately 850 faculty- and staff-owned homes on campus. Through this trial, we plan to offer Internet speeds up to 1 gigabit per second—more than 100 times faster than what most people have access to today. We plan to start breaking ground in early 2011. The obvious question now is, if Google can do this, why aren’t network operators banging down the company’s door to get involved and roll this out everywhere? Fiber to the home is a big initiative, Verizon had been doing good but they still lack way behind. On a side note, fee to purchase and install Google Fiber from the property line in [one’s] home will be $249 for professional installation and $49 for self-installation. Related: How Optical Fibers work

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It’s a Secret: 1. Passwords must not be written down This is a simple rule. From my days working with the MOD I remember how easy it was to unlock safes and steal passwords as both were usually written down somewhere easy to locate. Favourite one for safes was on a colander not a million miles away from said safe! Don’t do it. Otherwise why bother….. 2. Passwords must be set This is pretty sensible – how many of us have seen SQL installations with SA <blank>! 3. Require as few passwords as possible If you come up with a goodun’ use it where you need it. My own personal favourite is to use a easily to remember phrase, as a few numbers add a ref to the site. 4. Staff must change their passwords regularly A password that’s older than 3 months is past its sell by date. 5. Make new passwords new Don’t just pay lip service and change a number or two change the whole password! 6. Avoid obvious words Don’t use words period. Use the first letters of a phrase or saying + numbers + a symbol. For example: EWTWC@WI66* so what does it mean?? Well England Won The World Cup @ Wembley In 66 * 7. Think long - but not too long 10 to 12 characters is about right, less is just too short. 8. Automate password changes Call for the change automatically don’t just rely on the user, he won’t do it! 9. Educate staff Make sure the staff understand why passwords are so important! 10. Look to the future Plan for bio, fingerprint and federated security.

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What is a Softphone?By:Robert Pepper (G+) A softphone is software that allows the user to make telephone calls on a computer. Google Voice and Skype are popular softphones. Softphones have their own network, and typically calling one user within the network is free, but it costs a small amount to send or receive calls. Some VoIP providers, including residential provider Vonage, and enterprise provider 8x8, have softphone software as an add-on. Most enterprise VoIP providers offer an app that connects your smartphone to their network, rather than the phone's native carrier, essentially turning a phone into another kind of phone. There are many ways to use a softphone the same way you would use a landline. You can buy a Skype phone, use a headset or microphone, or use a USB adapter as an ATD converter. There are also apps for tablets, including the iPod Touch, that allow you to use softphones over Wi-Fi. A softphone is good for residential users, and works well as a second line in a home.

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Hurricane Sandy in Pictures Hurricane Sandy's wild and crazy weather will continue across much of the eastern United States through at least Wednesday, including heavy rainfall, strong winds, a continued threat of coastal storm surge and even snow blizzard conditions in some locations, according to local National Weather Service forecasts. A crane hangs precariously from the side of 157 W. 57th Street after wind has damaged it before the expected landfall of Hurricane Sandy in New York People walk through water on the beach near the time of high tide as Hurricane Sandy approaches October 29, 2012 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Fire fighters evaluate the scene of an apartment building which had the front wall collapse due to Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012 in New York, United States Rising water, caused by Hurricane Sandy, rushes into a subterranian parking garage on October 29, 2012, in the Financial District of New York, United States Flooded cars, caused by Hurricane Sandy, are seen on October 29, 2012, in the Financial District of New York, United States. This CCTV photo released by the official Twitter feed of The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey shows flood waters from Hurricane Sandy rushing in to the Hoboken PATH station through an elevator shaft on October 29, 2012 in Hoboken, New Jersey. US Route 30 into Atlantic City, USA Water rushes into the Carey Tunnel (previously the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel), caused by Hurricane Sandy, October 29, 2012, in the Financial District of New York, United States. A handout photo released by the US Coast Guard on 29 October 2012 shows the HMS Bounty, a 180-foot (54.86 meters) tall ship, submerged in the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Sandy approximately 90 nautical miles (166 km) southeast of Hatteras, North Carolina, USA, on 29 October 2012. Of the 16-person crew, the Coast Guard rescued 14, recovered a woman and is still searching for the captain of the vessel. HMS Bounty is a replica of the original 1789 ship Bounty and has been seen in several films President Obama receives an update on the ongoing response to Hurricane Sandy in the Situation Room Public Works personnel try to secure a tree while high winds begin to blow through Ocean City, MD, October 29, 2012 as Hurricane Sandy nears landfall in the area A driver navigates under a downed tree and power lines in Newton, Massachusetts, USA A downed ppower line, knocked over by a falling tree, is seen in the wake of Hurricane Sandy October 30, 2012 in Chevy Chase, Maryland A view of a building that had its facade ripped off by Hurricane Sandy in New York, New York, USA A downed ppower line, knocked over by a falling tree, is seen in the wake of Hurricane Sandy A man wades through the water to speak with US National Guard about his submerged car in Ocean City, Maryland David Dodds clears debris from the front of Water Ways Marina in Ocean City, Maryland, ATLANTIC CITY, NJ - OCTOBER 30: Sections of an old boardwalk are seen destroyed by flooding from Hurricane Sandy on October 30, 2012 in Atlantic City, New Jersey The aftermath of flooding following Hurricaine Sandy on October 30, 2012 in the Financial District of New York, United States. The storm has claimed at least 16 lives in the United States, and has caused massive flooding accross much of the Atlantic seaboard. Picture shows Hurricane Sandy approaches the northeast. (Might be fake)

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Critic speaks on life lessons in Jane Austen’s work Updated: June 5, 2012 8:53PM Literary critic William Deresiewicz speaks about his book, A Jane Austen Education: How Six Novels Taught Me About Love, Friendship, and the Things That Really Matter, at 7 p.m. Monday, June 11, at the Highland Park Public Library, 494 Laurel Ave. Part memoir, part literary criticism, Deresiewicz’s book looks back at his youth and explains how he realized the relevance of Austen’s message and the triumph of her vision. The event at the library is free and open to the public. Books will be for sale and the event will conclude with a book signing. Call (847) 432-0216 or visit hplibrary.org.

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Following its spectacular plunge from grace in 2008 when its banking system crashed, inflicting huge damage on foreign creditors as well as on local residents, Iceland caught attention for trying to come to grips with what happened by bringing court cases against bankers and others allegedly responsible for the crash as well as for inviting the people of Iceland and its directly elected representatives to draft a new post-crash constitution designed inter alia to reduce the likelihood of another crash. Up against the wall, with throngs of protesters boisterously banging their pots and pans in parliament square in Reykjavík, the post-crash government formed in 2009, to its credit, set the process in motion. A National Assembly was convened comprising 950 individuals selected at random from the national registry. Every Icelander 18 years or older had an equal chance of being selected to a seat in the assembly. Next, from a roaster of 522 candidates from all walks of life, 25 representatives were elected by the nation to a Constitutional Assembly to draft a new constitution reflecting the popular will as expressed by the National Assembly. Believe it or not, the Supreme Court, with eight of its nine justices at the time having been appointed by the Independence Party, now disgraced as the main culprit of the crash and in opposition, annulled the Constitutional Assembly election on flimsy and probably also illegal grounds, a unique event. The parliament then decided to appoint the 25 candidates who got the most votes to a Constitutional Council which took four months in 2011, as did the framers of the US constitution in Philadelphia in 1787, to draft and unanimously pass a new constitution. The constitutional bill stipulates, among other things: (a) electoral reform securing ‘one person, one vote’; (b) national ownership of natural resources; (c) direct democracy through national referenda; (d) freedom of information; and (e) environmental protection plus a number of new provisions designed to superimpose a layer of checks and balances on the existing system of semi-presidential parliamentary form of government. The preamble sets the tone: “We, the people of Iceland, wish to create a just society where everyone has a seat at the same table.” The people were invited to contribute to the drafting through the Constitutional Council’s interactive website. Foreign experts on constitutions, e.g. Prof. Jon Elster of Columbia University and Prof. Tom Ginsburg of the University of Chicago, have publicly praised the bill and the democratic way in which it was drafted. Even so, it was clear from the outset that strong political forces would seek to undermine the bill. First, there are many politicians who think it is their prerogative and theirs alone to revise the constitution and view the National Assembly and the Constitutional Council elected by the people and appointed by parliament as intruders on their turf. Second, many politicians rightly worry about their reelection prospects under ‘one person, one vote’. Third, many politicians fear losing their clout with more frequent use of national referenda, and also fear exposure under a new freedom of information act. For example, a crucial telephone conversation between the prime minister and the governor of the Central Bank in the days before the crash in 2008 is still being kept secret even if a parliamentary committee has demanded to hear a recording of it. Last but not least, many vessel owners dislike the prospect of being deprived of their privileged and hugely profitable access to the common-property fishing grounds. As a matter of public record after the crash, politicians and political parties were handsomely rewarded by the banks before the crash. It does not take a rocket scientist to figure out that vessel owners must have likewise treated politicians and political parties generously in the past, an umbilical cord that many politicians clearly want to preserve. In sum, it was clear that in a secret ballot the constitutional bill would never have had a chance of being adopted by parliament, not even after the national referendum on the bill on 20 October 2012 where 67% of the electorate expressed their support for the bill as well as for its main individual provisions, including national ownership of natural resources (83% said Yes), direct democracy (73% said Yes), and ‘one person, one vote’ (67% said Yes). But the parliament does not vote in secret. In fact, 32 out of 63 members of parliament were induced by an e-mail campaign organized by ordinary citizens to declare that they supported the bill and wanted to adopt it now. Despite these public declarations, however, the bill was not brought to a vote in the parliament, a heinous betrayal – and probably also an illegal act committed with impunity by the president of the parliament. Rather, the parliament decided to disrespect its own publicly declared will as well as the popular will as expressed in the national referendum by putting the bill on ice and, to add insult to injury, hastily requiring 2/3 of parliament plus 40% of the popular vote to approve any change in the constitution in the next parliament, meaning that at least 80% voter turnout would be required for a constitutional reform to be accepted in the next session of parliament. The politicians apparently paid no heed to the fact that under these rules Iceland’s separation from Denmark would not have been accepted in the referendum of 1918. In practice, this means that we are back to square one as intended by the enemies of the new constitution. There is faint hope that the new parliament will respect the will of the people if the outgoing one failed to do so despite its promises. In her farewell address, the outgoing Prime Minister, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, declared this to be the saddest day of her 35 years in parliament. via Thorvaldur Gylfason. - Crowdsourcing Icelandic constitution: a myth or reality? | Re:Imagining Democracy - Why Did The Media Keep The Recent Peaceful Icelandic Revolution Quiet? (secretsofthefed.com) - Iceland’s Revolution Against Globalist Banksters (leaksource.wordpress.com) - Icelandic Politicians Ignore Crowdsourced Constitution; Pirate Party Rejoices (intellihub.com)

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Chrysalis work involves the creation of safe, sacred “containers” in which individuals, groups and systems can transform themselves and the systems they inhabit. The nature of these “containers” varies as needed to best fit the players and the situation. Chrysalis work is not new. AA’s 12-step program, spiritual retreats, on-going therapy sessions, etc., can be seen as forms of chrysalis work. Chrysalis work varies dramatically as a function of the size, complexity and nature of the social form involved. Well-designed and executed chrysalis work is best measured by examining the generative nature and duration of its ripple effects — through time and across boundaries. Chrysalis work — - Creates constructive ripples that endure and spread - Is life-giving and life-evolving — a “fusion energy” generator - Evokes Spirit and feeds the Soul — is grounded in Nature — feeds on spaciousness and beauty — involves healing and “wholing” - Provides ample opportunity for all voices to be heard — feels spacious and unrushed - Challenges participants to step into their special genius — to quest for and to experiment with discovering the work that is theirs to do. - Tends to be recursive and cumulative — involves ongoing learning and action in a way that is organic rather than mechanistic - Serves as hospice for what’s needing to die and midwife to what’s ready to be born — supports individuals and systems in shedding old patterns/structures/beliefs that no longer serve, and create openings for the new to emerge - Involves telling our evolving stories — again and again - Produces magical irreversible shifts at one or more levels of system - Does not replace existing systems — it enlivens and evolves them. Social metamorphosis, like nature’s metamorphosis, takes the time it takes. Thus trying to force chrysalis work into today’s frenetic A-work time/space frames is a recipe for failure. In undertaking organizational or regional metamorphosis we are pioneering new chrysalis work territory. The GALE Approach offers a high level vision that begins to describe some of the added challenges and opportunities involved in more complex chrysalis work.

