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### User: Yangliuqing () is a market town in Xiqing District, in the western suburbs of Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Despite its relatively small size, it has been named since 2006 in the "famous historical and cultural market towns in China". It is best known in China for creating nianhua or Yangliuqing nianhua. For more than 400 years, Yangliuqing has in effect specialised in the creation of these woodcuts for the New Year. wood block prints using vivid colourschemes to portray traditional scenes of children's games often interwoven with auspiciouse objects. , it had 27 residential communities () and 25 villagesunder its administration. Shi Family Grand Courtyard Shi Family Grand Courtyard (Tiānjīn Shí Jiā Dà Yuàn, 天津石家大院) is situated in Yangliuqing Town of Xiqing District, which is the former residence of wealthy merchant Shi Yuanshi - the 4th son of Shi Wancheng, one of the eight great masters in Tianjin. First built in 1875, it covers over 6,000 square meters, including large and small yards and over 200 folk houses, a theater and over 275 rooms that served as apartments and places of business and worship for this powerful family. Shifu Garden, which finished its expansion in October 2003, covers1,200 square meters, incorporates the elegance of imperial garden and delicacy of south garden. Now the courtyard of Shi family covers about 10,000 square meters, which is called the first mansion in North China. Now it serves as the folk custom museum in Yangliuqing, which has a large collection of folk custom museum in Yanliuqing, which has a large collection of folk art pieces like Yanliuqing New Year pictures, brick sculpture. Shi's ancestor came from Dong'e County in Shandong Province, engaged in water transport of grain. As the wealth gradually accumulated, the Shi Family moved to Yangliuqing and bought largethe living area for the Shi Family. The rooms on north side were the accountants' office. On the west are the major constructions including the family hall for worshipping Buddha, theater and the south reception room. On both sides of the residence are side yard rooms for maids and servants. Today, the Shi mansion, located in the township of Yangliuqing to the west of central Tianjin, stands as a surprisingly well-preserved monument to China's pre-revolution mercantile spirit. It also serves as an on-location shoot for many of China's popular historical dramas. Many of the rooms feature period furniture, paintings and ### Assistant:

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### User: Where Is Freedom? () is a 1954 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Roberto Rossellini. The film had a troubled production because, after shooting some scenes, Rossellini lost interest in the film and abandoned the set. The work was completed after about a year, mainly from Mario Monicelli, with some scenes also shot by Lucio Fulci and Federico Fellini. Despite that, Rossellini is the sole credited director of the film. Plot Difficulties and troubles of an ex-convict. Embittered and disillusioned by life, he will soon plan his return to prison. Cast Totò: Salvatore Lo Jacono Vera Molnar: Agnesina Nita Dover: maratoneta ### Assistant:

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### User: Fernaldia pandurata (common name: loroco ) is a vine with edible flowers, widespread in Mexico and Central America. Fernaldia pandurata is an important source of food in El Salvador and Guatemala. The plant's buds and flowers are used for cooking in a variety of ways, including in pupusas. The name "loroco" is used throughout Mesoamerica to refer to Fernaldia pandurata. Fernaldia pandurata is an herbaceous vine with oblong-elliptical to broadly ovate leaves . long, 1.5–8 cm broad, inflorescences are generally somewhat shorter than the leaves, with 8–18 flowers, the pedicels 4–6 mm. long; bracts ovate, long; calyx lobes ovate, acute ### Assistant:

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### User: Chester Earl Merrow (November 15, 1906 – February 10, 1974) was a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire. Born in Center Ossipee, New Hampshire, Merrow attended the public schools and Brewster Free Academy in Wolfeboro from 1921 to 1925. He was graduated from Colby College, Waterville, Maine, in 1929 and from Teachers College (summers) (Columbia University), New York City, in 1937. Merrow was an instructor of science at Kents Hill School in Maine in 1929 and 1930 and at Montpelier Seminary from 1930 to 1937. He served as assistant headmaster of Montpelier Seminary from 1935 to 1938. He was an instructorof political science and history at Vermont Junior College in Montpelier in 1937 and 1938. Merrow was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1939 and 1940. He became a radio news commentator and lecturer, and served as delegate to an international conference on education and cultural relations of the United Nations, held in London in 1945. He was a congressional adviser to the first conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) held in Paris in 1946. He served as a member of the United States delegation to UNESCO 1946-1949. Merrow was electedas a Republican to the Seventy-eighth and to the nine succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1963). Merrow voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1962 to the Eighty-eighth Congress, but was unsuccessful for nomination to the United States Senate. Subsequently, he was Special Adviser on Community Relations, Department of State, from 1963 to 1968. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1970 to the Ninety-second Congress and in 1972 to the Ninety-third Congress. He resided in Center Ossipee until his death there, February ### Assistant:

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### User: HIS ("Hightech Information System Limited"; established 1987), is a Hong Kong-based graphics card manufacturer that produces AMD (formerly known as ATI) Radeon graphics cards. Its headquarters are in Hong Kong, with additional sales offices and distribution networks in Europe, the Middle East, North America and Asia Pacific Regions. The current distributor in Hong Kong is JunMax Technology. Products HIS manufactures and sells AMD Radeon series video cards. They are known for their IceQ cooling technology as well as producing the latest and fastest PCI cards like AMD Radeon RX 590, RX 5700 and RX 5700 XT. In 2019, HIS launched ### Assistant:

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### User: Nenad "Purke" Stojanović (; born 22 October 1979) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a striker. Career After coming through the youth categories of Red Star Belgrade, Stojanović went on numerous loans, having a breakthrough season at Bosnian club Leotar in 2002–03. He was the team's top scorer with 22 goals in 23 league games, helping them win their first national title in history. Following his return to Red Star, Stojanović played mostly as a substitute and scored several crucial goals in the 2003–04 season, helping the side win the championship. In January 2005, Stojanović was transferred toBelgian club Genk, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. He also played for Brussels, before moving to Russian club Luch Vladivostok in early 2007. In the summer of 2008, Stojanović returned to Serbia and joined Vojvodina. In July 2018, aged 38, Stojanović agreed terms with Belgrade Zone League side Leštane. He previously played for Brodarac 1947 (Spring 2015), IMT (2015–16), and Žarkovo (2016–17) in the Serbian League Belgrade. Honours Leotar Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina: 2002–03 Red Star Belgrade First League of Serbia and Montenegro: 2003–04 Serbia and Montenegro Cup: 2003–04 References External links Category:Association football forwards Category:Azerbaijan Premier League playersCategory:Belgian First Division A players Category:Expatriate footballers in Azerbaijan Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium Category:Expatriate footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina Category:Expatriate footballers in Montenegro Category:Expatriate footballers in Russia Category:FC Luch Vladivostok players Category:First League of Serbia and Montenegro players Category:FK Javor Ivanjica players Category:FK Jedinstvo Ub players Category:FK Leotar players Category:FK Lovćen players Category:FK Mladost Apatin players Category:FK Rudar Pljevlja players Category:FK Vojvodina players Category:FK Železnik players Category:K.R.C. Genk players Category:Montenegrin First League players Category:OFK Žarkovo players Category:Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players Category:Red Star Belgrade footballers Category:Russian Premier League players Category:RWDM Brussels FC players Category:Serbia and Montenegro expatriate footballers ### Assistant:

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### User: The British Motor Museum in Warwickshire, England, holds the World's largest collection of historic British cars. There are over 300 classic cars on display from the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust and the Jaguar Heritage Trust. History The collection, now cared for by the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust, was developed in the 1970s when a new division of the British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC) was formed to preserve and manage the company's collection of historic vehicles. In 1979, the company became BL Heritage Limited, adopting a new headquarters at Studley, Warwickshire. Two years later, a museum was opened atthe London Transport Museum's former home of Syon Park, west of London, where some 100 vehicles from the collection were put on display. During the early 1980s, closer ties were made with other British motor manufacturers. In 1983, the collection was granted charitable status, and became the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust, and although there were now several manufacturers involved, the collection still carried a large bias towards the former British Leyland companies. Austin-Rover continued as the primary backer of the Trust, and gradually the other companies withdrew their support. Meanwhile, the collection continued to grow. In the late 1980s,it became evident that larger premises would be required as the collection developed. Several new sites were considered for a purpose built museum. The present location was chosen, on the site of the former RAF Gaydon airfield in South Warwickshire, which was home to the Rover Group's design, technology and testing ground. Plans were drawn up and construction began in 1991 for the new Heritage Motor Centre. Set in of grounds, the centre brought together all of the Trust's operations for the first time, providing exhibition and storage space for the collection of over 250 vehicles and archive of over2 million photographs, business records, brochures and drawings. The site also includes conference facilities. When Rover Group was taken over by BMW in 1994, the British Motor Museum came under their ownership. Six years later, BMW sold the Rover Group, which meant that the Centre changed hands yet again, this time under the ownership of the Ford Motor Company. This latest change of ownership means that the Trust now had the opportunity to expand its collection to include all of the companies that have formed part of Britain's motor manufacturing history. Following Jaguar's decision to close their Jaguar Daimler HeritageCentre, a small selection of the Jaguar Daimler Heritage Collection has been on display at the Museum. In November 2015 the Heritage Motor Centre closed for a £1.1 million refurbishment, and reopened on 13 February 2016 under the new name of British Motor Museum. Vehicles in the collection This is not an exhaustive list — a complete list is provided on the centre's website. Due to space limitations, not all cars are exhibited at all times. The very first Land Rover (1948) The first and last production models of the Land Rover Freelander Various Land Rover, Range Rover, and RoverCarlo Rally during the 1960s Various Mini based prototypes, such as the Minissima FAB1 from the Thunderbirds film An Ascari KZ1 show car from 2000 Rolls-Royce Phantom The last Aston Martin DB7 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish Sinclair C5 Ford RS200 The last production Austin Montego Ford Escort Mark I as used in the 1970 London to Mexico World Cup Rally Jaguar R1 Formula One racecar from 2000 Nuffield Gutty prototype Research services The British Motor Museum offers a research and registry service for several British car marques. The Archive houses authentic historical records by many of the major car manufacturers, ### Assistant:

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### User: World Art Nouveau Day (WAND) is an event dedicated to art nouveau that is celebrated annually on 10 June. The first World Art Nouveau Day in 2013 was organized by The Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest) (IMM) in cooperation with Szecessziós Magazin (a Hungarian Magazine about Art Nouveau). The selected date – 10 June – is the anniversary of the death of two famous architects of the movement, Antoni Gaudí and Ödön Lechner. Activities like those organised on World Art Nouveau Day aim to create more awareness of Art Nouveau heritage among the public. The two biggest organisations in Europe ### Assistant:

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### User: Alyse Black is an American singer and songwriter. Black's music is described as indie pop with jazz influences, in the vein of artists such as Fiona Apple, Regina Spektor and Norah Jones. Her song "Stood for Stand for", which was featured on Black's debut album Too Much & Too Lovely, won Billboard's 2007 World Song Contest in the Jazz category. Background and career Black was born in Seattle, Washington, the youngest of three daughters. According to her website, she initially had an interest in pursuing a career as a singer-songwriter, but instead studied business, communications, and international studies at theUniversity of Washington, where she graduated in 2004. After working in the corporate world, she returned to her original interest, releasing her debut album Too Much & Too Lovely at the end of 2007. In 2012, Black began working on a new project, a collection of original and classic lullabies with the band 'Night Sweet Pea; to finance the album's production, the band launched a successful campaign on Kickstarter. The album, A Little Line of Kisses, was released to critical acclaim in December 2012. Her song Super Hero was featured on the 2012 film Let's Make a Movie. In 2014,and Finalist, Adult Contemporary, Independent Singer-Songwriter Awards, 2008 Discography Studio Albums 2007 Too Much & Too Lovely 2009 Hold Onto This 2011 The Honesty EP 2012 A Little Line of Kisses (with band: 'Night, Sweet Pea) 2015 You Belong To Me (EP) 2017 Alyse Black Live Albums 2011 The Triple Door Sessions LIVE References External links Official website Alyse Black on Facebook Alyse Black on Twitter Alyse Black on iTunes Alyse Black on Amazon Alyse Black on TheSixtyOne Alyse Black on the ATX Architects Podcast Category:American female singer-songwriters Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Living people Category:University of Washington alumni Category:Musicians from Seattle Category:Year ### Assistant:

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### User: Leonardo Vinicius Pereira Luiz (born June 5, 1987 in Rio de Janeiro), known as Leonardo Luiz, is a Brazilian footballer who most recently played as defender for Artsul. Career statistics References External links Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players Category:Nova Iguaçu Futebol Clube players Category:Volta Redonda Futebol Clube players Category:Clube Náutico Capibaribe players Category:Esporte Clube XV de Novembro (Piracicaba) players Category:ABC Futebol Clube players Category:Fortaleza Esporte Clube players Category:Bangu Atlético Clube players Category:Treze Futebol Clube players Category:Esporte Clube Santo André players Category:Artsul ### Assistant:

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### User: Dallas Bay Skypark is a public-use airport located 11 miles (18 km) north of the central business district of Chattanooga and 4 miles southwest of the central business district of Lakesite (both cities in Hamilton County, Tennessee, United States.) It is located in the community of Middle Valley with a Hixson, Tennessee mailing address. . History Dallas Bay Skypark began life as the Optimist Club Drag Strip back in the late 50s and survived until the early 60s. The dragstrip was moved to East Ridge and John Flewellen and his family bought the old dragstrip and turned it into aprivate runway. In the early 1970s the airstrip became an FAA-certified public airport with the designation 1A0. In 2002, a group of investors, all with a passion for flying, bought Dallas Bay Skypark and have been running it ever since. The airport is still a full-service public airport with a flight school on premises. Facilities and aircraft Dallas Bay Skypark covers an area of which contains one asphalt paved runway (5/23) measuring 3,025 x 50 ft (922 x 15 m). For the 12-month period ending May 4, 1998, the airport had 10,108 aircraft operations, 100% of which were general aviation. ### Assistant:

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### User: Jason McEndoo (born February 25, 1975) is an American football coach and former center in the National Football League for the Seattle Seahawks. He is currently the tight ends and Cowboy Backs coach for Oklahoma State. He played college football at Washington State University in Pullman and was a member of the 1997 team which went to the Rose Bowl. Born in San Diego, California, McEndoo played high school football in southwest Washington at Aberdeen. Selected in the seventh round of the 1998 NFL Draft, McEndoo played one game for Seattle in his rookie season in 1998; he was released ### Assistant:

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### User: The Wasps () is the fourth in chronological order of the eleven surviving plays by Aristophanes, the master of an ancient genre of drama called 'Old Comedy'. It was produced at the Lenaia festival in 422 BC, a time when Athens was enjoying a brief respite from the Peloponnesian War following a one-year truce with Sparta. As in his other early plays, Aristophanes satirizes the demagogue Cleon, but in The Wasps he also ridicules one of the Athenian institutions that provided Cleon with his power base: the law courts. The play has been thought to exemplify the conventions of Oldreasons, as argued in The Wasps. Aristophanes' plays promote conservative values and support an honourable peace with Sparta, whereas Cleon was a radical democrat and a leader of the pro-war faction. Misunderstandings were inevitable. Cleon had previously attempted to prosecute Aristophanes for slandering the polis with his second play The Babylonians, and though the legal result of these efforts is unknown, they appear to have sharpened the poet's satirical edge, as evidenced later in the unrelenting attack on Cleon in The Knights. The second parabasis in The Wasps implies that Cleon retaliated for his drubbing in The Knights with yetfurther efforts to intimidate or prosecute Aristophanes, and the poet may have publicly yielded to this pressure for a short time. Whatever agreement was reached with Cleon, Aristophanes gleefully reneged on it in The Wasps, presenting Cleon as a treacherous dog manipulating a corrupted legal process for personal gain. Some events that influenced The Wasps 431: The Peloponnesian War commenced. 426: Aristophanes won first prize at the City Dionysia with his second play, The Babylonians (now lost), and he was subsequently prosecuted by Cleon for being the author of slanders against the polis. 425: Athens obtained a significant victory againstSparta in the Battle of Sphacteria and Cleon successfully claimed responsibility for it. 424: Aristophanes won first prize at the Lenaia with The Knights in which he lampooned Cleon mercilessly. 423: Athens and Sparta agreed to a one-year truce. Aristophanes' play The Clouds came third (i.e. last). 422: The Wasps was performed at the Lenaia, winning second place. Places and people mentioned in The Wasps According to a character in Plutarch's Dinner-table Discussion, (written some 500 years after The Wasps was produced), Old Comedy needs commentators to explain its abstruse references, in the same way that a banquet needs wineAristophanes' plays, the tragic poet is mentioned in line 61 as the butt of tired old jokes that are made by other comic poets. There are also mock-heroic references to his plays Bellerophon, Cretan Women and Ino in lines 757, 763, 1414. Ecphantides: A comic poet of a previous generation known for his obscurity, he is referred to in line 151 by his nickname Capnias (Smokey). Phrynichus: A celebrated tragic poet of an earlier generation, he is mentioned favourably several times by Philocleon and the jurors in lines 220, 269, 1490, 1524. The first mention is in a comic, compound781-6). One son, Xenocles, was a tragedian who later defeated Euripides at the City Dionysia in 415 but his abilities as a dramatist are ridiculed by Aristophanes in Thesmophoriazusae and The Frogs. Athenian politicians and generals Cleon: The populist leader of the pro-war faction in Athens, he is the arch-villain in all of Aristophanes' early plays. We are assured in lines 62-3 that Aristophanes won't make mincemeat of him again but promises mean nothing in a comedy and he receives more treatment in lines 197, 242, 409, 596, 759, 1220, 1224, 1237, 1285 as well as numerous indirect mentions, notably1183 as somebody who abuses dung-collectors . He is also mentioned in later plays. Androcles: Another populist, often satirized in Old Comedy as poor and immoral, he was later influential in exiling Alcibiades. He is mentioned ironically in line 1187 as an example of the kind of man who represents Athens on sacred, diplomatic missions. Antiphon: An orator and later a leader of the oligarchic government in 411 BC, he is named in line 1270, 1301 as a hungry kind of man and as one of the sophisticated dinner guests abused by Philocleon. Phrynichus: A politician and later a leaderfamous athlete who once commanded the only Italian ship at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, he is said by Philocles in lines 1206-7 to have lost to him in court on a charge of abusive language. Penestes: Thessalian serfs, they are the benchmark of poverty, as indicated in line 1273. Discussion Some scholars regard The Wasps as one of the greatest comedies in literature. Various factors contribute to its appeal, as for example: The central figure, Philocleon, is a 'triumph of characterization'; The jurors have been considered the most vividly realized Chorus in Old Comedy; The juror's sonthe scope of a mere farce. The Wasps and Old Comedy The Wasps has been thought to exemplify all the conventions of Old Comedy at their best – structural elements that are common to most of Aristophanes' plays are all found in this play in a complete and readily identifiable form. The table below is based on one scholar's interpretation of the play's structural elements and the poetic meters associated with them. Miscellaneous In 1909, the English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams created popular incidental music for the play – see The Wasps (Vaughan Williams). Translations William James Hickie, 1853 – ### Assistant:

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### User: Xanthippus (; , ; c. 525-475 BC) was a wealthy Athenian politician and general during the early part of the 5th century BC. His name means "Yellow Horse." He was the son of Ariphron and father of Pericles. He is often associated with the Alcmaeonid clan. Although not born to the Alcmaeonidae, he married into the family when he wed Cleisthenes' niece Agariste, and would come to represent their interests in government. He distinguished himself in the Athenian political arena, championing the aristocratic party. His rivalry with Themistocles led to his ostracism, only to be recalled from exile when thePersians invaded Greece. He distinguished himself during the Greco-Persian Wars making a significant contribution to the victory of the Greeks and the subsequent ascendancy of the Athenian Empire. Early political career and ostracism As a citizen-soldier of Athens and a member of the aristocracy, Xanthippus most likely fought during the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Xanthippus first appears in the historical record the following year (489 BC), when he led the prosecution of Miltiades the Younger, the general who led Athenians to victory at Marathon. Miltiades had asked for a fleet of 70 ships and a supply of troopsto be put at his disposal in reward for his victory, saying that he would not reveal his intentions, but that the venture would reap great profit for the city. The Athenians granted his wish, but when he met with set-backs and injury during an attack on Paros he had to return empty handed and sick. Many Athenians suspected him of deceiving them. The Alcmaeonidae were traditional political rivals of Miltiades' clan, the Philaidae, and they pressed for charges against the hero of Marathon, with Xanthippus making their case and asking for the death penalty. Miltiades was in great paindue to his injury and could not defend himself, but his friends put up enough of a defence to avoid his execution; instead he was fined a sum too large to pay and thrown in prison as a debtor. He died there of his wounds. Athenians would come to regret their treatment of their war hero, but immediately following the trial Xanthippus became the pre-eminent politician of the day, if only briefly. Xanthippus' leadership was short lived due to the rise of Themistocles, who was a populist set against the aristocracy that Xanthippus represented. Xanthippus teamed up with his fellowaristocrat Aristides to counter the ambitions of Themistocles, but Themistocles out-maneuvered them with a series of ostracisms that were basic referendums concerning the direction of the Athenian government. The lower classes had begun to flex their political muscle with Themistocles, and the results of the ostracisms reflected their new-found power. There were 5 prominent ostracisms of aristocrats during the political clashes of the 480's BC, and both Xanthippus and Aristides were among the victims. Xanthippus was ostracised in 484 BC. Return to Athens Normally, an ostracism led to a 10-year exile. But when the Persians returned to attack Greece in480 BC, Themistocles and Athens recalled both Xanthippus and Aristides to aid in the defence of the city. The rival politicians settled their differences and prepared for war. The city of Athens had to be abandoned to protect its citizens and Plutarch relates a folk tale about Xanthippus' dog, who had been left behind by his master when the Athenians embarked for the safety of the Island of Salamis. The dog was so loyal that it jumped into the sea and swam after Xanthippus' boat, managing to swim across to the isle, before dying of exhaustion. In Plutarch's day therewas still a place on Salamis called "the dog's grave." Although not mentioned directly, it would seem that Xanthippus at least witnessed, if not fought in, the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, which saved the Athenians and began to force back the Persian invaders. Xanthippus was elected to the position of eponymous archon the following year (479/478 BC), showing the esteem in which he was then held. At that time a large force of Persian infantry still remained in Greece and Athens was still under threat. He also succeeded Themistocles as commander of the Athenian fleet that year, whileAristides was given command of the land forces. (It remains unclear why Themistocles, after his brilliant victory at Salamis, did not retain his position.) Battle of Mycale Xanthippus' greatest military accomplishment was his command of the Athenian naval forces at the decisive Battle of Mycale against the Persians, which was fought off the coast of Lydia in Asia Minor under the command of Leotychidas of Sparta. The remains of the Persian fleet that had survived the Battle of Salamis were stationed at the island of Samos. When they discovered that they were being pursued by the Greek fleet they abandonedSamos and sailed to the opposite shore, under the slopes of Mount Mycale, where they beached their ships and retreated inland to set up a defensive fort. The Greek forces launched an attack on them, with Xanthippus leading his Athenian contingent on the left flank (Greek generals fought on the front lines as an example for their men). Xanthippus' men had easier terrain to cross than the other flank, so they engaged in combat with the Persians first and fought ferociously to earn all the credit. They broke through the line and sent the Persian troops running to their fortfor safety. But the Athenians were able to breach the wall and when the other flank joined them they set to slaughtering the enemy. After the rout, the Greeks, led by Xanthippus and Leotychidas, went back to the beach and set fire to the Persian ships effectively destroying the Persian fleet. Herodotus claims this battle occurred on the same day as the Battle of Plataea, where Aristides led the Athenian contingent under the command of the Spartan Pausanias, and defeated the Persian land-forces. With these two decisive battles the war was won and Athens was now safe. Siege of SestusAfter the Battle of Mycale, the Spartans suggested that the defence of the Ionian colonies of Asia Minor should be abandoned, since it would be difficult to protect them from the nearby Persians. Xanthippus, however, refused to consider the proposal. Athens was the "mother city" of many of the Ionian colonies and she felt a deep kinship with them that demanded their common defence. So the Greek fleet sailed to the Hellespont to destroy the Persian pontoon bridge there, but when they discovered it had already been destroyed, the Spartans withdrew and headed home, while Xanthippus led the remaining forceon an assault upon Sestus in the Thracian Chersonese, which had been captured by the Persians and left under the charge of a Persian governor, Artayctes. Sestus controlled the European side of the Hellespont and all the shipping trade that passed. Since Athens was very dependent upon imported grain, this made trade with the Black Sea of strategic importance and Xanthippus was determined to bring these shipping lanes back under Athenian protection. After a winter siege, Artayctes and his son attempted to escape, but they were captured. Artayctes offered 200 talents to Xanthippus to spare his life - a hugesum. But Xanthippus refused. Artayctes' son was stoned to death in front of his father, and then Artayctes himself was crucified. That Herodotus ends his account of the great war with Persia with this relatively minor affair has led some scholars to imply that the historian wished to end on a note that flattered Xanthippus' son, Pericles, who was one of Herodotus' patrons. Legacy Xanthippus returned to Athens a hero. He died a few years later, but Pericles, his son, would go on to build upon the family glory, transforming Athens into the greatest centre of learning, art and architecture ### Assistant:

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### User: Kimberly Burrell is an American gospel singer from Houston, Texas. Early life Burrell is the daughter of a pastor in the Church of God in Christ (COGIC) . Burrell began performing with Reverend James Cleveland's GMWA Youth Mass Choir (also known as Rev. James Cleveland's Kids). Career Rise to fame Burrell's performances continued with Trinity Temple Full Gospel Mass Choir of Dallas and The Inspirational Sounds Mass Choir of Houston. In 1996, she was a featured singer on the reprise of "Jesus Paid It All" on Ricky Dillard & New G's album Worked It Out. Her first independent album, Tryloves you, but he hates the sin in you and me." Shortly after the video of the sermon surfaced, The Ellen DeGeneres Show cancelled Burrell's scheduled appearance, as did the BMI Trailblazers of Gospel Music event, where she was removed as an honoree. Her radio talk show, Bridging the Gap with Kim Burrell, was cancelled by Texas Southern University. Selected discography Albums Try Me Again (Pearl, 1995) Everlasting Life (Tommy Boy Gospel, 1998) Live In Concert (Tommy Boy Gospel, 2001) No Ways Tired (Shanachie, 2009) The Love Album (Shanachie, 2011) A Different Place (Shanachie, 2015) Live From Miami (New BrandRecords, 2017) Singles "Special Place" (Bad Boy Entertainment, 2001) "Little Drummer Boy" (New Brand Records, 2018) Videos Live In Concert (VHS) (Tommy Boy Gospel, 2001) Other Appearances Awards 2000 Gospel Music Excellence Award, Female Vocalist of the Year - Contemporary for Everlasting Life 2000 Stellar Award, Contemporary Female Vocalist of the Year for Everlasting Life 2012 Stellar Award, Albertina Walker Female Vocalist of the Year for The Love Album 2012 Stellar Award, Contemporary Female of the Year for The Love Album 2012 Dove Award, Urban Recorded Song of the Year for "Sweeter" References External links Category:Living people Category:American female singer-songwriters ### Assistant:

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### User: Steven Anthony Tambellini (born May 14, 1958) is a Canadian former NHL player and was the general manager for the Edmonton Oilers, from July 2008 to April 2013. He is currently a scout for the Anaheim Ducks Playing career Steve Tambellini played his junior hockey for the Lethbridge Broncos of the WHL from the 1975–76 season until the 1977–78 season, where he scored 155 goals and notched 181 assists in 193 games. He would earn the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as the top rookie in the league for his effort in the 1975–76 season. In the 1978 NHL Entry Draft,Tambellini was chosen 15th overall by the New York Islanders. He would spend two years with New York, winning a Stanley Cup with them in the 1980 season. He was dealt at the trade deadline the next season along with Chico Resch to the Colorado Rockies in exchange for Mike McEwen. He stayed with Colorado for two seasons, including their first season as the New Jersey Devils as the franchise was relocated in 1982. While playing for the New Jersey Devils, Tambellini scored the new team's first ever hat trick on December 3, 1982 in a 5-4 victory over Hartford.After the 1982–83 season, Steve was traded to the Calgary Flames. He would remain there for two seasons before signing on as a free agent with the Vancouver Canucks, where he would round out his NHL career. He would go on to play a minor amount of time in both the Swiss Hockey League and the Austrian Hockey League. International Play During his career, Steve Tambellini represented Canada on three separate occasions: In 1978 he played for Team Canada in the World Junior Hockey Championship, winning a bronze medal after scoring two goals and two assists. He played in theWorld Hockey Championship as well as the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where he scored a goal and three assists. After retirement After his retirement from hockey, he was hired by the Canucks as the Director of Public and Media Relations and remained with the franchise until July 2008. In 1997, he would be promoted to Senior Vice President of Hockey Operations. In 1998 his position would change again, this time to the Vice President of Player Personnel. In this position he would oversee player development and professional player scouting, until eventually being named Assistant General Manager toDave Nonis and to Mike Gillis after Nonis was fired by the Canucks on April 14, 2008. In 2002, he was the Director of Player Personnel for the gold medal winning Canadian Olympic Men's Ice Hockey Team at the 2002 Winter Olympics. He would be rewarded again, being named the Director of Player Personnel for both the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships as well as the 2004 World Cup of Hockey. In 2004, he was inducted into the British Columbia Hockey Hall of Fame. On July 31, 2008 he was named General Manager of the Edmonton Oilers after theOilers promoted Kevin Lowe to President of Hockey Operations. On April 13, 2013 he was fired by the Edmonton Oilers, and was replaced by Craig MacTavish. The Anaheim Ducks hired Tambellini as a part-time scout on November 21, 2013. Personal life His father, Addie Tambellini, helped the Trail Smoke Eaters win the 1961 World Ice Hockey Championships, the last Canadian amateur team to do so. His oldest son, Jeff Tambellini, was drafted 27th overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. Jeff is now following in his grandfathers foot steps becoming the Head Coach and GeneralManager of the Trail Smoke Eaters of the BCHL in 2018. His youngest son Adam Tambellini, was drafted by the New York Rangers 65th overall in the 2013 NHL Draft and currently plays for the AHL affiliate of the Ottawa Senators, the Belleville Senators. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International References External links Category:1958 births Category:Anaheim Ducks scouts Category:Calgary Flames players Category:Canadian ice hockey centres Category:Colorado Rockies (NHL) players Category:Edmonton Oilers executives Category:Ice hockey people from British Columbia Category:Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics Category:Lethbridge Broncos players Category:Living people Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks Category:New ### Assistant:

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### User: same person. A tradition recorded by Tosafos in Chagigah 9b has it that both ben Bag-Bag and ben Hai-Hai were converts to Judaism (gerim). Some speculate that their unusual names hid the true identities of gerim persecuted by Roman authorities during the Roman occupation of the Land of Israel. Another Rabbinic tradition holds that ben Bag-Bag was the person (sometimes described as a Roman soldier) who in a tale of Shammai and Hillel requests the sages to teach him the whole Torah while standing on one foot. Some would also identify ben Bag-Bag with Yoḥanan ben Bag-Bag (), a tanna ### Assistant:

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### User: Bascom Sine Deaver (November 26, 1882 – October 13, 1944) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia. Education and career Born in Union County, Georgia, Deaver received an Artium Baccalaureus from Mercer University in 1907 and a Bachelor of Laws from Mercer University School of Law in 1910. He was in private practice in Macon, Georgia from 1910 to 1922. He was an Assistant United States Attorney of the Southern District of Georgia from 1922 to 1926, and then was the United States Attorney for the Middle District ofGeorgia from 1926 to 1928. Federal judicial service Deaver was nominated by President Calvin Coolidge on March 5, 1928, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia vacated by Judge William Josiah Tilson. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 19, 1928, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on October 13, 1944, due to his death. References Sources Category:1882 births Category:1944 deaths Category:United States Attorneys for the Middle District of Georgia Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia Category:United States ### Assistant:

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### User: Viktor Bungtilu Laiskodat (born 17 February 1965) is an Indonesian politician who is the 8th governor of East Nusa Tenggara. Born in Kupang, he was elected into the Indonesian Parliament, the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilian Rakyat, sometimes referred to as the House of Representatives) from his home district twice in 2004 and 2014, although he did not serve his entire second term because he resigned to run for governor. Background Viktor Bungtilu Laiskodat was born as the last child of Lazarus Laiskodat and Orpha Laiskodat Kase in Oenesu, in the western part of Kupang Regency. He is a ProtestantChristian. After completing his first 12 years of education at Kupang in 1985, he studied law in Jakarta's Indonesian Law Institute (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Indonesia), getting his bachelors in 2000. In 2017, he graduated from Satya Wacana Christian University in Salatiga, earning a master's degree in development studies. Career After graduating, Laiskodat worked as a lawyer and law consultant, owning his own law firm (Viktor B. Laiskodat Law Firm). He also became commissioner at several companies. Parliament He was first elected to the People's Representative Council as a member of Golkar in 2004 from the NTT II district, whichincluded Sumba, Timor, and surrounding islands. In 2009, he did not gain a seat. However, in 2014, he ran as a member of Nasdem Party and won a seat after securing 77,555 votes - third place out of a quota of seven. In his second term at the council, he was part of Commission I and also was the speaker of Nasdem's faction in the parliament. During the 2014 presidential election, he was part of Joko Widodo's campaign team. In 2017, President of Indonesia Joko Widodo released an executive order (Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang) allowing the government to disband massorganizations deemed opposing the state's ideology, with opposition parties and several rights organizations condemning the move. Laiskodat defended the law and attacked the opposing parties, calling them "intolerant parties which support changing the government form to a khilafah" in an August 2017 speech at Kupang. The parties denied his accusations and sued him for defamation. Due to both immunity of legislators and his gubernatorial bid in the 2018 gubernatorial election, the case was delayed. Islamic groups affiliated with the 212 movement later held protests demanding his arrest and trial for blasphemy. He resigned from the council to run as governor,allow a conservation program to be implemented. Laiskodat has also publicly spoke out in opposition to halal tourism in the area, stating that "tourism has nothing to do with religion". In 2019, the provincial government announced its plans to open a provincial trade office in neighboring East Timor. In October 2019, Laiskodat publicly called for the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology to block access to Facebook in Indonesia, calling for the development of a local social media platform similar to the Chinese internet. During the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, Laiskodat agreed to provide quarantine to 17 East Timor nationals returningfrom China in NTT, as East Timor had no quarantine facilities and initial requests to quarantine them in Bali had been rejected by Bali's administration. As the virus spread in Indonesia, he instructed schools to close by 20 March, at which point the province had 38 people under monitoring for the disease. Family He is married to Julie Sutrisno Laiskodat, a graduate of UT Arlington. The couple has three sons. References Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Nasdem Party politicians Category:Members of the People's Representative Council, 2004 Category:Members of the People's Representative Council, 2014 Category:People from Kupang Category:Governors of East Nusa Tenggara ### Assistant:

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### User: The Purcell Mountains are a mountain range in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. They are a subrange of the Columbia Mountains, which includes the Selkirk, Monashee, and Cariboo Mountains. They are located on the west side of the Rocky Mountain Trench in the area of the Columbia Valley, and on the east side of the valley of Kootenay Lake and the Duncan River. The only large settlement in the mountains is the Panorama Ski Resort and Kicking Horse Resort, though there are small settlements, such as Yahk and Moyie along the Crowsnest Highway, and residential rural areas dependent on the citiesof Creston, Kimberley and Cranbrook, which are located adjacent to the range. The Purcells are shown on some United States maps as the Percell Mountains, where their southern limit protrudes into the states of Idaho and Montana, abutting Lake Koocanusa, a reservoir on the Kootenai River. American geographic classifications consider the Percells to be part of the Rocky Mountains but in Canada that terminology is reserved for ranges on the east side of the Rocky Mountain Trench. In the Purcell Mountains, most of the peaks are near or above 10,000 feet in elevation. The Purcells were formed in the Proterozoiceon (in the Precambrian period), which spans from 2,500 million years ago to about 540 million years ago. Sub-ranges Carbonate Range Dogtooth Range Farnham Group MacBeth Group McGillivary Range Moyie Range Septet Range Spillimacheen Range Starbird Ridge Stockdale Group Toby Glacier Truce Group Yahk Range Highest peaks The ten highest summits of the Purcells 1. Mount Farnham 3493 m 2. Jumbo Mountain 3437 m 3. Howser Spire 3412 m 4. Karnak Mountain 3411 m 5. Mount Delphine 3406 m 6. Mount Hammond 3387 m 7. Commander Mountain 3371 m 8. South Howser Tower 3364 m 9. Eyebrow Peak 3362 m ### Assistant:

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### User: The New York State Supreme Court Building, originally known as the New York County Courthouse, at 60 Centre Street on Foley Square in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, houses the Civil and Appellate Terms of the New York State Supreme Court for the state's First Judicial District, which is coextensive with Manhattan, as well as the offices of the New York County Clerk. The granite-faced hexagonal building was designed by Guy Lowell of Boston in classical Roman style and was built between 1913 and 1927, completion having been delayed by World War I. It replaced theformer New York County Courthouse on Chambers Street, popularly known as the Tweed Courthouse. Both the interior and exterior are New York City Landmarks: the exterior was designated on February 1, 1966 and the interior on March 24, 1981. History The selection of the architect was done by a design competition, which was won by Boston architect Guy Lowell in 1913. Lowell originally proposed a circular building, to be built at the vastly expensive sum of $20 to $30 million. Construction was delayed by World War I and the design was remade as a smaller and less expensive hexagonal building—aThe error was apparently made by the architect, Guy Lowell, and the mistake was repeated by others, including Charles Warren in his Pulitzer Prize–winning The Supreme Court in United States History (1922). The stone steps leading up to the colonnaded entrance were flanked by two allegorical statues, Justice and Authority, both designed in 1906 by the Franco-American sculptor Philip Martiny (1858–1927). These are now at the back of the building. Both figures are large in size, made of granite, and seated. Justice, a female figure, is on the right side and holds a shield and scroll; Authority is on theto the history of law: Assyrian and Egyptian, Hebraic and Persian, Greek and Roman, Byzantine and Frankish, English and early colonial, with the final section portraying George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Above the seated figures are portraits of six lawgivers: Hammurabi, Moses, Solon, Justinian, Blackstone and John Marshall. Restoration of the mural (along with a stained-glass window also by Pusterla) took place in 1988; the project received a 1989 Design Award from the Public Design Commission of the City of New York. The restoration project, which was privately funded by money raised from New York City judges and attorneys, waspart of a broader renovation campaign in the 1980s and 1990s to protect the courthouse's historic art from water seepage and other damage caused by neglect. Environs The building is somewhat of an older sibling to Cass Gilbert's 1936 Corinthian-columned Foley Square Courthouse (renamed the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse in 2001) just to its south, which also faces Foley Square from the east. Both buildings face Federal Plaza across the square, which includes the more modern Jacob K. Javits Federal Building and James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building, which houses the U.S. Court of International Trade. Othercourt buildings are nearby, including those for New York City Criminal Court, New York City Civil Court, and the Surrogate's Courthouse. In popular culture Many films and television series have been shot at the New York County Courthouse. These include: Miracle on 34th Street (1947): the scene of the trial of Santa Claus (Edmund Gwenn) was shot here; the 1994 remake filmed the courthouse's exterior 12 Angry Men (1957) The Godfather (1972) Nuts (1987) Legal Eagles (1986) Wall Street (1987) Goodfellas (1990) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) Regarding Henry (1990) Petrocelli, television series, during opening credits Night Court, television series ### Assistant:

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### User: Sarah Lesch (born 1 March 1986) is a German singer-songwriter who performs with a guitar and ukulele. Life and career Sarah Lesch was born in Altenburg, Thuringia and moved with her mother to Swabia at the age of five. Her father Ralf Kruse is a Leipzig musician. He played among others with Amor & Die Kids and the Original Erzgebirgs-Duo. On her father's side she has a half-sister and a half-brother, in whom she only met during her time as a singer. Lesch wrote music for children's plays and worked from 2009 until 2013 as an educator in Tübingen andsince then, she has mainly worked as a musician. Lesch's debut album with the title Lieder aus der schmutzigen Küche was released in 2012 under the alias "Chansonedde", was digitally distributed by Rummelplatzmusik in 2015 and released in 2016 in cooperation with the label Kick The Flame on CD. In 2015 she released her second studio album, Von Musen und Matrosen under her real name. The Leipzig music company Kick the Flame signed her in 2016. Her third studio album Da Draussen was released in 2017; in September 2019 followed an EP with the label Räuberleiter GbR with Den Einsamenzum Troste. With the six-minute song Testament, which Lesch wrote for her son, she won the Protestsongcontest held in Vienna in 2016 and at the Hermann-Hesse-Festival in Calw took second place in the Panikpreis. The song, which is supposed to prepare the child for an uncertain future, was then widely distributed on the Internet and was also distributed by right-wing populist websites and right-wing extremist groups. She clearly distanced herself from them. In her song Der Kapitän she sings about the rescue of 37 people from distress with the ship Cap Anamur by Stefan Schmidt. Lesch has performed regularly since ### Assistant:

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### User: Reginald II of Bar ( or ) (died 25 July 1170) was a Count of Bar and Lord of Mousson from 1149 till his death. He was the son of Reginald I, Count of Bar and lord of Mousson, and Giselle of Vaudémont. In 1135, he attended the Council of Hugh of Metz with his father and brother. He took part in the second crusade with his father and brother Theodoric in 1147. His father died during his return. He reestablished wars against his traditional enemies, the Duke of Lorraine and the bishop of Metz. He was attacked in 1152, ### Assistant:

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### User: Panchadasi or Panchadashi ( Devanagari: पंचदशी IAST paṃcadaśī) is a simple yet comprehensive manual of Advaita Vedanta (अद्वैत वेदान्त, advaita vedānta) written in the fourteenth century A.D (1386-1391) by Vidyaranya (विद्यारण्य), previously known as Madhavacharya (माधवाचार्य). Pancha (पंच) is five and dasi (दशी) is ten, are the total fifteen chapters divided into three quintets the three aspects of Brahman, Sat (सत, Truth), Chit (चित, Consciousness) and Ananda (आनंद, Bliss) aspects of Reality. It elaborates Advaita (अद्वैत,non dual), Consciousness, Jiva, Maya, Prakriti (प्रकृति, prakṛti, Nature), Mahat (universal mind), Buddhi (Intellect), Ahamkara (Ego), Avidya (Ignorance), and ananda (Bliss). Dating Panchdasi was writtenduring the later years of Vidyaranya's life around 1386 AD. About Vidyaranya Vidyaranya was born around 1300 A.D. in Shalivahan (शालिवाहन) South India. Madhava Madhavacharya, Madhavamantri, Madhavamataya were the names which Vidyaranya was known before his turning into recluse. His father was Mayana (मायण) and Mother Srimati (श्रीमती), two brothers Sayana (सायण), and Bhogantha (भोगनाथ). He had two Gurus Sarvagyvishnu (सर्वज्ञविष्णु) and Bhartiteerth (भारतीतीर्थ). He established Vijayanagar Empire in 1335 AD with the help of Hukkayaray and Bukkaray. He was also Prime Minister of the Vijayanagar empire. Vidyaranya, was also the spiritual head of Sringeri Math in 1377 A.D to1386 A.D. He died in 1391 AD. Vidyaranya, who was the spiritual head of Sringeri Math in 1377 A.D to 1386 A.D., and also wrote Drk-Drsya-Viveka, Sarvadarsana Samgraha, Sri Sankara Digvijaya, Jivanmukti Viveka, Anubhuti Prakasa, Vivaranaprameyasamgraha and Upanishad Dipika has been identified with Sayanacharya, the commentator on the Vedas, whose brother he most likely was. He was closely connected with the foundation of Vijaynagar kingdom. He was the minister of Bukka-devaraya of the Yadava Dynasty of Karnataka, his younger brother was Sayana, and Bhogantha, father was Mayana and Mother Srimati. He had two Gurus Sarvavishnu and Bhartiteerth. He died in1391 AD. Theme The Panchadasi is a basic text which introduces into central doctrine of Advaita Vedantic philosophy. Deeper concepts are dealt in more advanced treatise the Upanishads, the Brahmasutras and the Bhagavadgita. The purpose of the life is the realization of the experience of Absolute Existence, which is the highest fulfillment all the aspirations of the whole of creation. Panchdasi as the name suggest this text, "consisting of 15 Chapters grouped into three quintads. This is very much like the three aspects of Brahman – sat (existence), cit (consciousness) and ananda (bliss), respectively. Viveka-panchaka (विवेक-पचंक, viveka-paṃcaka) (dealing with thediscrimination of the real from the non-real): Understanding the nature of reality (Viveka) which distinguishes from external world (जगत, jagata) consist of the five elements -Ether, Air, Fire, Water and Earth and individual (Jiva) consisting of the five sheaths – Annamaya (अन्नमय, annamaya, Physical), Pranamaya (प्राणमय , prāṇamaya, Vital), Manomaya ( मनोमय, manomaya, Mental), Vijnanamaya (विज्ञानमय, vijñānamaya, Intellectual) and Anandamaya (आनन्दमय, ānandamaya, bliss). Pure spirit is encased with five sheaths to delude individual soul as self. Cosmology of creation is described similar to Samkhya (सांख्य,sāṃkhya) philosophy stating the relationship between pure consciousness (Brahman) with material universe. Dipa-panchaka (दीप-पचंक, dīpa-paṃcaka) (expoundinglast five chapters go into details of Brahman as pure Bliss (Ananda). This is not worldly happiness but complex dissolution into eternal pleasure. Duality of Jiva and God merging into one Consciousness and Existence. This Atman ( Brahman) is the source of ultimate happiness the purpose of human life. Vidyaranya has succeeded in an eminent way in setting forth the essentials of Advaita which holds that the direct means to release is the path of knowledge (jnana), and as moksa is the very nature of the Self, it is not an experience which is to be brought about through workspure Consciousness Chapter 10 Natakadipa (नाटकदीपप्रकरणम्) – The lamp of the theatre Ananda-panchaka (आनन्द-पचंक) Chapter 11 Yogananda (योगानन्दप्रकरणम्) - The Bliss Of Yoga Chapter 12 Atmananda (आत्मानन्दप्रकरणम्) - The Bliss of the Self Chapter 13 Advaitananda (अद्वैतानन्दप्रकरणम्) - The Bliss of Non-Duality Chapter 14 Vidyananda (विद्यानन्दप्रकरणम्) - The Bliss of Knowledge Chapter 15 Vishayananda (विषयानन्दप्रकरणम्) - The happiness from external objects See also Advaita Vedanta Bhagwat Gita Upanishad पंचदशी References External links Texts and Commentaries Panchadashi Sanskrit at nic.in Commentary on the Panchadasi - Swami Krishnananda The Philosophy of Panchadasi by Swami Krishnananda Commentary on Panchadasi by Swami Paramarthananda Panchadashi ### Assistant:

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### User: Stillingia spinulosa is a species of flowering plant in the euphorb family known by the common name annual toothleaf. It is native to the Southwestern United States where it occurs in the creosote scrub of the deserts. It is an annual or perennial herb producing a clump of thick, leafy stems approaching a meter in maximum height. The alternately arranged leaves have shiny pointed oval blades 2 to 4 centimeters long and up to 1.2 centimeters wide which are lined with sharp teeth. The inflorescence is a stout spike of flowers 1 to 2 centimeters long. The plant is monoecious, ### Assistant:

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### User: Deep in the Iris is the third studio album by Canadian experimental pop/art rock band Braids. It was released by Arbutus Records worldwide, excluding Canada where it was released by Flemish Eye, on 28 April 2015. It has been described as the band's "sunniest and most immediate record". Background Writing and recording Braids began writing Deep in the Iris in tandem with their second album Flourish // Perish, performing unreleased new songs live in 2012 and 2013, with "Blondie" being the earliest-surviving song to be included on the album. Writing and recording officially began in March 2014 for seven weeksin a cabin in woods near Prescott, Arizona, marking the first time the band had worked on an album outside Canada. After recording Flourish // Perish in their windowless garage in Montreal, Arizona was chosen because the band "wanted to leave winter, to leave what we were familiar with, to go to a place where we felt sunlight on our face". Taylor Smith revealed that the band focused on the process of songwriting, rather than the expectation which comes with recording an album, explaining, "the expectation was to have a beautiful experience together and if a record comes out ofthat beautiful experience, great!". In the first few weeks in Arizona, the band "just went on walks, had talks, roasted marshmallows and chopped firewood and went grocery shopping and cooked meals" in an effort to reconnect after touring Flourish // Perish. The band interrupted the writing process to tour across the United States with Wye Oak for three weeks in May 2014, debuting new songs "Taste" and "Letting Go". The band cut back on the electronic elements which featured on Flourish // Perish and instead refocused on using live instruments, as on their debut album Native Speaker. "Really cool, interesting-soundingpianos" were utilised. Further sessions followed in Delhi, New York and Putney, Vermont in June and July 2014. The "space and beauty" of the retreat in New York, coupled with the energy provided by the presence of the band's friends from Montreal and New York City, helped evolve "Happy When" and "Miniskirt", the latter being the final song written for the album. The album was tracked in Vermont in a turn-of-the-century house, specifically chosen because it contained a Steinway piano. Three additional songs were recorded, but were left off the album. "Sweet World" (played live regularly in 2013 and 2014)was considered for the album, but "just didn’t fit with the whole vision of it". Mixing began with Damian Taylor at Golden Ratio Studios in Montreal in late September 2014, with the sessions concluding in December. With the band having done some preliminary mixing, Taylor's main contribution was to make Raphaelle Standell-Preston's vocals more prominent in the mix. The album's title and track list were announced on February 10, 2015, with opening single "Miniskirt" made available for streaming on the same day. Second song "Taste" was shared on SoundCloud on 4 March. The album was released by Arbutus Records andand what I’ve gone through". The song is also about "standing up for gender equality and in particular, for women’s rights". Artwork Tufts took the album's cover photograph in Vermont, a view through a culvert looking down into a creek. Critical reception Upon its release, the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Aggregating website AnyDecentMusic? reported a score of 7.3 based on 19 professional reviews, while Metacritic reported 78 based on 18 professional reviews. The album was a shortlisted nominee for the 2015 Polaris Music Prize. Track listing Personnel Raphaelle Standell-Preston – guitar, piano, lead vocals</li> Austin Tufts ### Assistant:

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### User: Nick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. Biography As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch College in Ohio. His classical influences include Sylvius Leopold Weiss and Johann SebastianBach. His blues music was inspired by a number of musicians, including Charlie Patton, Kid Bailey, and Mississippi John Hurt. On his own website, Katzman also cites amongst his teachers the blues masters Mance Lipscomb, Reverend Gary Davis, Stefan Grossman and Rory Block. About 40 years ago, Katzman moved to Germany to live, tour and perform. His music Katzman discussed his musical influences as a mix of various strains of the blues, including Delta blues, country blues, folk music and hokum ragtime. His music has been described as a "wide range of blues from Delta to Gary Davis." Katzman's musichas been compared to Tom Ball and Rich Stein. He has also been compared favorably with his blues forebears Blind Blake and The Rev. Gary Davis. Katzman has collaborated with a number of senior Blues musicians, including Champion Jack Dupree, Carey and Lurie Bell, Louisiana Red, and Guitar Crusher. Katzman also has mentored a number of younger musicians, including Thomasina Winslow. He continues to learn to play new instruments, including the lute. In the United States, Katzman often plays at The Good Coffee House at the Ethical Culture Society meeting house in Brooklyn, New York, New York. He has beenbased (and currently as of 2007) in Germany. In May and June 2007, Katzman toured Europe with Winslow, including a headlining appearance at the Stamford, England at the Stamford Arts Centre. He returned to the Good Coffee House in April 2008, with "special guests Paul Handelman on harp and Thomasina Winslow on guitar and vocals." Discography Solo, acoustic Mississippi River Bottom Blues (Kicking Mule KM 111) (1975) How to Play Delta Blues Guitar (Kicking Mule/Sonet SNKF 112) (1976, UK issue of KM 111) Panic When the Sun Goes Down (Kicking Mule/Sonet SNKF 112 (197?, UK re-issue of KM 111) SparklingRagtime and Hardbitten Blues (Kicking Mule KM 167) (1980) Solo, electric Songs and Bloozes (Stumble Records) Producer and compilations Guitar Crusher's Googa Mooga CD (Blue Sting Records) (producer, player) Eb Davis's Good Time Blues (Acoustic Music) (producer) Played with Ruby Green on the two-volume The Best Of Kicking Mule CD (Laserlight label) and Sparkling Ragtime & Hardbitten Blues, see above Guitarist – Composer Sampler (Kicking Mule 1997) Artist Direct References External links Official website, has a player Rhapsody web site player Rhapsody web site player MP3 Player AOL page (Katzman's May 6 2011 gig in Brooklyn, NY) Category:1951 births Category:Living ### Assistant:

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### User: Selin Demiratar (born 20 March 1983) is a Turkish actress. Biography Selin Demiratar was born in 1983 in Erzincan. She first explored acting at the Antalya Municipal Theatre. In 1999, she won the Miss Globe Turkey beauty pageant and finished in third place at Miss Globe World. After moving to Istanbul, she started her professional acting career with a role in the series 90-60-90. She became popular in Turkey following her appearance in Acı Hayat. Filmography 90-60-90 (2001) – Burcu Koçum Benim (2002–2004) – Eylül Abdülhamit Düşerken (2002) – Ayşe Sultan Lise Defteri (2003) – Güney Esen Sular Durulmuyor (2004) ### Assistant:

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### User: Robert W. Bussard (August 11, 1928 – October 6, 2007) was an American physicist who worked primarily in nuclear fusion energy research. He was the recipient of the Schreiber-Spence Achievement Award for STAIF-2004. He was also a fellow of the International Academy of Astronautics and held a Ph.D. from Princeton University. Kiwi (Rover-A) In June, 1955 Bussard moved to Los Alamos and joined the Nuclear Propulsion Division's Project Rover designing nuclear thermal rocket engines. Bussard and R.D. DeLauer wrote two important monographs on nuclear propulsion, Nuclear Rocket Propulsion and Fundamentals of Nuclear Flight. Bussard ramjet In 1960, Bussard conceived ofthe Bussard ramjet, an interstellar space drive powered by hydrogen fusion using hydrogen collected with a magnetic field from the interstellar gas. Due to the presence of high-energy particles throughout space, much of the interstellar hydrogen exists in an ionized state (H II regions) that can be manipulated by magnetic or electric fields. Bussard proposed to "scoop" up ionized hydrogen and funnel it into a fusion reactor, using the exhaust from the reactor as a rocket engine. It appears the energy gain in the reactor must be extremely high for the ramjet to work at all; any hydrogen picked upby the scoop must be sped up to the same speed as the ship in order to provide thrust, and the energy required to do so increases with the ship's speed. Hydrogen itself does not fuse very well (unlike deuterium, which is rare in the interstellar medium), and so cannot be used directly to produce energy, a fact which accounts for the billion-year scale of stellar lifetimes. This problem was solved, in principle, according to Bussard by use of the stellar CNO cycle in which carbon is used as a catalyst to burn hydrogen via the strong nuclear reaction. Inscience fiction Bussard Ramjets are common plot devices in science fiction. Larry Niven uses them in his Known Space setting to propel interstellar flight. Following a standard hi-tech faster/cheaper/better learning curve, he started with robot probes during the early stages of interstellar colonization and eventually plotted them as affordable to wealthy individuals relocating their families off a too-crowded Earth (in "The Ethics of Madness"). Niven also employed Bussard Ramjets as the propulsion / stabilizing engine of the Ringworld (four novels), which were also set in Known Space. In the Star Trek universe, a variation called the Bussard Hydrogen Collector orBussard Ramscoop appears as part of the matter/antimatter propulsion system that allows Starfleet ships to travel faster than the speed of light. The ramscoops attach to the front of the warp nacelles, and when the ship's internal supply of deuterium runs low, they collect interstellar hydrogen and convert it to deuterium and anti-deuterium for use as the primary fuel in a starship's warp drive. Atomic Energy Commission In the early 1970s Bussard became Assistant Director under Director Robert Hirsch at the Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction Division of what was then known as the Atomic Energy Commission. They founded the mainline fusionprogram for the United States: the Tokamak. In June 1995, Bussard claimed in a letter to all fusion laboratories, as well as to key members of the US Congress, that he and the other founders of the program supported the Tokamak not out of conviction that it was the best technical approach but rather as a vehicle for generating political support, thereby allowing them to pursue "all the hopeful new things the mainline labs would not try". In a 1998 Analog magazine article, fellow fusion researcher Tom Ligon described an easily built demonstration fusor system along with some of Bussard'sideas for fusion reactors and incredibly powerful spacecraft propulsion systems, with which spacecraft could swiftly move throughout the solar system. The Polywell Bussard worked on a promising new type of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusor, called the Polywell, that has a magnetically shielded grid (MaGrid). He founded Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Inc. (EMC2) in 1985 to validate his theory, and tested several (15) experimental devices from 1994 through 2006. The U.S. Navy contract funding that supported the work expired while experiments were still small. However, the final tests of the last device, WB-6, reputedly solved the last remaining physics problem justas the funding expired and the EMC2 labs had to be shut down. Further funding was eventually found, the work continued and the WB-7 prototype was constructed and tested, and the research is ongoing. Appeal for funding During 2006 and 2007, Bussard sought the large-scale funding necessary to design and construct a full-scale Polywell fusion power plant. His fusor design is feasible enough, he asserted, to render unnecessary the construction of larger and larger test models still too small to achieve break-even. Also, the scaling of power with size goes as the seventh power of the machine radius, while thegain scales as the fifth power, so there is little incentive to build half-scale systems; one might as well build the real thing. On March 29, 2006, Bussard claimed on the fusor.net internet forum that EMC² had developed an inertial electrostatic confinement fusion process that was 100,000 times more efficient than previous designs, but that the US Navy budget line item that supported the work was zero-funded in FY2006. Bussard provided more details of his breakthrough and the circumstances surrounding the end of his Navy funding in a letter to the James Randi Educational Foundation internet forum on June 23.From October 2, 2006 to October 6, 2006, Bussard presented an informal overview of the previous decade of his work at the 57th International Astronautical Congress. This was the first publication of this work in 11 years, as the U.S. Navy had put an embargo on publications of the research, in 1994. Bussard presented further details of his IEC fusion research at a Google Tech Talk on November 9, 2006, of which a video was widely circulated. Bussard presented more of his thoughts on the potential world impact of fusion power at a Yahoo! Tech Talk on April 10, 2007.it will begin to displace all other forms of energy." Death Bussard died from multiple myeloma on October 6, 2007 at age 79. See also Tokamak Bussard ramjet Polywell Farnsworth Fusor IEC Project Rover Nuclear propulsion References External links Inertial-Electrodynamic Fusion (IEF) Device - Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation (EMC2) Bussard's website, asking for donations to fund further research American Scientist article mentioning the founding of EMC2 Economic Impact of Cheap Fusion - 3 minutes of excerpts from Bussard's Google Tech Talk Video Bussard documents and sources "Robert Bussard Interview," by K.C. Cole, Omni Magazine, January 1981 Chapter 7 (The Entrepreneurs) from ### Assistant:

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### User: Andrés Paulo Boira Díaz (born 17 November 1987) is a Spanish vision impaired B3 classified para-alpine skier. His guide skiers have included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. He has competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics, 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and the 2010 Winter Paralympics. Personal Boira was born in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, and has a visual impairment. Skiing Boira is a B3 classified skier. His guide skiers included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. Boira competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics. At the 2007 Paralympic Winter World Cup, he earned two silver medals and two bronzes. Hefinished the 2006/2007 European Cup season in second place. At the March 2008 Italian National Championships, Boira and Aznar finished second in the Super G, were disqualified in the Giant Slalom and finished second in the Slalom. At the last round of the European Cup in March 2008, an event held in La Molina, Spain, Boira and Aznar were some of the Spanish skiers competing at the event. He finished the 2007/2008 European Cup season in eighth place after the five test events. At the first IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup event in the 2008/2009 ski season, which was heldat La Molina in Spain, Boira finished fourth overall. At the February 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, while skiing with Anzar, he finished sixth in the Super Combined event. In March 2009, with guide Aznar, he competed at the European Cup Alpine Skiing for the Disabled. He finished first in the slalom event. He finished fifth in the giant slalom, seventh in Super G and eighth in Super Combined. Overall, the pair finished fourth with 475 points. In November 2009, he attended an event in Madrid organised by Programa de Alto Rendimiento Paralímpico (Programa ARPA) as part of thepreparation for the Vancouver Games. Following this, he participated in additional team training at the Centro de Tecnificación de La Cerdanya (Girona). At the 2010 World Cup Alpine Skiing for Disabled in Abtenau, Austria, he and his guide finished seventh in the slalom following a first run where they were in the sixth position and a second run where they in the seventh position. He was unable to compete in the Super Combined event because it was cancelled. He then competed with guide Suñé in the third round of the European Cup later in January 2010 at La Molina inSpain. He won a gold medal in the slalom event. At the final event of the 2009/2010 World Cup season, an event held in March 2010 in Aspen, Colorado, he finished sixth in one event with a time of 1:15.57. He finished fifth in the Super Combined. This was the last major event before the 2010 Games. He came into the Aspen World Cup event with 220 World Cup points, ranking ninth in the competition with Suñé as his guide. Before departing for 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, Boira participated in a departure ceremony attended by State Secretary for Sport ### Assistant:

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### User: The 2010 Roma Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rome, Italy between 19 and 24 April 2010. ATP entrants Seeds Rankings are as of April 12, 2010. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Florian Mayer Alberto Brizzi Mario Ančić Matteo Trevisan The following players received special exempt into the singles main draw: Jesse Huta Galung The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Daniele Bracciali Andrea Arnaboldi Rainer Eitzinger Alessio di Mauro The following ### Assistant:

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### User: Julius (I) from the kindred Kán (; died 1237) was a powerful Hungarian baron and landowner, who held several secular positions during the reign of kings Emeric, Ladislaus III and Andrew II. He was the ancestor of the gens Kán which originated from Baranya County. Career Julius I married to the unknown surname Helena (died before 1250). They had two sons, by name Ladislaus I, who served as palatine (1242–1244/5), and Julius II, master of the cupbearers (1222–1228). His name was first mentioned by records as voivode of Transylvania in 1201. Besides voivodeship he also functioned as ispán (comes) ofOne year later, he became voivode of Transylvania for the second term, besides that he functioned as ispán of Szolnok County. Julius I Kán was appointed palatine of Hungary, the second-highest secular office after the king in 1215 and held the position until 1217. According to a non-authentic charter he also functioned as palatine in 1218. He also served as ispán of Sopron County in 1215. During Andrew II's Fifth Crusade (1217–1218), Julius could not prevent the emergence of anarchical conditions, as a result he lost his political influence for a short time. He regained his former influence, as hebecause of the political-historical conditions (prince Andrew rebelled against his older brother's reign). However this theory is can be eliminated by the possibility that Julius was also a secret supporter of prince Andrew, as many others. It is neither reassuring that Julius' career began with too high positions, without the introductory section of smaller offices. Historian Mór Wertner identified all occurring Julius with the person from the kindred Kán during the first decades of the 13th century, unless he had no reason to act differently. In contrast, János Karácsonyi gave an overview about Julius I Kán's career from the year ### Assistant:

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### User: PJSC Gazprom (, ) is a multinational energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg, Russia. As of 2019, with sales over USD$120 billion, it sits as the largest publicly-listed natural gas company in the world and the largest company in Russia by revenue. In the 2019 Forbes Global 2000, Gazprom was ranked as the 40th largest company in the world. Gazprom name is a portmanteau of the Russian words Gazovaya Promyshlennost ( - gas industry). Gazprom is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, transport, distribution andmarketing, and power generation. In 2018, Gazprom produced twelve percent of the global output of natural gas, producing 497.6 billion cubic meters of natural and associated gas and 15.9 million tonnes of gas condensate. Gazprom then exports the gas through pipelines that the company builds and owns across Russia and abroad such as Nord Stream and TurkStream. In the same year, Gazprom has proven reserves of 35.1 trillion cubic meters of gas and 1.6 billion tons of gas condensate. Gazprom is also a large oil producer through its subsidiary Gazprom Neft, producing about 41 million tons of oil with reservesamounting to 2 billion tons. The company also has subsidiaries in industrial sectors including finance, media and aviation, and majority stakes in other companies. Gazprom was created in 1989 when the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry was converted to a corporation, becoming the first state-run corporate enterprise in the Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union's dissolution, Gazprom was privatized, retaining its Russia-based assets. At that time, Gazprom evaded taxes and state regulation and engaged in asset stripping. The company later returned to government control in the early 2000s, and since then, the company is involved in the Russian Government's diplomaticefforts, setting of gas prices, and access to pipelines. The company is mostly owned by the Russian government, via the Federal Agency for State Property Management and Rosneftegaz, while remaining shares are traded publicly. Gazprom has a listing in the Moscow Exchange and has a market capitalization of US$80.56 billion as of September 2019. History Origins In 1943, during World War II, the government of the Soviet Union developed a domestic gas industry. In 1965, it centralized gas exploration, development, and distribution within the Ministry of Gas Industry. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Ministry of Gas Industry found largenatural gas reserves in Siberia, the Ural region and the Volga region. The Soviet Union became a major gas producer. In August 1989, under the leadership of Viktor Chernomyrdin, the Ministry of Gas Industry was renamed the State Gas Concern Gazprom, and became the Soviet Union's first state run corporate enterprise. In late 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved, gas industry assets were transferred to newly established national companies, such as Ukrgazprom and Turkmengazprom. Gazprom kept assets located in Russia and secured a monopoly in the gas sector. Privatization In December 1992, when Boris Yeltsin, the Russian President, appointed ViktorChernomyrdin, Gazprom's Chairman, his Prime Minister, the company's political influence increased. Rem Viakhirev took the chairmanship of Gazprom's Board of Directors and Managing Committee. Following the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 5 November 1992 and the Resolution of the Government of Russia of 17 February 1993, Gazprom became a joint-stock company. Gazprom began to distribute shares under the voucher method. (Each Russian citizen received vouchers to purchase shares of formerly state-owned companies). By 1994, 33% of Gazprom's shares had been bought by 747,000 members of the public, mostly in exchange for vouchers. Fifteen percent of thestock was allocated to Gazprom employees. The state retained 40% of the shares. That amount was gradually lowered to thirty-eight percent. Trading of Gazprom's shares was heavily regulated. Foreigners were prohibited from owning more than nine-percent of the shares. In October 1996, 1% of Gazprom's equity was offered for sale to foreigners as Global Depository Receipts. In 1997, Gazprom offered a bond issue of US$2.5 billion. Chernomyrdin, as Prime Minister of Russia, ensured Gazprom avoided tight state regulation. Gazprom evaded taxes, and the Government of Russia received little in dividends. Gazprom managers and board members, such as Chernomyrdin and theGazprom Chief Executive Officer, Rem Viakhirev, engaged in asset-stripping. Gazprom assets were shared amongst their relatives. Itera, a gas trading company also received Gazprom assets. In March 1998, for reasons unrelated to his activities at Gazprom, Chernomyrdin was fired by Yeltsin. On 30 June 1998, Chernomyrdin was made Chairman of the Board of Directors of Gazprom. State control When, in June 2000, Vladimir Putin became the President of Russia, he acted to gain control over Russia's oligarchs, and increase the Government of Russia's control in important companies through a program of national champions. Putin fired Chernomyrdin from his position asfee. In April 2001, Gazprom acquired NTV, Russia's only nationwide state-independent television station from Vladimir Gusinsky's company, Media-Most holdings. In 2002, the Gazprom subsidiary Gazprom Media acquired all of Gusinsky's shares in companies held by Media-Most. In June 2005, Gazprombank, Gazpromivest Holding, Gazfond and Gazprom Finance B. V., subsidiaries of Gazprom, sold a 10.7399% share of their stock for $7 billion to , a state owned company. Some analysts said the amount paid by Rosneftegaz for the stock was too low. The sale was completed by 25 December 2005. With the purchased stock and the thirty-eight percent share held bythe State Property Committee, the Government of Russia gained control of Gazprom. The Government of Russia revoked the Gazprom twenty percent foreign ownership rule and the company became open to foreign investment. In September 2005, Gazprom bought 72.633 percent of the oil company Sibneft for $13.01 billion. Sibneft was renamed Gazprom Neft. The purchase was aided by a $12 billion loan. Gazprom became Russia's largest company. On the day of the deal the company worth was valued at £69.7 billion (US$123.2 billion.) On 5 July 2006, the Federal Law, On Gas Export, was passed, nearly unanimously, by the State Dumaand on 7 July 2006, by the Federation Council. On 18 July Putin signed the new legislation and on 20 July 2006, the law was published. It gave Gazprom the exclusive right to export natural gas from Russia. In December 2006, Gazprom signed an agreement with Royal Dutch Shell, Mitsui and Mitsubishi, to take over fifty percent plus one share of Sakhalin Energy. In June 2007, TNK-BP, a subsidiary of BP plc, agreed to sell its stake in Kovykta field in Siberia to Gazprom after the Government of Russia questioned BP's right to export gas from Russia. On 23 June2007, the governments of Russia and Italy signed a memorandum of understanding towards a joint venture between Gazprom and Eni SpA to construct a 558-mile (900 km) gas pipeline to carry gas per year from Russia to Europe. This South Stream pipeline would extend under the Black Sea to Bulgaria with a south fork to Italy and a north fork to Hungary. On 1 December 2007, during a visit to Turkey, Putin said the project would not proceed and 63 billion cubic metres per year (bcm/y) of gas would be shipped to Turkey instead of Bulgaria. Bulgaria was being suedby the European Union for signing a contract with Russia, which was not aligned with European Union regulations.The president of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, pressured the European Union and Russia to quickly resolve the matter. Continual rise On 4 September 2012, the European Commission announced an anti-trust investigation into Gazprom's activities. This was based on "concerns that Gazprom may be abusing its dominant market position in upstream gas supply markets." In late November 2013, Gazprom expanded its media interests by acquiring Profmedia from Vladimir Potanin. On 21 May 2014, in Shanghai, Gazprom and the China National Petroleum Corporation made a contractworth $400 billion over thirty years. The contract was for Gazprom to deliver 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year to China beginning in 2018. In August 2014, construction began with pipes for the Power of Siberia pipeline delivered to Lensk, Yakutia. Russia will start supplying natural gas to China through the Power of Siberia pipeline on 20 December 2019 as part of the two countries' $400 billion energy pact. Beijing and Moscow are now negotiating over a second Far Eastern gas pipeline. In June 2014, Gazprom negotiated with the International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC of Abu Dhabi)over a 24.9 percent stake in the Austrian oil and gas firm OMV. In July 2014, Gazprom acquired Central Partnership, one of the largest film distributors in Russia. Supply and reserves Production In 2011, Gazprom produced of natural gas, which was 17 percent of the worldwide production and 83 percent of Russian production. Of this amount, the Yamburg subsidiary produced 41 percent, Urengoy 23.6 percent, Nadym 10.9 percent, Noyabrsk 9.3 percent and others 15.2 percent. In addition, the company produced 32.28 million tons of oil and 12.07 million tons of gas condensate. Gazprom's main fields are located in the Nadym-Pur-Tazregion (near the Gulf of Ob) in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Western Siberia. Historically, the three largest fields are Medvezhe, Urengoy and Yamburg. After more than twenty years of production, the fields are now in decline. Production from the fields has decreased by twenty to twenty-five bcm per year. The production at Zaporliarnoe, Gazprom's fourth largest field, increased until 2004, offsetting the decline in the other fields. Since 2004, Gazprom has maintained production by activating new smaller fields and by purchasing production assets from other companies. Gazprom Neft produces crude oil. In 2005, Gazprom purchased 75 percent of the GazpromSea. Blue Stream Pipeline One of Gazprom's major projects is the Blue Stream Pipeline. The Blue Stream Pipeline delivers natural gas to Turkey via the Black Sea. In 1997, the Blue Stream Pipeline agreement between Turkey and Russia was signed. In 2000, the first joint was welded. The pipeline has transported 16 billion cubic meters each year. Yamal Peninsula Exploration of the Yamal peninsula has found reserves of over 10 trillion cubic metres of natural gas and over 500 million tons of oil and gas condensate. About 60 percent of these reserves are located in Bovanenkovo, Kharasavey and Novoportovo. The(Arctic shelf) On 8 April 2013, in Amsterdam, Alexey Miller, Chairman of the Gazprom Management Committee and Jorma Ollila, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Royal Dutch Shell signed in the presence of Putin and Mark Rutte prime minister of Netherlands a memorandum outlining the principles of cooperation within hydrocarbons exploration and development in the Arctic shelf and a section of the deep-water shelf. Exploration In 2008, Gazprom carried out of explorative well drilling; of 2D seismic and of 3D seismic survey. As a result, gas reserves grew by , and crude oil and gas condensate reserves grew by61 million tons. Gazprom carries out prospecting and exploration in foreign countries such as India, Pakistan, Algeria, Venezuela, Vietnam, Libya, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Transportation Gazprom's Unified Gas Supply System (UGSS) includes of gas trunklines and branches and 218 compressor stations with a 41.4 GW capacity. The UGSS is the largest gas transmission system in the world. In 2008, the transportation system carried of gas. Gazprom has claimed the UGSS has reached its capacity. Major transmission projects include the Nord Stream and South Stream pipelines, as well as pipelines inside Russia. Sales In 2006, Gazprom sold of gas toGerman customers paid $250 per cubic metre (m3), Polish customers $290 per m3, Ukraine customers $130 per m3 and Russian customers $49 per m3. Exports Gazprom delivers gas to 25 European countries. Its main export arm is Gazprom Export LLC, founded in 1973 and before 1 November 2006 known as Gazexport, which has a monopoly on gas exports to countries outside of the former Soviet Union. The majority of Russian gas in Europe is sold on 25 year contracts. In late 2004, Gazprom was the sole gas supplier to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Finland, Macedonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Serbia andduring the G20 summit, Gazprom signed an agreement with CNPC that the Henry Hub index would not be used to settle prices for their trades. On 21 May 2014, Putin met with Xi Jinping and negotiated a $400bn deal between Gazprom and CNPC. Under the contract, Russia was to supply 38 billion cubic meters of gas annually over 30 years at a cost of $350 per thousand cubic meters beginning in 2018. During the first half of 2018, Gazprom increased its export about 8.7%. In 2013, the average price of Gazprom’s gas in Europe was about $380 per thousand cubicmeters. China offered a loan of about $50bn to finance development of the gas fields and the construction of the pipeline by Russia up to the Chinese border, with the Chinese to build the remaining pipeline. Price disputes On 1 January 2006, at 10:00 (Moscow time), during the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute, Gazprom ceased the supply of gas to the Ukrainian market. Gazprom called on the government of Ukraine to increase its payment for natural gas in line with increases in global fuel prices. During the night of 3 January 2006 and early morning of 4 January 2006, Naftogas of Ukraineand Gazprom negotiated a deal that temporarily resolved the long-standing gas price conflict between Russia and Ukraine. On 3 April 2006, Gazprom announced it would triple the price of natural gas to Belarus after 31 December 2006. In December 2006, Gazprom threatened to cease supply of gas to Belarus at 10 am Moscow time on 1 January 2007, unless Belarus increased payments from $47 to $200 per 1,000 cubic metres or to cede control over its distribution network. Some analysts suggested Moscow was penalising Alexander Lukashenko, the President of Belarus, for not delivering on pledges of closer integration with Russia,of the shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian pipeline network. Immediately following the signing of this agreement, Belarus declared a $42/ton transportation tax on Russian oil travelling through the Gazprom pipelines crossing its territory. On 13 March 2008, after a three-day period where gas supplies to Ukraine were halved, Gazprom agreed to supply Ukraine with gas for the rest of the year. The contract removed intermediary companies. On 1 April 2014, Gazprom increased the gas price charged to Ukraine from $268.50 to $385.50 (£231.00) per 1,000 cubic metres. Ukraine's unpaid gas bills to Russia stood at $1.7bn (£1.02bn). On 30 October2014, Russia agreed to resume gas supplies to Ukraine over the winter in a deal brokered by the European Union. Corporate affairs Gazprom is a vertically integrated company, one which owns its supply and distribution activities. Gazprom owns all its main gas processing facilities in Russia. It operates Russia's high pressure gas pipelines and since 2006, it has held a legal export monopoly. Other natural gas producers, such as Novatek, Russia's second largest gas company, are forced to use Gazprom's facilities for processing and transport of natural gas. At the end of 2008, Gazprom had 221,300 employees in its majorgas production, transportation, underground storage and processing subsidiaries. Of these employees, 9.5 percent were in management, 22.9 percent were specialists, 63.4 percent were workers and 4.2 percent were other employees. Gazprom's headquarters are in the Cheryomushki District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow. Gazprom is a national champion, a concept advocated by Putin, in which large companies in strategic sectors are expected not only to seek profit, but also to advance Russia's national interests. For example, Gazprom sells gas to its domestic market at a price less than that of the global market. In 2008, Gazprom's activities made up 10 percent ofthe Russian gross domestic product Due to its large projects, including international pipes like Nord Stream and Turkish Stream, Gazprom is a substantial source of revenue for several domestic suppliers and contractors. Shareholders , Gazprom's main shareholders were the Federal Agency for State Property Management with 38.37% and Rosneftegaz with 10.97%. Together with a 0.89 share of Rosgazifikatsiya, they guaranteed a majority control of the company by the Russian government. The rest of the shares were held by investors, including 25.20% by ADR holders on foreign stock markets, and 24.57% by other legal entities and individuals. Gazprom is listed onthe stock markets of Moscow, London, Karachi, Berlin, Frankfurt and Singapore. It is the top component of the MICEX and RTS indices. Subsidiaries Gazprom has several hundred subsidiaries in Russia and abroad which are owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the company. Management Gazprom's Board of Directors as of 9 August 2015: Viktor Zubkov (Chairman, Russian Special Presidential Representative for Cooperation with Gas Exporting Countries Forum, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, former Prime Minister of Russia) Alexey Miller (Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the Management Committee, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia) Andrey Akimov(Chairman of Gazprombank) Farit Gazizullin (former Minister of State Property of Russia, former Minister of Property Relations of Russia) Timur Kulibaev (Chairman of Legal Entities Department) Vitaly Markelov (Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee) Viktor Martynov (Rector of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Professor) Vladimir Mau (Rector of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) Valery Musin (Head of the Civil Procedure Department, Faculty of Law, Saint Petersburg State University) Alexander Novak (Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation) Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee, Head of the Administration of the ManagementCommittee of Gazprom) Gazprom's management committee as of December 2006: Alexei Miller (Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia, member since 2001) Alexander Ananenkov (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, Gazprom shareholder, member since 17 December 2001) Valery Golubev (Deputy Chairman, Head of the Department for Construction and Investment, former Head of the Vasileostrovsky District, former member of the Federation Council of Russia, member since 18 April 2003) Alexander Kozlov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 March 2005) Andrey Kruglov (Deputy Chairman, Head of the Department for Finance and Economics,member since 2002) Alexander Medvedev (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, former Director General of Gazprom Export, President of Kontinental Hockey League, member of the Coordination Committee of RosUkrEnergo, member since 2002) Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman, Head of Administration, Deputy Chairman of Gazprombank, member since 28 September 2004) Sergei Ushakov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 April 2003) Elena Vasilyeva (Deputy Chairman, Chief Accountant, member since 2001) Bogdan Budzulyak (Head of the Department of Gas Transportation, Underground Storage and Utilization, member since 1989) Nikolai Dubik (Head of Legal Department, member since 2008) Konstantin Chuychenko (Head of the Control Department ofRussia, presidential aide to Dmitry Medvedev, former chairman of Gazprom Media, executive director of RosUkrEnergo, former KGB officer, member since 2002) Viktor Ilyushin (Head of the Department of Relationships with Regional Authorities of the Russian Federation, member since 1997) Olga Pavlova (Head of the Department of Asset Management and Corporate Relations, member since 2004) Vasiliy Podyuk (Head of the Department of Gas, Gas Condensate and Oil Production, member since 1997) Vlada Rusakova (Head of the Department of Strategic Development, member since 5 September 2003) Kirill Seleznev (Head of the Department of Marketing and Processing of Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons, membersince 27 September 2002, Director-General of Mezhregiongaz) Sports sponsorships Gazprom is the owner and sponsor of the Russian Premier League football club FC Zenit Saint Petersburg and volleyball club VC Zenit-Kazan and Gazprom-Ugra Surgut at Russian Super League. On 1 January 2007, Gazprom also became the sponsor of the German Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04 at a cost of up to €25 million per year. On 23 November 2009, the partnership was extended for a further 5 years. The sponsorship was worth $150m (USD) over 5 years. On 9 July 2010, Gazprom became a sponsor of the Serbian SuperLiga footballCup in Russia. Gazprom also was a sponsor for the defunct-Minardi F1 team in 2002-2003. Environmental record According to geographer Richard Heede, Gazprom is second on the list of companies with the highest level of CO2 emissions globally in 2013 with in 2013, amounting to almost 3.4% of worldwide anthropogenic emissions. Gazprom has been ranked as between the 11th and 13th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on upholding indigenous rights in the Arctic. Controversies Yukos Oil fraud Yuganskneftegaz was the core production subsidiary of the Yukos Oil Company, which was previously run by a Russian businessman, Mikhailon bail. In May 2014, the first shipment of Arctic oil arrived at a refinery in the Netherlands and was purchased by the French company, Total. See also Naftogaz CentGas consortium List of Russian companies Enerco Energy Lakhta Center Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Line Energy Triangle List of countries by natural gas production List of countries by natural gas exports List of countries by natural gas proven reserves References Sources External links Russia Category:Natural gas companies of Russia Category:Oil companies of Russia Category:Natural gas companies of the Soviet Union Category:Oil companies of the Soviet Union Category:Natural gas pipeline companies Category:Conglomerate companies of Russia ### Assistant:

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### User: Prince Moulay Ismail of Morocco () (born 7 May 1981) is the son of Prince Moulay Abdallah and Lalla Lamia Solh. His mother is daughter of Riad Al Solh, the first Prime minister of Lebanon. The Prince has one older brother, Prince Moulay Hicham. On 25 September 2009, he married Anissa Lehmkuhl, the daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Omar Lehmkuhl and his wife, Amina (German citizens converted to Islamic faith). They had issue, one son and four daughters: Sharif Moulay Abdallah, (born on at Rabat), Sharifa Lalla Aisha, (born on at Rabat), Sharifa Lalla Hala, (born on at Rabat). Sharifa Lalla Bahia, ### Assistant:

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### User: Adrian Sutil (; born 11 January 1983) is a German racing driver, who raced in Formula One for seven seasons: from 2007-2011, then 2013-2014. He drove for the Spyker F1 Team, Force India F1 Team and the Sauber F1 Team. He was also the reserve driver for the Williams F1 Team in . Sutil started karting at the age of 14 and moved into single seater racing in 2002 in the Swiss Formula Ford series where he won the title. He moved up into Formula Masters Austria and started 1 race before stepping into Formula BMW ADAC in 2003. Sutilthe 2014 season with the Sauber team. Biography Born in Starnberg, West Germany, Sutil is the son of professional musicians Monika, a German, and Jorge, a Uruguayan. He has two brothers, named Daniel and Raphael. He weighs 75 kilograms (165 pounds) and is 183 centimeters (6 feet) tall. A talented pianist, Sutil started karting at 14 before moving up to Swiss Formula Ford 1800 in 2002. He won all ten rounds of the season from pole and added five wins in the Formula Masters Austria championship. Sutil speaks fluent German, English, and Spanish and a little Italian. Formula BMW andBriton's only serious competitor in the championship and at the Marlboro Masters of Formula Three at Zandvoort. Sutil missed the last two rounds of the 2005 Euroseries after joining A1 Team Germany for the inaugural A1 Grand Prix series. He raced for them at three events in Portugal, Australia and Dubai, his best result being two twelfth places. He spent 2006 racing in Japan and won the All-Japan Formula Three Championship. He showed a very strong performance all season. He also finished third in the Macau Formula Three Grand Prix and made a one-off appearance in Japanese Super GT. Formulahaving been signed on a multi-year contract by the Spyker MF1 Team. In an interview with the Official Formula One website, Sutil's first 2007 teammate, Christijan Albers, commented that "Adrian is a good driver and he will be quick this year, but as a driver you should always be pushing to the limits without thinking what the guy in the car next to you is doing. But Adrian will be a good team-mate and it looks as though he's going to be a big talent [for the future]". Spyker (2007) During 2007, Sutil out-qualified and out-raced his team-mate Albers atthe team had hoped that both Sutil and Giancarlo Fisichella would get into Q2. Due to the damage caused by the accident he had to start from the pit lane because he needed to use a new car and a new engine, and went on to finish 17th in an uneventful race. In Germany, Sutil took advantage of the unpredictable conditions in qualifying, and secured his best-ever qualifying position of seventh. In the race, he was lying in second place for a while before his first pit stop. However, a collision with Kimi Räikkönen after coming out of the pit ### Assistant:

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### User: Tróndur Patursson (born 1 March 1944 in Kirkjubøur) is a Faroese painter, sculptor, glass artist and adventurer. He was educated in Norway and was initially a sculptor. He has since become better known as a painter and glass artist. In February 2013 Patursson had an art exhibition at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts; it was an installation called "Migration", featuring approximately 90 of his trademark stained glass birds in the Grand Foyer windows throughout Nordic Cool 2013. The exhibition was a part of the Nordic Cool 2013. In 1976 he joined Tim Severin in a transatlantic ### Assistant:

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### User: Pennywell is one of the UK's largest post-war social housing schemes, and is situated in the central-west area of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, North East England. Pennywell is the largest local authority housing estate in the City of Sunderland. The estate mostly built during the late 1940s and early 1950s to replace 19th century slums in the centre of Sunderland. The name Pennywell is of Celtic origin and is thought to mean "wellspring at the top of the hill". The Pennywell estate consists of nearly 3,000 homes, around 11% of which are privately owned and has a total population of ### Assistant:

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### User: Piotr Petrovich Belousov (; May 3, 1912 – March 31, 1989) was a Soviet, Russian painter, graphic artist, art teacher, professor of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, People's Artist of USSR, Corresponding member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, who lived and worked in Leningrad. He was regarded as one of the brightest representatives of the Leningrad school of painting, being most famous for his portraits and historical paintings. Biography Piotr Petrovich Belousov was born May 3, 1912 in the port city Berdyansk, located on the northern coast of the Seaof Azov, of south-east Ukraine, Russian Empire. In 1929, Piotr Belousov met with Brodsky and by his invitation comes to Leningrad to continue his study. He engaged in drawing and painting under Brodsky leadership, as well as in the studio AKhRs and the Community of Artists. In 1933, Piotr Belousov entered the first course of the painting department of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. He studied under Mikhail Bernshtein, Pavel Naumov, Alexander Lubimov, and Vladimir Serov. In 1939, Piotr Belousov graduated from the Repin Institute of Arts in Isaak Brodsky workshop together with Aleksei Gritsai, Lev Orekhov,Mikhail Kozell, Gleb Verner, Elena Skuin, Nikolai Timkov, Boris Sherbakov, and other young artists. His graduation work was the historical painting of "On the eve of [the] October Revolution (Meeting of Lenin and Stalin)". Since 1930, Belousov had participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted genre and historical paintings, portraits, landscapes, worked in easel painting and drawings. Most famous for his portraits and historical paintings devoted to the image of Lenin, the history of Bolshevism and the October Revolution in Russia. His personal exhibitions were in the city of Vologda in 1959, and in Moscow in 1982. Since 1940, Piotr Belousovhad been a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists. In 1939–1989, Belousov taught painting and drawing in the Repin Institute of Arts. He was Professor and Head of Department of Drawing since 1956. In 1970, he was awarded the honorary titles of the Honored Artist of the RSFSR, in 1978 - the Honorary titles of the People's Artist of the Russian Federation (1978). Also, Belousov was elected as the Corresponding Member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1979). Piotr Petrovich Belousov died in Leningrad in 1989. Paintings by Piotr Belousov reside in State Russian Museum, State TretyakovGallery, in Art Museums and private collections in Russia, Ukraine, England, France, the U.S., and throughout the world. See also Leningrad School of Painting List of Russian artists List of 20th-century Russian painters List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists Saint Petersburg Union of Artists References Bibliography S. Ivensky. Piotr Petrovich Belousov. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959. – 40 p. Artists of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 1. – Moscow: Iskusstvo Edition, 1970. – p. 346. Russian Paintings. 1989 Winter Show. – London: Roy Miles Gallery, 1989. – p. 5,16–17. Charmes Russes. Auction Catalogue. – Paris: Drouot Richelieu,15 Mai 1991. – p. 38. L' Ecole de Saint-Petersburg. Catalogue. – Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 25 Janvier 1993. Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. – London: Izomar 1998. , . Vern G. Swanson. Soviet Impressionism. – Woodbridge, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 2001. – p. 87,216,274. , . Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. – Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – p. 9, 13, 15, 19, 26, 28, 357–359, 363–365, 369, 382, 384, 386, 388–393, 396, 399–401, 403–405, 407, 411, 413–415, 419–424, 445. , . Category:1912 births Category:1989 deaths Category:People from Berdyansk ### Assistant:

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### User: Clayhidon () is a village and civil parish in Mid Devon, England. The parish church is St. Andrews. The parish is in the Blackdown Hills and its northern and eastern boundaries form part of the Devon – Somerset border. From the south-east it has boundaries with the Devon parishes of Upottery, Luppitt and Hemyock. Current information about life in the parish, including detailed proceedings of Clayhidon Parish Council since November 2002, can be found on a community website, launched in March 2011. A parish history is found in the Uffculme library and an old map can be found on the ### Assistant:

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### User: Bernardo del Carpio, also spelled Bernaldo del Carpio, is, since the beginnings of modern historical scholarship, a legendary hero of the medieval Kingdom of Asturias. In contrast with El Cid, he was not based on a real person (and thus could be whatever the creator(s) wanted him to be). Until the end of the nineteenth century and the labors of Ramón Menéndez Pidal, he, not El Cid, was the chief hero of medieval Christian Spain. He was believed to be historical. The story Supposedly the nephew of Alfonso II of Asturias, stories feature him striving against Alfonso to release hisfather from prison. Other stories have him as the rival and slayer of Roland at Roncesvaux. Bernardo was said to be the son of Sancho, the Count of Saldaña and Dona Ximena (Alfonso II's sister, therefore grandson of King Fruela I of Asturias). Alfonso was not happy with the marriage, so he had Sancho blinded and thrown into prison and took Bernardo. He was raised in Alfonso II's court. Everybody was ordered not to tell the young Bernardo who his father was. Alfonso invited Charlemagne into Iberia to defeat the Moors, promising to name him as heir. Bernardo's victory atRoncesvaux ended that plan. But Bernardo then joined up with the Moors, hoping to force Alfonso into action; but Alfonso secretly had Sancho killed while in prison. Origins The original legend of Bernardo del Carpio was sung by the jongleurs of the Kingdom of León. Later, the Castilian poet Pero Ferrús (fl. 1380) mentions Bernardo del Carpio in one of his cantigas, which combines the theme of the good life in Castile with a series of loores, or lyric paeans, to a series of Greek, Roman, Biblical, chivalric, and Arab heroes. In 1624 Bernardo de Balbuena published El Bernardo, an ### Assistant:

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### User: Events in the year 1846 in Norway. Incumbents Monarch: Oscar I Events Arts and literature Births 22 February – Peder Nilsen, politician and Minister (d.1921) 4 August – Stephan Sinding, sculptor (d.1922) 5 August – Alvilde Prydz, Norwegian novelist (d.1922 in Norway) 22 August – Amalie Skram, author and feminist (d.1905) 30 September – Oscar Ambrosius Castberg, painter and sculptor (d.1917) 22 October – Anders Andersen, politician (d.1931) 10 December – Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram, jurist and politician (d.1929) 15 December – Kittel Halvorson, a U.S. Representative from Minnesota (d.1936) Full date unknown Hans Konrad Foosnæs, politician and Minister (d.1917) ### Assistant:

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### User: "Dancing Your Memory Away" is a song recorded by American country music artist Charly McClain. It was released in June 1982 as the first single from the album Too Good to Hurry. The song reached number three on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Eddie Burton and Thomas Alan Grant for Barnwood Music which is now owned by HoriPro Entertainment. "Dancing Your Memory Away" also won two BMI awards, one at the country awards in Nashville and the other at the pop awards in Beverly Hills, CA. The song was first recorded by ### Assistant:

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### User: Charles Hamilton Sanford (May 28, 1873 - February 16, 1942) was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and was president of the Syracuse Trust Company and co-founder of Sanford-Herbert Motor Truck Company in Syracuse, New York. Biography Sanford was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 28, 1873. He was the son of Theodore S. Sanford and Arabella Fenton Sanford. His father was a "leading figure" in the banking and financial circles of the Ohio metropolis. Early career C. Hamilton Sanford, as he was known, was "so eager to get into the business field in which his father had succeeded" that, on graduationfrom Cleveland public schools, he took a job as a messenger for the German-American Savings Bank. He worked there for a year and then became a clerk in the Western Reserve National Bank of Cleveland, where he remained until its merger with the Bank of Commerce National Association. During his time there, he rose to the position of "paying teller" and after the merger he was promoted to a "receiving teller" and later, "assistant cashier". Bank president In 1902, he became "cashier" of the old National Bank of Syracuse where he remained in that position until 1915, when he was ### Assistant:

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### User: Hina Pervaiz Butt (; born 19 January 1982) is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, since May 2013. Early life and education Hina was born on 19 January 1982 in Lahore. She received her initial education from Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore. She earned the degrees of Bachelor of Science (Hons) in 2004 and received the degree of Master of Business Administration in 2010 from Lahore University of Management Sciences. In 2016, she earned Master of Arts in International Relations from Middlesex University campus in Dubai. Hina has to her creditcommitment and passion has specifically driven towards activism through legislation for human rights and supporting civil society in its implementation and action, the most debated being legislation against forced conversions. She has rendered her services as the General Secretary of First Women Parliamentary Caucus of Punjab, Pakistan (2015- 2016) and currently serving as the Women Health Representative of the Women Caucus. She also holds an important charge as the General Secretary of the Youth Caucus for the effective of implementation of Youth Rights, highlighting issues pertaining to the youth in the assembly. She is closely working with civil society and ### Assistant:

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### User: "You Rock My World" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson from his tenth and final studio album Invincible (2001) It was released as the lead single from the album on August 22, 2001 by Epic Records. "You Rock My World" peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was Jackson's last top ten song in the United States until "Love Never Felt So Good", which featured Justin Timberlake, peaked at number 9 in 2014. The track reached number one in France, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, and Spain. It also peaked within the top ten inAustralia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 44th Grammy Awards. As part of promotion for "You Rock My World", a music video was released. The video, which is thirteen and a half minutes long, was directed by Paul Hunter and features Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando. In the video, Jackson and Tucker portray men who are trying to gain a woman's affection. The video has been compared to Jackson's previous videos "Smooth Criminal" and "The Way You Make MeFeel". "You Rock My World" was performed only twice by Jackson; at Madison Square Garden in New York City at two concerts on September 7th and the 10th on 2001 to celebrate Jackson's career as a solo artist. Footage of the performance was shown in the two-hour CBS television special, Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration. Background "You Rock My World" was recorded by Michael Jackson for his studio album, Invincible (2001). The song was co-written and composed by Michael Jackson, Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels and Nora Payne and produced by Jackson and Jerkins. "You Rock My World"was officially released as the lead single from the album in mid-August 2001, by Epic Records. Prior to the single’s official release it had been leaked to two New York radio stations on Friday, August 17. Immediately after the songs radio airplay the radio stations had received "a herd of [radio] callers asking for more." "You Rock My World" was first played on the WJTM-FM station at 6 p.m., with WKTU-FM airing the song 45 minutes later. Both stations had played the single every two hours until around 6 p.m. Saturday, when Jackson's record label, Epic Records, called the programdirector for both stations, Frankie Blue, who was also a friend of Jackson, and asked him to stop. Blue later recalled, "They informed me of the dangers of playing a song too early." He refused to say how the song came into his possession. Composition "You Rock My World" is credited as being an uptempo post-disco and R&B song that has vibrating vocal harmonies. The song is played in the time signature of common time in the key E minor, with Jackson's vocal range spanning from the tonal nodes of E3 to Bb4. "You Rock My World" has a moderatetempo of 95 beats per minute. The chord progression in the song is Em7–C9-Bm7–Am7–D–Em7. The song's composition has been compared to Jackson's previous material with Quincy Jones from the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the disco-theme from Jackson's 1979 single, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Chris Tucker voices the vocal introduction of the song while all the instruments heard on the track were played by Jackson and Rodney Jerkins. Lyrically, the song's lyrics are about being in love, as well as the effect that it can have, as evident in the opening line, "My life will never bethe same, 'cause, girl, you came and changed the way I walk, the way I talk, I cannot explain". Critical reception Praise was mainly directed at the song's composition, while dissatisfaction towards the song was expressed by critics because they felt that the track was not Jackson's best material. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic listed "You Rock My World" as being a highlight for the Invincible album. Reviewer Andrew Hamilton, also of AllMusic, stated that, "If anybody other than Michael Jackson had released 'You Rock My World' with the tons of publicity and promotion it was accorded, it would haveslam dunked the charts and been a multiple award winner. It sold well and got play everywhere, but too many critics panned the song and the album it came from as not being good enough for an artist on Jackson's level." Hamilton commented that people should "give Michael credit" because he was able to maintain a respectable career as a recording artist over the years of his later career. James Hunter of Rolling Stone praised the song's vocal rhythms as being "finely sculpted" and "exquisite". He noted that the song shows similarities to Jackson's previous material with Quincy Jones. MarkBeaumont, a writer for NME, described the song as being a "disco classic" and commented that he felt that the song's brief intro was "funnier than Chris Evans on fire". Catherine Halaby of Yale Daily News stated that the song "showcases the best of 'classic Michael'", and described the song as being "funky, catchy, upbeat, not too creepy". "You Rock My World" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male at the 44th Grammy Awards, but it lost the award to James Taylor's "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight". It was Jackson's first Grammy nominationsince 1997, for his single "Earth Song", and his first nomination in that category since 1995. Chart performance "You Rock My World" was commercially successful, generally charting within the top ten positions on music charts worldwide. The song was one of Jackson's last hit singles in the United States in the final years of his career. "You Rock My World" charted within the top twenty positions on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 15, 2001. The following week, the song charted at its peak position, number ten. It became Jackson's highest charting single since his 1995 number-one single, "You AreNot Alone". "You Rock My World" also charted at number seven and thirteen on Billboards Pop chart and R&B/Hip-Hop Songs respectively. Notably, these chart positions were attained based on airplay alone, as no commercial single was issued in the United States. Fred Bronson, Billboard's chart expert at the time, remarked, "Certainly, if a commercial single had been available, it would have peaked higher - perhaps even at no.1". The song also charted within the top ten positions, peaking at number two, on the Canadian RPM Hot 100 chart. "You Rock My World" debuted on the United Kingdom Singles Chart atnumber two, which was its peak position in the country, on October 20. The song remained within the top twenty positions on the chart for four consecutive weeks, and remained within the top 100 positions for fifteen consecutive weeks from October 20, 2001, to January 26, 2002. "You Rock My World" debuted on the French Singles Chart on October 13, 2001, at the number one position. The song remained at the number one position on the chart for three consecutive weeks, and remained within the top twenty positions for ten consecutive weeks. The song debuted on the Dutch Singles Chartsat number four on October 20, and the following week, charted at its peak position, number two. "You Rock My World" debuted on the Finnish Singles Chart on the forty first week of 2001, at its peak position, number two. After three weeks, the song fell off the charts. The song debuted at its peak position, number two, in Norway in the 42nd second week of 2001. The song remained on the chart for six consecutive weeks, charting within the top twenty positions. "You Rock My World" entered New Zealand charts on September 16, at number thirty one. After sevenweeks, the song charted at its peak position, number thirteen, and remained on the chart for twelve weeks in 2001. "You Rock My World" debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at its peak position, number four. After the song charted within the top fifty positions for five consecutive weeks, it fell off the chart, and re-entered two weeks later at number thirty seven, and fell off the chart for the second time on January 6, 2002. "You Rock My World" debuted on the Italian Singles Chart on November 11, at its peak position number three, and remained within the topten positions for four weeks in 2001. The song peaked at number two and four on the Belgium Flanders and Walonia charts in 2001. On the Austrian Singles Chart, the song debuted at its peak position, number nine, on October 21, and it remained on the chart for a total of eight weeks. After Jackson's death in June 2009, "You Rock My World" re-entered music charts worldwide and re-entered Billboard charts for the first time in almost eight years. The song also peaked at number sixty two on Billboards Digital Songs chart on July 11, 2009. The song re-entered theUnited Kingdom Singles Chart on July 4, charting at number ninety-seven. The following week the song charted at its peak position, number sixty, and charted out of the top 100 positions after spending three weeks on the chart. "You Rock My World" re-entered the Australian Singles Chart for the third time on July 19, at number fifty. The song remained on the chart for only one week. Promotion In late August 2001, Jackson and Sony Music began a promotional campaign for "You Rock My World". As part of promotion for the single, as well as the album, Jackson made apublic appearance by celebrating his 43rd birthday—one day late—by presiding over the NASDAQ market opening ceremony in Times Square on Thursday morning, on August 30, 2001. Jackson only performed "You Rock My World" twice. The only performances of "You Rock My World" was during two concerts in early September 2001, which was to celebrate Jackson's 30th year as solo artist, at Madison Square Garden. Tucker, who is part of the song's dialogue and video, was part of the live performance. Footage of the second concert on September 10 was shown in a two-hour television special, titled Michael Jackson: 30th AnniversaryCelebration, which was aired on CBS in November of the same year. Music video The music video for "You Rock My World" was directed by Paul Hunter, and was released in 2001. The video, which is over thirteen minutes long, was described as being a short film. The dance performed during the video consists of fragments from the canceled "Dangerous" music video. The video consists of Jackson's and Tucker's characters trying to gain the affection of a woman (Kishaya Dudley) by subsequently following her around the neighborhood. Ultimately, a fight breaks out between Jackson and the gang members in ascreams for Tucker, who had been dancing to the song, and he knocks out some of the gang members. During the escape, the woman who met Jackson approaches him outside the bar. The two share a kiss, and Tucker quickly rolls in with a low rider, signaling for Jackson and his new lover to escape, leaving the bar which is consumed in flames. The video for "You Rock My World" was thought to be the last music video to feature any participation from Jackson before the video for "One More Chance" was unearthed (his following videos would consist of archivefootage of himself and others). The video has been compared to Jackson's previous 1980s music videos for his singles, "Smooth Criminal" (1987), "Bad" (1987), and "The Way You Make Me Feel" (1987), all from his 1987 studio album, Bad. In the video, Jackson can be seen wearing a blazer and his traditional hat. The video features appearances from Marlon Brando, Michael Madsen and Billy Drago. The video won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video at the award show’s 2002 ceremony. In several instances in the video, Tucker's character makes several references to previous songs by Michael Jackson, suchas "Beat It", "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)", "The Girl Is Mine", "Bad" ,"Dangerous", and "Billie Jean". The short version of the music video appears on Number Ones, and the long version appears on Michael Jackson's Vision. Live performances "You Rock My World" was performed twice live during the 30th anniversary concerts, which took place in late 2001. In the second concert, he was joined by Usher and Chris Tucker at the end, who danced with him. It was the only full song from Invincible that Jackson had performed live. The song was set to be performed in his This IsIt concerts on certain days replacing "The Way You Make Me Feel". Track listing Personnel Written and composed by Michael Jackson, Darkchild. Produced and all musical instruments performed by Michael Jackson and Rodney Jerkins Lead and background vocals by Michael Jackson Intro by Chris Tucker and Michael Jackson Recorded by Brad Gilderman, Rodney Jerkins, Jean-Marie Horvat, Dexter Simmons and Stuart Brawley Digital editing by Harvey Mason, Jr. and Stuart Brawley Mixed by Bruce Swedien, Lyndell Fraser, and Rodney Jerkins Starring Michael Jackson, Chris Tucker, Marlon Brando, Michael Madsen, Billy Drago, introducing Kishaya Dudley. Directed by Paul Hunter Charts Weekly charts ### Assistant:

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### User: Jean-Louis de Biasi is a published author, lecturer, and spiritual teacher. Career De Biasi was born in Castillonnès (France) in 1959. He holds a master's degree in philosophy (University of Bordeaux). The title of his thesis was "Morals and Religion in the work of Nietzsche". He taught philosophy in France as a teacher for over 15 years, and also successfully graduated in Hebrew. He has been trained in Gestalt therapy with certification from the Institut Francais de Gestalt-Therapie (French Institute of Gestalt Therapy). For several years, he also practiced oneirology and hypnotherapy. From the 70's to the 90’s he practicedPast Master belonging at present to the Grand Lodge F.A.A.M. of the State of Nevada (U.S.A.). He also received the 32° of the American Scottish Rite in Washington, D.C., and was initiated into Royal Arch Masonry in Canada. During the time he lived in France and prior to joining American Freemasonry, the entirety of the Egyptian Freemasonry degrees (33°-95°) as well as other related degrees were received by him. Beginning in 1999 and over the course of the next few years, he reawakened, founded, and organized within the Grand Orient de France (the largest Masonic organization in France) the Egyptiansystem of Memphis-Misraim according to the American degrees organized by John Yarker. It was also during 1999 that the Grand Orient de France asked him to create a scientific publication which was called Arcana. He was nominated Grand Chancellor in 2002 and Grand Orator in 2003. In 1997, Jean-Louis de Biasi founded La Parole Circule (Spread the Word), the first-ever online magazine of international scope devoted to Freemasonry and restricted to Freemasons. This magazine was published until 2008. He was also one of the founders of the online community of Fraternelle des Internautes Francophones, the first French Masonic one tobe established. As a published author, Jean-Louis de Biasi has written in French about the fields of Freemasonry, ancient religions, and rituals. He was published by Grancher Publications (Editions Grancher). His writings in English have been and continue to be published by Llewellyn Publications. Several of his books have been translated into various languages such as French, Portuguese, Spanish, Russian, and Dutch. As a published author, he is a member of the National Writers Union and the International Federation of Journalists. With Patricia, his wife, he is writings new books published by Llewellyn Publications. Published works Books Excerpts from his ### Assistant:

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### User: The Frankland Range is a mountain range that is located in the south-west region of Tasmania, Australia. The range forms part of a natural south-western border to the impounded Lake Pedder, formed by the damming of the Serpentine and Huon rivers. As part of the South West Wilderness area, it is a less popular site of bushwalking than other, more famous, ranges in Tasmania's South West, and is for much more advanced walkers due to its length, isolation and terrain. Access routes to the range are by boat from the lake, or the roads at Strathgordon or Scotts Peak Dam. ### Assistant:

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### User: Babacar M'Baye Gueye (born 2 March 1986) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a forward for China League One side Inner Mongolia Zhongyou. At international level, he represented the Senegal national team. Club career Born in Dakar, Gueye began his career with Génération Foot and joined FC Metz in 2002. On 27 January 2009, the Senegalese striker was loaned to CS Sedan where he remained until June 2009. On 23 July 2009, he signed a four-year contract with German club Alemannia Aachen for a transfer fee of €500,000. During the summer break, he agreed to a one-year loanspell at FSV Frankfurt. Gueye made his first game for his new club on the season opener at home against Union Berlin, on 15 July 2011. He failed to score from the penalty spot in the dying seconds of injury time, thus the game ended in a 1–1 draw. Gueye transferred to China League One club Shenzhen Ruby on 28 February 2012. He won two successive top scorers of the league between 2012 and 2013. International career Gueye was a member of the Senegal national football team with 25 appearances and six goals. Personal life His younger brother is ex-Metzmidfielder Ibrahima Gueye who now plays for CS Louhans-Cuiseaux and his cousin is Momar N'Diaye, who also played for Metz. References External links Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Dakar Category:Senegalese footballers Category:Senegalese expatriate footballers Category:Senegal international footballers Category:2008 Africa Cup of Nations players Category:FC Metz players Category:Alemannia Aachen players Category:FSV Frankfurt players Category:Shenzhen F.C. players Category:Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C. players Category:Heilongjiang Lava Spring F.C. players Category:Inner Mongolia Zhongyou F.C. players Category:Association football forwards Category:French people of Senegalese descent Category:Expatriate footballers in Romania Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany Category:Expatriate footballers in China Category:China League One players Category:Liga I players Category:2. Bundesliga ### Assistant:

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### User: Desmond Andrew Herbert (17 June 1898 – 8 September 1976) was an Australian botanist. The son of a fruit-grower, Herbert was born in Diamond Creek, Victoria in 1898; was educated at Malvern State School and the Melbourne Church of England Grammar School, then matriculated to the University of Melbourne, from which he obtained a BSc in Biology in 1918 and a MSc in Botany in 1920. He began his botanic career in 1919 as a botanical assistant in the Explosives Section of Western Australia's Mines Department. He was later appointed Economic Botanist and Plant Pathologist for Western Australia, and alsolectured part-time in agricultural botany and plant pathology at the University of Western Australia. During this time he made a number of collecting expeditions in south-west Western Australia, and published a number of plant taxa, of which Logania tortuosa, Melaleuca coronicarpa, Daviesia uniflora, Xanthorrhoea brevistyla and Xanthorrhoea nana (Dwarf Grasstree) remain current. In 1921, he published a book, The Poison Plants of Western Australia. In 1921, Herbert took up a position as Professor of Plant Physiology and Pathology at the University of the Philippines. On 11 December 1922 he married his assistant Vera McNeilance Prowse, daughter of John Henry Prowse;they would have two sons and two daughters. Herbert returned to Australia in 1924, joining the Botany Department of the University of Queensland. Initially his position was that of lecturer, but in 1929 he obtained his D.Sc. from the University of Melbourne, and he was awarded an honorary D.Sc. by the University of Queensland in 1935. In 1946 he was promoted to associate professor; two years later he was appointed acting professor, and shortly afterwards foundation professor of botany. He was later made Dean of the Faculty of Science. Herbert was President of the Queensland Naturalists' Club in 1926; ofresearch into chemical warfare, and co-wrote a survival manual for the Royal Australian Air Force entitled Friendly Fruits and Vegetables. Herbert retired in 1965, and a year later was appointed CMG. He died in Royal Brisbane Hospital on 8 September 1976, and his body was cremated. One of his sons, John Desmond, was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, and a minister in Frank Nicklin's Country Party government. A daughter born in 1930, Joan Winifred (Cribb), herself became a botanist of some renown. Eucalyptus herbertiana was named in his honour. Herbert was red-green colour blind. References Category:1898 births ### Assistant:

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### User: General Qamar Javed Bajwa (born 11 November 1960), , is a Pakistani general who is the 10th and current Chief of Army Staff (COAS; the army head) of the Pakistan Army since 29 November 2016. In 2018, he was ranked as the 68th most influential person in the world by Forbes magazine. Born in Karachi, General Bajwa was educated at the Sir Syed College and Gordon College in Rawalpindi before joining the Pakistan Military Academy in 1978. General Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the 16th Battalion of the Baloch Regiment. Prior to his appointment as the Chief of ArmyStaff of Pakistan Army, he served at the General Headquarters as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation from 22 September 2015 to 29 November 2016 and as field commander of the X Corps from 14 August 2013 to 22 September 2015 which is responsible for the area along the Line of Control at Kashmir. In addition, he served as a Brigadier in the UN mission in Congo and as a brigade commander in 2007. General Bajwa was awarded with the position as Chief of Army Staff (COAS) till November 2019. The tenure was further extended for 6 monthsby Supreme Court of Pakistan. . On 7th January 2020, National Assembly Of Pakistan passed bills to extend General Bajwa's tenure upto three years till 29 November 2022. Early life and education Born in Karachi Sindh, Pakistan on 11 November 1960, Bajwa was educated at the Sir Syed College and Gordon College in Rawalpindi before joining the Pakistan military Academy in 1978. His family hails from Ghakhar Mandi, Punjab. Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa, was an officer of Pakistan Army who died while in service in 1967 in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Bajwa was seven years old when his father died and hewas the youngest of five siblings. He and his siblings were raised by their mother, who died in September 2013. Bajwa's father-in-law, Ijaz Amjad, was also a Pakistan Army officer who retired with a two-star rank, Major-General. Bajwa completed his secondary and intermediate education at Sir Syed College in Rawalpindi and Gordon College in Rawalpindi before joining the Pakistan Army in 1978, which directed him to attend the military academy. He was sent to attend the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul and passed out with the class of 62nd PMA Long Course in 1980. Bajwa is a graduate of Commandand Staff in Canada and later attended and secured his graduation from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, United States. He also attended the National Defence University. Bajwa is married to Ayesha. The couple have two sons, Saad and Ali. Career in the military After joining the Pakistan Army in 1978, Bajwa was sent to enrolled at the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in Kakul, and passed out from the PMA Kakul where he gained commissioned as 2nd-Lt., on 24 October 1980 in the 16th Baloch Regiment at the Sialkot Cantonment – the same unit that his father commanded. In1988, Major Bajwa briefly served in the 5th Northern Light Infantry Regiment in Kashmir. In addition, Lieutenant-Colonel Bajwa served in the X Corps, stationed in Rawalpindi, as a staff officer. Upon promoting as one-star rank army general, Brigadier Bajwa served as the Chief of Staff (COS) at the X Corps before promoting to the two-star rank and commanding a division in Northern Pakistan. In 2003, Brig. Bajwa commanded the Pakistan Armed Forces-Africa Command, attached to the UN peacekeeping mission MONUSCO, in Congo Brig. Bajwa served in the Congo as a brigade commander under then-Major General Bikram Singh, the former Chiefof the Army Staff of the Indian Army from 2012–14. Gen. Singh later termed Bajwa's performance there as "professional and outstanding." After being promoted to two-star rank in May 2009, Major-General Bajwa took over the command of the Force Command Northern Areas (FCNA) as its GOC, stationed in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. In August 2011, he was honored with the Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military), and posted as an instructor at the School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta, and later taught staff course at Command and Staff College in Quetta, and course on national security at the National Defence University. On 14 August 2013,Zubair Hayat was appointed Chairman joint chiefs committee. On 29 November 2016, Prime Minister Sharif eventually announced to appoint the fourth by seniority, General Bajwa, as the chief of army staff, superseding two generals who were senior than him. His strong pro-democracy stance and views may have influenced his appointment as an army chief as noted by the media pundits. The Reuters Pakistan reported that Prime Minister Sharif picked Bajwa because of his low-key style. He was also noted as the fourth oldest army chief of staff. About the reception of this appointment, Gen. Bajwa is known to have asound understanding of Indian strategic ambitions in the region and experience of armed conflict on LoC in Kashmir. In December 2016, he was awarded Nishan-e-Imtiaz. Under the command of Gen. Bajwa, the nationwide counterterrorism operations and Khyber-4 were launched in February 2017 and July 2017, respectively. In October 2018, Bajwa was awarded the Order of the Military Merit by Jordan's King Abdullah II . On 19 August 2019, his tenure as an army chief was extended for another 3 years, lasting from November 2019 till November 2022, by Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan. On 26 November, 2019, the SupremeCourt of Pakistan suspended the 3 year extension. On 28 November 2019, Supreme Court of Pakistan approved a short 6-month extension in Bajwa’s term as the COAS. On 7th January 2020, Pakistan's National Assembly Of Pakistan passed bills to extend General Bajwa's tenure upto three years till 29 November 2022. Public image Bajwa is an avid reader and has keen interest in the history of Europe. He enjoys cricket and used to play cricket as a wicket-keeper. General Bajwa reportedly prefers to keep himself updated about the latest developments within the Indian national landscape. He has condemned extremism in allits manifestations, declaring it a key driving force for terrorism. He urged his fellow citizens especially the youth to reject extremist ideologies and terrorism without distinction Awards Effective dates of promotion See also Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Freedom of the press in Pakistan References External links Pakistan Army official website Category:1960 births Category:Punjabi people Category:People from Karachi Category:Government Gordon College alumni Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni Category:Naval Postgraduate School alumni Category:Pakistani generals Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty Category:Pakistani expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:People of the Congo Crisis Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz Category:Living ### Assistant:

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### User: The Mall at Sierra Vista is an indoor shopping center in Sierra Vista, Arizona, United States owned and managed by Brookfield Properties Retail Group. It was constructed during the late 1990s. Sierra Vista was one of the fastest growing communities in Arizona and the major population center for southeastern Arizona. The developers had hoped to market to the growing community, which had no other malls. It was the first major mall to be built in southeastern Arizona, with of retail space. During the mall's opening months, around October 1999, many shoppers expressed surprise at how small the mall was: although ### Assistant:

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### User: The Beast with a Million Eyes (a.k.a. The Unseen) is a 1955 independently made American black-and-white science fiction film, produced and directed by David Kramarsky, that stars Paul Birch, Lorna Thayer, and Dona Cole. Some film sources have said that the film was co-directed by Lou Place. The film was co-produced by Roger Corman and Samuel Z. Arkoff. and was released by American Releasing Corporation, which later became American International Pictures. The film's storyline concerns a space alien that is able to see through the eyes of a large array of Earth life that it can also mentally control, partagainst the alien menace, finally thwarting its plan of conquest. Cast Paul Birch as Allan Kelley Lorna Thayer as Carol Kelley Dona Cole as Sandy Kelley Dick Sargent (credited as Richard Sargeant) as Larry Leonard Tarver as "Him" Bruce Whitmore (voice only) as The Beast Chester Conklin as Old Man Webber Production The Beast with a Million Eyes was the third of a three-picture deal Roger Corman had with the American Releasing Company following The Fast and the Furious (1955) and Five Guns West (1955). Only $29,000 remained to make the film for Pacemaker Productions. The tiny budget meant musicin The Beast with a Million Eyes, credited to "John Bickford", is actually a collection of public-domain record library cues by classical composers Richard Wagner, Dimitri Shostakovich, Giuseppe Verdi, Sergei Prokofiev, and others, used to defray the cost of an original score or copyrighted cues. American Releasing Company president James H. Nicholson had come up with a title and ad treatment that had film exhibitors signed on before seeing the finished film. When the company vice-president Samuel Z. Arkoff received The Beast with a Million Eyes he was unhappy that it did not even feature "the beast" that was implicitin the title. Paul Blaisdell, responsible for the film's special effects, was hired to create a three-foot-tall spaceship (with "beast" alien) for a meager $200. Notably, the Art Director was Albert S. Ruddy, who would later win two "Best Picture" Academy Awards for The Godfather (1972) and Million Dollar Baby (2004). Filming took place in Indio and the Coachella Valley, California. Corman shot 48 pages of interiors in just two days at a studio on La Cienega Blvd. in Los Angeles. The Beast with a Million Eyes was a non-union filming of a script originally titled The Unseen, with LouPlace set to direct. After one day's filming, the union threatened to shut down the production unless everyone signed with the Guild. Roger Corman, who was producing, took over the film's directing chores and replaced the cinematographer with Floyd Crosby; however Corman took no official screen credit. Another version of this story has Corman allocating directing duties to Dave Kramarsky, his associate director on Five Guns West. Reception Film historian Leonard Maltin called The Beast with a Million Eyes, "Imaginative though poorly executed sci-fi melodrama with desert setting; a group of people is forced to confront an alien that cancontrol an unlimited number of animals, hence the title." He further described the film as, "(an) early Roger Corman production (that) features Paul Blaisdell's first movie monster." In 2007 Metro-Goldwyn Mayer sold The Beast with a Million Eyes as part of its Midnight Movies DVD catalog as a double-feature with The Phantom from 10,000 Leagues (1955). See also List of American films of 1955 References Notes Bibliography Lentz, Harris M. III. Science Fiction, Horror & Fantasy Film and Television Credits, Vol. 1. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1983. . McGee, Mark. Faster and Furiouser: The Revised and Fattened Fableof American International Pictures. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1996. . Smith, Gary A. American International Pictures Video Guide. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009. . Smith, Gary A. American International Pictures: The Golden Years. Albany, Georgia: Bear Manor Media, 2014. . Warren, Bill. Keep Watching the Skies: American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties, 21st Century Edition (revised and expanded). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009. . External links Category:1955 films Category:1950s independent films Category:1950s science fiction films Category:1955 horror films Category:American films Category:American science fiction horror films Category:English-language films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Films shot in ### Assistant:

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### User: Saint-Étienne Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Saint Charles Borromeo, in Saint-Étienne, Loire, France. It has been the cathedral of the Diocese of Saint-Étienne since its creation on 26 December 1970. The building was constructed as an elaborate parish church between 1912 and 1923 in a primitive neo-Gothic style, on a Latin cross groundplan with transept and triple nave, and a belltower on the west front. The building is long, wide and from the centre of the roof vault to the ground. The organ in the choir dates from 1930, and there is another very imposing oneby A. Durand from 1968. The building was a highly ambitious one from the start, and remains unfinished. History The project of a large church for a new parish was decided upon in 1830 to serve the rising population of the city consequent upon its industrial growth. The dedication to Charles Borromeo was an indirect compliment to the then monarch, Charles X. A provisional chapel was built in the Rue Émile Combes in 1829, although only dedicated in 1840, as a temporary measure while the new large church was constructed. In the event the provisional structure had to serve until1923. The extreme delay was due to sustained obstruction from the secularist authorities, which had disastrous consequences for the progress of the new church of Saint-Étienne. Plans for an impressive church were accepted in the 1860s, drawn up by Pierre Bossan, architect to the Archdiocese of Lyon, where his most significant work was the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière. After many years in storage they were destroyed in a fire, and had to be reconstructed by , from preliminary drawings by Bossan's partner, Giniez, which had been kept by his children. The local architect who finally built the church fromas well as quantities of external and internal decorations. In 1970, the church was elevated to a cathedral when the Diocese of Saint-Étienne was created. On this occasion, the choir was remodelled to conform to the liturgical prescriptions of the Second Vatican Council. In 2005, at the instigation of the Abbé Martin, rector, the layout was completed by the creation of an episcopal cathedral coherent with the altar and the ambo, on drawings by the architect Michel Goyet. Built after the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, it is one of the few cathedrals ### Assistant:

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### User: The 2005 FIBA Africa Women's Clubs Champions Cup (11th edition), was an international basketball tournament held in Bamako, Mali, from October 2 to 9, 2005. The tournament, organized by FIBA Africa and hosted by Djoliba AC, was contested by 8 clubs split into 2 groups, all of which qualifying for the knock-out stage (quarter, semis and final). The tournament was won by home team Djoliba AC which qualified for the 2007 FIBA Women's World League. Draw Squads Qualification Preliminary rounds Times given below are local UTC. Group A Group B Knockout stage Quarter-finals 5th-8th place Semifinals 7th place 5th place ### Assistant:

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### User: Chad Allen Brannon (born August 31, 1979 in Tomball, Texas) is an American actor. Brannon is known for his role as Zander Smith on General Hospital. Early life Chad attended Tomball High School in Texas. He was a football and baseball jock in high school and was planning on studying law but things took a great turn after one of his friends dared him to try out for the highschool's comedy "The Nerd" and became the lead. After that he spent most of his time studying theater and went to Sam Houston State University on scholarship. After a year anda half at Sam Houston, he moved to Los Angeles. Personal life Chad is married to his wife Carly. They have three sons: Hudson (born December 18, 2007), Ford (born January 6, 2010), and Tucker (born June 6, 2011). And a daughter, Navy. Career In 2000 started playing Zander Smith on the daytime soap opera General Hospital. He played the character from 2000–2004, until he was killed off, and won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series in 2004. He has also guest starred on Friday Night Lights, Cold Case, and Deadwood. Another of hisroles includes Tolten from the Xbox 360 RPG Lost Odyssey. In 2008, FOX brought on Chad as one of the main network announcers covering many of their hit shows such as The Simpsons, Family Guy, Glee, Sons of Tucson, American Dad, and The Cleveland Show. On December 22, 2009, Brannon returned to General Hospital, in a cameo as a character known only as Aaron. He appeared alongside Natalia Livingston, who was playing the twin of her previous character. Filmography References External links http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0105172/ http://chadbrannon.com/ Category:1979 births Category:American male soap opera actors Category:Living people Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners Category:Daytime Emmy Award ### Assistant:

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### User: is a railway station on the Tobu Tojo Line in Fujimi, Saitama, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway. Lines Tsuruse Station is served by the Tobu Tojo Line from in Tokyo, with some services inter-running via the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line to and the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line to and onward via the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minato Mirai Line to . Located between Mizuhodai and Fujimino stations, it is 22.0 km from the Ikebukuro terminus. Only Semi express and Local services stop at this station. Station layout The station consists of an island platform serving twotracks. The station building is elevated and located above the platform. Platforms Adjacent stations History The station opened on 1 May 1914 coinciding with the opening of the Tojo Railway line from Ikebukuro. The west entrance was opened in 1979. Through-running to and from via the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line commenced on 14 June 2008. From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on the Tobu Tojo Line, with Tsuruse Station becoming "TJ-17". Through-running to and from and via the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line commenced on 16 March 2013. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2014, the station was used ### Assistant:

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### User: Waterfront Watch Inc is a Wellington organisation which aims to preserve the Wellington waterfront from excessive development. Throughout its history it has frequently engaged in legal action to stop what it sees as negative developments. On the Waterfront Watch website, the organisation describes its purpose as: We are committed to preserving this resource for the people of Wellington and whilst we will support appropriate development that enhances public spaces and usage, we will question any excessive development that seeks to privatise and restrict public access, remove views and viewshafts, downgrades our heritage or introduces excess shading or wind issues. Notablecampaigns Variation 17 In the late 1990s there was a proposal – termed Variation 17 – to redevelop Wellington's waterfront into a mixture of public and private spaces. The proposal drew fierce criticism from some quarters, and Waterfront Watch was formed to stop the proposal. The Wellington City Council received a record-breaking 2,500 public submissions, of which 94% opposed the variation proposal. As a result, the variation proposal was shelved, and the area now known as Waitangi Park remains as public land. North Kumutoto development In November 2013, Wellington Waterfront Ltd detailed plans for an office building on the Kumutotowharf which is over the 22 metre height limit for the area. The proposal came after plans in 2012 for a 6-story office block were blocked by the Environment Court. Waterfront Watch President Pauline Swann said she was appalled that the proposal was going against the Court's recommendation: "We're very concerned. I've had a word to a few councillors about it." See also Wellington Harbour References External links Waterfront Watch on Facebook Wellington Waterfront Limited, the Wellington City Council controlled organisation charged with developing the waterfront Protecting public spaces, story at Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Category:Organisations based ### Assistant:

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### User: Rothbury Community Hospital is a health facility at Rothbury, Northumberland, England. It is managed by Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust. History The original facility was built as a private home known as Coquet House in 1872. It was converted into the Coquetdale Cottage Hospital in 1905. A maternity ward was added, as a lasting memorial to soldiers who died in the Second World War, in 1946. It joined the National Health Service in 1948 and the adjoining Hawthorn Cottage was acquired in 1956. After Hawthorn Cottage had been converted into a physiotherapy department, it was officially re-opened by Jimmy Savile ### Assistant:

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### User: The 5th Wildflower Film Awards () is an awards ceremony recognizing the achievements of Korean independent and low-budget films. It was held at the Literature House in Seoul on April 12, 2018. This year awards includes a new category for Best Music and Best Producer. A total of 13 prizes were handed out to films nominated across 10 categories for both documentary and narrative works, each with a budget under () and released theatrically between January 1 and December 31, 2017. Nominations and winners (Winners denoted in bold) References External links Wildflower Film Awards Category:Wildflower Film Awards Wildflower Film Awards ### Assistant:

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### User: Raynoch Joseph Thompson (born November 21, 1977) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the second round (45th overall) of the 2000 NFL Draft out of the University of Tennessee. He spent 5 years for the Cardinals, until they released him at the end of the 2004 season. After his time with the Cardinals, he signed with the Green Bay Packers, but they cut him before the season. He was an All-American and a Butkus Award Finalist in 1997 and 1998. He was an important part of the ### Assistant:

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### User: Gandedhe () is a 2010 Indian Kannada language romantic action film written and directed by Akula Shiva and produced by Ramu of Ramu Enterprises. The film stars Chiranjeevi Sarja and Ragini Dwivedi in the lead roles. Noted composer Chakri scored the music. Plot Krishna (Chiranjeevi) is a poor college going boy who falls in love with his classmate Nandini (Ragini). Nandini is the daughter of a rich landlord Shankare Gowda (Devaraj). Both fall in love and seeks approval from their parents. Nandini's father is much against the alliance and disapproves the relationship. The rest of the story deals with themethods adopted by Krishna to win over Nandini's family with the help of his friend SMS (Raghu) who has a solution for every issue that Krishna faces. Cast Chiranjeevi Sarja as Krishna Ragini Dwivedi as Nandini Devaraj as Shankare Gowda Rangayana Raghu as SMS Sharath Lohitashwa Ramesh Bhat Aruna Balaraj Kashi Jim ravi Sathyajith Kempegowda Dombara Krishna Suresh Pavan Benaka Vaijanath Biradar Suryanarayana waali Honnavalli Krishna Production Ramu, the head of Ramu Enterprises, teamed up with the Telugu film writer Akul Shiva to direct his debut Kannada film in late 2008. He roped in actor Chiranjeevi Sarja to play thelead role. Actress Ragini Dwivedi was also approached and signed into the team. The film was announced to be basically set in a college campus background. The unit shot two songs in and around Singapore for about eight days. Soundtrack Music was Composed by Chakri and launched on Anand Audio Video. Release The film released on 30 July 2010 across Karnataka. Reception Upon release, the film generally met with average reviews from the critics and audience. Sify in its review Noted "'Gandedhe' is a predictable fare with just some good fight scenes thrown in." OneIndia in its review said "Gandedhe ### Assistant:

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### User: Mount Skook Davidson, , is a mountain in the Kechika Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains in far northern British Columbia, Canada. It overlooks the [[Diamond J Ranch]], which was founded by John Ogilvie Davidson, known as "Skook" Davidson or "Skookum" Davidson because of his stature (big and strong, see skookum). Davidson was a notable local pioneer who worked as a land surveyor before taking up packing and guiding and ranching in this area. He helped discover and select the route for the Alaska Highway. See also List of Chinook Jargon placenames Prominence Its topographic prominence is 1361m above its col ### Assistant:

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### User: Shri Guru Kottureshwara Shrine at Kotturu is an ancient shrine located at the Kudligi taluk, Bellary District, North Karnataka, India, 583134. This temple is 19 km from Kudligi, 28 km from Hagaribommanahalli, 129 km from Davanagere and 253 km from Bangalore. History Origin Kotturu (Kannada: ಕೊಟ್ಟೂರು) is named after Saint Kottureshwara, so its history stems from the history of Guru Kottureshwara. Once on the Earth when the Veerashaiva Sect was under threat, Lord Shiva and Parvathi from Heaven (Kailasa) ordered Nandi to go to Sarasipura/Shikapura (the earlier name of Kottur) and protect the innocent people. So Lord Nandi disguised in ### Assistant:

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### User: The Olivetans, or the Order of Our Lady of Mount Olivet, are a monastic order formally recognised in 1344. They have formed the Olivetan Congregation within the Benedictine Confederation since 1960. History Foundation The Order of Our Lady of Mount Olivet is a small Roman Catholic order, founded in 1313 by Bernardo Tolomei (born Giovanni Tolomei) along with two of his friends from the noble families of Siena, Patrizio Patrizi and Ambrogio Piccolomini. They initially lived as hermits in the "savage waste of Accona". The building of the monastery here began with the approbation of the foundation charter by Guido ### Assistant:

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### User: Sir Adolphus Oughton, 1st Baronet of Tachbrook, Warwickshire (c. 1685 – 4 September 1736), was a British Army officer and politician. Oughton was the son of Adolphus Oughton and Mary Samwell, daughter of Richard Samwell, of Upton, Northamptonshire. and educated at Trinity College, Oxford and the Middle Temple (1703). He joined the British Army and was a captain and lieutenant-colonel in the 1st Foot Guards (1706), a 1st major and colonel in the Coldstream Guards (1715) and a lieutenant-colonel (1717) in the 8th Dragoons, of which regiment he assumed the colonelcy in 1733. He was promoted brigadier-general in 1735. Hewas Groom of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales from 1714 to 1717. He sat as Member of Parliament for Coventry between 1715 and 1736. In 1718 he was created a baronet, of Tetchbrook in the County of Warwick. He died in September 1736. He had first married his cousin, Frances Wagstaffe, daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Wagstaffe and the widow of Sir Edward Bagot, 4th Baronet, M.P., of Blithfield, Staffordshire. He secondly married Elizabeth, the daughter of John Baber of Sunninghill, Berkshire. He had no legitimate children and thus the baronetcy became extinct, although he did however ### Assistant:

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### User: Washington Hodges Timmerman (May 29, 1832 – July 14, 1908) was an American politician. Between 1893 and 1897 he was the 61st Lieutenant Governor of the State of South Carolina. Career Washington Timmerman grew up in Edgefield County. After subsequent medical studies and his admission as a doctor, he began to work in this profession. He also worked as a farmer. During the Civil War he served in the Confederate Army, where he rose to the rank of captain. Politically, he was a member of the Democratic Party. He served in both the House of Representatives of South Carolina andthe Senate of South Carolina, where he served as President Pro Tempore. Following the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Eugene B. Gary, who resigned to serve as a justice at the South Carolina Supreme Court, Timmerman was forced to assume the vacated office of Lieutenant Governor, in accordance with the state constitution as "President Pro Tempore" of the State Senate. He was later officially elected. This position he held between 1893 and 1898. He was a deputy to the Governor and Formal Chairman of the Senate. Until 1894 he officiated under Governor Benjamin Tillman and then under his successor John Gary ### Assistant:

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### User: The Museo di Palazzo Mocenigo (aka Palazzo Mocenigo di San Stae) is a palazzo near the Church of San Stae, south of the Grand Canal in the sestiere of Santa Croce in Venice, Italy. It is now a museum of fabrics and costumes, run by the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia. Building The palazzo is a large building in the gothic style. It was rebuilt extensively at the start of the 17th century. From this time, the palazzo was the residence of the San Stae branch of the Mocenigo family, one of the most important Venetian families. Seven members ofthe family were Doges of Venice. Museum The Palazzo Mocenigo was bequeathed to the city of Venice by Alvise Nicolò Mocenigo in 1945. He was the last descendant of the family and intended the palazzo to be used "as a Gallery of Art, to supplement Museo Correr". In 1985, the palazzo was designated as the Museum and Study Centre of the History of Fabrics and Costumes. The museum contains collections of textiles and costumes, mainly from the Correr, Guggenheim, and Cini collections, as well as the Palazzo Grassi. Palazzo Mocenigo also has a library on the first floor covering the ### Assistant:

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### User: MVM's Panditrao Agashe School or Panditrao Agashe School, is a private, co-educational day school located at Law College Road in Pune, India. The institution is a part of the Maharashtra Vidhya Mandal. Maharashtra Vidhya Mandal was founded in 1957 . He was the one of the first Maharashtrian in Pune to start an English Medium School. He is also renowned for his English into Marathi and Marathi into English dictionaries. The school caters to pupils from kindergarten up to class 10 and the medium of instruction is the English language. The school is affiliated to the Maharashtra State Board ofSecondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune which conducts the SSC Examinations at the close of class 10. The school is divided into three sections viz. pre-primary, primary and secondary. Panditrao Agashe The school's name sake is Jagdish "Panditrao" Agashe (1936 – 1983) the elder brother of the late business magnate Shri. Dnyaneshwar Agashe, eldest son of industrialist Shri. Chandrashekhar Agashe. He served as the managing director of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. after his father. See also List of schools in Pune References External links Category:Schools in Pune Category:Educational institutions established in 1957 Category:1957 establishments in India Category:Private schools ### Assistant:

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### User: "My Mistakes" is a song by UK grime artist Wiley, featuring guest vocals from Manga and Little Dee. It was released as the second single from his third studio album, Playtime Is Over, on 6 April 2007. Music video Wiley is in front of a tower rapping. There are two big screens and you can see Wiley rapping. Wiley is on a PSP rapping. There are his gang friends with him at the end. Track listings Digital download "My Mistakes" - 2:49 Credits and personnel Lead vocals – Wiley, Little Dee, Manga Producer – Bless Beats Lyrics – Richard Cowie, ### Assistant:

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### User: He Was King is an album recorded by Felix da Housecat, released worldwide just two days before his 38th birthday on August 25, 2009 via Nettwerk Records. The album was described by Felix as follows, "Whereas Kittenz and Thee Glitz was straight up electro, He Was King is straight Felix da Housecat pop with a nice electronic feel." The first single released from the album was "Kickdrum", released as a digital download in May 2009. The second single, "We All Wanna Be Prince" featured a remix contest prior to its release in July. Reception Initial critical response to He WasKing was average. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 63, based on nine reviews. Track listing All songs written by Felix da Housecat (Felix Stallings). "We All Wanna Be Prince" — (3:33) "Plastik Fantastik" — (3:29) "Kickdrum" — (3:49) "Do We Move Your World" — (4:35) "We" — (4:20) "Spank U Very Much" — (2:32) "Do Not Try This at Home" — (4:08) "Turn Me on a Summer Smile" — (3:39) "Elvi$" — (6:06) "LA Ravers" — (3:47) "Machine" — (3:31) "He Was ### Assistant:

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### User: The Walls of Lima were a fortification consisting mainly of walls and bastions whose purpose was to defend the city of Lima from exterior attacks. It was built between 1684 and 1687, during the Viceroy Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull (Duke of Palata)'s government. The wall was located on the present streets of Alfonso Ugarte, Paseo Colón and Grau and the left bank of Rímac River. Under Luis Castaneda Lossio's management, he recovered a section of the remains of the left bank of the Rímac River, which are now visible as a part of the group known as "Parque deof Santa Lucía, one of the surveillance points of the wall, is now a sports complex. The wall was not a paragon of beauty. Except for the portals of Maravillas (1807) in the Barrios Altos and El Callao, the other gates, as told by the painter Juan Manuel Ugarte, "had no great artistic appeal. It is one of the most important tourist attractions, besides the houses, among others. See also Wall of Trujillo Defensive wall Notes Bibliography Category:City walls in Peru Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1687 Category:Colonial Peru Category:Buildings and structures in Lima Category:Tourist attractions in Lima Category:Spanish Colonial ### Assistant:

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### User: Dimas Lara Barbosa (born April 1, 1956) is a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as auxiliary bishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro from 2003 till 2011, when he became archbishop of Campo Grande. Life Born in Boa Esperança, Lara Barbosa was ordained to the priesthood on December 3, 1988, serving in São José dos Campos. On June 11, 2003, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro and titular bishop of Megalopolis in Proconsulari. Lara Barbosa received his episcopal consecration on the following August 2 from Eusébio Oscar Scheid, archbishop of ### Assistant:

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### User: Scoparia fumata is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is endemic in New Zealand. Taxonomy It was described by Alfred Philpott in 1915. However the placement of this species within the genus Scoparia is in doubt. As a result, this species has also been referred to as Scoparia (s.l.) fumata. Description The wingspan is 20–23 mm. The forewings are pale fuscous-brown with dark fuscous markings. The hindwings are grey, tinged with ochreous and with a darker subterminal line. Adults have been recorded on wing in December. References Category:Moths described in 1915 Category:Moths of New Zealand Category:Scopariinae Category:Endemic ### Assistant:

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### User: The Battle of Jinyang () was fought between the elite families of the State of Jin, the house of Zhao and the house of Zhi (智), in the Spring and Autumn period of China. The other houses of Wei and Han first participated in the battle in alliance with the Zhi, but later defected to ally with Zhao to annihilate the Zhi house. This event was a catalyst to the Tripartition of Jin in 434 BC, the forming of the three states of Zhao, Wei, and Han, and the start to the Warring States period. It is the first battlearsenals were filled within three days, and the walls repaired within five. Thus all of Jinyang was prepared for war. Battle When the three armies of Zhi, Wei, and Han reached Jinyang in 455 BC, they laid siege to the city, but for three months they could not take the city. They fanned out and surrounded the city, and a year later diverted the flow of the Fen River to inundate the city. All buildings under three stories high were submerged, and the people of Jinyang were obliged to live in nest-like perches above the water and hang their kettlesnot to surrender but instead send him out to negotiate with the houses of Wei and Han. The houses of Wei and Han were promised an even split of Zhao's territories when the battle was won, however both the Wei and Han leaders were uneasy, since they understood that they too would be conquered if Zhao fell to Zhi. Zhi Yao's minister, Xi Ci (郤疵), warned Zhi that the two houses were going to revolt, since "the men and horses [of Jinyang] are eating each other and the city is soon to fall, yet the lords of Han and WeiWei, Zhao and Han lords all went to King Weilie of Zhou in Luoyang and were made marquises in their own right, establishing the three states of Zhao, Wei, and Han, ushering in the beginning of the Warring States period by Sima Guang's definition. Most historians, when referring to those three states, call them the "Three Jins" (三晉). The State of Jin continued to exist with a tiny piece of territory until 376 BC when the rest of the territory was partitioned by the Three Jins. The Legalist thinker Han Feizi of the late Warring States period used this battle ### Assistant:

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### User: Eduardo Missoni (born July 31, 1954 in Rome) is an Italian medical doctor who has been active in numerous social causes. He was appointed as the Secretary General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from April 1, 2004 through November 30, 2007. Life Dr. Missoni received his medical training and specialty in tropical medicine from Rome University. He subsequently obtained a master's degree from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. He is a professor at Bocconi University Management School in Milan. His area of teaching and research is related to health development cooperation management and globalstrategies for health. He began his career as a volunteer doctor in Nicaragua. He was later employed as a UNICEF officer in Mexico. He worked for the Italian government in the capacity of adviser and representative for health cooperation programs in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. As a youth in Italy Dr. Missoni joined the Scout movement. Later, as a young adult he became a Scout leader and remained active in Scouting until he left for his medical mission in Nicaragua. Many years later, without having applied for the position, he was "headhunted" on behalf of the World Scout Committeemaintain representative duties until November 30. On November 30, 2007, Eduardo Missoni wrote a chronology of what he called a "putsch" on his personal web page, releasing many documents which were unknown at the time and giving his point of view. Awards and honors Asteroid 273412 Eduardomissoni, discovered by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli in 2006, was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on May 29, 2018 (). See also World Organization of the Scout Movement References External links Missoni Website World Organisation of the Scout Movement: Official biography Comments about the end ### Assistant:

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### User: Bruno Cornillet (born 8 February 1963 in Lamballe, Côtes-d'Armor) is a French former professional road bicycle racer. Major results 1984 1st, Overall, Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana 1st, Stage 1 1985 1st, Stage 2, Paris–Bourges 1986 1st, Chateauroux-Limoges 1st, Stage 4, Tour de Romandie 1987 1st, Stage 2, Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré 1st, Stage 3, Postgirot Open 1989 1st, Stage 6, Postgirot Open 1st, Stage 4, Paris–Nice (Mt Faron) 1990 1st, GP Ouest-France 1st, Stage 2b, Tour of Ireland 1991 1st, A Travers le Morbihan 1st, Overall, Circuit de la Sarthe 1st, Stage 2 1st, Stage 4a 1992 1st, Tour ### Assistant:

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### User: The Drunken Sailor and other Kids Favorites is an album by Tim Hart and Friends. This album follows Tim Hart's first collection "My Very Favorite Nursery Rhymes". There is a greater variety in treatment - "Hush Little Baby" is sung as a calypso, with the tune of "Island in the Sun" on oil-drums creeping in at the end. Melanie Harrold's "A Fox Jumped Up" has a bouncy hodown fiddle, though there is no credit given for any fiddler. Brian Golbey does a comic-lugubrious version of "Clementine" with steel guitar accompaniment. (Brian had also been present on the first "Silly Sisters"album.) "What shall We Do With Drunken Sailor" is out-an-out disco a la Boney M. "Who Killed Cock Robin" has Maddy Prior double tracking in a very high pitched voice. Notable uilleann pipes player Davy Spillane plays, apprioriately, on the Irish song "Cockles and Mussels". Maddy does a duet with Melanie Harrold on "Michael Finnegal", to the sound of mandolas and mandolins (or perhaps they are synthesisers). EMI released an hour-long cassette called "Favorite Nursery Rhymes" in 1985. It contained all these tracks except "Widdecombe Fair" and "Curly Locks". It also contained all but two tracks from "My Very FavoriteNursery Rhymes". In their place there was a new track - "Humpty Dumpty". In 1989 EMI/Music For Pleasure released a 3-CD set called "The Children's Collection". One CD consisted of a different selection of these tracks. The same two tracks were missing from "The Drunken Sailor", but all the tracks from "My Very Favorite Nursery Rhymes" were present. Running time about 35 minutes. These tracks have not been publicly available since 1989. Producer Tim Hart. Engineer Dave Bascombe, Jerry Boys. Recorded 1983 Track listing LP - side one Over The Hills And Far Away (Trad) A Fox Jumped Up (Trad)Clementine (Trad) Three Jolly Rogues Of Lynn (Trad) Who Killed Cock Robin? (Trad) Cockles and Mussels (Trad) Hush Little Baby (Trad) LP - side two What Shall We Do With The Drunken Sailor? (Trad) The Riddle Song (Child Ballad 1) (Trad) Michael Finnigan (Trad) Widecombe Fair (Trad) Froggy's Courting (Trad) Curly Locks (Trad) Good News Park Records have re-released Tim Hart's Very Favorite Nursery Rhyme Record; a 2-CD album containing 32 tracks. I believe this was done to help pay for his cancer treatment, hopefully the money will now be used towards some sort of memorial for Tim. Track listingOf Lynn Who Killed Cock Robin? Cockles And Mussels Hush Little Baby What Shall We Do With The Drunken Sailor? The Riddle Song Michael Finnigan Widdicombe Fair Froggy’s Courting Curly Locks Personnel Maddy Prior - vocals Melanie Harrold - vocals Brian Golbey - vocals Gina Fullerlove - French horn B.J. Cole - steel guitar Rick Kemp - bass Spike Fullerlove - vocals Tamsey Kaner - cello Lea Nicholson - concertina Steve Noble - percussion Debbie Paul - vocals Andy Richards - synthesiser Beverly Jane Smith - vocals Davy Spillane - uilleann pipes The Livingston Hooray Ensemble - chorus Category:Tim Hart ### Assistant:

