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ar,en
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู’ู…ูู†ูŽุงููู‚ูŠู† ุงู„ู’ุจูŽู‚ูŽุฑูŽุฉ ูููŠ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถ ููŽุฒูŽุงุฏูŽู‡ูู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ูŽุฑุถุง,"Allah the Exalted said about the hypocrites,
In their hearts is a disease and Allah has increased their disease. [Surah al-Baqarah (2) : 10]"
ูู…ู† ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ูŠุชุจูŠู† ุจูŠุงู†ุงู‹ ูˆุงุถุญุงู‹ ุฃู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุจุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ูู‚ุท.,"From consideration of these states of affairs, it is therefore clear that perception of the magnitudes of visible objects cannot be due only to their estimation by means of angles."
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุฌ ู„ูŠุฌุนู„ ู…ูŽุง ูŠู„ู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽูŠู’ุทูŽุงู† ูุชู’ู†ูŽุฉ ู„ู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูููŠ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงุณูŠุฉ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู…,That He may make what is thrown in by Satan a trial for those in whose hearts is a disease and whose hearts are hardened. [Surah al-Hajj (22) : 53]
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุญู’ุฒูŽุงุจ ู„ูŽุฆูู† ู„ู… ูŠู†ู’ุชูŽู‡ ุงู„ู…ูู†ูŽุงููู‚ููˆู†ูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูููŠ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุฌููˆู† ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฏููŠู†ูŽุฉ ู„ู†ุบุฑูŠู†ูƒ ุจู‡ู… ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุฌุงูˆุฑูˆู†ูƒ ูููŠู‡ูŽุง ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ู‚ูŽู„ููŠู„ุง,"If the hypocrites, and those in whose hearts is a disease, and those who spread false news among the people of Madinah cease not, We shall certainly let you overpower them, then they will not be able to stay in it as your neighbours but for a little while. [Surah al-Ah^ab (33) : 60]"
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู…ุฏุซุฑ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุฑุชุงุจ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ุฃููˆุชููˆุง ุงู„ู’ูƒุชุงุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุคู…ู†ูˆู† ูˆู„ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูููŠ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ูƒุงูุฑูˆู† ู…ูŽุงุฐูŽุง ุงุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู…ุซู„ุง,"โ€ฆand that no doubts may be left for the People of the Book and the believers, and that those in whose hearts is a disease and the disbelievers may say, โ€˜What does Allah intend by this parable?โ€™ [Surah al-Muddaththir (74) : 31]"
ูˆุฅุฐ ู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุฑุฑ ุงู„ุขู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุธู… ูู†ู‚ูˆู„: ุฅู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุนูˆู„ ููŠ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูˆุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูˆุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ู„ู… ูŠุฑูƒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุญุณ.,"That having been made clear, let us now show exactly how perception of size takes place. We say: It has been shown that perception of most sensible properties depends on inference and judgement, and that without these no perception of the majority of sensible properties would be possible, nor would the sense be able to determine them."
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ูŠููˆู†ูุณ ู‚ุฏ ุฌุงุกุชูƒู… ู…ูˆุนุธุฉ ู…ู† ุฑุจูƒูู… ูˆุดูุงุก ู„ู…ุง ูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูุฏููˆุฑ ูˆูŽู‡ุฏู‰ ูˆูŽุฑูŽุญู’ู…ูŽุฉ ู„ู„ู’ู…ูุคู’ู…ูู†ูŠู†,"โ€ฆThere has come to you good advice from your Lord, and a healing for that which is in the hearts, a guidance and a mercy for the believers."
ูˆุงู„ุนุธู… ู‡ูˆ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูˆุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ. ูˆุงู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ููŠ ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ.,But size is one of the properties perceived by inference and judgement. And the criterion on which the faculty of judgement depends in discerning the size of a visible object is the magnitude of the portion of the eyeโ€™s surface in which the form of the object occurs.
ูˆุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูŠู†ุญุตุฑ ูˆูŠุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุจุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญูŠุท ุจู‡ุง ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญูŠุท ุจุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆูŠุญูŠุท ุจุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ.,But that portion is limited and measured by the angle which exists at the centre of the eye and which is contained by the radial cone surrounding both the object and the portion of the eye containing the objectโ€™s form.
ูุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญูŠุท ุจู‡ุง ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุบู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ูˆุงู„ุญุณ ููŠ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุจู‡ู…ุง ูˆุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง.,"Thus, that portion and the angle contained by the cone surrounding it are the criterion without consideration of which, along with consideration of their magnitudes, the faculty of judgement and the sense-faculty cannot perceive the size of the object."
ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠู‚ุชู†ุน ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ููŠ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุธู… ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูู‚ุท ุฃูˆ ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ.,But in order to perceive size the faculty of judgement cannot be satisfied merely with considering the angle or the [magnitude of the] portion of the eye that subtends it.
ูˆุชุงุฑุฉ ูŠูููŽุณุฑ ุจุดูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฒู‘ูู†ูŽุง ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูุณุฑ ุจูู‡ู ู‚ูŽูˆู’ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุญู’ุฒูŽุงุจ ููŠุทู…ุน ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ู…ุฑุถ ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ู…ุฑุถ,"and at other times to be the desire to commit fornication as in the case of the verse, โ€ฆLest he in whose heart is a disease be moved with desire. [Silrah alAhfib (33) ; 32]"
ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุตู†ู ุงู„ุฎุฑุงุฆุทูŠ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงุนุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูู„ููˆุจ ุฃูŽูŠ ู…ูŽุฑุถู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽุฃูŽุฑูŽุงุฏูŽ ุจูู‡ู ู…ูŽุฑุถู‡ูŽุง ุจุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ,"This is why al-Kharaโ€™iti authored a book called, โ€˜The book of the Weakness of the Hearts Meaning their Diseases, โ€™ meaning by โ€˜diseasesโ€ here โ€“ the diseases of desire."
ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑููŠุถ ูŠูุคู’ุฐููŠู‡ ู…ูŽุงู„ุง ูŠูุคู’ุฐููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญ ููŠุถุฑู‡ ูŠุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ู’ุญุฑ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุจุฑุฏ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุนูŽู…ูŽู„ ูˆูŽู†ูŽุญู’ูˆ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุฃูู…ููˆุฑ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ู„ูŽุง ูŠู‚ูˆู‰ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูŽุง ู„ุถูŽุนู’ูู‡ ุจูุงู„ู’ู…ุฑุถู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑูŽุถ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุฌูู…ู’ู„ูŽุฉ ูŠุถุนู ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑููŠุถ ุจูุฌุนู’ู„ ู‚ูˆุชู‡ ุถูŽุนููŠููŽุฉ ู„ูŽุง ุชุทููŠู‚ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุทูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰,"The sick person is harmed by things that the healthy person is not, so slight heat, cold, exertion or other such things will harm him due to his inability to endure them in his weakened state. Sickness, in general, weakens the one afflicted by making his endurance weak and unable to sustain what he would have been able to sustain in a strong state."
ูˆูŽุงู„ุตู‘ูุญู‘ูŽุฉ ุชุญูุธ ุจูุงู„ู’ู…ุซู„ู ูˆุชุฒุงู„ ุจุงู„ุถุฏ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑูŽุถ ูŠู‚ูˆู‰ ุจูู…ุซู„ ุณูŽุจุจู‡ ูˆูŽูŠูŽุฒููˆู„ ุจุถุฏู‡ ููŽุฅูุฐุง ุญุตู„ ู„ู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑููŠุถ ู…ุซู„ ุณูŽุจูŽุจ ู…ูŽุฑุถู‡ ุฒูŽุงุฏ ู…ูŽุฑุถู‡ ูˆูŽุฒูŽุงุฏ ุถุนู ู‚ูˆุชู‡ ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ุฑูุจู…ูŽุง ูŠู‡ู’ู„ูƒ,"So a healthy state is preserved by remaining healthy and is removed by the opposite, and the sickness is made more severe by the presence of conditions similar to those that led to the sickness in the first place and removed by the opposite. Therefore, if a sick person is afflicted by something similar to that which led him to being sick in the first place, then he increases in illness and his endurance becomes weaker, until maybe he dies."
ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุชุจุนุฏ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงูŽ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆูŠุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู‹ูˆุชู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆูŠู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ู…ุน ุชุจุงุนุฏู‡ุง ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุชุตุงุบุฑ ู…ูˆุงุถุน ุตูˆุฑู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุชุจุงุนุฏู‡ุง ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุชุนุงุธู… ู…ูˆุงุถุน ุตูˆุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุชู‚ุงุฑุจู‡ุง.,"For it often happens chat the eye and the visible objects move farther away from or closer to one another, and sight perceives them at their farther distances along with the decrease in magnitude of the areas where the forms occur in the eye, and it perceives the increase in magnitude of those areas as the objects draw nearer to it."
ูู…ู† ุชูƒุฑุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุชู‚ุฑุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุจุงุนุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุตุบุฑ ู…ูˆุถุน ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆุตุบุฑุช ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"From the sightโ€™s repeated experience of this state of affairs, it becomes confirmed in the soul and in the faculty of judgement that as the object recedes from the eye, the place occupied by its form in the eye gets smaller along with the angle subtended by the object at the centre of the eye."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุชู‚ุฑุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุจุงุนุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุตุบุฑ ู…ูˆุถุน ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆุตุบุฑุช ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุงู† ุจุญุณุจ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"And when that is confirmed, then it is established in the faculty of judgement that the [magnitude of the] area where the objectโ€™s form occurs and the angle subtended by the object at the eyeโ€™s centre are in accordance with the objectโ€™s distance from the eye."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุถุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุงู† ุจุญุณุจ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ูุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒู‡ุง ู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุจุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูู‚ุท ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุจุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจุนุฏ ู…ุนุงู‹ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุฅู†ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุญุณุจ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ.,"And when that is established in the soul, then the faculty of judgement, when discerning the objectโ€™s magnitude, will not take into account the angle alone, but will consider both the angle and the distance because it has been established in it that the angle varies with the distance."
ูู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ.,The magnitude of objects is therefore perceived only by judgement and inference.
ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจู‡ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู‡ูˆ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุจุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ูˆุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑุŒ ูˆุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุนุถูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุจุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"And the inference through which the objectโ€™s magnitude is perceived consists in estimating the base of the radial cone, i.e. the objectโ€™s surface, by the angle of the cone and by its length, namely the distance of the object from the eye. And that which the faculty of judgement takes into consideration is the portion on the surface of the sentient organ which the objectโ€™s form occupies, together with the objectโ€™s distance from the eye."
ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุจุฏุงู‹ ุจุญุณุจ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑุŒ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู† ุจุนุฏู‡ ุนู† ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ุชูุงูˆุช ูŠุคุซุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ.,"But the magnitude of that part always varies with the size of the angle subtended by it at the centre of the eye, and in most cases there is no effective difference between the objectโ€™s distance from the surface of the eye and its distance from the eyeโ€™s centre."
ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุฅู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุญุงุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุณู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจูŠู† ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุณู…ูˆุช ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ุณู…ูˆุช ูˆุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูˆุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ.,"It has been shown, moreover, that the sentient perceives the directions between the eyeโ€™s centre and the object, namely those of the radial lines, and perceives their order and the order of the visible objects and of their parts."
ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑูŽุถ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽูˆู’ุช ูุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูŠูŽู…ููˆุช ุจูุงู„ู’ุฌูŽู‡ู’ู„ู ุงู„ู’ู…ูุทู„ู‚ ูˆูŠู…ุฑุถ ุจูู†ูŽูˆู’ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุฌูŽู‡ู’ู„ ููŽู„ู‡ู ู…ูˆุช ูˆูŽู…ุฑุถ ูˆุญูŠุงุฉ ูˆุดูุงุก ูˆุญูŠุงุชู‡ ูˆูŽู…ูŽูˆุชู‡ ูˆู…ุฑุถู‡ ูˆุดูุงุคู‡ ุฃุนุธู… ู…ู† ุญูŽูŠูŽุงุฉ ุงู„ู’ุจุฏู† ูˆูŽู…ูŽูˆุชู‡ ูˆู…ุฑุถู‡ ูˆุดูุงุฆู‡,"Sickness is of a lesser level then death, so the heart dies due to total ignorance but becomes ill due to having fragments of ignorance, and in this case there can be either death, sickness or healing for the heart. Its life, death, sickness and the cure is greater and more vital then the life, death, sickness and cure of the body."