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This article, by Andrea Dip, is a part of Agência Pública's special #CopaPública [pt] coverage, and was originally published on June 26, 2012, with the title Elisângela Got Home Just in Time to See it Being Torn Down: Watch the Minidoc [pt] Elisângela wasn't home when authorities arrived without warning to tear down her house on Pavão-Pavãozinho hill in Rio de Janeiro. Her 17-year-old daughter answered the door and was told that the property was going to be destroyed at that very moment. Panicking, the girl called her mother: Tem vários homens da Prefeitura aqui na porta; eles estão dizendo que vão derrubar a nossa casa. There are many men here from the city at the door; they're saying they are going to tear down our house. Elisângela ran back home, tried to reason with the men, ask for some time to find another home, but it was no use. In a few hours, all that was left was debris. This happened in early 2011. To this day, Elisângela has not been compensated nor relocated. Her daughter had to go live with her grandmother, while Elisângela still searches for a new home. The minidocumentary “We Are the Legacy: the Story of Elisângela” (“O Legado Somos Nós: A História de Elisângela”) is the first in a series of video portraits being produced by the human rights organization Witness, which partnered with the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee (Comitê Popular Rio Copa e Olimpíadas), in an attempt to tell the stories of those affected by forced evictions in Rio de Janeiro, directly or indirectly connected to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. Priscila Neri, from Witness, explains that the idea is to give an alternative to the official narrative, which claims that everything is being done in compliance with the law and through constant dialogue with the communities. In Elisângela's particular case, the justification provided at the time of the eviction was that her home was in a risk area in Pavão-Pavãozinho, but only some houses were destroyed and, according to the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, the city hasn't even removed the debris yet. The hill is located between two of Rio's most sought-after neighborhoods: Ipanema and Copacabana. According to the dossier [pt] published by the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, the city intends to use the argument of geotechnical or structural risk to evict more than 300 families from the Pavão-Pavãozinho community: Até o momento a Prefeitura não apresentou o laudo que comprove o risco e nem discutiu com a comunidade a possibilidade de realização de obras para garantir a segurança dos moradores. Up until now the city hasn't presented any technical report that backs up the risk claim nor has it discussed with the community the possibility of carrying out infrastructural work to ensure the residents’ safety. Still according to the Rio People's World Cup and Olympics Committee, engineers that have written technical reports about areas like the Pavão-Pavãozinho have pointed out that doing construction work to restrain or strengthen the slope, in order to eliminate the risk of slippage, would cost even less than relocating the families that live in the area. Watch the minidoc:

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| Welcome to the lava tube portion of the Virtual Cave. Lava tube caves are found throughout the world in places where fluid lava has flown over the surface. The longest and most vertically extensive lava tubes known are on the Big Island of Hawai`i. Our idealized lava tube cross-section is based on the tubes there, and most of the photos are from there. Lava tubes are found in the western U.S.A. (Washington, California, Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona), the Canary Islands, Galapagos Islands, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kenya, Mexico, and many other volcanic regions. Most tubes form when fluid lava flows down the sides of volcanoes, the upper layer begins to cool, and the lava beneath continues to flow in tubular conduits beneath the surface. Due to the insulating effects of the hardened lava above, molten lava is able to travel a considerable distance underground with very little cooling. In Hawaii, lava tubes have carried fluid lavas 50 or more miles from their source! Tubes may also form when lava follows trenches or gulleys on the surface, which then roof over as lava accumulates along the top edges. Lava tubes contain many features similar to those in limestone caves, such as stalactites and stalagmites, helictites, and a sort of flowstone. Most of the features in the diagram were made when the cave was active and during the early cooling stage. Secondary minerals may be deposited in the tubes later, such as gypsum or calcite crystals, but these tend to be on a much smaller scale than you can find in limestone caves. To take a tour of the wondrous world of lava tubes, select a feature in context on our very cool Virtual Lava Tube Map (drawn by master lava tube cartographer Carlene Allred) or choose from the list above it. Not all of the items in the text list are represented on the image map. Those are shown in all capital letters, so be sure to check these newer pages out. Start here: BIRTH of a LAVA TUBE Check out my new book on lava tubes, based on the Virtual Lava Tube, called CAVES OF FIRE: INSIDE AMERICA'S LAVA TUBES. It is both a guide to lava tube features (with many more examples of each than shown here on the website) and describes and pictures many lava tubes that you can easily find and visit in national, state, and county parks and forests. It has 128 pages with 345 color images. Now available through the National Speleological Society Bookstore |Created: August 4, 2000 Last update: December 11, 2008 Author: Dave Bunnell Reviewed by Kevin & Carlene Allred

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Question from Amanda: Where and what acids are found in wine. Which wines have more acid (dry or sweet) and why due to the climate. Explain why and how titration can be used to determine the relative acid content of wine. If you could help answer my question i would be very grateful. Answer: Hi, Amanda! Thanks for your question! I’ll do my best…. The main grape acid is tartaric, a relatively strong acid, unlike most fruits. It’s followed by malic (found in lots of fruits and vegetables) and there are trace amounts of lots of different acids. We have an article on wine components, including acid, at goosecross.com. Generally, white wines are higher in acid than reds, for aesthetic reasons. Sweet wines should be the highest of all, to offset the sweetness, or the wine will be cloying. Cool climates usually produce wines of high acid compared to warm climates because heat causes the sugar to go up and the acid to go down. A Chardonnay from Burgundy, France is almost always higher in acid than a Napa Valley Chardonnay because of the difference in climate. Imagine trying to ripen tomatoes in a cold climate–they will be quite tart! Titration is a simple color-change test. I’ve paraphrased this from a wine text: Titration is the process of determining the concentration of a substance, such as acid, in a solution by adding a carefully measured standard reagent (usually sodium hydroxide) until a reaction (change in color) occurs due to the presence of an indicator (phenolphthalein). Most home winemakers buy inexpensive kits to do this. I hope this helps you. Are you studying wine making?

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Westminster Confession of Faith The Westminster Confession of Faith is perhaps the most notable expression in creedal form of the truths of the Bible. It was the work of that assembly of divines which was called together by Parliament and met in London, at Westminster Abbey, during the years 1643-1648. It was this assembly which also produced the Larger and Shorter Catechisms. The Confession and the Catechisms are used by many churches as their doctrinal standards, subordinate to the Word of God. The text of the Confession as given in this document is in the form adopted by the Bible Presbyterian Church in 1938, and, except for a few revisions, which are largely concerned with eschatology, as well as with the relation of the civil magistrate to the church, it agrees with the text of the original manuscript of the Confession. A list of changes can be found here, together with the reading of the original.

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The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine the connections between identities and literacies for a group of students entering the university while highlighting their adolescent literacy experiences as urban-schooled Latino/as. This year-long qualitative research study utilized case study research methods (Merriam, 1998; Stake, 1994, 1995), along with the constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Lincoln & Guba, 1984), and the critical analytical tools of Fairclough's (1995) levels of discourse, and Curriculum Spaces Research Theory (Cary, 2006). Data collection included focus group interviews, along with individual interviews, digitally recorded and transcribed in their entirety, as well as occasional observations, participants' class syllabi, written work, and personal online communication with the researcher. A theory of identities in practice (Holland, Skinner, Lachicotte, and Cain, 1998) coupled with a broad definition of literacies (Gee, 2000-2001; New London Group, 1996; Street, 1995, 2003) were utilized as frameworks for viewing the university as a figured world where literacies serve as mediating tools for the negotiation of identities (Holland, et al., 1998; Holquist, 1990; Vygotsky, 1962). At the same time, a discussion of discourses (Cary, 2006; Foucault, 1977; Usher & Edwards, 1994) and academic literacies (Zamel & Spack, 1998) offered a window into a discussion of power within institutions. Findings suggest that these students experienced a continuous redefinition of self, due in large part to exposure to White, middle to upper class students who were not a part of their urban school experience. Additionally, as students learned to participate in the academic community of the university, they noted a growing disconnect with family and friends, even though their education was taking place less than six miles from where they attended high school. Learning these new literacies, both academic and otherwise, appeared to cause participants to reevaluate their former identities and their positions in and around various figured worlds. These case studies offer insight into the literacy experiences of Latino/a students in both secondary and post-secondary schools. This research encourages identity work as a means of exploring the individuality of experience of students who are traditionally under-served in our nation's secondary and post-secondary institutions.

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Work HardeningWhat is work hardening? Our hands allow us to hold the hand of a child, to plant beautiful gardens, to perform activities which support our communities and our families, to make a living and enjoy life. When injuries occur, we quickly realize how often we take our hands for granted. At Columbia Physical Therapy our headache program includes a variety of approaches to aide in the reduction of your headaches and the pain associated with them. First, we identify individuals whose headaches are appropriate for treatment by a physical therapist. Next, we focus on locating areas that may be contributing to your headaches. Once a thorough evaluation has been completed you will be given an individualized treatment program that is right for you. Treatment options often include self management techniques, postural education, exercises, cervical traction, and a variety of hands on techniques to help you get control of your headaches and restore your quality of life.<\p> MVA and Whiplash Services After a person is in an automobile accident or sustains a whiplash injury their symptoms can become intense. Feelings of neck pain, headaches, muscle weakness, and fatigue often occur. This is usually referred to as a soft tissue injury, as no bones are broken, but muscle tissue and ligaments are stretched too far. These tissues can heal, however they may need special help. Physical therapy is used to help the healing process. The treatments may include ice or heat, stretching, modalities such as ultrasound or electrical stimulation, and strengthening activities. Posture and good body mechanics play a critical role in the healing of soft tissue injuries. Your physical therapist will help guide you through the healing by instructing you in the appropriate stretches, strengthening, and posture activities. Sports Injury Prevention Prevention of sports related injuries is just as important to the competitive athlete as it is to the weekend warrior. You want to be able to perform your best and avoid an injury in the process. Many sports related injuries are due to lack of preparation and can be avoided. Our physical therapists have had extensive training and we can assist you in developing a training program specifically geared to your goals. This will not only reduce your risk of injury but improve your speed, power, and agility, which will ultimately improve your overall performance. So whether you are preparing for an upcoming marathon, want to bulk up before football season, would like to increase your vertical leap to get more rebounds, or would just like to lose a few pounds; let our physical therapists set up the perfect training and injury prevention program just for you. Physical Therapy plays an important role in your rehabilitation following surgery. Some of the most common surgeries requiring physical therapy include total and partial joint replacements of the knee, hip, or shoulder. Although all of these surgical procedures continue to improve with time and are now less invasive, patients still require early and comprehensive physical therapy for the best possible outcomes to be achieved. Work ConditioningWhat is work conditioning? Whirlpool therapy is a common physical therapy modality and is one of the oldest forms of medical treatment. Typically, a treatment will consist of placing an injured body part into the jetted whirlpool or Jacuzzi for 15 minutes. Whirlpool therapy has many healing and recuperative properties such as reducing stress, improving circulation, decreasing pain, loosening tense muscles, and promoting wound healing. The jetted water will massage the injured body part and calm and soothe your pain away. Balance problems, dizziness, and vertigo can interrupt daily life and put you at an increased risk for falls. One of the services we offer is treatment to improve your balance, increase your independence and safety, and treat vertigo (if needed). One of the principles of treatment is challenging your balance in a safe environment. We offer a variety of activities including balance on foam rollers, rocker boards, rebound trampolines, and many floor exercises. As always, you will be assisted by a licensed physical therapist in progressing your activity and learning a home program to improve your balance and safety. We also provide treatment for vertigo. This is done by a licensed physical therapist and can be highly effective in just 1 or 2 treatments.

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We are looking for subjects for an experiment that will involve trying out different augmented reality user interfaces outdoors on a mobile phone. The experiment will take about an hour to complete and you will receive $15 for your participation. If you are interested, please contact Nicolas Dedual to make an appointment. His email address is [email protected]. Thank you in advance for your help. Award includes funding to support her dissertation on “User Interfaces for Communicating Patient Status and Progress.” Lauren’s work addresses an important gap in health information technology: there has been limited research to date that explores the impact of providing hospitalized patients with direct access to health information throughout their care. Her research will yield new insights into how such technology can be used to educate and engage hospitalized patients and their families, by developing tablet-computer-based user interfaces with which hospitalized patients and their families can review clinical and health-related information. It will advance scientific knowledge in the field of patient-clinician communication, demonstrate new technical capabilities for sharing information among patients and their care team, and explore potential improvements to patient engagement, knowledge, and satisfaction. IEEE 3DUI (7th Symposium on 3D User Interfaces), which took place March 4-5 2012 in Costa Mesa, California is focused on the design and development of 3D user interfaces. The poster, “Manipulating Virtual Objects in Hand-Held Augmented Reality using Stored Snapshots” was the work of Ph.D. student Mengu Sukan, with M.S. student Semih Energin and Prof. Steve Feiner. Their work is an example of augmented reality, in which camera imagery is overlaid with live 3D graphics. The poster presents a set of interaction techniques that allow a user to first take snapshots of a scene using a tablet computer, and then jump back and forth between the snapshots, to revisit them virtually for interaction. By storing for each snapshot a still image of the scene, along with the camera position and orientation determined by computer vision software, this approach allows the overlaid 3D graphics to be dynamic and interactive. This makes it possible for the user to move and rotate virtual 3D objects from the vantage points of different locations, without the overhead of physically traveling between those locations. 3DUI attendees tried a real-time demo in which they laid out virtual furniture. They could rapidly transition between the live view and the viewpoints of multiple snapshots, as they moved and rotated items of virtual furniture, iteratively designing a desired layout. The paper, “Augmented Reality in the Psychomotor Phase of a Procedural Task”, reports on a key part of Steve Henderson’s spring 2011 dissertation. It presents the design and evaluation of a prototype augmented reality user interface designed to assist users in performing an aircraft maintenance assembly task. The prototype tracks the user and multiple physical task objects, and provides dynamic, prescriptive, overlaid instructions on a tracked, see-through, head-worn display in response to the user’s ongoing activity. A user study shows participants were able to complete aspects of the assembly task in which they physically manipulated task objects significantly faster and with significantly greater accuracy when using augmented reality than when using 3D-graphics-based assistance presented on a stationary LCD panel. This year, Prof. Steven Feiner was honored at CHI 2011 by being elected to the CHI academy. The CHI Academy is an honorary group of individuals who have made extensive contributions to the study of HCI and who have led the shaping of the field. The official press release can be found here.