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### User: Mircea Eliade (; – April 22, 1986) was a Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago. He was a leading interpreter of religious experience, who established paradigms in religious studies that persist to this day. His theory that hierophanies form the basis of religion, splitting the human experience of reality into sacred and profane space and time, has proved influential. One of his most influential contributions to religious studies was his theory of Eternal Return, which holds that myths and rituals do not simply commemorate hierophanies, but, at least to the minds ofthe religious, actually participate in them. His literary works belong to the fantastic and autobiographical genres. The best known are the novels Maitreyi ("La Nuit Bengali" or "Bengal Nights"), Noaptea de Sânziene ("The Forbidden Forest"), Isabel și apele diavolului ("Isabel and the Devil's Waters") and Romanul Adolescentului Miop ("Novel of the Nearsighted Adolescent"), the novellas Domnișoara Christina ("Miss Christina") and Tinerețe fără tinerețe ("Youth Without Youth"), and the short stories Secretul doctorului Honigberger ("The Secret of Dr. Honigberger") and La Țigănci ("With the Gypsy Girls"). Early in his life, Eliade was a journalist and essayist, a disciple of Romanian far-rightphilosopher and journalist Nae Ionescu, and a member of the literary society Criterion. In the 1940s, he served as cultural attaché to the United Kingdom and Portugal. Several times during the late 1930s, Eliade publicly expressed his support for the Iron Guard, a fascist and antisemitic political organization. His political involvement at the time, as well as his other far right connections, were frequently criticised after World War II. Noted for his vast erudition, Eliade had fluent command of five languages (Romanian, French, German, Italian, and English) and a reading knowledge of three others (Hebrew, Persian, and Sanskrit). He waselected a posthumous member of the Romanian Academy. Biography Childhood Born in Bucharest, he was the son of Romanian Land Forces officer Gheorghe Eliade (whose original surname was Ieremia) and Jeana née Vasilescu. An Orthodox believer, Gheorghe Eliade registered his son's birth four days before the actual date, to coincide with the liturgical calendar feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. Mircea Eliade had a sister, Corina, the mother of semiologist Sorin Alexandrescu. His family moved between Tecuci and Bucharest, ultimately settling in the capital in 1914, and purchasing a house on Melodiei Street, near Piața Rosetti, where Mircea Eliaderesided until late in his teens. Eliade kept a particularly fond memory of his childhood and, later in life, wrote about the impact various unusual episodes and encounters had on his mind. In one instance during the World War I Romanian Campaign, when Eliade was about ten years of age, he witnessed the bombing of Bucharest by German zeppelins and the patriotic fervor in the occupied capital at news that Romania was able to stop the Central Powers' advance into Moldavia. He described this stage in his life as marked by an unrepeatable epiphany. Recalling his entrance into a drawingmy sadness too much. By this time I knew the world to which the drawing room belonged [...] was a world forever lost. Robert Ellwood, a professor of religion who did his graduate studies under Mircea Eliade, saw this type of nostalgia as one of the most characteristic themes in Eliade's life and academic writings. Adolescence and literary debut After completing his primary education at the school on Mântuleasa Street, Eliade attended the Spiru Haret National College in the same class as Arșavir Acterian, Haig Acterian, and Petre Viforeanu (and several years the senior of Nicolae Steinhardt, who eventually becamea close friend of Eliade's). Among his other colleagues was future philosopher Constantin Noica and Noica's friend, future art historian Barbu Brezianu. As a child, Eliade was fascinated with the natural world, which formed the setting of his very first literary attempts, as well as with Romanian folklore and the Christian faith as expressed by peasants. Growing up, he aimed to find and record what he believed was the common source of all religious traditions. The young Eliade's interest in physical exercise and adventure led him to pursue mountaineering and sailing, and he also joined the Romanian Boy Scouts. Witha group of friends, he designed and sailed a boat on the Danube, from Tulcea to the Black Sea. In parallel, Eliade grew estranged from the educational environment, becoming disenchanted with the discipline required and obsessed with the idea that he was uglier and less virile than his colleagues. In order to cultivate his willpower, he would force himself to swallow insects and only slept four to five hours a night. At one point, Eliade was failing four subjects, among which was the study of the Romanian language. Instead, he became interested in natural science and chemistry, as well asthe occult, and wrote short pieces on entomological subjects. Despite his father's concern that he was in danger of losing his already weak eyesight, Eliade read passionately. One of his favorite authors was Honoré de Balzac, whose work he studied carefully. Eliade also became acquainted with the modernist short stories of Giovanni Papini and social anthropology studies by James George Frazer. His interest in the two writers led him to learn Italian and English in private, and he also began studying Persian and Hebrew. At the time, Eliade became acquainted with Saadi's poems and the ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh.He was also interested in philosophy—studying, among others, Socrates, Vasile Conta, and the Stoics Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus, and read works of history—the two Romanian historians who influenced him from early on were Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu and Nicolae Iorga. His first published work was the 1921 Inamicul viermelui de mătase ("The Silkworm's Enemy"), followed by Cum am găsit piatra filosofală ("How I Found the Philosophers' Stone"). Four years later, Eliade completed work on his debut volume, the autobiographical Novel of the Nearsighted Adolescent. University studies and Indian sojourn Between 1925 and 1928, he attended the University of Bucharest's Faculty ofPhilosophy and Letters in 1928, earning his diploma with a study on Early Modern Italian philosopher Tommaso Campanella. In 1927, Eliade traveled to Italy, where he met Papini and collaborated with the scholar Giuseppe Tucci. It was during his student years that Eliade met Nae Ionescu, who lectured in Logic, becoming one of his disciples and friends. He was especially attracted to Ionescu's radical ideas and his interest in religion, which signified a break with the rationalist tradition represented by senior academics such as Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, Dimitrie Gusti, and Tudor Vianu (all of whom owed inspiration to the defunct literarysociety Junimea, albeit in varying degrees). Eliade's scholarly works began after a long period of study in British India, at the University of Calcutta. Finding that the Maharaja of Kassimbazar sponsored European scholars to study in India, Eliade applied and was granted an allowance for four years, which was later doubled by a Romanian scholarship. In autumn 1928, he sailed for Calcutta to study Sanskrit and philosophy under Surendranath Dasgupta, a Bengali Cambridge alumnus and professor at Calcutta University, the author of a five volume History of Indian Philosophy. Before reaching the Indian subcontinent, Eliade also made a brief visitas "La Nuit Bengali" or "Bengal Nights"), in which he claimed that he carried on a physical relationship with her. Eliade received his PhD in 1933, with a thesis on Yoga practices. The book, which was translated into French three years later, had significant impact in academia, both in Romania and abroad. He later recalled that the book was an early step for understanding not just Indian religious practices, but also Romanian spirituality. During the same period, Eliade began a correspondence with the Ceylonese-born philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy. In 1936–1937, he functioned as honorary assistant for Ionescu's course, lecturing in Metaphysics.In 1933, Mircea Eliade had a physical relationship with the actress Sorana Țopa, while falling in love with Nina Mareș, whom he ultimately married. The latter, introduced to him by his new friend Mihail Sebastian, already had a daughter, Giza, from a man who had divorced her. Eliade subsequently adopted Giza, and the three of them moved to an apartment at 141 Dacia Boulevard. He left his residence in 1936, during a trip he made to the United Kingdom and Germany, when he first visited London, Oxford and Berlin. Criterion and Cuvântul After contributing various and generally polemical pieces inuniversity magazines, Eliade came to the attention of journalist Pamfil Șeicaru, who invited him to collaborate on the nationalist paper Cuvântul, which was noted for its harsh tones. By then, Cuvântul was also hosting articles by Ionescu. As one of the figures in the Criterion literary society (1933–1934), Eliade's initial encounter with the traditional far right was polemical: the group's conferences were stormed by members of A. C. Cuza's National-Christian Defense League, who objected to what they viewed as pacifism and addressed antisemitic insults to several speakers, including Sebastian; in 1933, he was among the signers of a manifesto opposingNazi Germany's state-enforced racism. In 1934, at a time when Sebastian was publicly insulted by Nae Ionescu, who prefaced his book (De două mii de ani...) with thoughts on the "eternal damnation" of Jews, Mircea Eliade spoke out against this perspective, and commented that Ionescu's references to the verdict "Outside the Church there is no salvation" contradicted the notion of God's omnipotence. However, he contended that Ionescu's text was not evidence of antisemitism. In 1936, reflecting on the early history of the Romanian Kingdom and its Jewish community, he deplored the expulsion of Jewish scholars from Romania, making specific referencespolemic was sparked between Eliade and Camil Petrescu: the two eventually reconciled and later became good friends. Like Mihail Sebastian, who was himself becoming influenced by Ionescu, he maintained contacts with intellectuals from all sides of the political spectrum: their entourage included the right-wing Dan Botta and Mircea Vulcănescu, the non-political Petrescu and Ionel Jianu, and Belu Zilber, who was a member of the illegal Romanian Communist Party. The group also included Haig Acterian, Mihail Polihroniade, Petru Comarnescu, Marietta Sadova and Floria Capsali. He was also close to Marcel Avramescu, a former Surrealist writer whom he introduced to the worksof René Guénon. A doctor in the Kabbalah and future Romanian Orthodox cleric, Avramescu joined Eliade in editing the short-lived esoteric magazine Memra (the only one of its kind in Romania). Among the intellectuals who attended his lectures were Mihai Şora (whom he deemed his favorite student), Eugen Schileru and Miron Constantinescu—known later as, respectively, a philosopher, an art critic, and a sociologist and political figure of the communist regime. Mariana Klein, who became Șora's wife, was one of Eliade's female students, and later authored works on his scholarship. Eliade later recounted that he had himself enlisted Zilber as aCuvântul contributor, in order for him to provide a Marxist perspective on the issues discussed by the journal. Their relation soured in 1935, when the latter publicly accused Eliade of serving as an agent for the secret police, Siguranța Statului (Sebastian answered to the statement by alleging that Zilber was himself a secret agent, and the latter eventually retracted his claim). 1930s political transition Eliade's articles before and after his adherence to the principles of the Iron Guard (or, as it was usually known at the time, the Legionary Movement), beginning with his Itinerar spiritual ("Spiritual Itinerary", serialized in Cuvântulas Nae Ionescu's assistant. Nevertheless, by 1937, he gave his intellectual support to the Iron Guard, in which he saw "a Christian revolution aimed at creating a new Romania", and a group able "to reconcile Romania with God". His articles of the time, published in Iron Guard papers such as Sfarmă Piatră and Buna Vestire, contain ample praises of the movement's leaders (Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Ion Moţa, Vasile Marin, and Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul). The transition he went through was similar to that of his fellow generation members and close collaborators—among the notable exceptions to this rule were Petru Comarnescu, sociologist HenriH. Stahl and future dramatist Eugène Ionesco, as well as Sebastian. He eventually enrolled in the Totul pentru Țară ("Everything for the Fatherland" Party), the political expression of the Iron Guard, and contributed to its 1937 electoral campaign in Prahova County—as indicated by his inclusion on a list of party members with county-level responsibilities (published in Buna Vestire). Internment and diplomatic service The stance taken by Eliade resulted in his arrest on July 14, 1938 after a crackdown on the Iron Guard authorized by King Carol II. At the time of his arrest, he had just interrupted a column onProvincia și legionarismul ("The Province and Legionary Ideology") in Vremea, having been singled out by Prime Minister Armand Călinescu as an author of Iron Guard propaganda. Eliade was kept for three weeks in a cell at the Siguranţa Statului Headquarters, in an attempt to have him sign a "declaration of dissociation" with the Iron Guard, but he refused to do so. In the first week of August he was transferred to a makeshift camp at Miercurea-Ciuc. When Eliade began coughing blood in October 1938, he was taken to a clinic in Moroeni. Eliade was simply released on November 12, andsubsequently spent his time writing his play Iphigenia (also known as Ifigenia). In April 1940, with the help of Alexandru Rosetti, became the Cultural Attaché to the United Kingdom, a posting cut short when Romanian-British foreign relations were broken. After leaving London he was assigned the office of Counsel and Press Officer (later Cultural Attaché) to the Romanian Embassy in Portugal, where he was kept on as diplomat by the National Legionary State (the Iron Guard government) and, ultimately, by Ion Antonescu's regime. His office involved disseminating propaganda in favor of the Romanian state. In February 1941, weeks after thebloody Legionary Rebellion was crushed by Antonescu, Iphigenia was staged by the National Theater Bucharest—the play soon raised doubts that it owed inspiration to the Iron Guard's ideology, and even that its inclusion in the program was a Legionary attempt at subversion. In 1942, Eliade authored a volume in praise of the Estado Novo, established in Portugal by António de Oliveira Salazar, claiming that "The Salazarian state, a Christian and totalitarian one, is first and foremost based on love". On July 7 of the same year, he was received by Salazar himself, who assigned Eliade the task of warning Antonescuto withdraw the Romanian Army from the Eastern Front ("[In his place], I would not be grinding it in Russia"). Eliade also claimed that such contacts with the leader of a neutral country had made him the target for Gestapo surveillance, but that he had managed to communicate Salazar's advice to Mihai Antonescu, Romania's Foreign Minister. In autumn 1943, he traveled to occupied France, where he rejoined Emil Cioran, also meeting with scholar Georges Dumézil and the collaborationist writer Paul Morand. At the same time, he applied for a position of lecturer at the University of Bucharest, but withdrew fromincreased as Romania and her Axis allies suffered major defeats on the Eastern Front. Contemplating a return to Romania as a soldier or a monk, he was on a continuous search for effective antidepressants, medicating himself with passion flower extract, and, eventually, with methamphetamine. This was probably not his first experience with drugs: vague mentions in his notebooks have been read as indication that Mircea Eliade was taking opium during his travels to Calcutta. Later, discussing the works of Aldous Huxley, Eliade wrote that the British author's use of mescaline as a source of inspiration had something in common with15 hours a day. Eliade married a second time, to the Romanian exile Christinel Cotescu. His second wife, the descendant of boyars, was the sister-in-law of the conductor Ionel Perlea. Together with Emil Cioran and other Romanian expatriates, Eliade rallied with the former diplomat Alexandru Busuioceanu, helping him publicize anti-communist opinion to the Western European public. He was also briefly involved in publishing a Romanian-language magazine, titled Luceafărul ("The Morning Star"), and was again in contact with Mihail Șora, who had been granted a scholarship to study in France, and with Șora's wife Mariana. In 1947, he was facing materialconstraints, and Ananda Coomaraswamy found him a job as a French-language teacher in the United States, at a school in Arizona; the arrangement ended upon Coomaraswamy's death in September. Beginning in 1948, he wrote for the journal Critique, edited by French philosopher Georges Bataille. The following year, he went on a visit to Italy, where he wrote the first 300 pages of his novel Noaptea de Sânziene (he visited the country a third time in 1952). He collaborated with Carl Jung and the Eranos circle after Henry Corbin recommended him in 1949, and wrote for the Antaios magazine (edited byErnst Jünger). In 1950, Eliade began attending Eranos conferences, meeting Jung, Olga Fröbe-Kapteyn, Gershom Scholem and Paul Radin. He described Eranos as "one of the most creative cultural experiences of the modern Western world." In October 1956, he moved to the United States, settling in Chicago the following year. He had been invited by Joachim Wach to give a series of lectures at Wach's home institution, the University of Chicago. Eliade and Wach are generally admitted to be the founders of the "Chicago school" that basically defined the study of religions for the second half of the 20th century. UponWach's death before the lectures were delivered, Eliade was appointed as his replacement, becoming, in 1964, the Sewell Avery Distinguished Service Professor of the History of Religions. Beginning in 1954, with the first edition of his volume on Eternal Return, Eliade also enjoyed commercial success: the book went through several editions under different titles, which sold over 100,000 copies. In 1966, Mircea Eliade became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He also worked as editor-in-chief of Macmillan Publishers' Encyclopedia of Religion, and, in 1968, lectured in religious history at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Itwas also during that period that Mircea Eliade completed his voluminous and influential History of Religious Ideas, which grouped together the overviews of his main original interpretations of religious history. He occasionally traveled out of the United States, such as attending the Congress for the History of Religions in Marburg (1960) and visits to Sweden and Norway in 1970. Final years and death Initially, Eliade was attacked with virulence by the Romanian Communist Party press, chiefly by România Liberă—which described him as "the Iron Guard's ideologue, enemy of the working class, apologist of Salazar's dictatorship". However, the regime also madeof Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. In the 1970s, Eliade was approached by the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime in several ways, in order to have him return. The move was prompted by the officially sanctioned nationalism and Romania's claim to independence from the Eastern Bloc, as both phenomena came to see Eliade's prestige as an asset. An unprecedented event occurred with the interview that was granted by Mircea Eliade to poet Adrian Păunescu, during the latter's 1970 visit to Chicago; Eliade complimented both Păunescu's activism and his support for official tenets, expressing a belief that the youth of Eastern Europe is clearly superior tothat of Western Europe. [...] I am convinced that, within ten years, the young revolutionary generation shan't be behaving as does today the noisy minority of Western contesters. [...] Eastern youth have seen the abolition of traditional institutions, have accepted it [...] and are not yet content with the structures enforced, but rather seek to improve them. Păunescu's visit to Chicago was followed by those of the nationalist official writer Eugen Barbu and by Eliade's friend Constantin Noica (who had since been released from jail). At the time, Eliade contemplated returning to Romania, but was eventually persuaded by fellow Romanianintellectuals in exile (including Radio Free Europe's Virgil Ierunca and Monica Lovinescu) to reject Communist proposals. In 1977, he joined other exiled Romanian intellectuals in signing a telegram protesting the repressive measures newly enforced by the Ceauşescu regime. Writing in 2007, Romanian anthropologist Andrei Oișteanu recounted how, around 1984, the Securitate unsuccessfully pressured to become an agent of influence in Eliade's Chicago circle. During his later years, Eliade's fascist past was progressively exposed publicly, the stress of which probably contributed to the decline of his health. By then, his writing career was hampered by severe arthritis. The last academic honorsbestowed upon him were the French Academy's Bordin Prize (1977) and the title of Doctor Honoris Causa, granted by George Washington University (1985). Mircea Eliade died at the Bernard Mitchell Hospital in April 1986. Eight days previously, he suffered a stroke while reading Emil Cioran's Exercises of Admiration, and had subsequently lost his speech function. Four months before, a fire had destroyed part of his office at the Meadville Lombard Theological School (an event which he had interpreted as an omen). Eliade's Romanian disciple Ioan Petru Culianu, who recalled the scientific community's reaction to the news, described Eliade's death as"a mahaparanirvana", thus comparing it to the passing of Gautama Buddha. His body was cremated in Chicago, and the funeral ceremony was held on University grounds, at the Rockefeller Chapel. It was attended by 1,200 people, and included a public reading of Eliade's text in which he recalled the epiphany of his childhood—the lecture was given by novelist Saul Bellow, Eliade's colleague at the University. His grave is located in Oak Woods Cemetery. Work The general nature of religion In his work on the history of religion, Eliade is most highly regarded for his writings on Alchemy, Shamanism, Yoga andwhat he called the eternal return—the implicit belief, supposedly present in religious thought in general, that religious behavior is not only an imitation of, but also a participation in, sacred events, and thus restores the mythical time of origins. Eliade's thinking was in part influenced by Rudolf Otto, Gerardus van der Leeuw, Nae Ionescu and the writings of the Traditionalist School (René Guénon and Julius Evola). For instance, Eliade's The Sacred and the Profane partially builds on Otto's The Idea of the Holy to show how religion emerges from the experience of the sacred, and myths of time and nature.so on (in other words, actual and potential). Eliade argues that "Yahweh is both kind and wrathful; the God of the Christian mystics and theologians is terrible and gentle at once". He also thought that the Indian and Chinese mystic tried to attain "a state of perfect indifference and neutrality" that resulted in a coincidence of opposites in which "pleasure and pain, desire and repulsion, cold and heat [...] are expunged from his awareness". According to Eliade, the coincidentia oppositorum’s appeal lies in "man's deep dissatisfaction with his actual situation, with what is called the human condition". In many mythologies,of the East generally retain a cyclic view of time—for instance, the Hindu doctrine of kalpas. According to Eliade, most religions that accept the cyclic view of time also embrace it: they see it as a way to return to the sacred time. However, in Buddhism, Jainism, and some forms of Hinduism, the Sacred lies outside the flux of the material world (called maya, or "illusion"), and one can only reach it by escaping from the cycles of time. Because the Sacred lies outside cyclic time, which conditions humans, people can only reach the Sacred by escaping the human condition.According to Eliade, Yoga techniques aim at escaping the limitations of the body, allowing the soul (atman) to rise above maya and reach the Sacred (nirvana, moksha). Imagery of "freedom", and of death to one's old body and rebirth with a new body, occur frequently in Yogic texts, representing escape from the bondage of the temporal human condition. Eliade discusses these themes in detail in Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Symbolism of the Center A recurrent theme in Eliade's myth analysis is the axis mundi, the Center of the World. According to Eliade, the Cosmic Center is a necessary corollary torenders an account of human [religious] evolution since the Paleolithic era". If an Urmonotheismus did exist, Eliade adds, it probably differed in many ways from the conceptions of God in many modern monotheistic faiths: for instance, the primordial High God could manifest himself as an animal without losing his status as a celestial Supreme Being. According to Eliade, heavenly Supreme Beings are actually less common in more advanced cultures. Eliade speculates that the discovery of agriculture brought a host of fertility gods and goddesses into the forefront, causing the celestial Supreme Being to fade away and eventually vanish from manythemes is the shaman's supposed death and resurrection. This occurs in particular during his initiation. Often, the procedure is supposed to be performed by spirits who dismember the shaman and strip the flesh from his bones, then put him back together and revive him. In more than one way, this death and resurrection represents the shaman's elevation above human nature. First, the shaman dies so that he can rise above human nature on a quite literal level. After he has been dismembered by the initiatory spirits, they often replace his old organs with new, magical ones (the shaman dies todies not once but many times: having died during initiation and risen again with new powers, the shaman can send his spirit out of his body on errands; thus, his whole career consists of repeated deaths and resurrections. The shaman's new ability to die and return to life shows that he is no longer bound by the laws of profane time, particularly the law of death: "the ability to 'die' and come to life again [...] denotes that [the shaman] has surpassed the human condition". Having risen above the human condition, the shaman is not bound by the flow ofgods (particularly the High God, according to Eliade's deus otiosus concept) were closer to humans during the mythical age, the shaman's easy communication with the High God represents an abolition of history and a return to the mythical age. Because of his ability to communicate with the gods and descend to the land of the dead, the shaman frequently functions as a psychopomp and a medicine man. Eliade's philosophy Early contributions In addition to his political essays, the young Mircea Eliade authored others, philosophical in content. Connected with the ideology of Trăirism, they were often prophetic in tone, and sawlooming (while asking that young people be allowed to manifest their will and fully experience freedom before perishing). One of Eliade's noted contributions in this respect was the 1932 Soliloquii ("Soliloquies"), which explored existential philosophy. George Călinescu who saw in it "an echo of Nae Ionescu's lectures", traced a parallel with the essays of another of Ionescu's disciples, Emil Cioran, while noting that Cioran's were "of a more exulted tone and written in the aphoristic form of Kierkegaard". Călinescu recorded Eliade's rejection of objectivity, citing the author's stated indifference towards any "naïveté" or "contradictions" that the reader could possibly reproachhim, as well as his dismissive thoughts of "theoretical data" and mainstream philosophy in general (Eliade saw the latter as "inert, infertile and pathogenic"). Eliade thus argued, "a sincere brain is unassailable, for it denies itself to any relationship with outside truths." The young writer was however careful to clarify that the existence he took into consideration was not the life of "instincts and personal idiosyncrasies", which he believed determined the lives of many humans, but that of a distinct set comprising "personalities". He described "personalities" as characterized by both "purpose" and "a much more complicated and dangerous alchemy". Thiseven in those cases where Eliade described the latter as an "abyssal experience" into which man may take the plunge. The critic pointed out that the addition of "a magical solution" to the options taken into consideration seemed to be Eliade's own original contributions to his mentor's philosophy, and proposed that it may have owed inspiration to Julius Evola and his disciples. He also recorded that Eliade applied this concept to human creation, and specifically to artistic creation, citing him describing the latter as "a magical joy, the victorious break of the iron circle" (a reflection of imitatio dei, havingsalvation for its ultimate goal). Philosopher of religion Anti-reductionism and the "transconscious" By profession, Eliade was a historian of religion. However, his scholarly works draw heavily on philosophical and psychological terminology. In addition, they contain a number of philosophical arguments about religion. In particular, Eliade often implies the existence of a universal psychological or spiritual "essence" behind all religious phenomena. Because of these arguments, some have accused Eliade of over-generalization and "essentialism", or even of promoting a theological agenda under the guise of historical scholarship. However, others argue that Eliade is better understood as a scholar who is willing to(Eliade cites Immanuel Kant as the likely forerunner of this kind of "historicism"). He adds that human consciousness transcends (is not reducible to) its historical and cultural conditioning, and even suggests the possibility of a "transconscious". By this, Eliade does not necessarily mean anything supernatural or mystical: within the "transconscious", he places religious motifs, symbols, images, and nostalgias that are supposedly universal and whose causes therefore cannot be reduced to historical and cultural conditioning. Platonism and "primitive ontology" According to Eliade, traditional man feels that things "acquire their reality, their identity, only to the extent of their participation in atranscendent reality". To traditional man, the profane world is "meaningless", and a thing rises out of the profane world only by conforming to an ideal, mythical model. Eliade describes this view of reality as a fundamental part of "primitive ontology" (the study of "existence" or "reality"). Here he sees a similarity with the philosophy of Plato, who believed that physical phenomena are pale and transient imitations of eternal models or "Forms" (see Theory of forms). He argued: Plato could be regarded as the outstanding philosopher of 'primitive mentality,' that is, as the thinker who succeeded in giving philosophic currency andmaking it real". Furthermore, traditional man's behavior gains purpose and meaning through the Sacred: "By imitating divine behavior, man puts and keeps himself close to the gods—that is, in the real and the significant." According to Eliade, "modern nonreligious man assumes a new existential situation". For traditional man, historical events gain significance by imitating sacred, transcendent events. In contrast, nonreligious man lacks sacred models for how history or human behavior should be, so he must decide on his own how history should proceed—he "regards himself solely as the subject and agent of history, and refuses all appeal to transcendence". Fromcentury: The new discipline of History of Religions developed rapidly in this cultural context. And, of course, it followed a like pattern: the positivistic approach to the facts and the search for origins, for the very beginning of religion. All Western historiography was during that time obsessed with the quest of origins. [...] This search for the origins of human institutions and cultural creations prolongs and completes the naturalist's quest for the origin of species, the biologist's dream of grasping the origin of life, the geologist's and the astronomer's endeavor to understand the origin of the Earth and the Universe.the immortal soul or atman within man. According to Eliade, Hindus thus escape the terror of history by refusing to see historical time as the true reality. Eliade notes that a Western or Continental philosopher might feel suspicious toward this Hindu view of history: One can easily guess what a European historical and existentialist philosopher might reply [...] You ask me, he would say, to 'die to History'; but man is not, and he cannot be anything else but History, for his very essence is temporality. You are asking me, then, to give up my authentic existence and to takerefuge in an abstraction, in pure Being, in the atman: I am to sacrifice my dignity as a creator of History in order to live an a-historic, inauthentic existence, empty of all human content. Well, I prefer to put up with my anxiety: at least, it cannot deprive me of a certain heroic grandeur, that of becoming conscious of, and accepting, the human condition. However, Eliade argues that the Hindu approach to history does not necessarily lead to a rejection of history. On the contrary, in Hinduism historical human existence is not the "absurdity" that many Continental philosophers see itnew world or civilization on the ruins of the old. Thus, they feel comforted even in contemplating the end times. Eliade argues that a Western spiritual rebirth can happen within the framework of Western spiritual traditions. However, he says, to start this rebirth, Westerners may need to be stimulated by ideas from non-Western cultures. In his Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries, Eliade claims that a "genuine encounter" between cultures "might well constitute the point of departure for a new humanism, upon a world scale". Christianity and the "salvation" of History Mircea Eliade sees the Abrahamic religions as a turning point betweenthe ancient, cyclic view of time and the modern, linear view of time, noting that, in their case, sacred events are not limited to a far-off primordial age, but continue throughout history: "time is no longer [only] the circular Time of the Eternal Return; it has become linear and irreversible Time". He thus sees in Christianity the ultimate example of a religion embracing linear, historical time. When God is born as a man, into the stream of history, "all history becomes a theophany". According to Eliade, "Christianity strives to save history". In Christianity, the Sacred enters a human being (Christ)to save humans, but it also enters history to "save" history and turn otherwise ordinary, historical events into something "capable of transmitting a trans-historical message". From Eliade's perspective, Christianity's "trans-historical message" may be the most important help that modern man could have in confronting the terror of history. In his book Mito ("Myth"), Italian researcher Furio Jesi argues that Eliade denies man the position of a true protagonist in history: for Eliade, true human experience lies not in intellectually "making history", but in man's experiences of joy and grief. Thus, from Eliade's perspective, the Christ story becomes the perfect mythbe saved from the world only through secret knowledge (gnosis). Ellwood claimed that the three mythologists were "modern gnostics through and through", remarking, Whether in Augustan Rome or modern Europe, democracy all too easily gave way to totalitarianism, technology was as readily used for battle as for comfort, and immense wealth lay alongside abysmal poverty. [...] Gnostics past and present sought answers not in the course of outward human events, but in knowledge of the world's beginning, of what lies above and beyond the world, and of the secret places of the human soul. To all this the mythologists spoke,the means of escaping History, of saving myself through symbol, myth, rite, archetypes". In Ellwood's view, Eliade's nostalgia was only enhanced by his exile from Romania: "In later years Eliade felt about his own Romanian past as did primal folk about mythic time. He was drawn back to it, yet he knew he could not live there, and that all was not well with it." He suggests that this nostalgia, along with Eliade's sense that "exile is among the profoundest metaphors for all human life", influenced Eliade's theories. Ellwood sees evidence of this in Eliade's concept of the "Terror ofhistory" from which modern man is no longer shielded. In this concept, Ellwood sees an "element of nostalgia" for earlier times "when the sacred was strong and the terror of history had barely raised its head". Criticism of Eliade's scholarship Overgeneralization Eliade cites a wide variety of myths and rituals to support his theories. However, he has been accused of making over-generalizations: many scholars think he lacks sufficient evidence to put forth his ideas as universal, or even general, principles of religious thought. According to one scholar, "Eliade may have been the most popular and influential contemporary historian of religion",In Kirk's view, Eliade derived his theory of eternal return from the functions of Australian Aboriginal mythology and then proceeded to apply the theory to other mythologies to which it did not apply. For example, Kirk argues that the eternal return does not accurately describe the functions of Native American or Greek mythology. Kirk concludes, "Eliade's idea is a valuable perception about certain myths, not a guide to the proper understanding of all of them". Even Wendy Doniger, Eliade's successor at the University of Chicago, claims (in an introduction to Eliade's own Shamanism) that the eternal return does not applyto all myths and rituals, although it may apply to many of them. However, although Doniger agrees that Eliade made over-generalizations, she notes that his willingness to "argue boldly for universals" allowed him to see patterns "that spanned the entire globe and the whole of human history". Whether they were true or not, she argues, Eliade's theories are still useful "as starting points for the comparative study of religion". She also argues that Eliade's theories have been able to accommodate "new data to which Eliade did not have access". Lack of empirical support Several researchers have criticized Eliade's work ashaving no empirical support. Thus, he is said to have "failed to provide an adequate methodology for the history of religions and to establish this discipline as an empirical science", though the same critics admit that "the history of religions should not aim at being an empirical science anyway". Specifically, his claim that the sacred is a structure of human consciousness is distrusted as not being empirically provable: "no one has yet turned up the basic category sacred". Also, there has been mention of his tendency to ignore the social aspects of religion. Anthropologist Alice Kehoe is highly critical ofEliade's work on Shamanism, namely because he was not an anthropologist but a historian. She contends that Eliade never did any field work or contacted any indigenous groups that practiced Shamanism, and that his work was synthesized from various sources without being supported by direct field research. In contrast, Professor Kees W. Bolle of the University of California, Los Angeles argues that "Professor Eliade's approach, in all his works, is empirical": Bolle sets Eliade apart for what he sees as Eliade's particularly close "attention to the various particular motifs" of different myths. French researcher Daniel Dubuisson places doubt on Eliade'sscholarship and its scientific character, citing the Romanian academic's alleged refusal to accept the treatment of religions in their historical and cultural context, and proposing that Eliade's notion of hierophany refers to the actual existence of a supernatural level. Ronald Inden, a historian of India and University of Chicago professor, criticized Mircea Eliade, alongside other intellectual figures (Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell among them), for encouraging a "romantic view" of Hinduism. He argued that their approach to the subject relied mainly on an Orientalist approach, and made Hinduism seem like "a private realm of the imagination and the religious whichmodern, Western man lacks but needs." Far right and nationalist influences Although his scholarly work was never subordinated to his early political beliefs, the school of thought he was associated with in interwar Romania, namely Trăirism, as well as the works of Julius Evola he continued to draw inspiration from, have thematic links to fascism. Writer and academic Marcel Tolcea has argued that, through Evola's particular interpretation of Guénon's works, Eliade kept a traceable connection with far right ideologies in his academic contributions. Daniel Dubuisson singled out Eliade's concept of homo religiosus as a reflection of fascist elitism, and arguedand not to initiates of esoteric circles. After the 1960s, he, together with Evola, Louis Rougier, and other intellectuals, offered support to Alain de Benoist's controversial Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne, part of the Nouvelle Droite intellectual trend. Notably, Eliade was also preoccupied with the cult of Thracian deity Zalmoxis and its supposed monotheism.Eliade, "Zalmoxis, The Vanishing God", in Slavic Review, Vol. 33, No. 4 (December 1974), p.807–809 This, like his conclusion that Romanization had been superficial inside Roman Dacia, was a view celebrated by contemporary partisans of Protochronist nationalism. According to historian Sorin Antohi, Eliade"religious" or "traditional" societies. Furthermore, some see a connection between Eliade's essentialism with regard to religion and fascist essentialism with regard to races and nations. To Ellwood, this connection "seems rather tortured, in the end amounting to little more than an ad hominem argument which attempts to tar Eliade's entire [scholarly] work with the ill-repute all decent people feel for storm troopers and the Iron Guard". However, Ellwood admits that common tendencies in "mythological thinking" may have caused Eliade, as well as Jung and Campbell, to view certain groups in an "essentialist" way, and that this may explain their purportedantisemitism: "A tendency to think in generic terms of peoples, races, religions, or parties, which as we shall see is undoubtedly the profoundest flaw in mythological thinking, including that of such modern mythologists as our three, can connect with nascent anti-Semitism, or the connection can be the other way." Literary works Generic traits Many of Mircea Eliade's literary works, in particular his earliest ones, are noted for their eroticism and their focus on subjective experience. Modernist in style, they have drawn comparisons to the contemporary writings of Mihail Sebastian, I. Valerian, and Ion Biberi. Alongside Honoré de Balzac and Giovanniperspective on life culminated in "banality", leaving authors gripped by the "cult of the self" and "a contempt for literature". Polemically, Călinescu proposed that Mircea Eliade's supposed focus on "aggressive youth" served to instill his interwar Romanian writers with the idea that they had a common destiny as a generation apart. He also commented that, when set in Romania, Mircea Eliade's stories lacked the "perception of immediate reality", and, analyzing the non-traditional names the writer tended to ascribe to his Romanian characters, that they did not depict "specificity". Additionally, in Călinescu's view, Eliade's stories were often "sensationalist compositions of theillustrated magazine kind." Mircea Eliade's assessment of his own pre-1940 literary contributions oscillated between expressions of pride and the bitter verdict that they were written for "an audience of little ladies and high school students". A secondary but unifying feature present in most of Eliade's stories is their setting, a magical and part-fictional Bucharest. In part, they also serve to illustrate or allude to Eliade's own research in the field of religion, as well as to the concepts he introduced. Thus, commentators such as Matei Călinescu and Carmen Mușat have also argued that a main characteristic of Eliade's fantasy proseCălinescu objected to the narrative, arguing that both the physical affair and the father's rage seemed artificial, while commenting that Eliade placing doubt on his Indian characters' honesty had turned the plot into a piece of "ethnological humor". Noting that the work developed on a classical theme of miscegenation, which recalled the prose of François-René de Chateaubriand and Pierre Loti, the critic proposed that its main merit was in introducing the exotic novel to local literature. Mircea Eliade's other early works include Șantier ("Building Site"), a part-novel, part-diary account of his Indian sojourn. George Călinescu objected to its "monotony", and,to sexual adventures, and seduces the women of the Lecca family (who have hired him as a piano teacher). Romanian-born novelist Norman Manea called Anicet's experiment: "the paraded defiance of bourgeois conventions, in which venereal disease and lubricity dwell together." In one episode of the book, Anicet convinces Anișoara Lecca to gratuitously steal from her parents—an outrage which leads her mother to moral decay and, eventually, to suicide. George Călinescu criticized the book for inconsistencies and "excesses in Dostoyevskianism", but noted that the Lecca family portrayal was "suggestive", and that the dramatic scenes were written with "a remarkable poetic calm."The novel Marriage in Heaven depicts the correspondence between two male friends, an artist and a common man, who complain to each other about their failures in love: the former complains about a lover who wanted his children when he did not, while the other recalls being abandoned by a woman who, despite his intentions, did not want to become pregnant by him. Eliade lets the reader understand that they are in fact talking about the same woman. Fantastic and fantasy literature Mircea Eliade's earliest works, most of which were published at later stages, belong to the fantasy genre. Onea Lead Soldier"). In the former, a company of beetle spies is sent among the red ants—their travel offers a setting for satirical commentary. Eliade himself explained that Memoriile unui soldat de plumb was an ambitious project, designed as a fresco to include the birth of the Universe, abiogenesis, human evolution, and the entire world history. Eliade's fantasy novel Domnișoara Christina, was, on its own, the topic of a scandal. The novel deals with the fate of an eccentric family, the Moscus, who are haunted by the ghost of a murdered young woman, known as Christina. The apparition shares characteristicsWriting for the Spanish journal La Vanguardia, commentator Sergio Vila-Sanjuán described the first volume of Eliade's Autobiography (covering the years 1907 to 1937) as "a great book", while noting that the other main volume was "more conventional and insincere." In Vila-Sanjuán's view, the texts reveal Mircea Eliade himself as "a Dostoyevskyian character", as well as "an accomplished person, a Goethian figure". A work that drew particular interest was his Jurnal portughez ("Portuguese Diary"), completed during his stay in Lisbon and published only after its author's death. A portion of it dealing with his stay in Romania is believed to havebeen lost. The travels to Spain, partly recorded in Jurnal portughez, also led to a separate volume, Jurnal cordobez ("Cordoban Diary"), which Eliade compiled from various independent notebooks. Jurnal portughez shows Eliade coping with clinical depression and political crisis, and has been described by Andrei Oișteanu as "an overwhelming [read], through the immense suffering it exhales." Literary historian Paul Cernat argued that part of the volume is "a masterpiece of its time", while concluding that some 700 pages were passable for the "among others" section of Eliade's bibliography. Noting that the book featured parts where Eliade spoke of himself ineulogistic terms, notably comparing himself favorably to Goethe and Romania's national poet Mihai Eminescu, Cernat accused the writer of "egolatry", and deduced that Eliade was "ready to step over dead bodies for the sake of his spiritual 'mission' ". The same passages led philosopher and journalist Cătălin Avramescu to argue that Eliade's behavior was evidence of "megalomania". Eliade also wrote various essays of literary criticism. In his youth, alongside his study on Julius Evola, he published essays which introduced the Romanian public to representatives of modern Spanish literature and philosophy, among them Adolfo Bonilla San Martín, Miguel de Unamuno, JoséOrtega y Gasset, Eugeni d'Ors, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez and Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo. He also wrote an essay on the works of James Joyce, connecting it with his own theories on the eternal return ("[Joyce's literature is] saturated with nostalgia for the myth of the eternal repetition"), and deeming Joyce himself an anti-historicist "archaic" figure among the modernists. In the 1930s, Eliade edited the collected works of Romanian historian Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu. M. L. Ricketts discovered and translated into English a previously unpublished play written by Mircea Eliade in Paris 1946 Aventura Spirituală (A Spiritual Adventure). It was published byfor the first time in Theory in Action -the journal of the Transformative Studies Institute, vol. 5 (2012): 2–58. Adaptations The Bengali Night (1988) Domnişoara Christina ("Miss Christina") (1992) Șarpele ("The Snake") (1996) Eu sunt Adam! (1996) Youth Without Youth (2007) Domnişoara Christina ("Missis Christina") (2013) Controversy: antisemitism and links with the Iron Guard Early statements The early years in Eliade's public career show him to have been highly tolerant of Jews in general, and of the Jewish minority in Romania in particular. His early condemnation of Nazi antisemitic policies was accompanied by his caution and moderation in regard toNae Ionescu's various anti-Jewish attacks.Ornea, p.408–409, 412 Late in the 1930s, Mihail Sebastian was marginalized by Romania's antisemitic policies, and came to reflect on his Romanian friend's association with the far right. The subsequent ideological break between him and Eliade has been compared by writer Gabriela Adameşteanu with that between Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. In his Journal, published long after his 1945 death, Sebastian claimed that Eliade's actions during the 1930s show him to be an antisemite. According to Sebastian, Eliade had been friendly to him until the start of his political commitments, after which he severed all ties.Sebastian,new waves of Jews are flooding into the country. Rather than a Romania again invaded by kikes, it would be better to have a German protectorate. The friendship between Eliade and Sebastian drastically declined during the war: the latter writer, fearing for his security during the pro-Nazi Ion Antonescu regime (see Romania during World War II), hoped that Eliade, by then a diplomat, could intervene in his favor; however, upon his brief return to Romania, Eliade did not see or approach Sebastian. Later, Mircea Eliade expressed his regret at not having had the chance to redeem his friendship with Sebastianfigures. Beyond his involvement with a movement known for its antisemitism, Eliade did not usually comment on Jewish issues. However, an article titled Piloţii orbi ("The Blind Pilots"), contributed to the journal Vremea in 1936, showed that he supported at least some Iron Guard accusations against the Jewish community: Since the war [that is, World War I], Jews have occupied the villages of Maramureş and Bukovina, and gained the absolute majority in the towns and cities in Bessarabia. [...] It would be absurd to expect Jews to resign themselves in order to become a minority with certain rights and verymany duties—after they have tasted the honey of power and conquered as many command positions as they have. Jews are currently fighting with all forces to maintain their positions, expecting a future offensive—and, as far as I am concerned, I understand their fight and admire their vitality, tenacity, genius. One year later, a text, accompanied by his picture, was featured as answer to an inquiry by the Iron Guard's Buna Vestire about the reasons he had for supporting the movement. A short section of it summarizes an anti-Jewish attitude: Can the Romanian nation end its life in the saddest decayto publicize this matter previously. Polemics and exile Dumitru G. Danielopol, a fellow diplomat present in London during Eliade's stay in the city, later stated that the latter had identified himself as "a guiding light of [the Iron Guard] movement" and victim of Carol II's repression. In October 1940, as the National Legionary State came into existence, the British Foreign Office blacklisted Mircea Eliade, alongside five other Romanians, due to his Iron Guard connections and suspicions that he was prepared to spy in favor of Nazi Germany. According to various sources, while in Portugal, the diplomat was also preparing todisseminate propaganda in favor of the Iron Guard. In Jurnal portughez, Eliade defines himself as "a Legionary", and speaks of his own "Legionary climax" as a stage he had gone through during the early 1940s. The depolitisation of Eliade after the start of his diplomatic career was also mistrusted by his former close friend Eugène Ionesco, who indicated that, upon the close of World War II, Eliade's personal beliefs as communicated to his friends amounted to "all is over now that Communism has won". This forms part of Ionesco's severe and succinct review of the careers of Legionary-inspired intellectuals, manyof them his friends and former friends, in a letter he sent to Tudor Vianu.Ornea, p.184–185 In 1946, Ionesco indicated to Petru Comarnescu that he did not want to see either Eliade or Cioran, and that he considered the two of them "Legionaries for ever"—adding "we are hyenas to one another". Eliade's former friend, the communist Belu Zilber, who was attending the Paris Conference in 1946, refused to see Eliade, arguing that, as an Iron Guard affiliate, the latter had "denounced left-wingers", and contrasting him with Cioran ("They are both Legionaries, but [Cioran] is honest"). Three years later, Eliade's politicalactivities were brought into discussion as he was getting ready to publish a translation of his Techniques du Yoga with the left-leaning Italian company Giulio Einaudi Editore—the denunciation was probably orchestrated by Romanian officials. In August 1954, when Horia Sima, who led the Iron Guard during its exile, was rejected by a faction inside the movement, Mircea Eliade's name was included on a list of persons who supported the latter—although this may have happened without his consent. According to exiled dissident and novelist Dumitru Ţepeneag, around that date, Eliade expressed his sympathy for Iron Guard members in general, whom heviewed as "courageous". However, according to Robert Ellwood, the Eliade he met in the 1960s was entirely apolitical, remained aloof from "the passionate politics of that era in the United States", and "[r]eportedly [...] never read newspapers" (an assessment shared by Sorin Alexandrescu). Eliade's student Ioan Petru Culianu noted that journalists had come to refer to the Romanian scholar as "the great recluse". Despite Eliade's withdrawal from radical politics, Ellwood indicates, he still remained concerned with Romania's welfare. He saw himself and other exiled Romanian intellectuals as members of a circle who worked to "maintain the culture of a freeRomania and, above all, to publish texts that had become unpublishable in Romania itself". Beginning in 1969, Eliade's past became the subject of public debate in Israel. At the time, historian Gershom Scholem asked Eliade to explain his attitudes, which the latter did using vague terms. As a result of this exchange, Scholem declared his dissatisfaction, and argued that Israel could not extend a welcome to the Romanian academic. During the final years of Eliade's life, his disciple Culianu exposed and publicly criticized his 1930s pro-Iron Guard activities; relations between the two soured as a result. Eliade's other Romanian disciple,Andrei Oişteanu, noted that, in the years following Eliade's death, conversations with various people who had known the scholar had made Culianu less certain of his earlier stances, and had led him to declare: "Mr. Eliade was never antisemitic, a member of the Iron Guard, or pro-Nazi. But, in any case, I am led to believe that he was closer to the Iron Guard than I would have liked to believe." At an early stage of his polemic with Culianu, Eliade complained in writing that "it is not possible to write an objective history" of the Iron Guard and itsleader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. Arguing that people "would only accept apologetics [...] or executions", he contended: "After Buchenwald and Auschwitz, even honest people cannot afford being objective". Posterity Alongside the arguments introduced by Daniel Dubuisson, criticism of Mircea Eliade's political involvement with antisemitism and fascism came from Adriana Berger, Leon Volovici, Alexandra Lagniel-Lavastine, Florin Țurcanu and others, who have attempted to trace Eliade's antisemitism throughout his work and through his associations with contemporary antisemites, such as the Italian fascist occultist Julius Evola. Volovici, for example, is critical of Eliade not only because of his support for the Iron Guard, butalso for spreading antisemitism and anti-Masonry in 1930s Romania. In 1991, exiled novelist Norman Manea published an essay firmly condemning Eliade's attachment to the Iron Guard. Other scholars, like Bryan S. Rennie, have claimed that there is, to date, no evidence of Eliade's membership, active services rendered, or of any real involvement with any fascist or totalitarian movements or membership organizations, nor that there is any evidence of his continued support for nationalist ideals after their inherently violent nature was revealed. They further assert that there is no imprint of overt political beliefs in Eliade's scholarship, and also claim thatEliade's critics are following political agendas.Bryan S. Rennie, Reconstructing Eliade: Making Sense of Religion, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1996, p.149–177. Romanian scholar Mircea Handoca, editor of Eliade's writings, argues that the controversy surrounding Eliade was encouraged by a group of exiled writers, of whom Manea was a main representative, and believes that Eliade's association with the Guard was a conjectural one, determined by the young author's Christian values and conservative stance, as well as by his belief that a Legionary Romania could mirror Portugal's Estado Novo. Handoca opined that Eliade changed his stance after discovering that theLegionaries had turned violent, and argued that there was no evidence of Eliade's actual affiliation with the Iron Guard as a political movement. Additionally, Joaquín Garrigós, who translated Eliade's works into Spanish, claimed that none of Eliade's texts he ever encountered show him to be an antisemite. Mircea Eliade's nephew and commentator Sorin Alexandrescu himself proposed that Eliade's politics were essentially conservative and patriotic, in part motivated by a fear of the Soviet Union which he shared with many other young intellectuals. Based on Mircea Eliade's admiration for Gandhi, various other authors assess that Eliade remained committed to nonviolence. RobertEllwood also places Eliade's involvement with the Iron Guard in relation to scholar's conservatism, and connects this aspect of Eliade's life with both his nostalgia and his study of primal societies. According to Ellwood, the part of Eliade that felt attracted to the "freedom of new beginnings suggested by primal myths" is the same part that felt attracted to the Guard, with its almost mythological notion of a new beginning through a "national resurrection". On a more basic level, Ellwood describes Eliade as an "instinctively spiritual" person who saw the Iron Guard as a spiritual movement. In Ellwood's view, Eliadewas aware that the "golden age" of antiquity was no longer accessible to secular man, that it could be recalled but not re-established. Thus, a "more accessible" object for nostalgia was a "secondary silver age within the last few hundred years"—the Kingdom of Romania's 19th century cultural renaissance. To the young Eliade, the Iron Guard seemed like a path for returning to the silver age of Romania's glory, being a movement "dedicated to the cultural and national renewal of the Romanian people by appeal to their spiritual roots". Ellwood describes the young Eliade as someone "capable of being fired upby mythological archetypes and with no awareness of the evil that was to be unleashed". Because of Eliade's withdrawal from politics, and also because the later Eliade's religiosity was very personal and idiosyncratic, Ellwood believes the later Eliade probably would have rejected the "corporate sacred" of the Iron Guard. According to Ellwood, the later Eliade had the same desire for a Romanian "resurrection" that had motivated the early Eliade to support the Iron Guard, but he now channeled it apolitically through his efforts to "maintain the culture of a free Romania" abroad. In one of his writings, Eliade says, "Againstthe terror of History there are only two possibilities of defense: action or contemplation." According to Ellwood, the young Eliade took the former option, trying to reform the world through action, whereas the older Eliade tried to resist the terror of history intellectually. Eliade's own version of events, presenting his involvement in far right politics as marginal, was judged to contain several inaccuracies and unverifiable claims.Ornea, p.202, 208–211, 239–240 For instance, Eliade depicted his arrest as having been solely caused by his friendship with Nae Ionescu. On another occasion, answering Gershom Scholem's query, he is known to have explicitly deniedever having contributed to Buna Vestire. According to Sorin Antohi, "Eliade died without ever clearly expressing regret for his Iron Guard sympathies". Z. Ornea noted that, in a short section of his Autobiography where he discusses the Einaudi incident, Eliade speaks of "my imprudent acts and errors committed in youth", as "a series of malentendus that would follow me all my life." Ornea commented that this was the only instance where the Romanian academic spoke of his political involvement with a dose of self-criticism, and contrasted the statement with Eliade's usual refusal to discuss his stances "pertinently". Reviewing the argumentsbrought in support of Eliade, Sergio Vila-Sanjuán concluded: "Nevertheless, Eliade's pro-Legionary columns endure in the newspaper libraries, he never showed his regret for this connection [with the Iron Guard] and always, right up to his final writings, he invoked the figure of his teacher Nae Ionescu." In his Felix Culpa, Manea directly accused Eliade of having embellished his memoirs in order to minimize an embarrassing past. A secondary debate surrounding Eliade's alleged unwillingness to dissociate with the Guard took place after Jurnalul portughez saw print. Sorin Alexandrescu expressed a belief that notes in the diary show Eliade's "break with hisin Eliade's version, was taken by various commentators, beginning with Mihail Sebastian, as a favorable allusion to the Iron Guard's beliefs on commitment and death, as well as to the bloody outcome of the 1941 Legionary Rebellion. Ten years after its premiere, the play was reprinted by Legionary refugees in Argentina: on the occasion, the text was reviewed for publishing by Eliade himself. Reading Iphigenia was what partly sparked Culianu's investigation of his mentor's early political affiliations. A special debate was sparked by Un om mare. Culianu viewed it as a direct reference to Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and his risein popularity, an interpretation partly based on the similarity between, on one hand, two monikers ascribed to the Legionary leader (by, respectively, his adversaries and his followers), and, on the other, the main character's name (Cucoanes). Matei Călinescu did not reject Culianu's version, but argued that, on its own, the piece was beyond political interpretations. Commenting on this dialog, literary historian and essayist Mircea Iorgulescu objected to the original verdict, indicating his belief that there was no historical evidence to substantiate Culianu's point of view. Alongside Eliade's main works, his attempted novel of youth, Minunata călătorie a celor cinci cărăbușiin țara furnicilor roșii, which depicts a population of red ants living in a totalitarian society and forming bands to harass the beetles, was seen as a potential allusion to the Soviet Union and to communism. Despite Eliade's ultimate reception in Communist Romania, this writing could not be published during the period, after censors singled out fragments which they saw as especially problematic. Cultural legacy Tributes An endowed chair in the History of Religions at the University of Chicago Divinity School was named after Eliade in recognition of his wide contribution to the research on this subject; the current (andfirst incumbent) holder of this chair is Wendy Doniger. To evaluate the legacy of Eliade and Joachim Wach within the discipline of the history of religions, the University of Chicago chose 2006 (the intermediate year between the 50th anniversary of Wach's death and the 100th anniversary of Eliade's birth), to hold a two-day conference in order to reflect upon their academic contributions and their political lives in their social and historical contexts, as well as the relationship between their works and their lives. In 1990, after the Romanian Revolution, Eliade was elected posthumously to the Romanian Academy. In Romania, MirceaEliade's legacy in the field of the history of religions is mirrored by the journal Archaeus (founded 1997, and affiliated with the University of Bucharest Faculty of History). The 6th European Association for the Study of Religion and International Association for the History of Religions Special Conference on Religious History of Europe and Asia took place from September 20 to September 23, 2006, in Bucharest. An important section of the Congress was dedicated to the memory of Mircea Eliade, whose legacy in the field of history of religions was scrutinized by various scholars, some of whom were his direct studentsat the University of Chicago. As Antohi noted, Eliade, Emil Cioran and Constantin Noica "represent in Romanian culture ultimate expressions of excellence, [Eliade and Cioran] being regarded as proof that Romania's interwar culture (and, by extension, Romanian culture as a whole) was able to reach the ultimate levels of depth, sophistication and creativity." A Romanian Television 1 poll carried out in 2006 nominated Mircea Eliade as the 7th Greatest Romanian in history; his case was argued by the journalist Dragoş Bucurenci (see 100 greatest Romanians). His name was given to a boulevard in the northern Bucharest area of Primăverii, toa street in Cluj-Napoca, and to high schools in Bucharest, Sighişoara, and Reşiţa. The Eliades' house on Melodiei Street was torn down during the communist regime, and an apartment block was raised in its place; his second residence, on Dacia Boulevard, features a memorial plaque in his honor. Eliade's image in contemporary culture also has political implications. Historian Irina Livezeanu proposed that the respect he enjoys in Romania is matched by that of other "nationalist thinkers and politicians" who "have reentered the contemporary scene largely as heroes of a pre- and anticommunist past", including Nae Ionescu and Cioran, but alsoIon Antonescu and Nichifor Crainic. In parallel, according to Oişteanu (who relied his assessment on Eliade's own personal notes), Eliade's interest in the American hippie community was reciprocated by members of the latter, some of whom reportedly viewed Eliade as "a guru". Eliade has also been hailed as an inspiration by German representatives of the Neue Rechte, claiming legacy from the Conservative Revolutionary movement (among them is the controversial magazine Junge Freiheit and the essayist Karlheinz Weißmann). In 2007, Florin Ţurcanu's biographical volume on Eliade was issued in a German translation by the Antaios publishing house, which is mouthpiece forthe Neue Rechte. The edition was not reviewed by the mainstream German press. Other sections of the European far right also claim Eliade as an inspiration, and consider his contacts with the Iron Guard to be a merit—among their representatives are the Italian neofascist Claudio Mutti and Romanian groups who trace their origin to the Legionary Movement. Portrayals, filmography and dramatizations Early on, Mircea Eliade's novels were the subject of satire: before the two of them became friends, Nicolae Steinhardt, using the pen name Antisthius, authored and published parodies of them. Maitreyi Devi, who strongly objected to Eliade's account oftheir encounter and relationship, wrote her own novel as a reply to his Maitreyi; written in Bengali, it was titled Na Hanyate (translated into English as "It Does Not Die"). Several authors, including Ioan Petru Culianu, have drawn a parallel between Eugène Ionesco's Absurdist play of 1959, Rhinoceros, which depicts the population of a small town falling victim to a mass metamorphosis, and the impact fascism had on Ionesco's closest friends (Eliade included). In 2000, Saul Bellow published his controversial Ravelstein novel. Having for its setting the University of Chicago, it had among its characters Radu Grielescu, who was identifiedby several critics as Eliade. The latter's portrayal, accomplished through statements made by the eponymous character, is polemical: Grielescu, who is identified as a disciple of Nae Ionescu, took part in the Bucharest Pogrom, and is in Chicago as a refugee scholar, searching for the friendship of a Jewish colleague as a means to rehabilitate himself. In 2005, the Romanian literary critic and translator Antoaneta Ralian, who was an acquaintance of Bellow's, argued that much of the negative portrayal was owed to a personal choice Bellow made (after having divorced from Alexandra Bagdasar, his Romanian wife and Eliade disciple). Shealso mentioned that, during a 1979 interview, Bellow had expressed admiration for Eliade. The 1988 film The Bengali Night, directed by Nicolas Klotz and based upon the French translation of Maitreyi, stars British actor Hugh Grant as Allan, the European character based on Eliade, while Supriya Pathak is Gayatri, a character based on Maitreyi Devi (who had refused to be mentioned by name). The film, considered "pornographic" by Hindu activists, was only shown once in India. In addition to The Bengali Night, films based on, or referring to, his works, include: Mircea Eliade et la redécouverte du Sacré (1987), partof the television series Architecture et Géographie sacrées, by Paul Barbă Neagră; Domnişoara Christina (1992), by Viorel Sergovici; Eu Adam (1996), by Dan Pița; Youth Without Youth (2007), by Francis Ford Coppola. Eliade's Iphigenia was again included in theater programs during the late years of the Nicolae Ceauşescu regime: in January 1982, a new version, directed by Ion Cojar, premiered at the National Theater Bucharest, starring Mircea Albulescu, Tania Filip and Adrian Pintea in some of the main roles. Dramatizations based on his work include La Țigănci, which has been the basis for two theater adaptations: Cazul Gavrilescu ("The GavrilescuCase"), directed by Gelu Colceag and hosted by the Nottara Theater, and an eponymous play by director Alexandru Hausvater, first staged by the Odeon Theater in 2003 (starring, among others, Adriana Trandafir, Florin Zamfirescu, and Carmen Tănase). In March 2007, on Eliade's 100th birthday, the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company hosted the Mircea Eliade Week, during which radio drama adaptations of several works were broadcast. In September of that year, director and dramatist Cezarina Udrescu staged a multimedia performance based on a number of works Mircea Eliade wrote during his stay in Portugal; titled Apocalipsa după Mircea Eliade ("The Apocalypse Accordingto Mircea Eliade"), and shown as part of a Romanian Radio cultural campaign, it starred Ion Caramitru, Oana Pellea and Răzvan Vasilescu. Domnișoara Christina has been the subject of two operas: the first, carrying the same Romanian title, was authored by Romanian composer Șerban Nichifor and premiered in 1981 at the Romanian Radio; the second, titled La señorita Cristina, was written by Spanish composer Luis de Pablo and premiered in 2000 at the Teatro Real in Madrid. See also Bibliography of Mircea Eliade Notes References Mircea Eliade:A History of Religious Ideas, Vol. 1 (trans. Willard R. Trask), University of ChicagoPress, Chicago, 1978.Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious Symbolism (trans. Philip Mairet), Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1991Myth and Reality (trans. Willard R. Trask), Harper & Row, New York, 1963Myths, Dreams and Mysteries (trans. Philip Mairet), Harper & Row, New York, 1967Myths, Rites, Symbols: A Mircea Eliade Reader, Vol. 2, Ed. Wendell C. Beane and William G. Doty, Harper Colophon, New York, 1976Patterns in Comparative Religion, Sheed & Ward, New York, 1958Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004The Myth of the Eternal Return: Cosmos and History (trans. Willard R. Trask), Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1971 "The Quest fororigini până în prezent ("The History of Romanian Literature from Its Origins to Present Times"), Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1986 John Daniel Dadosky, The Structure of Religious Knowing: Encountering the Sacred in Eliade and Lonergan, State University of New York Press, Albany, 2004 Robert Ellwood, The Politics of Myth: A Study of C. G. Jung, Mircea Eliade, and Joseph Campbell, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1999 Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990 Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, Routledge, London, 1993 Mircea Handoca, Convorbiri cu şi despre Mircea Eliade ("Conversationswith and about Mircea Eliade") on Autori ("Published Authors") page of the Humanitas publishing house Furio Jesi, Mito, Mondadori, Milan, 1980 G. S. Kirk,Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1973The Nature of Greek Myths, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1974 William McGuire, Bollingen: An Adventure in Collecting the Past, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1982. Lucian Nastasă, "Suveranii" universităţilor româneşti ("The 'Sovereigns' of Romanian Universities"), Editura Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2007 (available online at the Romanian Academy's George Bariţ Institute of History) Andrei Oişteanu, "Angajamentul politic al lui Mircea Eliade" ("Mircea Eliade's Political Affiliation"), in 22,Nr. 891, March–April 2007; retrieved November 15, 2007; retrieved January 17, 2008 "Mircea Eliade şi mişcarea hippie" ("Mircea Eliade and the Hippie Movement"), in Dilema Veche, Vol. III, May 2006; retrieved November 7, 2007 Z. Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească ("The 1930s: The Romanian Far Right"), Editura EST-Samuel Tastet Editeur, Bucharest, 2008 Mihail Sebastian, Journal, 1935–1944: The Fascist Years, Ivan R. Dee, Chicago, 2000. David Leeming. "Archetypes". The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press, 2004. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. UC—Irvine. 30 May 2011 Further reading English Carrasco, David and Law, Jane Marie (eds.). 1985. Waitingfor the Dawn. Boulder: Westview Press. Dudley, Guilford. 1977. Religion on Trial: Mircea Eliade & His Critics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Idinopulos, Thomas A., Yonan, Edward A. (eds.) 1994. Religion and Reductionism: Essays on Eliade, Segal, and the Challenge of the Social Sciences for the Study of Religion, Leiden: Brill Publishers. McCutcheon, Russell T. 1997. Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia. New York: Oxford University Press. Olson, Carl. 1992. The Theology and Philosophy of Eliade: A Search for the Centre. New York: St Martins Press. Pals, Daniel L. 1996. Seven Theories of Religion.USA: Oxford University Press. Rennie, Bryan S. 1996. Reconstructing Eliade: Making Sense of Religion. Albany: State University of New York Press. . . Simion, Eugen. 2001. Mircea Eliade: A Spirit of Amplitude. Boulder: East European Monographs. Strenski, Ivan. 1987. Four Theories of Myth in Twentieth-Century History: Cassirer, Eliade, Levi Strauss and Malinowski. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. Wasserstrom, Steven M. 1999. Religion after Religion: Gershom Scholem, Mircea Eliade, and Henry Corbin at Eranos. Princeton: Princeton University Press Wedemeyer, Christian; Doniger, Wendy (eds.). 2010. Hermeneutics, Politics, and the History of Religions: The Contested Legacies of Joachim Wach and Mircea Eliade.Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press Other languages Alexandrescu, Sorin. 2007. Mircea Eliade, dinspre Portugalia. Bucharest: Humanitas. Băicuş, Iulian, 2009, Mircea Eliade. Literator şi mitodolog. În căutarea Centrului pierdut. Bucharest: Editura Universităţii Bucureşti Călinescu, Matei. 2002. Despre Ioan P. Culianu şi Mircea Eliade. Amintiri, lecturi, reflecţii. Iaşi: Polirom. Culianu, Ioan Petru. 1978. Mircea Eliade. Assisi: Cittadella Editrice; 2008 Roma: Settimo Sigillo. David, Dorin. 2010. De la Eliade la Culianu (I). Cluj-Napoca: Eikon. De Martino, Marcello. 2008. Mircea Eliade esoterico. Roma: Settimo Sigillo. Dubuisson, Daniel. 2005. Impostures et pseudo-science. L'œuvre de Mircea Eliade. Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion Gorshunova, Olga. 2008.Terra Incognita of Ioan Culianu, in Ètnografičeskoe obozrenie. N° 6, pp. 94–110. .. Laignel-Lavastine, Alexandra. 2002. Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco – L'oubli du fascisme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France-Perspectives critiques. Oişteanu, Andrei. 2007. Religie, politică şi mit. Texte despre Mircea Eliade şi Ioan Petru Culianu. Iaşi: Polirom. Posada, Mihai. 2006. Opera publicistică a lui Mircea Eliade. Bucharest: Editura Criterion. Ruşti, Doina. 1997. Dicţionar de simboluri din opera lui Mircea Eliade. Bucharest: Editura Coresi Tacou, Constantin (ed.). 1977. Cahier Eliade. Paris: L'Herne. Tolcea, Marcel. 2002. Eliade, ezotericul. Timişoara: Editura Mirton. Ţurcanu, Florin. 2003. Mircea Eliade. Le prisonnier de l'histoire''. Paris: Editions LaDécouverte. External links Biography of Mircea Eliade Mircea Eliade, From Primitives to Zen List of Terms Used in Mircea Eliade's The Sacred and The Profane Bryan S. Rennie on Mircea Eliade Joseph G. Muthuraj, The Significance of Mircea Eliade for Christian Theology Mircea Eliade presentation on the "100 Greatest Romanians" site Archaeus magazine Claudia Guggenbühl, Mircea Eliade and Surendranath Dasgupta. 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### User: Linwood Vrooman Carter (June 9, 1930 – February 7, 1988) was an American author of science fiction and fantasy, as well as an editor, poet and critic. He usually wrote as Lin Carter; known pseudonyms include H. P. Lowcraft (for an H. P. Lovecraft parody) and Grail Undwin. He is best known for his work in the 1970s as editor of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series, which introduced readers to many overlooked classics of the fantasy genre. Life Carter was born in St. Petersburg, Florida. He was an avid reader of science fiction and fantasy in his youth, and becamebroadly knowledgeable in both fields. He was also active in fandom. Carter served in the United States Army (infantry, Korea, 1951–53), and then attended Columbia University and took part in Leonie Adams's Poetry Workshop (1953–54).<ref>Contributor note on Lin Carter in August Derleth, ed. Fire, Sleet and Candlelight: New Poems of the Macabre. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 1961, p. 228</ref> He was an advertising and publishers' copywriter from 1957 until 1969, when he took up writing full-time. He was also an editorial consultant. During much of his writing career he lived in Hollis, New York. Carter was married twice, firstto Judith Ellen Hershkovitz (married 1959, divorced 1960) and second to Noel Vreeland (married 1963, when they were both working for the publisher Prentice-Hall; divorced 1975). Carter was a member of the Trap Door Spiders, an all-male literary banqueting club which served as the basis of Isaac Asimov's fictional group of mystery-solvers, the Black Widowers. Carter was the model for Asimov's character Mario Gonzalo. Carter was also a member of the Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America (SAGA), a loose-knit group of Heroic fantasy authors founded in the 1960s, some of whose work he anthologized in the Flashing Swords! series.In the 1970s Carter published one issue of his own fantasy fanzine Kadath, named after H. P. Lovecraft's fictional setting (see The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath). It was printed in extremely low numbers and was scarcely circulated. It contained Carter's Cthulhu Mythos story "The City of Pillars" (pp. 22–25). Carter resided in East Orange, New Jersey, in his later years, and drank and smoked heavily. It was probably smoking that gave him oral cancer in 1985. Only his status as a Korean War veteran enabled him to receive extensive surgery. However, it failed to cure the cancer and left himdisfigured. In the last year before his death, he had begun to reappear in print with a new book in his Terra Magica series, a long-promised Prince Zarkon pulp hero pastiche, Horror Wears Blue, and a regular column for the magazine Crypt of Cthulhu. Despite these successes, Carter increased his alcohol intake, becoming an alcoholic. His cancer resurfaced, spreading to his throat and leading to his death in Montclair, New Jersey, in 1988. Robert M. Price, the editor of Crypt of Cthulhu, who had published a Lin Carter special issue (Vol. 5, No 2, whole number 36, Yuletide 1985), waspreparing a second all-Carter issue when Carter died. It was turned into a memorial issue (Vol. 7, No 4, whole number 54, Eastertide 1988). Two further issues of the magazine were devoted to Carter alone (see References below). Price was also appointed Carter's literary executor. Writing career A longtime science-fiction and fantasy fan, Carter first appeared in print with entertaining letters to Startling Stories and other pulp magazines in 1943 and again in the late 1940s. He issued two volumes of fantasy verse, Sandalwood and Jade (1951), technically his first book, and Galleon of Dream (1955) (see Poetry in Bibliographybelow) His first professional publication was the short story "Masters of the Metropolis", co-written with Randall Garrett, and published by Anthony Boucher in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, April 1957. Another early collaborative story, "The Slitherer from the Slime" (Inside SF, September 1958), by Carter, as "H. P. Lowcraft", with Dave Foley, is a parody of H. P. Lovecraft. The story "Uncollected Works" (Fantasy and SF, March 1965) was a finalist for the annual Nebula Award for Best Short Story, from the SF and fantasy writers, the only time Carter was a runner-up for a major award. Earlyin his efforts to establish himself as a writer, Carter gained a mentor in L. Sprague de Camp, who critiqued his novel The Wizard of Lemuria in manuscript. The seventh novel Carter wrote, it was the first to find a publisher, appearing from Ace Books in March 1965. Due in large part to their later collaborations, mutual promotion of each other in print, joint membership in both the Trap Door Spiders and SAGA, and complementary scholarly efforts to document the history of fantasy, de Camp is the person with whom Carter is most closely associated as a writer. A falling-outin the last decade of Carter's life did not become generally known until after his death. Carter was a prolific writer, producing an average of six books a year from 1965 to 1969. He also wrote a nearly monthly column, "Our Man in Fandom", in If, edited by Frederik Pohl, and was a major writer on ABC's original Spider-Man animated TV show during its fantasy-oriented second season in 1968-69. Carter frequently cited his own writings in his non-fiction and almost always included at least one of his own pieces in each of the anthologies he edited. The most extreme instancehis career Carter assimilated influences from mythology and fairy tales, and even branched out briefly into pornographic fantasy. Posthumous collaborations with Howard and Smith Some of Carter's most prominent works were what he referred to as "posthumous collaborations" with deceased authors, notably Robert E. Howard and Clark Ashton Smith. He completed a number of Howard's unfinished tales of Kull (see Kull (collection) and Conan the Barbarian, the latter often in collaboration with L. Sprague de Camp. He also collaborated with de Camp on a number of pastiche novels and short stories featuring Conan. The "posthumous collaborations" with Smith were ofDunsany Carter wrote numerous stories in the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft. Many have been collected in The Xothic Legend Cycle: The Complete Mythos Fiction of Lin Carter, edited by Robert M. Price. Despite the title, there are many uncollected Mythos stories by Carter. See also Xothic legend cycle. For further info see Robert M. Price "The Statement of Lin Carter", Crypt of Cthulhu 1, No 2 (Yuletide 1981), 11-19. Carter wrote two cycles of stories set in "dreamlands," paying tribute to the fantasy of Lord Dunsany, Ikranos, from his fan days, and Simrana, after he became a professionalwriter. Unfinished projects Carter left a number of projects unfinished. He regularly announced plans for future works that never came to fruition, even including some among lists of other works printed in the fronts of his books. His 1976 anthologies Kingdoms of Sorcery and Realms of Wizardry both included such phantom books among his other listed works, titled Robert E. Howard and the Rise of Sword & Sorcery, The Stones of Mnar and Jungle Maid of Callisto. The first of these, presumably a non-fiction study along the lines of his Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" (1969),a scattering of short stories intended for the volumes appeared. His "Gondwane" epic, which he began with the final book and afterwards added several more covering the beginning of the saga, lacks its middle volumes, his publisher having canceled the series before he managed to fill the gap between. Similarly, his projected Atlantis trilogy was canceled after the first book (The Black Star), and his five-volume "Chronicles of Kylix" ended with three volumes published and parts of another (Amalric). Another unfinished project was Carter's self-proclaimed magnum opus, an epic literary fantasy entitled Khymyrium, or, to give it its full title,begun the work about 1959, and published three excerpts from it as separate short stories during his lifetime – "Azlon" in The Young Magicians (1969), "The Mantichore" in Beyond the Gates of Dream (also 1969) and "The Sword of Power" in New Worlds for Old (1971). A fourth episode was published posthumously in Fungi #17, a 1998 fanzine. His most comprehensive account of the project appeared in Imaginary Worlds: the Art of Fantasy in 1973. While he continued to make claims for its excellence throughout his lifetime, the complete novel never appeared. Part of the problem was that Carter wasforcing himself to write the novel in a formal style more like that of William Morris and quite unlike his own. Career as editor and critic Carter was influential as a critic of contemporary fantasy and a pioneering historian of the genre. His book reviews and surveys of the year's best fantasy fiction appeared regularly in Castle of Frankenstein, continuing after that magazine's 1975 demise in The Year's Best Fantasy Stories. His early studies of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien (Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings") and H. P. Lovecraft (Lovecraft: A Look Behind theCthulhu Mythos) were followed up by the wide-ranging Imaginary Worlds: the Art of Fantasy, a study tracing the emergence and development of modern fantasy from the late nineteenth century novels of William Morris through the 1970s. Peter Beagle faulted Carter's scholarship, saying "He gets so many facts embarrassingly wrong, so many attributions misquoted, that the entire commentary is essentially worthless." His greatest influence in the field may have been as an editor for Ballantine Books from 1969–1974, when Carter brought several then obscure yet important books of fantasy back into print under the "Adult Fantasy" line. Authors whose works herevived included Dunsany, Morris, Smith, James Branch Cabell, Hope Mirrlees, and Evangeline Walton. David G. Hartwell praised the series, saying it brought "into mass editions nearly all the adult fantasy stories and novels worth reading." He also helped new authors break into the field, such as Katherine Kurtz, Joy Chant, and Sanders Anne Laubenthal. Carter was a fantasy anthologist of note, editing a number of new anthologies of classic and contemporary fantasy for Ballantine and other publishers. He also edited several anthology series, including the Flashing Swords! series from 1973 to 1981, the first six volumes of The Year's BestFantasy Stories for DAW Books from 1975 to 1980, and an anthology format revival of the classic fantasy magazine Weird Tales from 1981 to 1983. Together with SAGA he sponsored the Gandalf Award, an early fantasy equivalent to science fiction's Hugo Award, for the recognition of outstanding merit in authors and works of fantasy. It was given annually by the World Science Fiction Society from 1974 to 1981, but went into abeyance with the collapse of Carter's health in the 1980s. Its primary purpose continues to be fulfilled by the initially rival World Fantasy Awards, first presented in 1975. Posthumousrevival Wildside Press began an extensive program returning much of Carter's fiction to print in 1999. All remain in print, and one original book was issued in 2012, collecting the short stories about Thongor. See the bibliography for Wildside reissues. Awards Nova Award, 1972. Bibliography See also Ballantine Adult Fantasy Series Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America Trap Door Spiders Black Widowers Lin Carter deities Gandalf Award Notes References Sources Crypt of Cthulhu magazine. No less than five issues of this Lovecraftian fanzine edited by Robert M. Price, all published in Upper Montclair, N.J., were devoted to Lin Carter as"Lin Carter and Clark Ashton Smith" Lin Carter Papers at David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University Category:1930 births Category:1988 deaths Category:American fantasy writers Category:American science fiction writers Category:American book editors Category:American speculative fiction editors Category:Conan the Barbarian novelists Category:Science fiction editors Category:Science fiction fans Category:20th-century American novelists Category:American short story writers Category:Cthulhu Mythos writers Category:Deaths from oral cancer Category:Deaths from cancer in New Jersey Category:American male novelists Category:Lemuria in fiction Category:American male short story writers Category:Writers from St. Petersburg, Florida Category:Novelists from Florida Category:People from Hollis, Queens Category:H. P. Lovecraft scholars Category:Weird fiction writers Category:Pulp fiction ### Assistant:

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### User: Full Metal Challenge was a television series made by RDF Media for Channel 4 in the UK and the Learning Channel in the USA. Hosted by series creator Cathy Rogers and Henry Rollins, the show was very similar to Rogers' last show, Scrapheap Challenge. It was filmed in the United Kingdom with a budget of approx £6.5 million on location at the disused Richborough Power Station just outside Sandwich in Kent. Premise Twenty-seven teams from around the world compete in the challenge. Each team consists of 3 people. The teams were all given 1 month and $3000 USD (exchanged totheir country's respective currency) to build a vehicle that "could withstand anything." Teams did not know ahead of time exactly what the events would be and how they would work. Periodically during the build, a technical advisor would visit the teams to make sure the vehicles would pass safety regulations and to make sure they stayed legal for the tournament. They were also required to be no heavier than 3 tons and/or wider than 8 feet (for the hall of mirrors). Cars ended up being loud, noisy, big, and destructive (qualities relished by the show's co-host, Henry Rollins). In eachshow, 3 machines competed. In the first round, there were 9 heats, each of which involved one machine from the United Kingdom, one from North America, and one from another country (Chile, India, Australia, China, Iceland, Germany, Russia, South Africa and New Zealand). The team that won a challenge got 3 points, placed 2nd got 2, and 3rd placed got 1, with a failure to finish worth 0 points and a tie worth half a point. After the 3rd challenge, the machine with the lowest score was "incinerated" and the top 2 progressed to the Sumo round. The sole winnerswere The Aquaholics from the United Kingdom, runners up The Snowdiggers from Canada (the only Canadian team in North America section) with Chile's Desert Pumas in 3rd place. Tournament Play The vehicles competed in a series of events, with each episode showing the competition between 3 vehicles. After the events, the teams each received points based on their performance, usually 3 for 1st place, 2 for 2nd place, 1 for 3rd place, though contestants could score 0 points for not completing a course, or share points if they got the same score). After all the events were complete, the team ### Assistant:

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### User: The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck: A Romance is an 1830 historical novel by Mary Shelley about the life of Perkin Warbeck. The book takes a Yorkist point of view and proceeds from the conceit that Perkin Warbeck died in childhood and the supposed impostor was indeed Richard of Shrewsbury. Henry VII of England is repeatedly described as a "fiend" who hates Elizabeth of York, his wife and Richard's sister, and the future Henry VIII, mentioned only twice in the novel, is a vile youth who abuses dogs. Her preface establishes that records of the Tower of London, as well asthe histories of Edward Hall, Raphael Holinshed, and Francis Bacon, the letters of Sir John Ramsay to Henry VII that are printed in the Appendix to John Pinkerton's History of Scotland establish this as fact. Each chapter opens with a quotation. The entire book is prefaced with a quotation in French by Georges Chastellain and Jean Molinet. Plot and themes In this novel, Mary Shelley returned to The Last Mans message that an idealistic political system is impossible without an improvement in human nature. This historical novel, influenced by those of Sir Walter Scott, fictionalises the exploits of Perkin Warbeck,domesticity and equality; through her, Mary Shelley offers a female alternative to the masculine power politics that destroy Richard, as well as the typical historical narrative which only relates those events. She also creates a strong female character in the round-faced, half-Moor, half-Fleming, Monina de Faro, Richard's adoptive sister, whom Robin Clifford demands as his wife. Monina is a versatile young lady who acts as decoy, messenger, and military organizer, in addition to her close friendship with both Richard and Katherine. Robin Clifford epitomizes mixed loyalties—an old friend descended from Lancastrians, who is constantly divided against himself. Stephen Frion, secretaryIII: 14, 19) Ballad of Jane Shore, (II: 8) Ben Jonson, (II: 16) Friedrich Schiller's Wallenstein (III: 1, 8) Notes Bibliography Bennett, Betty T. "The Political Philosophy of Mary Shelley's Historical novels: Valperga and Perkin Warbeck". The Evidence of the Imagination. Eds. Donald H. Reiman, Michael C. Jaye, and Betty T. Bennett. New York: New York University Press, 1978. Brewer, William D. "William Godwin, Chivalry, and Mary Shelley's The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck". Papers on Language and Literature 35.2 (Spring 1999): 187-205. Rpt. on bnet.com. Retrieved on 20 February 2008. Bunnell, Charlene E. "All the World's a Stage": Dramatic Sensibilityin Mary Shelley's Novels. New York: Routledge, 2002. . Garbin, Lidia. "Mary Shelley and Walter Scott: The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck and the Historical Novel". Mary Shelley's Fiction: From Frankenstein to Falkner. Eds. Michael Eberle-Sinatra and Nora Crook. New York: Macmillan; St. Martin's, 2000. Hopkins, Lisa. "The Self and the Monstrous". Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein": Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Eds. Syndy M. Conger, Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. Lynch, Deidre. "Historical novelist". The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley. Ed. Esther Schor. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2003. . Sites, Melissa. "Chivalry and Utopian Domesticity in Mary Shelley's The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck". European Romantic Review 16.5 (2005): 525-43. Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelley. London: Cardinal, 1987. . Wake, Ann M Frank. "Women in the Active Voice: Recovering Female History in Mary Shelley's Valperga and Perkin Warbeck". Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein". Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Ed. Syndy M. Conger, Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. . External links The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck (1830), Volume II from the Internet Archive The Fortunes ### Assistant:

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### User: XEZJ-AM is a radio station on 1480 AM in San Miguel, Jalisco. It is owned by Radiorama and known as 1480. History XEZJ received its concession on June 20, 1962. It was owned by Julio Romo Valdivia and based in Zapopan, with 250 watts of power. Carlos Fregoso Mendoza bought XEZJ in 1966, and power increased to 500 and later 1,000 watts. XEZJ was known as Radio Selecciones in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Zona Juvenil in the 1980s, 14-80 in the late 1990s, sports-formatted Solo Fútbol from 2003-06, and carried Radio Trece programs from 2006 to 2008. Until ### Assistant:

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### User: Chamal Jayantha Rajapaksa (Sinhala: චමල් රාජපක්ෂ; Tamil: சமல் ராஜபக்ஷ; born 30 October 1942) is a Sri Lankan politician who was Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka from 2010 to 2015. Previously he served as Minister of Ports & Aviation and Irrigation & Water Management. He hails from a well known political family in Sri Lanka. His father, D. A. Rajapaksa, was a prominent politician, independence agitator, member of parliament and Minister of Agriculture and Land in Wijeyananda Dahanayake's government. He is the elder brother of Mahinda Rajapaksa, who was President of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2015. Nine membersof the Rajapaksa family have been members of parliament in Sri Lanka. Shashindra Rajapaksa (eldest son of Rajapaksa) is the former chief Minister of Uva Provincial Council and former Basnayaka Nilame (Lay Custodian) of the Ruhunu Maha Kataragama devalaya. Early life and career Rajapaksa was born in Palatuwa in the Southern District of Matara and raised in Medamulana in the District of Hambantota. He hails from a well known political family in Sri Lanka. Rajapaksa had his entire education at Richmond College, Galle. As a student, he played Soccer for the School and was an Athlete. Having left school, hejoined the Public Service. Public Service Entered the Public Service of Sri Lanka as a Police Officer serving in the Police Force for more than eight years. Served the State Trading General Corporation as the Asst. General Manager before getting into active politics in 1985. Political career Contested the by-election held in 1985 for Mulkirigala Electorate. Entered Parliament in 1989 as a member of parliament of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party representing Hambantota District. Has been a member of parliament continuously since 1989, retaining his seat in all elections held to date. Prior to the present appointment as Speaker ofthe Parliament he has held the following portfolios. Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Lands Deputy Minister of Ports & Southern Development Deputy Minister of Plantation Industries Minister of Agricultural Development Minister of Irrigation & Water Management Minister of Ports & Aviation Honorary titles "Sri Lanka Janaseva Vibhushana" Other positions held President, Sri Lanka – Russia Parliamentary Friendship Association President, Sri Lanka – Hungary Parliamentary Friendship Association Chairman, District Development Committee, Hambantota (District Secretariat) Chairman, Hambantota Development Foundation See also List of political families in Sri Lanka Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka References External links The Rajapaksa Ancestry A ### Assistant:

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### User: Dingyuan County () is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city. History In December 2011, Taiwanese businessman Zhang Jiulin () held a press conference in which he described unfair treatment at the hands of local officials in Dingyuan County in a dispute about embezzlement at a company his father had owned which lead to Zhang Jiulin serving seven months in jail. Administrative Divisions Towns: Dingcheng (), Luqiao (), Zhangqiao (), Chihe (), Jiangji (), Zhuwan (), Lianjiang (), Cang (), Jiepaiji (), Xisadian (; Hsi-san-shih-li-tien 西三十里店), Yongkang (), Sangjian (), Sanheji (), Outang ### Assistant:

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### User: The banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in arid environments in the southwestern United States and Mexico where it lives in a burrow by day and forages for seeds and plant matter by night. Description The banner-tailed kangaroo rat can grow to a length of about . The dorsal surface is ochre-buff with some black-tipped hairs and the underparts are white. The species' most distinctive characteristic is the black-banded, white-tipped bushy tail which is waved like a banner. The hind legs of the kangaroo rat are much longer thanits forelegs and locomotion is by hopping. Distribution and habitat The banner-tailed kangaroo rat is found in the southwestern United States and Mexico in two isolated populations. The range of the larger northern population includes arid parts of western Texas, much of Arizona and northern New Mexico, and the Mexican states of Sonora, Chihuahua and Zacatecas. The southern population occurs mostly in the Mexican states of Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí. This kangaroo rat inhabits desert grassland with isolated scrubby bushes. It dies out of an area if the shrub cover increases to over 20%. Behavior The banner-tailed kangaroo ratis nocturnal and spends the day in a complex excavated burrow. On the surface, a characteristic mound develops as the animal digs and repairs tunnels, and removes old bedding, spoiled food and seed husks. The excavated material is ejected from one of several entrances and a mound builds up over time. Observations of a newly constructed tunnel system showed that a mound in diameter and high was created in about two years and that each burrow system is occupied by a single kangaroo rat. The silky pocket mouse (Perognathus flavus) sometimes shares a burrow with the banner-tailed kangaroo rat. Thebanner-tailed kangaroo rat feeds on seeds and other parts of plants, most notably grass seeds in the form of whole seed-heads. It caches surplus food in its burrow, and is the most assiduous hoarder among the kangaroo rats. In a research study where the rats were fitted with radio-tracking equipment, individuals had a home range of about which overlapped slightly with that of its neighbours. Kangaroo rats emerged from their burrows soon after sunset and bounded swiftly to feeding areas, foraged for two or three hours and then hurried back to its burrow where it remained. Another burst of activityoccurred a couple of hours before dawn. The foodstuffs collected and carried in the cheek pouches were seed heads and grass tufts and were stored in layers in the burrow in chambers up to in diameter. The banner-tailed kangaroo rat uses foot-drumming in territorial defense, and makes a different foot-drumming signal when predators such as the gopher snake (Pituophis melanolsucus) are spotted. Foot-drumming seems not to be used to warn conspecifics in adjoining ranges of danger, instead being used in parental care and to inform the predator that its potential prey is alert, making the chances of successful predation low. ### Assistant:

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### User: {{DISPLAYTITLE:Tau2 Lupi}} Tau2 Lupi, Latinized from τ2 Lup, is a binary star system in the constellation Lupus. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.34. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.22 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 319 light years from the Sun. The two components orbit each other with a period of 26.2 years and a high eccentricity of 0.94. The brighter component is a magnitude 4.93 subgiant star with a stellar classification of F4 IV. Its companion is an A-type star with visual magnitude 5.55 and ### Assistant:

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### User: Bombus eximius is a species of bumblebee that belongs to the subgenus Melanobombus in the simplified subgeneric classification. It is found in the Southern, Eastern and Southeastern parts of the Asian continent. Characteristics Bombus eximius is a very large species of bumblebee. The queens are 28–29 mm () long, while the female workers are and the male workers . The color of the hair on the thorax is black, and that on the mid and hind tibiae and the basitarsus is orange. The bright coloration has also been described as "yellowish red" (via ). This species can easily be misidentifiedas Bombus flavescens. The close-up view of the face of Bombus eximius shows the oculomandibular distance (OMD), i.e., the distance between the compound eye and the mandible, to be 0.9–1.0 times the mandible breadth. The labrum, i.e., lips, have irregular lamella, but are mostly straight. The inner eye margin has scattered large punctures. Ecology The species is relatively uncommon in low altitude areas between around the Sichuan basin area. It has been found in the Himalayan region, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, China (Yunnan, Xizang, Sichuan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou), Taiwan and in Japan. References Category:Bumblebees Category:Hymenoptera of Asia Category:Insects described ### Assistant:

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### User: Beata Szalwinska (Polish: Beata Szałwińska), is a Polish pianist, known for her classical music concerts in Poland, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland living since 1999 in Luxembourg. Early years 1972-1980: Ecole de musique Emil Mlynarski in Warsaw (Poland) 1980-1985: Józef Elsner Secondary Music School with Anna Radziwonowicz in Warsaw, Poland 1980-1985: Master of Arts - Frederic Chopin Academy of Music with professor Barbara Muszynska in Warsaw, Poland 1992-1993: Ecole Normale de Musique A. Cortot, with Marian Rybicki in Paris. 1992-1994 : ‘’Conservatoire de Musique d’Olivier Messiaen’’ with Sergiei Markarov. Discography CD of a piano concert with compositions ofRavel, Schubert, Chopin, Skriabin and Szymanowski Awards Award for the best interpretation of the IV Symphony of the composer Karol Szymanowski. "Her very start (pianoconcert:IV Simphonie of Karol Szymanowski) showed a beautiful, calm phrase with almost Chopin-like sound, she charmed with her colourful interpretation. The performance tended to a classical form, but was brought alive by articulation motifs, attractive phrasing and a very fresh approach. Beyond any doubt Beata Szalwinska is a very talented pianist which was confirmed by the standing ovation,": Appreciation by :pl:Krzysztof Baculewski References External links Homepage of Beata Szalwinska (reference page) Site of the Quintett Aconcagua ### Assistant:

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### User: Jim Agler is a mathematician who is a professor at the University of California, San Diego. He is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society since 2016, for "contributions to operator theory and the theory of analytic functions of several complex variables". He obtained his Ph.D. from the Indiana University Bloomington in 1980 under the supervision of John B. Conway. His thesis was on Sub-Jordan operators. Agler and John E. McCarthy are the authors of the book Pick Interpolation and Hilbert Function Spaces (American Mathematical Society, 2002). Some efforts to extend the Herglotz representation theorem are described in Classical function ### Assistant:

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### User: Club Deportivo Eldense is a Spanish football team based in Elda, in the autonomous community of Valencia. Founded in 1921 it plays in Tercera División – Group 6, holding home matches at Estadio Nuevo Pepico Amat, which has a capacity of 4,036 spectators. History One of the oldest clubs in the Valencian Community, Eldense enrolled in the Valencian Football Federation in 1924, and started competing in Tercera División 19 years later. It first appeared in Segunda División in the 1956–57 season, narrowly avoiding relegation after finishing in 16th position; the first spell in that tier lasted three years, in a ### Assistant:

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### User: Viking Line Abp is a Finnish shipping company that operates a fleet of ferries and cruiseferries between Finland, the Åland Islands, Sweden and Estonia. Viking Line shares are quoted on the Helsinki Stock Exchange. Viking Line is operated from the Åland Islands. Company history Early years: 1959–66 Viking Line's history can be traced back to 1959, when a group of sea- and businessmen from the Åland Islands province in Finland formed Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen, purchased a steam-powered car-ferry SS Dinard from the UK, renamed her and began service on the route Korpo (Finland)–Mariehamn (Åland)–Gräddö (Sweden). In the same year theGotland-based Rederi AB Slite began a service between Simpnäs (Sweden) and Mariehamn. In 1962, a disagreement caused a group of people to leave Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen and form a new company, Rederi Ab Ålandsfärjan, who began a service linking Gräddö and Mariehamn the following year. Soon the three companies, all competing for passengers between Åland Islands and Sweden, realised that they in the long run all stood to lose from mutual competition. In 1965 Vikinglinjen and Slite began collaborating, and in the end of July 1966 Viking Line was established as a marketing company for all three companies. At this1, MS Viking 3 and MS Viking 4 for Sally. MS Viking 5, delivered in 1974, was an enlargened version of the same design. These so-called Papenburg sisters can be considered to be one of the most successful ships designs of all times (the shipyard built three additional sisters of the original design for Transbordadores for ship services in Mexico: Coromuel, Puerto Vallarta and Azteca). In 1973 Viking Line started service on the Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm route, directly competing with Silja Line for the first time. The next year Sally began Viking Line traffic between Helsinki and Stockholm. For the next decadeEstonian Tallink. The first new ship built for Viking Line since Slite's MS Kalypso in 1990, , had been ordered from Aker Finnyards in 2005, in response to growing competition from Tallink on the Helsinki–Tallinn route. The Viking XPRS eventually entered service for Viking in April 2008. A second new ship was ordered in January 2007, when Viking Line announced that they had placed an order for a ferry at the Spanish shipyard Astilleros de Sevilla. The project name for the ship, that would have replaced the on the Mariehamn–Kapellskär route, was Viking ADCC. Her delivery was originally expected for ### Assistant:

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### User: James (Jay) B Dickman (born 1949), is an American photographer, he won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for feature photography while a staff member for the Dallas Times Herald. In the same year he also won the World Press Golden Eye for a series of photos from the war in El Salvador. Dickman has also been awarded the Distinguished Journalist award from Sigma Delta Chi, and multiple awards in other competitions. A National Geographic photographer, with more than 25 assignments for the NG Society, he is the co-author of Perfect Digital Photography, an extensive guide to the entire process of photography ### Assistant:

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### User: Zygoballus incertus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in Panama. History and taxonomy The species was first described from a female specimen by the entomologist Nathan Banks in 1929 as Atelurius incertus. Arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering described the species, including a male allotype, in his 1946 paper, "The Salticidae (Spiders) of Panama". Chickering expressed doubts about whether the species belonged to Atelurius: "I am unable to come to any decision as to the correct placement of this species... I know nothing better to do with it for the present than to retain it here pending further knowledge." In1987, arachnologist María Elena Galiano reassigned Chickering's male allotype to Sassacus. Regarding the female type specimen, she remarked that it was "without a doubt fissidentate, and should be excluded from [Atelurius]." Citing the fact that Chickering noted similarities with Zygoballus, Galiano transferred the species out of Atelurius and into Zygoballus. Characteristics of the male were described in 1996 by Wayne Maddison. References External links Zygoballus incertus at Worldwide database of jumping spiders Zygoballus incertus at Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae) Zygoballus incertus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library Category:Salticidae Category:Endemic fauna of Panama Category:Spiders of Central America Category:Spiders described in ### Assistant:

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### User: Pat Daly (4 December 1927 - 1 January 2003), also known as Paddy Daly was an Irish former footballer who played as a centre half. He joined Shamrock Rovers in 1948 as a defender. He also had a brief spell in England with Aston Villa in the 1949–50 season playing just three games for the Birmingham-based club. He won his one and only senior cap for the Republic of Ireland national football team on 8 September 1949 in a 3–0 win over Finland in Dalymount Park, Dublin in a World Cup Qualifying game. Daly's appearance that day was shrouded incontroversy, however. The FAI had unwittingly infringed the rules of the World Cup tournament by bringing on a substitute, which at the time, prohibited players being replaced. Daly represented the League of Ireland XI on 3 occasions while at Glenmalure Park. Honours League of Ireland Shield Shamrock Rovers - 1951/52 Sources The Hoops by Paul Doolan and Robert Goggins () External links Pat Daly at Aston Villa Player Database Category:Association footballers from County Dublin Category:Republic of Ireland association footballers Category:Ireland (FAI) international footballers Category:Shamrock Rovers F.C. players Category:Aston Villa F.C. players Category:League of Ireland players Category:English Football League players Category:1927 ### Assistant:

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### User: The 2014 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 24th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men's professional basketball clubs and the 23rd edition of the tournament being in the form of a true intercontinental tournament for clubs. The 2 game aggregate score tournament took place at the HSBC Arena in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on September 26 and September 28, 2014, in order to determine the world club champion. The tournament was contested between the 2013–14 season EuroLeague champions, Maccabi Electra, and the 2014 FIBA Americas League champions, Flamengo. Series summary Flamengo won the series by aggregate score 156-146. Game ### Assistant:

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### User: Angelo Bencivenga (born 25 July 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a right midfielder for Santarcangelo. Career Bencivenga returned to Italy in January 2009 for Udinese in January 2009, from Swiss side La Chaux-de-Fonds. In summer 2011, Bencivenga was signed by Parma F.C. on free transfer, but joined Simone Malatesta at Pro Vercelli in a co-ownership soon after, for €500. On 22 June 2012, Parma became full owners of the player again, but also formed a new temporary deal for Bencivenga. On 31 January 2013 he joined Ternana. References External links Category:1991 births Category:Living people Category:Italian footballers Category:A.S. ### Assistant:

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### User: The following lists events that happened or will happen in Argentina in 2019. Incumbents President: Mauricio Macri (until December 10) - Alberto Fernández (starting December 10) Vice President: Gabriela Michetti (until December 10) - Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (starting December 10) Events January January 1: Jair Bolsonaro is inaugurated as president of Brazil. Chancellor Jorge Faurie attends the inauguration, as president Mauricio Macri was on vacation. January 2: Former president Fernando de la Rúa is hospitalized because of cardiac problems. January 3: The Argentine government reassured its claim in the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute at the 186º anniversary of thehis death. January 21: Macri signs a decree to regulate the asset recovery from corruption cases. January 23 Macri acknowledges Juan Guaidó as President of Venezuela during the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis. Kirchnerist politicians, on the other hand, support Maduro and consider the appointment of Guaidó as a coup d'état organized by the United States. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, ally of Maduro during his presidency, did not make comments. January 27: La Rioja Province celebrates a referendum over an amendment to the provincial constitution, to allow governor Sergio Casas to run for a new term of office. The parties, however,do not agree on the interpretation of the results. January 29: After some weeks of speculation, governor María Eugenia Vidal announces that the provincial elections in the Buenos Aires Province will be held together with the 2019 Argentine general election. January 30 In line with Vidal, Buenos Aires mayor Horacio Rodríguez Larreta announces that the election in the Buenos Aires city will also be held together with the national ones. Musician Manuel Vilca is hospitalized in Bolivia, and has to pay 17,000 US dollars for the treatments. This starts a diplomatic conflict between Jujuy governor Gerardo Morales and Bolivian presidentEvo Morales, as Bolivians are treated in Argentine hospitals for free. February February 3: Agustín Zbar, president of the AMIA, resigns. He had proposed the DAIA to decline the case against former president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, which the DAIA rejected. He is replaced by Ariel Eichbaum. March April April 25: Sinceramente, the first book written by Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, former President of Argentina and current Senator for the Buenos Aires Province, is released Predicted and scheduled events May End of the 2018–19 Argentine Primera División tournament. October Argentine general election, 2019 Unknown month Martín Fierro Awards ceremony. SuperclásicoBirths Deaths January 10 – Leo Satragno, musician. January 21 – Emiliano Sala, Argentine professional footballer (b. 1990) February 11 – Ricardo Boechat, Argentine-born Brazilian journalist (b. 1952) February 17 – Eduardo Bauza, first Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers of Argentina. February 23 – Natacha Jaitt, model. February 26 – Christian Bach, actress. March 2 – Franco Macri, Italian-Argentine businessman (b. 1930) May 5 – Paco Cabasés, Argentine professional footballer (b. 1916) July 9 – Fernando de la Rúa, 43rd President of Argentina (b. 1937) July 19 – César Pelli, Argentine-American architect (b. 1926) July 21 – Hugo Cóccaro, ### Assistant:

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### User: Wiwibloggs is a website and YouTube channel focusing on the Eurovision Song Contest. The site launched in April 2009 and is a web site focusing on Eurovision. It had a seasonal audience, peaking at 250,000 page views per day during the week of Eurovision in May 2016, based on Google Analytics data. History In April 2015, wiwibloggs won Arts & Culture Blog of the Year at the National UK Blog Awards, recognising it as the top blog in the country across architecture, design, entertainment and music. Later that month, William Lee Adams, a former correspondent at TIME magazine, was the ### Assistant:

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### User: Per Johan Gabriel Wikström (born 21 February 1985) is a Swedish politician of the Social Democrats. He served as Minister for Public Health, Healthcare and Sports in the Swedish Government from 2014 to 2017. On 5 May 2017, Wikström announced he will be on sick leave due symptoms related to burnout. Annika Strandhäll served acting Minister for Public Health, Healthcare and Sports during his sick leave, and on 27 July 2017 he resigned from his position. Wikström started his career in the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League in Västmanland County in 2006. He was a member of the national executiveboard of the youth league from 2007 to 2011 and national chairman from 2011 until being appointed cabinet minister in 2014. As national chairman, Wikström confronted the Social Democrats leadership by pushing a proposal of a 90-day warranty for young unemployed people through the Social Democrats Congress in 2013. The proposal was rejected by the party leadership, but gained hearing by the Congress delegates and is now one of the Löfven cabinet's key reforms since taking office in 2014, although it has not been implemented or announced yet (as of August 2016). In March 2017, Wikström participated in the first ### Assistant:

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### User: The Buayanyup River is a river in the South West region of Western Australia. The headwaters of the river rise in the Whicher Range and flow north crossing the Bussell Highway near Vasse before discharging into Geographe Bay near Abbey about west of Busselton. The river has three main tributaries of Dawson Gulley, Ironstone Gully and the other is not named. In total the river has a stream length of over . Flowing through agricultural land that is predominantly used for raising beef and dairy cattle and to a lesser degree plantation timber and viticulture, the area has been settled ### Assistant:

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