ููŽู„ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุฅูุฐุง ูˆุฑุฏ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ุดูุจู’ู‡ูŽุฉ ุฃูŽูˆ ุดูŽู‡ู’ูˆูŽุฉ ู‚ูˆุช ู…ูŽุฑุถู‡ ูˆูŽุฅูู† ุญุตู„ุช ู„ูŽู‡ู ุญููƒู’ู…ูŽุฉ ูˆู…ูˆุนุธุฉ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ู…ู† ุฃูŽุณุจูŽุงุจ ุตูŽู„ูŽุงุญู‡ ูˆุดูุงุกู‡,"This is why the heart becomes sick when presented with doubts and desires, or the sickness becomes more acute. If wisdom and goodly exhortation occur then theses are routes to its correction and cure."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุณู…ูˆุช ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุนุถูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญูŠุท ุจู‡ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ูู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ูˆุถุน ุจุนุถู‡ุง ู…ู† ุจุนุถ ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุชูุงูˆุชู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุชุจุงุนุฏู‡ุง ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุจู‚ ุดูŠุก ูŠุชู… ุจู‡ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุฃุทุฑุงู ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ุฅู„ุง ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ.,"When the faculty of judgement perceives the directions of the radial lines and the magnitude of the part of the eye surrounded by them, it will perceive their positions relative to one another and their divergence and the manner of their extension, so that nothing will remain for completing the perception of the size of the object at the extremities of those lines but the magnitude of the objectโ€™s distance."
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุฌ ู„ูŠุฌุนู„ ู…ูŽุง ูŠู„ู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽูŠู’ุทูŽุงู† ูุชู’ู†ูŽุฉ ู„ู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูููŠ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถ,"Allah, the Most High, says, That He may make what is thrown in by Satan a trial for those hearts is a disease and whose hearts are hardened. [Surah al-Hajj (22) : 53]"
ู„ูุฃูŽู† ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุฃูˆุฑุซ ุดูุจู’ู‡ูŽุฉ ุนูู†ู’ุฏู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงุณูŠุฉ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู„ูŠุจุณู‡ุง ููŽุฃููˆู„ูŽุฆููƒ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ุถูŽุนููŠููŽุฉ ุจูุงู„ู’ู…ุฑุถู ููŽุตูŽุงุฑูŽ ู…ูŽุง ุฃู„ู’ู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽูŠู’ุทูŽุงู† ูุชู’ู†ูŽุฉ ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุคูู„ูŽุงุก ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู‚ุงุณูŠุฉ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ุงูŠู…ุงู† ููŽุตูŽุงุฑูŽ ูุชู’ู†ูŽุฉ ู„ูŽู‡ูู…,"Because this breeds doubts in them and their hearts harden due to their dryness, and are weakened by doubt and become distant from faith and therefore what is thrown in by Satan becomes a trial for them."
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู† ููŠ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ู…ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจุนุฏู‡ ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ู…ุง ุฅู…ุง ู…ุชูŠู‚ู†ุงู‹ ุฃูˆ ู…ุธู†ูˆู†ุงู‹. ููƒู„ ู…ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฎูŠู„ุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุจุนุฏู‡ ุฅู…ุง ุจุงู„ุชูŠู‚ู† ูˆุฅู…ุง ุจุงู„ุญุฏุณ.,Now it has been shown in [our discussion of] the manner of perceiving distance that sight perceives any visible object before it to be at some distance the magnitude of which is either ascertained or conjectured.
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุฃูˆุถุงุน ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูŠุท ุจู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุนุถูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุชุฎูŠู„ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฎูŠู„ุช ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ู…ุนุงู‹ุŒ ูุฅุฐุง ุชุฎูŠู„ุช ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ู…ุนุงู‹ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุจุญุณุจ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุจุญุณุจ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ู…ุนุงู‹ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุจุญุณุจ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุจุญุณุจ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ู…ุนุงู‹.,"Thus at the moment of perceiving any visible object, the faculty of judgement imagines the magnitude of its distance either with certainty or by conjecture. And if it perceives the positions of the radial lines surrounding the objectโ€™s limits and the magnitude of the part of the eyeโ€™s surface contained by them, i.e. the size of the angle, while imagining the magnitude of the objectโ€™s distance, then it will imagine both the magnitude of the angle and of the distance at the moment of perceiving the object, and hence, it will imagine the objectโ€™s magnitude in accordance with the magnitude of both the angle and the distance."
ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุชุชุฎูŠู„ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุจุนุฏู‡ ูˆุชุชุฎูŠู„ ุงู„ุณู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูŠุท ุจู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุชู‡ุŒ ููŠุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฎูŠู„ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญูŠุท ุจุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ู‚ุงุนุฏุชู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ููŠุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฎูŠู„ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ.,"Thus the faculty of judgement imagines the magnitude of the distance of every visible object and imagines the lines surrounding the objectโ€™s limits, and by means of this imagining it realizes the figure of the cone containing the object and the magnitude of its base, i.e. the object, and consequently realizes the magnitude of the object."
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุญู’ุฒูŽุงุจ ู„ูŽุฆูู† ู„ู… ูŠู†ู’ุชูŽู‡ ุงู„ู…ูู†ูŽุงููู‚ููˆู†ูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูููŠ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุฌููˆู† ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฏููŠู†ูŽุฉ,"Allah, the Most High, said, If the hypocrites, and those in whose hearts is a disease, and those who spread false news among the people of Madinah cease not, We shall certainly let you overpower them, then they will not be able to stay in it as your neighbours but for a little while. [Surah al-Ahdb (33) : 60]"
ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู…ุฏุซุฑ ูˆู„ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูููŠ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถ,"โ€ฆand that no doubts may be left for the People of the Book and the believers, and that those in whose hearts is a disease and the disbelievers may say, What does Allah intend by this parable?โ€™ [Surah al-Muddaththir (74) : 31]"
ู„ู… ุชู…ุช ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ูƒู…ูˆุช ู‚ูู„ููˆุจ ุงู„ู’ูƒูู‘ูŽุงุฑ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูู†ูŽุงููู‚ููŠู†ูŽ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ุณูŽุช ุตูŽุญููŠุญูŽุฉ ุตูŽุงู„ูุญูŽุฉ ูƒุตุงู„ุญ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู†ููŠู†ูŽ ุจู„ ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุฑุถ ุดูุจู’ู‡ูŽุฉ ูˆุดู‡ูˆุงุช,"These peopleโ€™s heart (which have hardened) have not died as in the case of the disbelievers and the hypocrites, and neither are their hearts correct and pure like the pure hearts of the believers, rather they contains the sickness of doubt and desire."
ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุญู’ุฒูŽุงุจ ููŠุทู…ุน ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ู…ุฑุถ,The same applies to (the ones referred to in) His saying: โ€ฆLest he in whose heart is a disease be moved with desireโ€ฆ [Surah al-Ah^ab (33) : 32]
ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽู‡ู’ูˆูŽุฉ ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ู„ูŽูˆ ุชุนุฑุถุช ู„ูŽู‡ู ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑู’ุฃูŽุฉ ู„ู… ูŠู„ู’ุชูŽูุช ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูŽุง ุจูุฎูู„ูŽุงู ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑููŠุถ ุจุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุฉ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ู„ุถูŽุนู’ูู‡ ูŠู…ููŠู„ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุนุฑุถ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู…ู† ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุจูุญูŽุณุจ ู‚ููˆู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑูŽุถ ูˆูŽุถูŽุนูู‡ ููŽุฅูุฐุง ุฎุถุนู† ุจุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽูˆู’ู„ ุทู…ุน ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ู…ุฑุถ,"Referring to the sickness of desire, for indeed if the correct heart is tempted by a woman it will not incline towards her, contrary to the heart diseased with desire, for it, due to its weakness, will incline towards what it is tempted with in accordance to the strength or the weakness of the sickness, and when it submits to the temptation, the sickness in the heart is satiated."
ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏู„ ุฏู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุธุงู‡ุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุนุธู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ู…ุจุตุฑูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ููŠ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ุงู‚ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑุŒ ูˆูƒุงู†ุง ูŠูˆุชุฑุงู† ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑุŒ,"There is clear evidence to show that perception of the size of a visible object is the result of comparing the size with the objectโ€™s distance. For when sight perceives two objects one of which is closer to it than the other, and both subtend the same angle at the centre of the eye,"
ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู‚ูุฑู’ุขู† ุดูููŽุงุก ู„ู…ุง ูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูุฏููˆุฑ ูˆูŽู…ู† ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุดู‘ูุจูู‡ูŽุงุช ูˆุงู„ุดู‡ูˆุงุช ููŽูููŠู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุจูŽูŠู†ูŽุงุช ู…ูŽุง ูŠุฒููŠู„ ุงู„ู’ุญู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุจูŽุงุทูู„ ููŠุฒูŠู„ ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุดู‘ูุจู’ู‡ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ู…ูู’ุณุฏูŽุฉ ู„ู„ู’ุนู„ู… ูˆุงู„ุชุตูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ุงุฏุฑุงูƒ ุจูุญูŽูŠู’ุซู ูŠุฑู‰ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŽุง ู‡ููŠูŽ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู,"The Qurโ€™an is a cure for that which is within the heart, and for the one who has the sickness of doubt and desire in his heart, for it contains clear proofs that distinguish the truth from falsehood, and remove the sickness of false doubts to leave certain knowledge, correct perception and understanding such that the heart sees things in accordance to their reality"
ูˆูŽูููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุญููƒู’ู…ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽูˆู’ุนูุธูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽู†ูŽุฉ ุจุงู„ุชุฑุบูŠุจ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑู‡ูŠุจ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ูููŠู‡ูŽุง ุนูุจู’ุฑูŽุฉ ู…ูŽุง ูŠููˆุฌุจ ุตูŽู„ูŽุงุญ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ููŠุฑุบุจ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูููŠู…ูŽุง ูŠูŽู†ู’ููŽุนู‡ู ูˆูŠุฑุบุจ ุนูŽู…ู‘ูŽุง ูŠุถุฑู‘ู‡ู ููŽูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ู…ุญุจุง ู„ู„ุฑุดุงุฏ ู…ุจุบุถุง ู„ู„ุบูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุฃูŽู† ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู…ุฑููŠุฏุง ู„ู„ุบูŠ ู…ุจุบุถุง ู„ู„ุฑุดุงุฏ,"It contains wisdom, goodly exhortations both encouraging good and deterring from evil, and stories which contain lessons that necessarily lead to the correction of the heart by making the heart desire what is good for it and detest what is harmful to it. Hence the heart is left desiring that which will guide it, hating that which will deviate it after it used to desire that which would deviate it and hate that which would guide it."
ุฃุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุดุนุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุฑ ุจุฃุทุฑุงู ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุทุฑุงู ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุฑ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฌู‡ุงุชู‡ุŒ ุจู„ ูƒุงู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจุนุฏ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒุงู‹ ู…ุชูŠู‚ู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุฏ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฃุจุฏุงู‹ ุฃุนุธู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุจุŒ,"I mean that the rays passing through the extremities of the first reach those of the second; and if the first does not hide the whole of the second, but, rather, part of the second is visible behind the first; and if sight perceives the distance of each of the two objects with certainty, then it will always perceive the more remote object to be greater than the nearer."
ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุนุฏุงู‹ ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุชูŠู‚ู† ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุจุนุฏู‡ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนุธู…ุงู‹.,"And the larger the distance of the farther object the greater its size will appear, provided that the sight ascertains the magnitude of the distance of that object."
ูˆู…ุซุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุฏุงุฑ ูุณูŠุญ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุทุงุฑ ูˆูƒุงู† ุจุนุฏู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุจุนุฏุงู‹ ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุงู‹ ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุชูŠู‚ู† ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑ ูˆูŠุชูŠู‚ู† ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุนุฑุถู‡ุŒ ุซู… ุฑูุน ูŠุฏู‡ ูˆู‚ุงุจู„ ุจู‡ุง ุฃุญุฏ ุจุตุฑูŠู‡ ุญุชู‰ ุชุตูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ ุจูŠู† ุจุตุฑู‡ ูˆุจูŠู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑ ูˆุบู…ุถ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูˆู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุฏ ูŠุฏู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุณุชุฑุช ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ูŠุฏู‡ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุณุชุชุฑ ุจูŠุฏู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุฃุนุธู… ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ูŠุฏู‡.,"For example, let someone face a wide wall at such a moderate distance from his eyes that [his] sight will ascertain the magnitude of the distance and the width of that wall; then, having raised one hand before one eye so as to lie between that eye and the wall, let him look at the wall with the other eye closed; he will find that his hand has screened a large portion of the wall, and will perceive the magnitude of his hand in this situation and also perceive that the part of the wall screened by his hand is much larger than his hand."
ูุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ู…ุฒูŠู„ ู„ู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู’ู…ููˆุฌุจูŽุฉ ู„ู„ุฅุฑุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู’ููŽุงุณูุฏูŽุฉ ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ูŠุตู„ุญ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูุชุตู„ุญ ุฅูุฑูŽุงุฏูŽุชู‡ ูˆูŽูŠุนูˆุฏ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ูุทุฑุชู‡ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ูุทุฑ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูŽุง ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ู’ุจุฏู† ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุงู„ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูˆูŠุบุชุฐูŠ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงูŠู…ุงู† ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู‚ูุฑู’ุขู† ุจูู…ูŽุง ูŠูุฒูŽูƒู‘ููŠู‡ ูˆูŽูŠูุคูŽูŠู‘ูุฏู‡ู ูƒู…ุงูŠ ูŠุชุบุฐู‰ ุงู„ู’ุจุฏู† ุจูู…ูŽุง ูŠู†ู…ูŠู‡ ูˆูŠูˆู‚ู…ู‡,"The Qurโ€™an removes all the sicknesses that invoke false desires until the heart becomes pure and therefore its desires become pure and it returns to the natural state (fitrah) that it was created in, just as the body returns to the natural state upon being treated. The heart will be nurtured with faith and the Qurโ€™an such that it will become strong โ€“ for indeed the purification of the heart is like the growing of the body."
ูˆุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญูŠุท ูŠุฏู‡ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ู…ุณุชุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ู‡ูŠ ุฎุทูˆุท ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจุฃุนูŠุงู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูŠุท ุจู‡ุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ู‡ูŠ ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูŠู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุŒ,"Now the radial lines that reach the boundary of his hand and of the screened part of the wall are the same; likewise, the angle contained by those lines and their width are the same."
ููŽุฅูู† ุฒูŽูƒูŽุงุฉ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ู…ุซู„ ู†ูŽู…ูŽุงุก ุงู„ู’ุจุฏู† ูˆูŽุงู„ุฒู‘ูŽูƒูŽุงุฉ ูููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูุบูŽุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽู…ูŽุงุก ูˆูŽุงู„ุฒู‘ููŠูŽุงุฏูŽุฉ ูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ู„ุงุญ ูŠูู‚ูŽุงู„ ุฒูƒุง ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽูŠู’ุก ุฅูุฐุง ู†ู…ุง ูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ู„ุงุญ ูุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูŠุญู’ุชูŽุงุฌ ุงู† ูŠุชุฑุจู‰ ููŠู†ู…ูˆ ูˆูŽูŠุฒููŠุฏ ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ูŠูƒู…ู„ ูˆูŽูŠุตู’ู„ุญ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠุญู’ุชูŽุงุฌ ุงู„ู’ุจุฏู† ุฃูŽู† ูŠุฑุจู‰ ุจุงู„ุฃุบุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ู’ู…ุตู„ุญูŽุฉ ู„ูŽู‡ู ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุจูุฏ ู…ูŽุนูŽ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุน ู…ูŽุง ูŠุถุฑู‘ู‡ู,"Zakah (purification) in the language means: growth and increase in correction, it is said, โ€˜something has zakah when it has grown in correction. The heart is in need of being nurtured so that it may mature and increase until it becomes complete and correct just as the body is in need of nourishment that is good for it, but along with this there is a need to prevent anything from harming it."
ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุฅุฐุงุชุงุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐู‘ูู†ููˆุจ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุงุณุชูุฑุงุบุง ู…ู† ุชุฎู„ูŠุทุงุชู‡ ุญูŽูŠู’ุซู ุฎู„ุท ุนู…ู„ุง ุตูŽุงู„ุญุง ูˆูŽุขุฎุฑ ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ููŽุฅูุฐุง ุชูŽุงุจูŽ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐู‘ูู†ููˆุจ ุชุฎู„ุตุช ู‚ููˆู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆุฅุฑุงุฏุงุชู‡ ู„ู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุงู„ูุญูŽุฉ ูˆุงุณุชุฑุงุญ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ู…ู† ุชูู„ู’ูƒูŽ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽูˆูŽุงุฏูุซ ุงู„ู’ููŽุงุณูุฏูŽุฉ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ูููŠู‡ู,"Likewise when one seeks repentance from sin, the heart is released from contamination โ€“ whereby it mixed the righteous actions with evils actions, so when one repents from sins the strength of the heart emerges as does its desire to perform righteous actions and it finds relief from these false and corrupt matters that it was submerged in."
ูุฒูƒุงุฉ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุจูุญูŽูŠู’ุซู ูŠูŽู†ู’ู…ููˆ ูˆูŠูƒู…ู„ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูˆู’ู„ูŽุง ูุถู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ูƒูู… ูˆูŽุฑูŽุญู…ุชู‡ ู…ูŽุง ุฒูƒู‰ ู…ูู†ู’ูƒูู… ู…ู† ุฃุญุฏ ุงุจุฏุง ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ูˆูŽุฅูู† ู‚ูŠู„ ู„ูƒู… ุงุฑู’ุฌุนููˆุง ููŽุงุฑู’ุฌูุนููˆุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ุฃุฒูƒู‰ ู„ูƒู… ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ู‚ู„ ู„ู„ู’ู…ูุคู’ู…ูู†ูŠู† ูŠุบุถูˆุง ู…ู† ุฃูŽุจู’ุตูŽุงุฑู‡ู… ูˆูŠุญูุธูˆุง ูุฑูˆุฌู‡ู… ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุฃุฒูƒู‰ ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ุฅูู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฎูŽุจููŠุฑ ุจูู…ูŽุง ูŠุตู†ุนูˆู†,"So the zakah of the heart means its growing and becoming complete. Allah the Exalted said, Tell the believing men to lower their gaze and protect their private parts. That is purer for themโ€ฆ [Surah an-Nur (24) : 30]"
ูู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ู…ู† ุชุฎูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญูŠุท ุจุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆู…ู† ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ุง ู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ู…ุน ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ุง ู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ูˆู…ู† ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุฒุงูˆูŠุชู‡ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุทูˆู„ู‡ ู…ุนุงู‹. ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุธู….,"Therefore, the faculty of judgement can only perceive the size of a visible object as a result of imagining the cone surrounding the object and imagining the magnitude of the coneโ€™s angle and length and estimating the coneโ€™s base by the magnitude of both the angle and the length. That, then, is the manner of perceiving size."
ูˆุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ูƒุซุฑุฉ ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏู‡ ู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฅุญุณุงุณู‡ ุจุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุจุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฎูŠู„ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุนุฏุŒ ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠูŠู† ุนุธู… ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"Being much accustomed to judging distances of visible objects, sight, upon sensing the [objectโ€™s] form and distance, will imagine the magnitude of the area occupied by the form and the magnitude of the distance, and from both these notions will perceive the objectโ€™s size."
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุงุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏ ุงูู„ุญ ู…ู† ุชุฒูƒู‘ู‰ ูˆูŽุฐูƒุฑ ุงุณู’ู… ุฑุจู‡ ูุตู„ู‰ ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽู…ู’ุณ ู‚ุฏ ุฃูŽูู’ู„ุญ ู…ู† ุฒูƒุงู‡ุง ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ุฎูŽุงุจูŽ ู…ู† ุฏุณุงู‡ุง ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุนุจุณ ูˆูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠุฏู’ุฑูŠูƒ ู„ูŽุนูŽู„ู‘ูŽู‡ ูŠุฒูƒู‘ู‰,"Indeed whoever purifies himself shaU achieve success, and remembers the Name of his Lord and prays. [Surah al-Aโ€™la (87) : 14-15] Indeed he succeeds who purifies himself, and indeed he fails who corrupts his self. [Surah ash-Shams (91) : 9-10] But what could tell you that perchance he might become pure? [Surah Abasa (80) : 3]"
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุฒุนุงุช ููŽู‚ู„ ู‡ูŽู„ ู„ูŽูƒ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุฃูŽู† ุชุฒูƒู‘ู‰ ูˆุฃู‡ุฏูŠูƒ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุฑูŽุจูƒ ูุชุฎุดู‰,"And say to him (i.e. Firโ€™aun); โ€˜Would you purify yourself, and that I guide you to your Lord, so you should fear Him?โ€™
[Surah an-Ndfโ€™at (79) : 18-19]"
ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุนุธุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ. ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชู‚ุฏู… ุฃู† ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ุชูŠู‚ู† ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ุญุฏุณ.,"But the magnitudes of the distances of objects are among perceptible magnitudes. And it has been shown that some magnitudes of objectsโ€™ distances are perceived with certainty, and others conjecturally."
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ุญุฏุณ ุฅู†ู…ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู† ุชุดุจูŠู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุจุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุฃู…ุซุงู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูŠู‚ู†ุฉ ุงู„ุจุนุฏุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูŠู‚ู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุงู…ุช ุฃุฌุณุงู…ุงู‹ ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ. ูˆู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุงู…ุชู‡ุง ูˆู…ู† ุชูŠู‚ู†ู‡ ู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ุชูŠู‚ู† ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุฃุทุฑุงูู‡ุง.,"And those which are conjectured are perceived only by likening the objectโ€™s distance to ascertained distances of similar objects; and distances whose magnitudes are certain are those that extend along a series of continuous bodies. And as a result of perceiving the ordered and continuous bodies and ascertaining the magnitudes of these bodies, sight ascertains ( the magnitudes of distances of the objects that lie at their extremities."
ูู‚ุฏ ุจู‚ูŠ ุฃู† ู†ุจูŠู† ูƒูŠู ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุงู…ุช ุฃุฌุณุงู…ุงู‹ ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠุชุจูŠู† ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุงู…ุช ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช.,"It therefore remains for us to show how sight perceives the magnitudes of objectsโ€™ distances that extend along ordered and continuous bodies, and how it becomes aware of the magnitudes of the ordered and continuous bodies that lie along the distances of visible objects."
ูˆุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุงู…ุช ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†.,Now the ordered and continuous bodies that lie along the distances of visible objects are in most cases those parts of the ground close to our feet.
ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุจุฑูƒูŽุฉ ูˆูŽุฒููŠูŽุงุฏูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽูŠู’ุฑ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู…ูŽุง ุชุญุตู„ ุจูุฅูุฒูŽุงู„ูŽุฉ ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽุฑู‘ ููŽู„ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุตูŽุงุฑ ุงู„ุชุฒูƒูŠ ูŠุฌู…ุน ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง,"blessing and increase in goodness, is only attained by removing the evil, and this is why purification has come to combine both these matters (i.e., performing good and avoiding evil)."
ูุฅู…ุง ูƒูŠู ุงุจุชุฏุงุก ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูุฅู† ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†.,"As to how the sentient begins to perceive the magnitudes of the parts of the ground that lie between it and the visible object, [let it be remarked that] the first part whose magnitude it ascertains is that lying close to the feet."
ูุฅู† ู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ุŒ ูˆุชุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ ูˆุชุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ ูˆุณุนุชู‡ ุจู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ู‡.,"For sight will perceive the magnitude of that part, and the faculty of judgement will perceive that part and its magnitude, and it will ascertain its extent as a result of measuring it by our body."
ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ูุงุนู’ุชูุฏูŽุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุงุนุชุฏุงู„ ู‡ููˆูŽ ุตูŽู„ูŽุงุญ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ู… ููŽุณูŽุงุฏู‡ ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุฌูŽู…ููŠุน ุงู„ุฐู‘ูู†ููˆุจ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ูููŠู‡ูŽุง ุธูŽุงู„ูู…ุง ู„ู†ูŽูุณูู‡ู ูˆูŽุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ู… ุฎู„ุงู ุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ููŽู„ู… ูŠุนุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูŽูุณู‡ ุจู„ ุธู„ู…ู‡ุง,"Adl (fairness and justice) is Iโ€™tidal (balance), and in balance lies the correction of the heart, just as in %ulm (imbalance oppression) lies its corruption. This is why for every sin that the person has committed he has oppressed his self (zaliman li nafsihi). The opposite of zulm is Adl, so this sinful person has not been just to his self rather he has oppressed it."