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Most of us know someone with a food allergy. I certainly do-two of my children have been labeled with life threatening food allergies; one to peanuts and tree nuts and the other to soy. Every time I head to the grocery store I spend a tremendous amount of time reading each and every label-including labels that I am familiar with to be sure they haven’t changed. This is a necessity to keep my family safe and healthy. In January, 2006, the new Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA) took effect. The law requires food manufacturers to identify all ingredients in a food product containing one or more of the eight major allergens. The eight foods identified by the law are: - Fish (e.g., bass, flounder, cod) - Crustacean shellfish (e.g. crab, lobster, shrimp) - Tree nuts (e.g., almonds, walnuts, pecans) The law states that the name of the food source of a major food allergen must appear: - In parentheses following the name of the ingredient. Examples: “lecithin (soy),” “flour (wheat),” and “whey (milk)” – OR – - Immediately after or next to the list of ingredients in a “contains” statement. Example: “Contains Wheat, Milk, and Soy.” Most companies are very clear in their labeling and use the “contains” language in bold after their ingredient list. HERE’S WHERE IT GETS REALLY CONFUSING I have been scrutinizing food labels for years-I am noticing that I have to squint these days to read the fine print. Many labels contain language about cross-contamination-if the food was processed on shared equipment or shared processing lines with one of the 8 allergens. But not all manufacturers are listing cross-contamination information. The reason being- companies are not required to include this information. There are no particular regulations on whether they need to add statements such as “may contain traces of peanuts,” for example, for foods that aren’t supposed to contain such allergens. It is a company’s choice whether or not to include this information, and how to word it. How to decide if cross-contamination is an issue So the bottom line is YOU will need to determine what degree of risk you are comfortable with when purchasing foods. That is a lot of pressure when you are buying food for someone else. Here is my internal checklist for deciding whether or not to buy a product: - I first check the ingredients list for the 8 common allergens. - If there is no cross-contamination or “may contain” information I then look at the other same brand products on the shelf. If there are other products that have either nuts or soy I will more often than not assume there might be cross-contamination. - I might contact the manufacturer on occasion to ask specifically about a cross-contamination issue. Let me know how do you decide which products are safe to purchase? My Go-To Food Allergy Sites:

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The basics of heat stress When the thermometer rises, it can-and often does-create a multitude of problems. Anyone, given the right (or wrong) conditions, can get heat stress. Some are lucky enough to suffer only from heat cramps, while those who are less fortunate may be laid up by heat exhaustion or devastated by heat stroke. As the long, hot days of summer approach, it is helpful to review the effects of warm weather on the human body, the illnesses that may result and what you can do. How the body stays cool Unknowingly, you constantly engage your body in the life-and-death struggle to disperse the heat it produces. If allowed to accumulate, this heat would quickly increase your body temperature beyond its comfortable 98.6oF. This does not normally happen because your body is able to lose enough heat to maintain a steady temperature. You become aware of this struggle for heat balance during hard labor or exercise in hot environments, when your body produces heat faster than it can lose it. Under certain conditions, your body may build up too much heat, your temperature may rise to life-threatening levels, and you may become delirious or lose consciousness. This is called heat stroke, and it is a serious medical emergency. If you do not rid your body of excess heat fast enough, it cooks the brain and other vital organs. It often is fatal, and those who survive may have permanent damage to their vital organs. Before your temperature reaches heat-stroke levels, however, you may suffer heat exhaustion with its flu-like symptoms, and while treating its symptoms you avoid heat stroke. How does your body dispose of excess heat? Humans lose heat largely through their skin, similar to how a car loses heat through its radiator. Exercising muscles warms the blood, just as a car's hot engine warms its radiator fluid. Warm blood travels through the skin's dilated blood vessels losing heat by evaporating sweat to the surrounding air, just like a car loses engine heat through its radiator. When blood delivers heat to the skin, two of the most important ways the body loses heat are radiation and evaporation (vaporization of sweat). When the temperature is 70oF or less, the body releases its heat by radiation. As environmental temperatures approach your body temperature, you lose less heat through radiation. In fact, people working on hot summer days actually gain heat through radiation from the sun. This leaves evaporation as the only way to effectively control body temperature. Water loss Your body is about half water. You lose about 2 quarts every day (breathing, urinating, bowel movements and sweat). A working adult can produce 2 quarts of sweat per hour for short periods and up to 15 quarts per day. Because the body's water absorption rate of 1.5 quarts per hour is less than the body's 2 quarts per hour sweat rate, dehydration results. This happens because you cannot drink enough water to keep up with your sweat losses. If you drink only when you are thirsty, you are dehydrated already. Thirst is not a good guide for when to drink water. In fact, in hot and humid conditions, you may be so dehydrated by the time you become thirsty that you will have trouble catching up with your fluid losses. One guideline regarding your water intake is to monitor your urine. You are getting enough water if you produce clear urine at least five times a day. Cloudy or dark urine, or urinating less than five times a day, means you should drink more. In the Gulf War, American armed forces followed the practice of the Israeli army: drinking a minimum of 1 quart of fluid per hour. This tactic resulted in zero deaths from heat illness. In contrast, during the Six Day War of 1967, more than 20,000 Egyptian soldiers died3/4with no visible wounds3/4most likely from dehydration and heat illness because they were restricted to 3 quarts daily. While working in hot weather, drink 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes. Generally, 16 ounces is the most a person can comfortably drink at once. You cannot "catch up" by drinking extra water later because only about 1 quart of water per hour can pass out of the stomach. Therefore, if possible, workers should begin drinking water before they start work. Cool water (50oF) is easier for the stomach to absorb than warm water, and a little flavoring may make the water more tasty. The best fluids are those that leave the stomach fast and contain little sodium and some sugar (less than 8 percent). You should avoid coffee and tea because they contain caffeine, which is a diuretic that increases water loss through urination. Alcoholic beverages also dehydrate by increasing urination. Soda pop contains about 10 percent sugar and, therefore, your body does not absorb it as well as water or commercial sports drinks. The sugar content of fruit juices ranges from 11 to 18 percent and has an even longer absorption time. Commercial sports drinks contain about 5 to 8 percent sugar. Electrolyte loss Sweat and urine contain potassium and sodium, which are essential electrolytes that control the movement of water in and out of the body's cells. Many everyday foods contain these electrolytes. Bananas and nuts are rich with potassium, and most American diets have up to 10 times as much sodium as the body needs. Getting enough salt is rarely a problem in the typical American diet. In fact, most Americans consume an excessive amount of sodium-averaging 5 to 10 grams of sodium per day-although we probably require only 1 to 3 grams. Therefore, sodium loss is seldom a problem, unless a person is sweating profusely for long periods and drinking large amounts of water. Commercial sports drinks can be useful if you are participating in vigorous physical activity for longer than 1 hour (some experts say longer than 4 hours). Most of the time, however, people merely require water to remain hydrated. The truth is that excessive sodium can draw water out of the body cells, accentuating the dehydration. In addition, drinking large amounts of water (more than 1 quart an hour) can cause water intoxication, a condition that flushes electrolytes from the body. Frequent urination and behavior changes (irrationality, combativeness, coma, seizures, etc.) are signs of water intoxication. Effects of humidity Sweat can only cool the body if it evaporates. In dry air, you will not notice sweat evaporating. However, sweat cannot evaporate in high-humidity conditions; it just drips off the skin. At about 70-percent humidity, sweating is ineffective in cooling the body. Because humidity can significantly reduce evaporative cooling, a highly humid but mildly warm day can be more stressful than a hot, dry one. Therefore, the higher the humidity, the lower the temperature at which heat risk begins, especially those who are generating heat with vigorous work. Who is at risk? Everyone is susceptible to heat illness if environmental conditions overwhelm the body's temperature-regulating mechanisms. Heat waves can set the stage for a rash of heat-stroke victims. For example, during the 1995 summer heat wave in Chicago, the death toll reached 590. People who are obese, chronically ill or alcoholics have an increased risk. The elderly are at higher risk because of impaired cardiac output and decreased ability to sweat. Infants and young children also are susceptible to heat stroke, as well. The fluid loss and dehydration resulting from physical activity puts outdoor laborers at particular risk. Certain medications predispose individuals to heat stroke, such as drugs that alter sweat production (antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants) or interfere with thermoregulation. Heat illnesses Several disorders exist along the spectrum of heat illnesses. Heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke are on the more serious side of the scale, whereas heat syncope, heat edema and prickly heat are less serious (see "Heat illnesses," page C 18). Only heat stroke is life-threatening. Untreated heat-stroke victims always die. * Heat cramps are painful muscular spasms that occur suddenly. They usually involve the muscles in the back of the leg or the abdominal muscles. They tend to occur immediately after exertion and are caused by salt depletion. Victims may be drinking water without adequate salt content. However, some experts disagree because the typical American diet is heavy with salt. * Heat exhaustion is characterized by heavy perspiration with normal or slightly above-normal body temperatures. A depletion of water or salt3/4or both3/4causes this condition. Some experts believe severe dehydration is a better term because it happens to workers who do not drink enough fluids while working in hot environments. Symptoms include severe thirst, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The affected person often mistakenly believes he or she has the flu. Uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke. * Heat stroke is classified in two ways: classic and exertional. Classic heat stroke, also known as the "slow cooker," may take days to develop. This condition is prevalent during summer heat waves and typically affects poor, elderly, chronically ill, alcoholic or obese persons. Because the elderly often have medical problems, heat stroke exacerbates the problem, and more than 50 percent of elderly heat-stroke victims die3/4even with medical care. Death results from a combination of a hot environment and dehydration. Exertional heat stroke also is more common in the summer. You see it frequently in athletes, laborers and military personnel who sweat profusely. Known as the "fast cooker," this condition affects healthy, active individuals who strenuously work or play in a warm environment. Exertional heat-stroke victims usually are sweating when stricken, while the classic victims are not sweating. Its rapid onset does not allow enough time for severe dehydration to occur. Because uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke, you should know how to tell the difference between them. If the victim feels extremely hot when touched, suspect heat stroke. Another mark of heat stroke is that the victim's mental status (behavior) changes drastically3/4ranging from being slightly confused and disoriented to falling into a coma. In between these conditions, victims usually become irrational, agitated or even aggressive and may have seizures. In severe cases, the victim can go into a coma in less than 1 hour. The longer a coma lasts, the lower the chance for survival, so rescuers must be quick. A third way of distinguishing heat stroke from heat exhaustion is by rectal temperature. Obviously, this is not very practical because conscious heat-stroke victims may not cooperate. Taking a rectal temperature can be embarrassing to both victim and rescuer. Moreover, rectal thermometers are seldom available, and the whole procedure of finding the appropriate thermometer and then using it wastes time and distracts from important emergency care. In most cases, an ambulance arrives within 10 to 20 minutes. * Heat syncope, in which a person becomes dizzy or faints after exposure to high temperatures, is a self-limiting condition. Victims should lie down in a cool place when it occurs. Victims who are not nauseated can drink water. * Heat edema, which is also a self-limiting condition, causes ankles and feet to swell from heat exposure. It is more common in women unacclimated to a hot climate. It is related to salt and water retention and tends to disappear after acclimation. Wearing support stockings and elevating the legs often helps reduce swelling. * Prickly heat, also known as a heat rash, is an itchy rash that develops on skin that is wet from sweating. Dry and cool the skin. Cooling methods Sometimes the only way to stop possible damage is to cool the victim as quickly as possible. However, it is important to pay attention to both the cooling methods and cautions. * Ice baths cool a victim quickly but require a great deal of ice3/4at least 80 pounds3/4to be effective. Needing a big enough tub also limits this method. Cool-water baths3/4(less than 60oF)3/4can be successful if you stir the water to prevent a warm layer from forming around the body. This is the most effective method in highly humid conditions (greater than 75-percent humidity). * Spraying the victim with water combined with fanning is another method for cooling the body. The water droplets act as artificial sweat and cool the body through evaporation. However, this method is not effective in high humidity3/4greater than 75 percent. * Ice bags wrapped in wet towels and placed against the large veins in the groin, armpits and sides of the neck also cool the body, though not nearly as quickly as immersion. Cautions to remember when employing any cooling method include: * Do not delay the onset of cooling while waiting for an ambulance. Doing so increases the risk of tissue damage and prolonged hospitalization. * Stop cooling when the victim's mental status improves to avoid hypothermia. * Do not use rubbing alcohol to cool the skin. It can be absorbed into the blood, causing alcohol poisoning. Its vapors are a potential fire hazard. * Do not use aspirin or acetaminophen. They are not effective because the brain's control-center temperature is not elevated as it is with fever caused by diseases. Adjusting to heat Most heat illness occur during the first days of working in the heat. Therefore, acclimation (adjusting to the heat) is the main preventive measure. To better handle the heat, the body adjusts by decreasing the salt content in sweat and increases the sweating rate. Year-round exercise can help workers prepare for hot weather. Such activity raises the body's core temperature so it becomes accustomed to heat. Full acclimation, however, requires exercise in hot weather. You can do this by exercising a minimum of 60 to 90 minutes in the heat each day for 1 to 2 weeks. The acclimated heart pumps more blood with each stroke than a heart unused to working in the heat. Sweating earlier and doubles the amount of sweat per hour from 1.5 quarts to 3 quarts or more. When new workers are exposed to hot weather, team them with veterans of the heat who know how much water to drink. Heat illnesses are avoidable. With knowledge, preparation, fluid replacement and prompt emergency care, heat casualties need not be a factor for those working in warm weather. Dr. Alton Thygerson is a professor of health science at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. He also serves as the technical consultant for the National Safety Council's First Aid Institute. Want to use this article? Click here for options! © 2013 Penton Media Inc.

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Mike Meyer’s excellent piece in the Star Tribune today on Nobel Prize winner Leonid Hurwicz, a 90-year-old economist at the U of M, provides talking points for those of us who believe that public good and private good should be balanced and that the marketplace has its limits. Hurwicz, it turns out, was not only a longtime progressive activist, but his work was built around the idea that the effectiveness of markets is hampered by the fact that some players have much more information than others. Also more money, but more on that later. The “incentive compatibility’’ principles advanced by Hurwicz and his colleagues have led to some real-life improvements in the way public and private interests are balanced. Cited as examples were government “auctions” for pollution credits, which resulted in a reduction in the pollutants that caused acid rain, and for cell phone frequencies, which resulted in substantial government revenues and more efficient telecommunication systems. A colleague of Hurwicz says that in the 1950s, the alternatives would have been total control of those spheres by either business or government. On another quadrant of the unequal playing field, conservative columnist George Will this week delivered an uncharacteristically derisive piece about the pain and suffering among the super-rich. Apparently, they are having to spend a lot more money and find new luxuries to differentiate themselves from the merely rich. Picking up on the term “plutonomy’’ to describe this privileged elite, Will cites a figure often promulgated by progressives, noting that the richest 1 percent of households in the United States owns more than half the nation’s stocks and controls more wealth than the bottom 90 percent. Will neglects to mention that the top 1/10th of a percent —where the truly rich and the super-rich reside — also enjoys the greatest income growth. Dalton Conley, a sociologist at New York University, put it another way in a WSJ article looking at the use of debt to stay afloat in the earnings stratosphere: "What we're seeing is the top 1% struggling to keep up with the top 1/10th of 1%," he adds. "And those people trying to keep up with the top 1/100th of 1%. There is a drive by the merely rich to keep up with the obscenely rich." Will goes on to mockingly lament the fact that the Cost of Living Extremely Well, an index calculated by the folks at Forbes, is rising much faster than the Consumer Price Index. We wrote last summer about Census Bureau statistics for Minnesota that show a spike in luxury spending, and we posited that most forms of public investment — in education and transportation and health care — are actually a better deal for more people than at least some forms of personal spending. It’s nice to have George Will ratify that the excess is getting a little wretched. — Dane Smith and Charlie Quimby

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Do you really believe that, absent some catastrophe, demand, in the long run, will diminish anywhere? Well, if it doesn't, so what? If the end of civilization as we know it is inevitable, does that mean we should be energy hogs now and use everything up as quickly as possible (which would bring on that catastrophe)? Demand will level out or diminish at some point: we'll either lean to live within our means, or we'll use up our resources and return (perhaps violently) to lower populations and older lifestyles. I favor trying to learn to live within our means. The sooner we start, the greater chance that we'll avoid a catastrophe. Technology can help. Conservation can help. That's what Carter was talking about 30 years ago. And if people had paid more attention, I think we could have been about 25 years ahead of where we are today. And there are a few trends towards decreasing energy consumption. Population is a big driver of demand, but many developed nations are experiencing close to zero or even negative population growth. There's little reason why we couldn't reduce our gasoline consumption if we all got more fuel-efficient vehicles over the next decade, and if we didn't have population growth we wouldn't need more cars. I agree that near-term global demand will go up, but I don't see why it needs to go up indefinitely. And that growth will stand a better chance of being sustainable if it's done more efficiently rather than less. No outcome is certain, but I think it's worth making the effort.

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I have a Canon Powershot S50 (5 mega pixel). I'am happy with this digital camera. Direct view, or lookback the picture(s) I took. If "no good" take another one. Or take 10 pictures, "if 9 are bad" no problem "delete them", you have at least a good one. No more red eyes, or you can remove them with your PC. You can do a lot with photo editting programs. The only disadvantage: if you go on a holiday, take enough memory cards with you! If all are full, since stop taking pictures is no option, you have to buy a new card, or delete some pictures. The dark world of EXIF My project is still ongoing: "EXIF": explore the dark world of digital camera builders. The camera manufacturers put a lot of data (information) in there photo's (jpg). - Why don't they document this. Small parts can be found on the web. - Which parts are important. - How can this help me the become a better photographer. - Maybe it can help me in indexing the photo's Another thing with a digital camera are the "negatives". In the old days we put all photo's in an album and put the negatives in a box on the attic. But in modern multimedia time, we need to have the "many" photos online, categorised, etc. I started in Borland Delphi with the code from "dEXIF" (Thanks Gerry McGuire I'll buy you a beer). I have seen a lot other tools, but I missed an area with uptodate specifications (1), which is the first part to make a good new tool. - last year I took 2000 pictures 1-2 MB each (~ 3,5 Gb). - the indexing and filtering tool (10 MB). - high quality thumbnails (2) for fast access 2000 pictures 50 KB each (100 Mb). This results in a 4,7 DVD disk a year. A master index (3) for filtering during the last 5 years. Example: I want all the pictures from my son / dog / car / etc, during the last 3 years.

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This is another useful Sql Server Stored Procedure I found on the net written by Nigel Rivett. The procedure uses the xp_cmdshell extended stored procedure to shell out an FTP command. You can use this procedure to ftp a file from one place to another. Of course, you will need to make sure that your command runs in the proper security context. I made some very slight modifications in my own version of this procedure. I changed some of the parameters to be of type instead of varchar for my international friends. I also changed the name to suit my own naming conventions. It takes in the following parameters. ||The host name. ||The username for the FTP site. ||The password for the FTP site. ||The subfolder within the FTP site to place the file. Make sure to use forward slashes and leave a trailing slash. ||The filename to write within FTP. Typically the same as the source file name. ||The path to the directory that contains the source file. Make sure to have a trailing slash. ||The source file to ftp. ||The working directory. This is where the stored proc will temporarily write a command file containing the FTP commands it will execute. Here is an example of the usage. @FTPServer = 'ftp.example.com' , @FTPUser = n'username' , @FTPPWD = n'password' , @FTPPath = n'/dir1/' , @FTPFileName = n'test2.txt' , @SourcePath = n'c:\vss\mywebsite\' , @SourceFile = n'MyFileName.html' , @workdir = n'c:\temp\' I will soon combine this and my random time of day generator sql into a very useful stored procedure for you.

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Your social-networking site becomes a central platform—a closed silo of content, and one that does not give you full control over your information in it. The more this kind of architecture gains widespread use, the more the Web becomes fragmented, and the less we enjoy a single, universal information space. 100% cytuno. Am y we Gymraeg yn enwedig. In contrast, not using open standards creates closed worlds. Apple’s iTunes system, for example, identifies songs and videos using URIs that are open. But instead of “http:” the addresses begin with “itunes:,” which is proprietary. You can access an “itunes:” link only using Apple’s proprietary iTunes program. You can’t make a link to any information in the iTunes world—a song or information about a band. You can’t send that link to someone else to see. You are no longer on the Web. The iTunes world is centralized and walled off. You are trapped in a single store, rather than being on the open marketplace. For all the store’s wonderful features, its evolution is limited to what one company thinks up. Other companies are also creating closed worlds. The tendency for magazines, for example, to produce smartphone “apps” rather than Web apps is disturbing, because that material is off the Web. You can’t bookmark it or e-mail a link to a page within it. You can’t tweet it. It is better to build a Web app that will also run on smartphone browsers, and the techniques for doing so are getting better all the time. Some people may think that closed worlds are just fine. The worlds are easy to use and may seem to give those people what they want. But as we saw in the 1990s with the America Online dial-up information system that gave you a restricted subset of the Web, these closed, “walled gardens,” no matter how pleasing, can never compete in diversity, richness and innovation with the mad, throbbing Web market outside their gates. If a walled garden has too tight a hold on a market, however, it can delay that outside growth.

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Data structures for manipulating (biological) sequences. Generally supports both nucleotide and protein sequences, some functions, like revcompl, only makes sense for nucleotides. |A sequence is a header, sequence data itself, and optional quality data. Sequences are type-tagged to identify them as nucleotide, amino acids, or unknown type. All items are lazy bytestrings. The Offset type can be used for indexing. |A sequence consists of a header, the sequence data itself, and optional quality data. The type parameter is a phantom type to separate nucleotide and amino acid sequences |An offset, index, or length of a SeqData |The basic data type used in Sequences |Quality data is normally associated with nucleotide sequences |Basic type for quality data. Range 0..255. Typical Phred output is in the range 6..50, with 20 as the line in the sand separating good from bad. |Quality data is a Qual vector, currently implemented as a ByteString. |Read the character at the specified position in the sequence. |Return sequence length. |Return sequence label (first word of header) |Return full header. |Return the sequence data. |Check whether the sequence has associated quality data. |Return the quality data, or error if none exist. Use hasqual if in doubt. |Adding information to header |Modify the header by appending text, or by replacing all but the sequence label (i.e. first word). |Converting to and from [Char] |Convert a String to SeqData |Convert a SeqData to a String Returns a sequence with all internal storage freshly copied and with sequence and quality data present as a single chunk. By freshly copying internal storage, defragSeq allows garbage collection of the original data source whence the sequence was read; otherwise, use of just a short sequence name can cause an entire sequence file buffer to be retained. By compacting sequence data into a single chunk, defragSeq avoids linear-time traversal of sequence chunks during random access into |map over sequences, treating them as a sequence of (char,word8) pairs. This will work on sequences without quality, as long as the function doesn't try to examine it. The current implementation is not very efficient. |Phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types |Nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [A,C,G,T]. IUPAC specifies an extended nucleotide alphabet with wildcards, but it is not supported at this point. |Complement a single character. I.e. identify the nucleotide it can hybridize with. Note that for multiple nucleotides, you usually want the reverse complement (see revcompl for that). |Calculate the reverse complement. This is only relevant for the nucleotide alphabet, and it leaves other characters unmodified. |Calculate the reverse complent for SeqData only. |For type tagging sequences (protein sequences use Amino below) |Proteins are chains of amino acids, represented by the IUPAC alphabet. |Translate a nucleotide sequence into the corresponding protein sequence. This works rather blindly, with no attempt to identify ORFs or otherwise QA the result. |Convert a sequence in IUPAC format to a list of amino acids. |Convert a list of amino acids to a sequence in IUPAC format. |Display a nicely formated sequence. |A simple function to display a sequence: we generate the sequence string and | call putStrLn |Returns a properly formatted and probably highlighted string | representation of a sequence. Highlighting is done using ANSI-Escape |Default type for sequences |Produced by Haddock version 2.6.1|