ูุฅู† ู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูŠู‚ุฏุฑู‡ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุตุฏ ุจู‚ุฏู…ูŠู‡ ุญูŠู† ูŠุฎุทูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุจุฐุฑุงุนู‡ ูˆุจุงุนู‡ ุญูŠู† ูŠู…ุฏ ูŠุฏู‡ ุฅู„ูŠู‡.,"For we always measure such parts unintentionally by our feet whenever we step upon them, or by our arms whenever we stretch our hands to them."
ูุตู„ุงุญ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ูˆูุณุงุฏู‡ ูููŠ ุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ู… ูˆูŽุฅูุฐุง ุธู„ู… ุงู„ุนูŽุจู’ุฏ ู†ูŽูุณู‡ ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ุธู‘ูŽุงู„ูู… ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุธู’ู„ููˆู… ูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุฅูุฐุง ุนุฏู„ ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽุงุฏูู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฏูˆู„ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ููŽู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ุงู„ู’ุนูŽู…ูŽู„ ูˆูŽุนูŽู„ููŠู‡ู ุชุนูˆุฏ ุซูŽู…ูŽุฑูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽู…ูŽู„ ู…ู† ุฎูŠุฑ ูˆูŽุดุฑ,"The correction of the heart lies in (adl and its corruption lies in zulm. Therefore, when the servant oppresses himself he is the oppressor and oppressed at the same time, likewise when he is just then he is the one who is just and the one upon whom the justice is carried out. The person does an action and he will receive the fruit of this action, be it bitter or sweet."
ููƒู„ ู…ุง ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู…ู† ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู‹ุจุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุตุฏ. ูˆุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ูˆูŠุญุณ ุจู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุชุฏุฑูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ูˆุชูู‡ู…ู‡ ูˆุชุชูŠู‚ู† ู…ู†ู‡ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุจุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู†ู‡.,"Thus all parts of the ground next to us are always measured unintentionally by our body. Sight perceives this measurement and is aware of it, and the faculty of judgement perceives and comprehends it, thereby becoming certain of the magnitudes of those parts of the ground that are contiguous and close to our body."
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุจูŽู‚ูŽุฑูŽุฉ ู„ูŽู‡ูŽุง ู…ูŽุง ูƒุณุจุช ูˆูŽุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูŽุง ู…ูŽุง ุงูƒู’ุชุณุจุช,"Allah said, โ€ฆHe has the reward for the (good) that he has earned, and he is punished for the (evil) which he has earnedโ€ฆ [Surah al-Baqarah (2) : 286]"
ูู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆู…ุง ุญูˆู„ู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุช ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุช ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุง ู…ุชุฎูŠู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ูˆู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูุณ.,In this way the magnitudes close to and surrounding us are comprehended by the sentient and by the faculty of judgement and their forms are imagined in that faculty and established in the soul.
ูˆุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญุงุณ ูŠุญุณ ุจุงู„ุณู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุชุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุทุฑุงู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุนู†ุฏ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุชูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุนุถูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"Sight always perceives those parts of the ground, and the sentient senses the directions extending from the eye to the limits of those parts as sight perceives them and as it scans the ground and the intermediate distances on the ground between the eye and the visible objects, and the [sentient] perceives the parts of the sentient organ in which the form of those parts of the ground occurs, and perceives the magnitudes of those parts and of the angles they subtend in the eye."
ูุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุช ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุญุตู„ุช ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุง ู…ุชุฎูŠู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูุณ.,"And thus, in the course of time, the angles subtended by the parts of the ground close to us come to be comprehended by the sentient and their form imagined in the soul."
ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุทูˆุงู„ ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุชุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุทุฑุงู ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุญุงุณ ูˆุชุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ูˆุชุชูŠู‚ู† ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑู‡ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุฃุทูˆุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ูˆุช ู‡ูŠ ุชุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃุจุฏุงู‹ ุจุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุจุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุตุฏ.,"The sentient will also perceive the magnitudes of the radial lines which extend from the centre of the eye to the limits of the parts of the ground close to us, and the faculty of judgement will perceive them and ascertain their magnitudes, since the lengths of these lines are always measured unintentionally by our body."
ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุฌูŽุณูŽุฏ ุฅูุฐุง ุตูŽุญู‘ูŽ ู…ู† ู…ูŽุฑุถู‡ ู‚ูŠู„ ู‚ุฏ ุงุนุชุฏู„ ู…ุฒุงุฌู‡ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑูŽุถ ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู…ูŽุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู†ุญุฑุงู ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฌ ู…ูŽุนูŽ ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ูุงุนู’ุชูุฏูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ุถ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽุงู„ูู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงุท ู„ูŽุง ุณูŽุจููŠู„ ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒูู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ ูุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„,"Similarly when the body has recovered from illness it is said: โ€˜He has balanced his temperament and disposition.โ€™ This is because the sickness distorts the temperament, despite the fact that there is no way to achieve complete balance, safe from mixing both justice and injustice โ€“ but the ideal or close to the ideal should be aimed for."
ููŽู‡ูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽุง ุตูุญูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆุตู„ุงุญู‡ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ูˆู…ุฑุถู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒูŠุบ ูˆูŽุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ู… ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุญุฑุงู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ุถ ูููŠ ูƒู„ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ู…ูุชูŽุนูŽุฐุฑ ุนู„ู…ุง ูˆูŽุนูŽู…ู„ุง ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒูู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ ูุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูŠูู‚ูŽุงู„ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุฃู…ุซู„ ูˆูŽูŠูู‚ูŽุงู„ ู„ู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ููŠุฉ ุงู„ุทู‘ูŽุฑููŠู‚ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู…ุซู„ู‰,"The same case applies to the heart, its health and correction lies in balance, and its sickness lies in deviation, oppression and digression. But complete balance in everything is impossible, in action or knowledge โ€“ but the ideal or the closest to the ideal should be aimed for. This is why it is said, describing the Salaji way: โ€˜the ideal way.โ€™"
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุณูŽุงุก ูˆูŽู„ู†ู’ ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆุง ุฃูŽู† ุชุนุฏู„ูˆุง ุจูŽูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุณูŽุงุก ูˆูŽู„ูŽูˆ ุญุฑุตุชู… ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู†ู’ุนูŽุงู… ูˆุฃูˆููˆุง ุงู„ู’ูƒูŽูŠู’ู„ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ููŠุฒูŽุงู† ุจูุงู„ู’ู‚ูุณู’ุทู ู„ูŽุง ู†ูƒู„ู ู†ูุณุง ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ูˆุณุนู‡ูŽุง,"Allah said And you will never be able to be just between the wives, even if you desire to beโ€ฆ [Surah an-Nisdโ€™ (4) : 129] And give full measure and full weight. We do not burden a soul beyond what it can bear. [Surah al-Anam (6) : 152]"
ูˆูŽุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุจุนุซ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูุณูู„ ูˆูŽุฃู†ุฒู„ ุงู„ู’ูƒุชุจ ู„ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ุจูุงู„ู’ู‚ูุณู’ุทู ูˆูŽุฃุนุธู… ุงู„ู’ู‚ุณู’ุท ุนุจูŽุงุฏูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุญุฏู‡ ู„ูŽุง ุดุฑูŠูƒ ู„ูŽู‡ู ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ูููŠ ุญูู‚ููˆู‚ู‡ู… ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽูุณ,"Allah, the Exalted, sent the messengers and revealed the Books so that man may establish justice, and the greatest form of justice is to worship Allah alone with no partner; then giving due justice to the rights of man; then being just upon oneself."