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Stacking and stiling... Due to being a famous bald bastard (so they tell me), and due to my wujo's on the 'continuous creation-destruction model for reality', and due to my knowledge (however inferior) of their culture and traditions, i have been gifted with an interesting conversation with some fellows from the Hind (what we call India) who are deep in the 'time business'. It turns out that the 'continuous creation-destruction' model is very useful for temporal engineering concepts, and as a result, i have become something of the 'flavor of the month' deep in the Indian temporal laboratories. As result, i was contacted by some fellows in the 'biz' who were curious if i might have further insights that would assist their work. What i have been calling the 'matterium', the temporal industry calls the 'continuum'. In the course of these conversations, my new friends have had to provide a temporal engineering lexicon that we may further effective communications. The 'time engineering' industry uses the english language primarily as the nature of the work is so international, and english, due to its merging of latin and Sanskrit roots (yes, some 53% of english nouns can be traced back to phonetic Sanskrit), it is, perhaps, uniquely suited for the discussion of temporal engineering. The lexicon is very interesting at this stage, i note as a twisted linguist, as it is primarily focused on the problems in the tasks involved. This is just an observation that lets me know the level of immaturity involved. As areas of human activity evolve, the words used in, and to describe that area will mature toward the descriptors used for nuance, rather than base terms. Make sense? As an example, the first words used in the early days of steam power were all about not blowing yourself up....but as the 'steam industry' matured, their lexicon started to include words about such nuances as 'efficiency' and 'precision of control' with far fewer uses of words about flying body parts and mangled steel. Again...clear as mud in the drying Mississippi River? So, judging from the nature of the words in our discussion (my s.c.e.d. training coming up - subjectia contextia elucidate domaine - for those who care...an obscure roman debating technique), i can guess the approximate state of mature of the temporal engineering industry. It is early days yet. But we are now at the stage where the engineers involved are starting to define 'nuance words', and are less worried about blowing themselves up. And this, in my opinion, is a good thing. extra-temporal object (ETO) = object out of its time of origin; also includes articles that are created and deliberately used as ETO's for political purposes. For the moment, ETO also includes a sub set of ETB (extra-temporal beings), or beings/life that is discovered in a temporal frame not of its origin. 'd' space - the temporal distance (delta) between the O Frame of an object/being and the C Frame being referenced. See 'framing' below. epn (EPN) - "Ever Present Now", the 'metronome' that sets 'time' for all of matterium/continuum. frame/framing - used to describe the concept of the 'place (temporal) of interest'. A temporal frame is a complex descriptor in that it includes not only the details of the target object/being, but also the reality 'expression' that surrounds the target object/being. All objects have an 'O Frame' for 'frame describing the point and place of temporal origination'. All objects/beings have a 'C Frame', for 'current frame', or 'current temporal field'. fracking - taken from the oil and gas exploitation industry, this term is a nuanced version of 'stacking' (see below). The nuance in this case is that the 'fracked' element is inserted into the target temporal field explicitly to cause a 'rupture'. Thought to be a key 'temporal weapon' potential, the 'fracking' of a 'stack', linguistically, has the highest level of fear component within the temporal industry. stacking - a condition in which the 'frame' of the target temporal field is duplicated by an insertion of an 'extra - temporal object' (ETO). The idea of 'stacking' can be easily understood (hahaha...yeah right) as the idea of a 'copy' of a 'place and time' being made 'just because' we inserted an object into it. This idea, in a broad way, is similar to the concept of making a copy of a document, just to contain a 'one letter difference'. Within computer software, this is how "Undo" works. In the temporal engineering business, there is no "undo". It is thought that 'stacking' occurs due to the 'complexity differential threshold' being breached (at some level that we do not yet comprehend). Stacking is a key area of concern in the temporal engineering business as the repercussions of it are not predictable (and could be quite dire). As an aside, there is also some discussion whether stacking can affect individual human/life ki/chi/prana (life force) as the idea is that another copy of you is also created with each stacking incident. stiling - similar to stacking, but 'pegged' to a central, temporal 'theme', stiling is where frames are created around a 'central peg' that is common to all the individual incidents of stacking. In a loose sense, stiling can be though of as a 'set' of 'stacks' that revolve around a single ETO repeatedly used to create the individual 'stacks'. The theory (as yet only proven in limited laboratory fashion) is that the 'removal' of the 'central temporal peg' causes all the 'stiles' to collapse back into a single frame. streak/smear - the 'remnant' of a stacking having occurred. These 'streaks' and 'smears' (similar but different as stacking and stiling are different respectively) are 'visible' under certain (recently discovered) laboratory conditions, forming the basis for a new off-shoot of temporal engineering, "temporal forensics". target temporal field - the 'time period' that is selected for experimentation. It is still NOT YET PROVEN that any target temporal field is 'contemporaneously joined' to our current temporal field (aka 'our now'). Thus, even the time engineers cannot say definitively that their insertions are within our current 'temporal frame', and may, just may, be in 'alternate universes'. However, as there are results that appear within our temporal frame from experimentation with target temporal fields, it is possible to do meaningful temporal engineering without absolute knowledge of WTF is going on......much like electrical engineers (for the most part) have not a clue as to what is electricity, but they can still make a toaster out of it. temporal vitality conduit - the idea that for ETB's (and ETO's in my opinion), there is an energy 'conduit' that maintains their connection to the EPN. Apparently the effects of stretching your temporal vitality conduit are not very nice indeed. 'z' space - the 'limit' that an ETO can be 'pushed' (temporally) before suffering from degradation of their temporal vitality level. As a twisted linguist, i can tell now that the time industry will radically transform language. The above lexicon of some of the basic concepts is but a small fraction of what the temporal engineers are currently defining daily. In our future, we are likely to say "well, he may be a 'rocket scientist/brain sturgeon', but he's no time engineer!". The 'time engineering industry' is fraught with peril, and probably opportunity. One of the 'problems' involved in the whole area is that, unlike nuclear power, humans MUST pursue time engineering, if only for purely defensive reasons. Take, as an example, the 'recent' discovery of the 'lead bibles' in Jordan. If time were 'solid', and not mutable, then we would not even consider the idea that 'someone' may have planted ETO's such as the 'lead bible' (dead sea scrolls, anyone?) in our 'past' in order to further their current political agenda in the now. Nor would we ever think to consider that such ETO's may have been repeatedly inserted into our past in order to form the 'historical basis' for current, or upcoming events. Given some of the recent thinking and discoveries within the temporal engineering industry, it is understandable that certain 'opinions' are forming (mostly outside of USA/CIA mind control culture). Some of the conspiracy focused minds may rebel at what will be coming out of the temporal research now on-going globally. However, since time is now as solid as a bowl of water, and subject to as many state changes with the temporal weather (and beings screwing around with it), we must now, in my opinion, start reappraising what we think we know. Just to provide a very few examples, and because i need to get some work done around here, we can say that it is increasingly becoming the opinion of many in the temporal engineering world that: 1) the thinking is that the 'Annunaki tablets' within the collection of Sumerian writings, are ETO's that were deliberately designed to foster the idea that the Annunaki were humanity's creators. MUCH debate about the 'why' of it all, and other complexities on-going, but the sense of it is that the 'reason' for the "Annunaki Fraud" will very soon be visible. 2) we think Sitchen a fraud, and worse, an agent of the 'dark cabal', and knowingly badly translated the 'sumerian' to deliberately support the 'Annunaki Fraud'. 3) that certain ETO's are already being 'discovered' by searching past records. These ETO's include 'experimentation devices', that we can 'now recognize' as 'our work from our future showing up in our past'. 4) that there appears to be evidence of an on-going effort to 'terra-form' our past in order to alter present day culture, developments, and potential. As an aside, the word 'potential' in the time engineering world has huge levels of meaning not usually associated with it outside this realm. The continuing appearance of evidence of temporal insertions seems to point toward what we can conceptually think of as a 'war across time'....or perhaps, more nuanced, 'temporal political campaigns'. The 'politics' involved are larger than mere earth bound human concerns. 5) yo, 'temporally' shit's on fire.... As i gain more information from these very interesting fellows, and their 'electricity games', i will pass it along.....not that it makes understanding our universe any easier at all, but at least it seems to make me feel better about just how bizarre it has become. Hmmm....now what kind of pie goes with frame stacking? Peach? August 16, 2012 (are we really sure about this?) Copyright...all rights reserved, no copying without attribution in this, or any other temporal frame within this, or any other universe, frame, or stack.

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X-Pro1 Diaries: Big Love in the Little Pink Dot Singapore is not exactly known as the most liberal or gay-friendly country. Quite the opposite in fact. It is officially illegal to be gay in Singapore, being criminalised under Section 377A of the Penal Code of Singapore as ‘Outrages on decency’, even between consensual (male) adults, with a penalty of up to two years imprisonment. Although I have never heard of anyone actually being charged before under this act, it is actually on the rule books. I suspect the government has to be seen not to condone homosexuality to pander to the religious right. So perhaps marking a sign of the times, over 15,000 Singaporeans, both straight and LGBT, gathered in Hong Lim Park (Singapore’s Speakers Corner, which is another big joke, but the subject of another blog post in the future) to celebrate inclusiveness, diversity, acceptance and most of all, the right to love at Pink Dot 2012. Whilst such an outward expression of “LGBT-ness” might be commonplace in the West and other more liberal countries, it is quite a statement in conservative Singapore. With corporate sponsors like Google and Barclays Bank, it is an affirmation that the LGBT community is going mainstream, and that exclusive, discriminatory and frankly, outdated laws need to be abolished. Muslim girls in pink tudungs, chinese boys in pink veils, beefy men in pink heels, local celebrities, foreigners joining in the festivities, it was a riot of pink and a picture of diversity. Perhaps a glimpse of a more inclusive future in Singapore.

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§ 51. Major-General Sir ALFRED KNOX asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer what was the loss to the revenue of the arrangement made with the breweries in 1923 by which the cost of beer to the consumer was reduced by 1d. per pint? § Mr. CHURCHILL It was estimated at the time of the 1923 Budget that the reduction in duty by£1 per bulk barrel would, after allowing for a consequential increase in consumption, cost the Exchequer about£16½ millions in the first full year. It is not possible to say exactly what the cost has been, but I see no reason to suppose that that estimate was far out. Captain ARTHUR EVANS In view of the rating relief which the breweries will receive under the Bill which is being brought in by the Government, may I ask my right hon. Friend whether they can see their way substantially to reduce the price of beer? § Mr. T. WILLIAMS Has any guarantee been given to the right hon. Gentleman by the breweries that, in view of their enormous profits, they will hand the benefit on to the consumers? § Mr. R. RICHARDSON Has the right hon. Gentleman's attention been drawn to the difference between the dividends paid by the breweries in 1914 and those paid to-day?

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“I wish it need not have happened in my time,” said Frodo. “So do I,” said Gandalf, “and so do all who live to see such times. But that is not for them to decide. All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us.“ - The Fellowship of the Ring, by J.R.R. Tolkien I am not Frodo – I had not been handed a great and terrible burden. I do not live on the edge of the outbreak of World War III. But the words of Gandalf still mean something to me, and probably most everyone reading this. All we can do is decide what to do with the time given to us. Lately I’ve felt I’ve hit a dead end in my life – I’m not sure where to go from here in my schooling, my writing, my hopes and dream – really, where I should live and what career I should pursue, and everything niggling worry of the sort that plague twenty-somethings who try to figure out their life. And I always think, “If only my life were like this, then I would do this.” But it’s a waste of time thinking of it like that. The way my life is right now, that’s what I have to work with. I feel guilty, because I have been blessed beyond what millions of people throughout history could every have dreamed. Seriously, who in Ancient Greece could have imagined a country like Canada, with a startling lack of warfare, relatively little violence, unprecedented opportunity for women, stupendous riches and time-saving technologies… I could go on. I have all this, and yet feel helpless in the face of the future. Why should I worry about pursuing my dreams at all? Who could ask for a better set of opportunities? Again, Frodo had a right to complain, but I don’t. The trick is taking that deep breath, taking that first step. Closing your eyes to paralyzing fear, and just doing something. Not letting the frustration of dead ends stop you from trying a new direction. Ask me again at the end of 2013, if I’ve followed my own advice. What are your hopes for 2013?

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Reference West, 1993. ISBN: 1-895362-19-9 5.5 X 8.5 24 pp $10, regular edition. $20 for one of 10 hand-sewn copies. “It is strange to be made into a myth while I’m still alive!” Robin Skelton THE UNDERGROUND ART REVIEW, first number Ezra bounded down, from rock to rock, through all the stunted grasses, the tiny, fiery flowers, excited, like Pan, down from the steep, above the Aegean, the sea stretching, below him, like the sky. I likd the way the Tyds came IN over the strEEtz in VENice. The fissh usedta flUtr silvR n bluewww ovr th coBBlz SwimmM rite pAst yu syu wlkd oWt. The hole siteee smelld like th SEEE, like ANeee miNutt th hay-iz ws gointA LIFTT awf n yud be staNNDing tharrr IN th mARshes, th lite ovR yu like yu cd TUch it. Robin had his head in his lap, pulling golden straws of grass out of his beard. As if each was a red-hot piece of wire, he brushed them off quickly onto the ground. They faded slowly; a whole scattered field of thin flames around him in various stages of decay, a deep, detailed, “Of course you can touch the light.” Yuv got yr HAnds back AWn! Ezra plunked himself down and took one of Robin’s hands in his. HauughH! “Why do you always get to be the straight man?” Robin spread his fingers wide: each one was a sow’s bristle brush. He fanned them out likkkke a peacock’s tail, slowly, there before him. “You seen any paint here?” Ezra reached into his pocket and drew up a crusty rind of bread. Wall, Naw, but TharZ THIS. He held it out to Robin softly. Here I cnt YOOS this anYMOWER. Yu still can. U miteaswell tay-ik it. Robin’s eyes rolled up, to look at him. Ezra bent down and thrust the crust forward. HERE. “Sure could use some paint.” Robin brushed the bread away and dipped his right forefinger into his mouth. When he pulled it out it was vermillion. He stuck in his thumb, and pulled it out&emdash;cadmium white: like a feather on the edge of his hand. He began to brush his cheek. “Mmmmmmmm.” Stawp thaht! Ezra slumped back. Itz Wuhds. Jest wuds. Dars no DAMN THINNG but wahds. I’m SICK of ttthEM naw-OH!!!! Robin brushed the feather softly over his eyelids. “Looks like snow to me.” Luks lika n emptee sheat of PAY/purr! YHu brott Any Zizzerss? Ezra turned his pockets out. Robin brushed the feather over his ear. “Like goddamn Dostoevsky, you mean?” Thar R thingS I still wahnnted to SAYYY ab/t clar/ty n StrukT-chur// abowt how yu cn string the wuhds OWT/ta kEY-uP it from co-HEAR/entzzzz. Robin set his head down gently and turned his pockets out. “See.”

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|Sir Sedley Smirk Platter| Before the 1990s (possibly) Smirk Platter was depicted in a portrait that hung somewhere at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. This portrait was painted in 1542, when he was 39 years old, as indicated by the inscription "Anno Etatis Suae 39" (anno aetatis suae is a Latin term meaning "in the year of his age"). Behind the scenes - This portrait was made specifically for the Harry Potter films, and was modeled after Matt Cooke, a member of the dressing props team since Prisoner of Azkaban. - Despite bearing Matt Cooke's likeness, this portrait seems to have been based on a portrait of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (c. 1600), by an unknown artist. - Smirk Platter may have passed away sometime prior to the 1990s as many portraits hung at Hogwarts Castle depict deceased individuals. - Harry Potter films (Appears in portrait(s)) - Harry Potter: The Exhibition (Appears in portrait(s)) - The Making of Harry Potter (Appears in portrait(s)) Notes and references Ædificium Oriens · Apothecary department · Book of Monster's Repair Workshop · Care of Magical Creatures classroom · Cauldron cupboard · First Year written exams classroom · Gargoyle Corridor · Ghoul Studies classroom · The Grindylow Lagoon · Horace Slughorn's first office · Laundry · Lost Wands · Lower Art Room · Rolanda Hooch's office · Serpentine Corridor · Stink Bomb Store · Study Hall

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Contemporary world politics make it necessary for nations to integrate into international unions in the interest of their own national security and economy. In these international unions, which are usually based upon geographic location, such factors as natural resources, trading blocs, and even cultural values play an important role. Many neighboring countries combine their resources under the auspices of such organizations, create defensive alliances, and cooperate on a wide array of issues. The goal of such unions is to preserve peace, control the arms race, resolve disputes through diplomacy, promote socioeconomic development, and protect fundamental human rights and democracy. At the present time, NATO, the OSCE, the EU, NAFTA, OPEC, ASEAN, the G-8, the D-8, and APEC are the foremost international political, military, and economic unions. These institutions are subject to organizational reforms because of new members or a widening of scope. All of these organizations, formed in the aftermath of the Second World War, have contributed to creating stability and order in the world and have played a major role in global socioeconomic development. Member nations protect their economic and military interests, and also acquire a stronger regional and international position. Even the developed world perceives the necessity of such partnerships. The creation of free trade zones, regional trade agreements, abolished customs controls, and even a common currency (as in the EU) safeguard the future of member states. Defensive pacts enable member states to reduce military expenditures and to divert those resources to cultural and educational fields. A similar organization will provide considerable benefits to Muslim nations. For those that are desperate for technological as well as economic development, the foremost step toward stability is the creation of a central organization or, in other words, a unified Islamic world under the auspices of the Islamic Union. Economic Development and Increasing Prosperity Economic cooperation is necessary on two counts: stability and development. Muslim nations must bring stability and solidity to their economies. Developing industries and making the required investments is vital, as is the need for a comprehensive development plan and the simultaneous development of education, economy, culture, science, and technology. While various sectors are developed technologically, the labor force's educational levels and standards must be raised accordingly. Society must be motivated to become more productive, and the resulting economic cooperation will play a major role in eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in Muslim countries. This partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. Most Muslim countries have geostrategic importance as well as rich natural resources (e.g., natural gas and crude oil). These resources and strategic opportunities, however, are not being used effectively. In the Islamic world, 86% of the population's living standards fall below $2,000, 76% under $1,000, and 67% under $500 per year. When the Islamic world's total resources are considered,(1) this is quite a paradox: Roughly half of the petrol consumed in the West is exported from the Islamic world, as is 40% of the world's agricultural production.(2) Many economists and strategists freely admit that the world economy depends upon the Islamic world's oil and gas exports, in particular those of the Persian Gulf.(3) The Persian Gulf holds two-thirds of the planet's discovered crude oil reserves. Data obtained from research concludes that Saudi Arabia alone holds 25.4% of the world's oil reserves, or 262 billion barrels. A further 11% is found in Iraq, 9.6 % in the UAE, 9.2 % in Kuwait, 8.6 % in Iran, 13% in other OPEC member states. The rest is distributed across the remainder of the world.(4) Research commissioned by the U.S. Department of Energy shows that between 2000 and 2020, oil exports from the area will increase by 125%.(5) This means that the world will continue to meet most of its energy needs by imports from the Gulf region. Moreover, the Middle East has 40% of the global natural gas reserves; 35 % of these reserves are in the Gulf region.(6) Algeria, Libya, and other North African countries have 3.7 % of the world's reserves. The Caucasus and Central Asia are also rich in oil, natural gas, and other natural resources. For instance, Kazakhstan has between 10-17.6 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, and its natural gas reserves are estimated at between 53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. Turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer.(7) Some other Muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. For instance, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are two of the world's leading gold producers. Turkey has one of the world's richest boron reserves, only recently discovered to be very important, and Tajikistan has the world's largest aluminum producing facilities. These advantages will become more important in the twenty-first century, which some have already christened the "energy century." Energy is an essential element of modern society in terms of the military, industry, urbanization, and transport. Given that economic activity and manufacturing depend primarily upon energy, nations will do their best to achieve control over these energy resources. The Islamic world is not using its resources effectively, for many of its members lack the infrastructure and technology to increase the production and use their natural resources to develop their industries. Therefore, the resources' contributions to the country's economy are limited to export earnings. These countries do not have the means to process their own crude oil, use it in their industrial complexes, or to develop their industries. Worse still, some Muslim nations do not even have the necessary means to explore and research their natural resources or to discover and extract them. Explorations undertaken by foreign companies reveal that other Muslim nations have oil and gas reserves, but they cannot benefit from their resources. Naturally, the ineffective use of natural resources is not the Islamic world's only economic problem. However, solving this problem can begin the process of solving many other problems. The economies of Muslim nations contain differences in structure and functioning. Some nations' economies depend upon mineral resources, such as the members of OPEC, while other nations' depend upon agriculture. These differences are also reflected, to some extent, in their social structures, such as the widely varying degrees of rural and urban populations. Developing complementary relationships and helping each other in their respective areas of expertise can turn these differences into a source of riches. All of this will be possible with the Islamic Union. Joint ventures and project partnerships will be an important step in the right direction, for they will enable countries to benefit from one another's experiences and the income earned from investment projects will benefit all of the participating countries. Such mutual financial support is compatible with Islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that Muslims strive to acquire. Many verses in the Qur’an remind Muslims to watch over the needy. Society's internal cohesion must be extended to international relations. As international cooperation within a partnership cannot be one-sided, employment and income levels will rise in both countries. For example, one country will produce oil and another one will process it, and agriculturally dependent countries will be able to import the food they need from agriculturally developed countries. A manpower-poor country’s need will be met by another Islamic country, while rich countries will be able to invest in and help out a manpower-rich country that does not have enough jobs for its people. This will be to the benefit of both. Sharing know-how and experience will increase prosperity, and all Muslims will benefit from technological developments. Joint ventures that realize the Islamic world's unification of opportunities and means will enable Muslims to produce hi-tech products. The Islamic common market will enable Muslim-made products to be marketed in other Muslim countries without the hindrance of customs, quotas, and other cross-border obstacles. The marketplace will grow, the market share and exports of all Muslim nations will rise, industrialization will speed up, and economic development will bring progress in technology. The living standards and wealth of Muslim nations will increase, and their existing inequalities will disappear. Some free trade agreements are already in place between countries in the Gulf, the Pacific Rim, and North Africa. Trade agreements signed by Turkey are already operational in the Islamic world. Bilateral cooperation exists in some regions; however, their scope must be widened. Such cooperation will safeguard the rights and interests of all Muslim nations and lead to all of them becoming developed—a result from which all of them will derive a far greater benefit than if they do not cooperate with each other. All of these can be realized only under a central authority's leadership and coordination. Achieving this will be possible if Muslim nations adopt the Qur'an's values and the Prophet's (May God bless him and grant him peace) Sunnah, or, in other words, if they adopt Islamic culture. The Islamic Union must lead the way to this cultural awakening, as well as the resulting political and economic cooperation. Mutual cooperation among Muslims, part of the Islamic code, must be adhered to by all Muslims, for God commands people to refrain from avarice and to guard the needy and support one another. In fact, destitute people have a due share of the believers' wealth (Qur'an, 51:19). As the Qur'an proclaims: Our Lord also reveals that believers are one another's guardians (Qur'an, 9:71). The word "guardian" conveys such meanings as friend, helper, mentor, and protector. It also expresses the importance of cooperation and solidarity between Muslim nations. The cooperation that will arise from this fraternal awareness between Muslim nations will bring prosperity and wealth to Muslims and eradicate poverty, an important problem of the Islamic world. Societies that follow the Qur'an's values will not experience famine, destitution, and poverty. Muslims will develop their nations by following rational and long-term policies, establishing good relations with other nations and people, valuing trade and development, and learning from other cultures' experiences. This was so in history and, God willing, under the Islamic Union's leadership it will be so once again. 1- Demetrios Yiokaris, Islamic Leage Study Guide-1997, United Nations: Study Guides. Online at: www.vaxxine.com/cowac/islmclg1.htm. 2- “Islamic Countries have the resources to match the west, scientist”, Arabic News.com, 28 May 2000. Online at: www.arabicnews.com/ansub/ Daily/Day/000628/2000062848.html. 3- Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “The Gulf and Transition: Executive Summary and Major Policy Recommendations” (October 30, 2000). 4- Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “The US Military and the Evolving Challenges in the Middle East” (March 9, 2002), 3. 5- Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “The US Military and the Evolving Challenges in the Middle East” (March 9, 2002), 3. 6- Anthony H. Cordesman and Arleigh A. Burke, “The US Military and the Evolving Challenges in the Middle East” (March 9, 2002), 4. 7- Jim Nichol, “Central Asia’s New States: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests,” CRS (Congressional Research Service) Issue Brief for Congress (June 13, 2003). Online at: www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRS/abstract.cfm?NLEid=16833.

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Harold Urey was the teacher of the American researcher Stanley Miler at Chicago University. Because of Urey’s contribution to Miller’s 1953 experiment on the origin of life, this is also known as the Urey-Miller Experiment. This experiment is the only “proof” used to supposedly confirm the molecular evolution thesis, which is put forward as the first stage in the evolutionary process. However, the experiment was never able to offer any findings to support evolutionist claims regarding the origin of life. (See The Miller Experiment.) —See Miller Experiment, The.

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EPO Home | About EPO | Landuse Planning Review Program | EHM Report | Environmental Geographic Information System | Environmental Justice | Hawaii Environmental Forum | RFP-IMSS | RFP-JTMD |Special Projects | Climate Change |Contact Us | Environmental Planning Office T his program coordinates Departmental reviews for development projects with potential environmental impacts. It also evaluates mitigating measures in order to implement environmental policies and standards, at the earliest stages of the planning process, for projects statewide. Generally, a land use project is first reviewed by the Environmental Planning Office Manager, then forwarded to the appropriate Environmental Health programs for further review Standard comments are provided by most environmental programs, and are intended to help developers to better prepare land use planning documents such as an Environmental Assessment (EA), Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), or permit applications. The Standard comments are meant to provide developers with a full picture of potential comments for their proposed projects. Standard comments relating to Environmental Health programs are available for review below. All state agencies are guided by two statewide planning documents. The Hawaii State Planning Act is a broad policy document that sets the table for all activities, programs, and decisions made by local and state agencies. The New Day Comprehensive Plan outlines the Administration’s priorities. More information on these documents and other Hawaii planning issues can be found here. The Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC) was established in 1970 to help stimulate, expand and coordinate efforts to maintain the optimum quality of the State’s environment. OEQC implements Chapter 343 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS). The OEQC publishes ‘The Environmental Notice’ which details Environmental Assessments (EA) and Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) under public review. All this and more can be found at the The DOH Environmental Health Administration (EHA) is an advocate for sustainability. EHA wants to ensure that residents and visitors of Hawaii continue to enjoy the benefits of clean and safe air, water and buildings. EHA references many sustainability sources including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Green Building Council and others. EHA is guided in part by the EPA’s Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Sustainability Policy that can be found The U.S. Green Building Council is committed to a prosperous and sustainable future through cost-efficient and energy-saving green buildings. LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is redefining the way we think about the places where we live, work and learn. As an internationally recognized mark of excellence, LEED provides building owners and operators with a framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations, and maintenance solutions. To find out more visit by clicking here. Green infrastructure is an approach in which communities choose to use vegetation and soil to manage rainwater where it falls. It provides flood mitigation, stormwater and air management. More information on green infrastructure can be found Other Resources include: If you do not have the Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your computer, you need to install it before you can view and print the downloadable pdf files. The Acrobat Reader is free and can be downloaded to your computer by clicking here: If you have any questions, please 919 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 312 Honolulu, HI 96814 phone (808) 586-4337 Back to Top of Page Last update: 10 April 2013

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Solve one family history mystery, and another dozen spring up to take its place. Last week we had a breakthrough with Val’s Morton ancestors, described in the previous post. Val’s great-great grandmother, Mary Nevard Morton, married August Decker of the British German Legion at St Botolph’s, Colchester in Essex on 31 October 1856. We’ve known that for more than 30 years. But now it appears that two of Mary’s sisters may also have married German legionnaires, possibly on the same day, and we have ordered their marriage certificates just to make sure. According to the FreeBMD Index, Emma Morton married George Casdorff: Surname First name(s) District Vol Page Marriages Dec 1856 (>99%) Casdorff George David Julius Colchester 4a 443 Decker August Colchester 4a 443 Morton Emma Colchester 4a 443 Morton Mary _e_and Colchester 4a 443 Rodwell Emma Colchester 4a 443 and Emma Morton alias Rodwell married George David Julius Casdorff. They sailed to the Easten Cape on the Stamboul, and disembarked at Eastlondon on 2 February 1857. According to the German Settlers Database George Kasdorf purchased his discharge on 16 February 1860. Having finally found the Morton family in the 1851 census we know Mary had a sister Emma, and when August and Mary Decker had their first and only son Edwin baptised at King William’s Town in 1861, the godparents were George and Emma Castorff. But that seems to be the last sign of George and Emma in South Africa. Searching for Castorff or Casdorff (and Kasdorff and Kastorff) in the South African archives index NAAIRS draws a blank, and they should have appeared there if they died in South Africa. There are a few references to Kasdorf, but none appear to be related. So they must have emigrated again, as many of the German military settlers did. Any reports of sightings anywhere will be gratefully received. Filed under: family history, genealogical research, genealogy, German military settlers Tagged: | British German Legion, British Kaffraria, Casdorff family, Castorff family, Colchester, Eastern Cape, Emma Castorff, Essex, family history, genealogy, George Castorff, German military settlers, Morten family, Morton family, South Africa

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Adjusting the Fit for Government It is no simple task to strike the right balance between too much government intervention and not enough. And when corruption has seeped into a society at all levels, it's hard to know how to create an environment that welcomes investors yet does not neglect vital human services such as health care and education. Debating the balance for African societies and business were panelists with personal experience on the continent, in a conversation led by HBS Professor Debora Spar. The role of government in Africa must be to establish an "investor friendly" environment, according to Obiageli Ezekwesili, a panelist at the Africa Business Conference's debate on "Government and the Enabling Environment." As finance director of Transparency International, a Berlin-based nonprofit that supports "national integrity systems" to help curb corruption, Ezekwesili told the HBS audience that it's not enough for African governments to aspire to macro- and microeconomic stability. "We saw the Asian tigers unravel as a result of corruption," she pointed out. Panelist Dean Donovan, managing partner of Bain & Company in South Africa, said the imperatives for African governments are many, and are all intertwined. The key underpinnings include a health policy that deals with AIDS, he asserted. "Without that, there can be no productivity revolution due to the loss of skills in society. "The other key underpinning is education," he continued. "In South Africa in particular, the legacy of apartheid was extremely destructive, and human capital continues to be underdeveloped. Foreign direct investment is critical to skills development." Other essentials for governments, Donovan said, are a willingness to privatize businesses, and to follow the rule of law "as opposed to the rule of individual parties and special interests." Another is what he termed an appropriate balance of value creation while committing to "the righting of past wrongs." "Africa is extremely poor," Donovan said. "And in South Africa there has been discrimination against blacks — who were left without skills and without an ownership in the economy. If you create a system that is completely open, these people will end up not owning a lot of the economy because of historical conditions. So there is an equity issue." The right mix "I think most governments try too hard [to do everything]," said panelist Udayan Wagle, a manager of the International Finance Corporation. "They try extremely hard to regulate and to be a really, really good father. "Governments should encourage people to take chances and not hit them over the head with a hammer if they make a mistake." The salient point, he said, is neither to advocate less government nor better government, but to press governments to allow space for business to work and innovate. The tenet of predictability is vital, said Wagle. "If people are going to invest in very bad conditions, they have to know the rules of the game," he charged. "Non-governmental organizations cannot take the place of society," Wagle added. "There are some very difficult places in Africa where the private sector is just not possible." Health, education and infrastructure should be under the wing of government, he said, with rules of openness and good conduct in place and enforced. Rocking the corruption boat Ezekwesili agreed that it is important to make government more efficient to do "what it ought to be doing." Citizens should reduce the level of discretionary power that government officials hold, she said, because that power gets abused. "Look at government as an equal stakeholder as much as the private sector is," she told the audience. "Our framework must contain the private and public sectors as well as civil society. No one sector has the gospel truth." Ezekwesili described stumbling blocks that she has experienced in enlisting the private sector's help in various studies of corruption. The private sector has not always been keen to "rock the boat," she said, adding that the OECD has adopted a convention that makes it a criminal offense for a corporation to bribe a public official in an overseas country. "There are many avenues to break every law when people don't have a desire to make laws work," observed Ezekwesili. "In Nigeria, every law we need to be a transparent nation is in the books. But every avenue to break those laws exists in the mind. "The private sector must first have an interest in establishing a level playing field" for any law to matter, she said. "We need to appreciate that it's easy for the private sector to accuse the public sector of inefficiency," she added. "I accuse the private sector of not providing elements of social responsibility. "Why does the private sector have to wait for government to become an engine of change?" Her organization, she said, works with countries at the invitation of civil society, the private sector and government. "You have to have all three," she said. "If you do not have that [cooperation], you have the problem of not knowing exactly who you're walking with. "Transparency is nationally driven, not something transplanted," she said. Beyond the telescope Panelist Donovan of Bain & Company urged students in the audience to express their values at the ballot box in Africa and in the press. He also urged them not to let the specter of poor governments dissuade them from considering entrepreneurial careers in their home countries. "I see an enormous amount of opportunity for improvement, for personal wealth creation and for bettering the lives of others," Donovan said. "This takes people with initiative, commitment and training." "Be fighters against corruption," Ezekwesili told the students. "We've got to look at our continent beyond the telescope which others use." Panel moderator Debora Spar, HBS professor of Business, Government and the International Economy, suggested that companies in Africa should also lobby the political system in an open, public manner. "It turns into corruption when it's secretive," Spar said. "Lobbying for specific favors also becomes corrupt. But lobbying for general principles – such as overly high taxes — is good. "We need Africans lobbying in the U.S," she added. "There is a large opportunity to shape U.S. trade policy. Africa has fallen off the map. But there is an opportunity to shape the debate within the U.S. as well as in Africa."

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Welcome to HCV Advocate’s hepatitis blog. The intent of this blog is to keep our website audience up-to-date on information about hepatitis and to answer some of our web site and training audience questions. People are encouraged to submit questions and post comments. For more information on how to use this blog and search the HCV drug pipeline click here; for more information on HCV clinical trials click here Be sure to check out our other blog: Hepatitis & Tattoos Monday, September 10, 2012 Hepatitis epidemic must be tackled to stop liver cancer cases doubling A physician with the Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Benjamin Cowie, said liver cancer cases were expected to double to about 2500 a year if more was not done to tackle the underlying causes. Hepatitis B and C were the primary causes of liver cancer, with hepatitis B the most significant single cause of cancer worldwide, after tobacco, Dr Cowie said. Hepatitis B affected about 200,000 Australians, most of them Aboriginal or born overseas in countries where there was an epidemic. Hepatitis C affected about 230,000 Australians and was most commonly caused by drug users sharing needles.

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Everyone's got a drinking story and everyone's got a hangover cure but how many of these are true? There are any number of crazy facts, figures and stories that come out while we're drinking that aren't strictly based on the truth. In fact, most of them are made up but it'd set you in good stead to have a few of the facts so you look like the smart one next time you're down at the pub and one of your mates starts mouthing off about this or that... Firstly, drinking in moderation is fine. Drinking excessively is bad we don't recommend you get drunk in order to try out any of these so please drink responsbily. Drinking coffee will sober you up Wrong! Coffee won't sober you up because NOTHING can you simply have to wait for your system to purge itself of alcohol. What a large dose of the black stuff will do is just make you a hyperactive drunk and probably more annoying than you were before. And you won't be able to sleep afterwards. The theory is based on opposites alcohol, the depressant, and coffee, the stimulant, cancelling each other out. Sadly, not true. Nor is the cold shower trick, but you could try it on one of your mates for a laugh. Beer bellies are caused by drinking beer Another myth that's filtered down into popular culture. A beer belly is just the moniker given to the visceral (gut) fat build up around the middle of the body and is also referred to as the 'pot belly'. Scientists aren't sure why this happens to some people, but sitting around and eating is the general suspicion. And no, standing up and eating won't make it any better. Drinking destroys your brain cells How many times did you hear that from your mum, dad or teachers when you were a kid? Enough that if you had a dollar for every time you'd be in beer money for a good long while... Interestingly enough, this same myth was perpetuated by the same group who insisted that having alcohol in your blood could result in you catching fire. Thankfully, recent studies have shown that moderate (yes, moderate) consumption of alcohol can improve brain function. Gooooo BEER! Men and women of the same size can drink the same amount of alcohol We're all for equality over here at MSN, but sorry girls you just can't drink as much as the boys. Women have less alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, which break down alcohol, in their blood. Thus, 'drinking like a girl' is a valid and scientifically based insult. It might be a bit mean and won't do you any favours with whoever you're chatting up though. Mixing your drinks Health experts and doctors all agree that mixing your drinks won't make you any better or worse than sticking to one drink; nor will avoiding dark drinks in favour of lighter ones. The solution to not getting ill when drinking or the morning after don't drink to excess in the first place. The custom of clinking glasses when saying cheers was to avoid poisoning In truth, nobody knows where the custom of clinking glasses together comes from, despite all the myths surrounding it. One idea was that to make sure your ally/partner/new acquaintance hadn't drugged your drink you would bang your glasses together, slopping some of your drink into his or hers. Another was that the loud 'clink' would serve to ward off evil spirits. The custom is far more recent than the days of scaring demons and poisoning by drink (although there was never a time when this was particularly prevalent) and some experts believe it merely became popular because of the pleasant noise it makes. Alcohol makes you a better lover Well, it certainly makes you think you're one. It actually just has a major effect on your inhibitions, making you feel more confident and more comfortable and prepared to go the extra mile. You'll be running round the pub chatting up girls in no time, which you'd probably never do when sober. Alcohol can have major side effects on your, ahem, performance in other areas though, slowing down the communications across your synapses and making you less able to control your physical actions. So bear this in mind when bragging about how big you are and how long you can go for, as you might be going too far. Taking aspirin before drinking will stop you getting a hangover You're probably getting the message by now there are no hard and fast preventions or cures for hangovers. Rumours have circulated about medical students putting themselves on drips overnight to rehydrate and cleanse, but no evidence exists. Just don't try it at home with a can of lemonade. The myth about aspirin couldn't be further from the truth it actually slows the rate at which your body breaks down alcohol, prolonging both the effects of being drunk and getting over it. And don't forget, the effects of an aspirin only last a few hours, not all night. You can beat a breathalyser test You don't need to be told what a bad idea going anywhere near a car is when you've been drinking even as a passenger, whom recent studies have shown are highly likely to cause accidents when intoxicated. But whatever anyone tells you, you can't beat a breathalyser. If you've been that idiotic to get into a car and you've been stopped by the police, hold your hands up. Myths about sucking coins, sweets even eating your underpants as one American driver tried won't cut it. You cannot beat a breathalyser. Exercising on a hangover is a bad idea This is a bit of a grey area, but exercise physiologist Giles Webster says that through mild exercise we "raise the metabolic rate and so dispose of the poisons (ie the alcohol) more quickly. Do remember to keep your fluid (water, this time) intake up though. The headache with a hangover is reduced blood flow and spasm around your head, but mostly what makes you feel awful is coping with a series of poisons and trying to metabolise those is what getting over a hangover is. If you feel like death to the point where you think you're going to be a danger to yourself, avoid the gym it's full of machines that bite. Go and have a lie down".

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There could be genetic reasons why some women succumb to pressure to be thin, while others maintain a positive body image, according to US researchers. “We’re all bombarded daily with messages extoling the virtues of being thin, yet intriguingly only some women develop what we term thin ideal internalisation,” study author Jessica Suisman from Michigan State University said in a press release. “This suggests that genetic factors may make some women more susceptible to this pressure than others.” Suisman and her colleagues studied more than 300 female twins aged 12 to 22 to see whether genetic factors influenced how vulnerable women are to societal thin ideals. They measured how much the participants wanted to look like people from TV, movies and magazines, then compared identical twins, who share exactly the same genes, with fraternal twins, who share 50 percent of their genes. The researchers found identical twins had closer levels of thin idealisation, which suggested genetics plays a part in determining body image. “We were surprised to find that shared environmental factors, such as exposure to the same media, did not have as big an impact as expected,” Suisman said. “Instead, non-shared factors that make co-twins different from each other had the greatest impact. The broad cultural risk factors that we thought were most influential in the development of thin-ideal internalisation are not as important as genetic risk and environmental risk factors that are specific and unique to each twin." Megan O'Connor, from Eating Disorders Victoria, told ninemsn that experts are becoming increasingly aware of the potential genetic link. "There are often examples of a mother and two of her daughters having eating disorders –– anecdotally we are hearing of family traits," she said. O'Connor said families need to be aware of the possible genetic link and put responsible measures in place. "People can certainly modify the sorts of language they use in their family about weight, dieting and body shape," she said. "There is evidence to suggest that eating family meals together and having a healthy and relaxed relationship with food helps protect against eating disorders." The study was published in the International Journal of Eating Disorders.

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Are today’s young adults struggling for too long, unable to leave the nest after years of helicopter parenting— or are they just reliving the same issues that previously stumped their elders? Family & Parenting In handwritten letters, children make the case to President Obama for stronger gun control laws How to set sibling rivalries and differences aside to care for aging parents. Teaching children to find the line between humor and disrespect Parents and doctors are still reluctant to discuss complementary therapy use among children Why bystanders don’t act when they see violent crimes Thirty-four years after the start of a radical experiment in population control, China is paying a high price A California company hopes to take the needles — and risk — out of prenatal genetic testing. Kids with high exposure to the chemical bisphenol-A exhibit unusual levels of protein in the urine – an early warning sign of possible kidney and cardiovascular problems The latest study finds some temperament traits are more likely to land babies in front of the television. He doesn’t carry the child, but a father’s prenatal anxiety may have an affect on children’s later behavior. Fiscal cliff negotiations tested everyone’s patience, but even young children who don’t understand national budgets may show signs of strain during such economic insecurity. The problem isn’t free formula samples at hospitals, but a lack of trained professional help for women with serious breastfeeding problems.

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The Center for Health Market Innovations (CHMI) promotes programs, policies and practices that make quality health care delivered by private organizations affordable and accessible to the world’s poor. Operated through a global network of partners since 2010, CHMI is managed by the Results for Development Institute. CHMI is funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Rockefeller Foundation. Browse: Browse the database by applying one or more filters to narrow your search by characteristics. Click the "x" to remove any of the filters you've selected. Click "reset search" to remove all filters and start over. Search: Search the database for a specific program by typing a name or keyword into the search box.

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Wednesday, March 30, 2011 I think I can, I think I can Gretchen Reynolds, NYT, Mar 30, 2011, says Cirque du Soleil did a study of 47 athletes—all professional competitors in gymnastics, trampoline, swimming or diving—and found that those with high “self-efficacy” fared better in the specialized circus feats. They were given questionnaires first to judge their stress, feelings of competence, and general mood. They trained 8.5 hours a day—five days a week, for 16 weeks. More than half sustained an injury severe enough to require a trainer to consult. Some studies have shown that overconfidence can lead to risk-taking, or the opposite—that low confidence can increase risk. Low self-efficacy (confidence) in this study seemed to show that the athletes who spent focus worrying and would stumble or fall. The trainsers at the Cirque said to start small if you are unsure about a move. Concentrate on the process. Watch someone really good do it. I would add—watch for fallen banana peels.

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To learn more about cholesterol, browse any of the cholesterol topics below. About Cholesterol Cholesterol itself isn't bad. We all have and need this wax-like substance in our bodies. Learn about the so-called "good" and "bad" cholesterol, where it comes from, and why it's important for your health. Why Cholesterol Matters High cholesterol is one of the major risk factors leading to heart disease, heart attack and stroke. Discover the reasons to keep your cholesterol controlled. Understand Your Risk for Cholesterol High cholesterol levels can run in families, and women generally tend to have higher levels of HDL than men. Find out more about who has high cholesterol, and discover why managing cholesterol is important even for children. Prevention & Treatment of Cholesterol You can lower your cholesterol and reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke. Take responsibility for managing your cholesterol levels with healthy lifestyle choices and a sound medical treatment plan when prescribed. Cholesterol Tools & Resources Learn more with our online tracking resources, downloadable information pages and personal stories from people like you. Watch, Learn and Live Our Interactive Cardiovascular Library has informative illustrations and animations to help you learn about conditions, treatments and procedures related to heart disease and stroke.

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The February 2008 issue of Budget & Tax News leads with a report on Washington's property tax cap--approved by voters in 2001, overturned by the state supreme court in November 2007, and now reinstated during a special session of the state legislature. Also on page 1: - With the deadline for issuing licenses that meet the criteria of the federal REAL ID Act of 2005 less than three months away, it appears few if any states are prepared to issue compliant licenses. - The Illinois legislature ended 2007 without figuring out how to fund mass transit in Chicago and surrounding counties, having considered a regional sales tax hike, gas tax diversions, and an expansion of gambling. - The California State Board of Equalization reclassified flavored malt beverages from beer to distilled spirits, in effect hiking the tax on those beverages 1,550 percent. Also in this issue: stadium subsidies, Chicago's record tax hike, alternative minimum tax, tax increment financing, spending transparency, labor policy, toll roads, subprime mortgage bailout, Congressional spending, and more. Newspaper Articles in this Issue No matching newspaper articles

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A few days ago I received a wonderful email from Debbie Petrides, a continuous contributor to HellenicGenealogyGeek.com She sent me a link to a Google online book: Ο ΕΝ ΓΑΛΑΤΑ, ΙΕΡΟΣ ΝΑΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΓΙΟΥ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΤΩΝ ΧΙΩΝ – τπο ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΥ Π. ΓΕΩΡΓΙΑΔΟΥ In Galata, Church of Saint John the Snow – by Georgiou P. Georgiadou Published in Konstantinople in 1898 This book covers the history of building, destruction and rebuilding of the church throughout the years, and of great interest to those doing Greek genealogy research, it INCLUDES HUNDREDS OF NAMES. I am posting this link here on the blog, but will work to transcribe the names in both Greek and English for future posting on the HellenicGenealogyGeek.com website. Good luck with your Greek genealogy research. Georgia Keilman nee Stryker (Stratigakos)

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Legolas awoke with a start, and felt a great sense of nameless dread-how long had it been, now, since Mithrandir had insisted on going alone to Isengard? Too long, far too long. He had sworn Legolas to secrecy, saying: “I must try one more time, and I must go alone. The others are too smitten with their anger, and it will cloud their reason. I must try to bring Saruman back to sanity. Tell no one of this. And send no one after me. Promise me this!” Legolas had frowned then, and Mithrandir had pleaded with him silently with his soft blue eyes. And so he had agreed, but with great fear in his heart. Elves highly prized mercy and kindness, but this seemed to be a situation that was beyond that point now. A decisive blow, to end the threat, was what was needed. But Mithrandir, for all his wisdom, was still too tied to Curunír, and he could not see past that. Legolas turned over on his bed fitfully, and recalled back to his own encounter with the White Istar, just after Mithrandir had told them all of his treachery at the Council: They had been preparing to set out – the new “Fellowship” – in five days time. He had ridden like the wind itself to Isengard, but he had gone not to save, but to destroy. Curunír’s treason – and this was before the slaughter at Helm’s Deep, and the Warg massacres - was not enough for Legolas to judge him worthy of death, but it was the simple fact of the immense threat he posed to them all now. The Dark Lord was enough to contend with – the odds against them were terrible, as it was -better to go to Isengard, and end Curunír’s deadly power on Middle Earth. And they were taking the hobbits on the journey! Frodo had volunteered to carry the Ring, but why the others? Did they have no sense of the appalling danger? No, Curunír would stop at nothing now, in his madness and fury, to destroy them. He would have to be stopped. He had approached Orthanc with the stealth of a hunter- indeed, he was on the hunt. He had easily slipped past the Uruks guarding the grounds- and had entered silently, as a thief in the night. The moon had loomed above him like a watching demon, and he stole up the winding staircase. There, in the half-light of his chamber, Curunír. Dangerous, aware, desperately wicked. He had looked as if he were asleep- ah, but was he? Legolas had approached the huge bed carefully – it was draped in white and silver satin, and Legolas wondered at the scene. He had looked down at his prey – Curunír lay like a silent dragon, eyes closed, with a deceptive peace about him. Legolas had drawn his dagger- it was a very long Elven blade, designed to deliver a quick and sure death. He stole to the very edge of the bed, and cautiously reached out a hand- it was trembling, he had been shocked to see - He placed his hand lightly on Curunír’s chest, slowly rising and falling, and felt for the exact place for the blade – there, just there: the pounding heartbeat, the powerful ancient heart working like some once-sacred machine, now reduced to sustaining a life gone mad. One thrust- one sure thrust- and it will be quick - Legolas had shuddered, and felt astonished, it had never bothered him so intensely to kill when there was no choice- what was ailing him now? I will only have to see him look at me for a moment – his eyes will open in shock, as the blade sinks in, but I am very careful. I am very strong with a blade. It will be so fast – the severed heart will cease its fevered beating almost immediately, and then – then- And then he realized it- what was wrong: Killing an armed opponent in battle was one thing, unpleasant, yes, but simply what had to be done. But this was not battle- true, Curunír had decided to make an enemy of himself – but he lay asleep before Legolas, unprepared, unarmed. This would, truly, be murder. Justifiable, perhaps, to some, but not to an Elf. Dishonorable, and shameful. A cowardly act, indeed, to slay a sleeping enemy. He had sighed, and fingered the blade one last time, and Curunír breathed softly, oblivious to his death standing before him. Legolas had backed away then, and left as swiftly as he had come, and rode back to Rivendell. ( he never knew that, in the moment he had left the room, Curunír had opened his dark, cunning eyes, and grinned broadly with bitter, amused contempt ) He had gone to Mithrandir then, and approached him with a sense of mingled guilt and dread. Mithrandir had received him with a strange smile, and Legolas had confessed all, nearly sobbing: “I could not do it, Mithrandir, I could not. It was - it was not honorable! I hope you may forgive me my weakness- I have disappointed you, I know!” Mithrandir had shaken his great shaggy head, and gathered Legolas in his arms, and said: “Weakness? And disappointed me? Nay, my young Elf – I have never been prouder of you!” Legolas had looked at him then, in stunned wonder, and mumbled: “But - why – I had feared I had let you all down-?” Mithrandir had looked at him gravely, and replied: “How so, my lad? By showing mercy, and compassion? For exhibiting simple decency, and honor? You could never slay someone as they slept before you, helpless!” He had frowned slightly, and then continued: “Although I have doubts if he were truly asleep, and even more, that he is ever truly helpless! But no, Legolas, I would not have had you kill him, even if he stood before us now, awake and threatening direly! Remember: killing is a last resort- NOT a first choice!” As Legolas thought back to all this, he felt hot tears sting his Kind, forgiving Mithrandir. He had fallen because of Curunír – died because of him! And now, he had come back from the Beyond, and still his heart had moved him to go – alone, and in great peril - to Isengard, on a mission of mercy. He sat up, tears streaming down his face. He could feel the utter certainty of it, Mithrandir was in great danger. And great pain. I must break my vow, my mellon, he thought sadly. You must understand. We must go to you- you have given your all, for a once loved enemy – but now you must allow us - your friends - to come to you. To save you, this time. He rose from his bed, and dressed quickly, and fled out the door. We must ride for Isengard. This is a work of fan fiction, written because the author has an abiding love for the works of J R R Tolkien. The characters, settings, places, and languages used in this work are the property of the Tolkien Estate, Tolkien Enterprises, and possibly New Line Cinema, except for certain original characters who belong to the author of the said work. The author will not receive any money or other remuneration for presenting the work on this archive site. The work is the intellectual property of the author, is available solely for the enjoyment of Henneth Annûn Story Archive readers, and may not be copied or redistributed by any means without the explicit written consent of the author.

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