ูˆูˆุถุน ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ ุชุชู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุนู„ูˆู… ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญูŠุท ุจู‡ ู‡ุฐุงู† ุงู„ุดุนุงุนุงู†. ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุทูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ุดุนุงุนูŠู† ูˆูˆุถุนู‡ู…ุง ูู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจูŠู† ุทุฑููŠู‡ุง ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒุงู‹ ู…ุชูŠู‚ู†ุงู‹.,"But the position of these lines relative to one another, which constitutes the angle, will be known to it as a result of perceiving the part of the eye contained by these two lines. And upon perceiving the length and position of these two rays, it will perceive the interval between their extremities with certainty."
ูุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†.,"In this way, then, the faculty of judgement also perceives the magnitudes of the parts of the ground nearest those surrounding our feet."
ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุชุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุจุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†. ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฅุฐุง ู…ุดู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ูŠู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุจู‚ุฏู…ูŠู‡ ูˆุฎุทูˆู‡ ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡.,"Again, the parts nearest those surrounding our feet are also measured by our body. For when we walk we measure the part of the ground on which we walk by our feet and our steps, and the faculty of judgement perceives that partโ€™s magnitude."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ู…ุดู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุจู‚ุฏู…ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูˆุตุงุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู‡ ุชุตูŠุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู‡ ูˆุชุชู‚ุฏุฑ ูƒู…ุซู„ ู…ุง ุชู‚ุฏุฑุช ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„.,"And when, walking, we pass the place in which we are and the parts of the ground adjacent to our feet and reach other parts next to them on the groundโ€™s surface, the parts reached will now be nearest to our feet and will be measured in the same way as the former parts."
ูุชุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุชูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉุŒ ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุซู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„.,"In this way, then, the magnitudes of successive parts of the ground will be ascertained, the sight perceiving the succeeding part in the same way as it perceived the first."
ูุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู† ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒุงู‹ ู…ุชูŠู‚ู†ุงู‹ ู„ุง ู„ุจุณ ููŠู‡ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏุฑูƒู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุชุงู„ูŠุงู‹ุŒ ููŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„.,"When, in the second position, sight perceives the second part now situated close to the feet, it will have a certain and unambiguous perception of this partโ€™s magnitude. But since it perceived this part in the first position as a succeeding part, the first perception is now verified by the second."
ูˆูŽุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ู… ุซูŽู„ูŽุงุซูŽุฉ ุฃูŽู†ู’ูˆูŽุงุน ูˆูŽุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ู… ูƒูู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูู„ููˆุจ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ุตูุญู‘ูŽุชู‡ูŽุง ูˆุตู„ุงุญู‡ุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฃูŽุญู’ู…ุฏ ุจู† ุญูŽู†ู’ุจูŽู„ ู„ุจูŽุนุถ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ู„ูŽูˆ ุตุญุญุช ู„ู… ุชุฎู ุฃุญุฏุง ุฃูŽูŠ ุฎูˆููƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฎู’ู„ููˆู‚ ู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ู† ู…ุฑุถ ูููŠูƒ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุฑูŽุถ ุงู„ุดู‘ุฑูƒ ูˆุงู„ุฐู†ููˆุจ,"Zulm is of three types, and all of these are from the sicknesses of the heart, and in justice lies its good health and purity. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal said to one of the people, โ€˜If you were healthy you would not fear anyone,โ€™ meaning that the fear you have of men is due to a sickness from within you, such as the sickness of shirk and sins."
ูˆูŽูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญ ุฃูŽูŠู’ุถุง ุงุฌุนู„ูˆุง ู…ู† ุตูŽู„ูŽุงุชูƒูู…ู’ ูููŠ ุจููŠููˆุชูƒูู…ู’ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุชุชุฎุฐู‡ุง ู‚ุจูˆุฑุง ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู†ู’ุนูŽุงู… ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูƒุฐุจููˆุง ุจูุขูŠูŽุงุชูู†ูŽุง ุตู… ูˆุจูƒู… ูููŠ ุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ูู…ูŽุงุช,"In the Sahib (of al-Bukhari) is the hadith, Perform some of your prayers in your houses, and do not take them as graves.   Allah, the Most High, has said, Those who reject our signs are deaf, dumb and in darkness. [Surah al-An am (6) : 39]"
ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุฅู† ู…ู† ุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูƒุฑุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ูˆูŠุชุฃู…ู„ู‡ ูˆูŠู…ูŠุฒ ู…ุนุงู†ูŠู‡ ูˆูŠุนุชุจุฑู‡ุง ููŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ูˆุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ูˆุชูƒุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰.,"Again, it is the habit of human beings when they wish to identify a thing to look at it repeatedly and contemplate it, discerning its features, and examining them, thus perceiving by means of contemplation and discernment and repeated looking the true identity of that thing."
ูุงู„ู†ุงุธุฑ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ู…ุจุตุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุจุนุฏู‡ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆูŠุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡.,"Thus when an observer wishes to ascertain the distance of a visible object on the surface of the ground, he contemplates the continuous intermediate part of the ground and moves his sight over its length."
ูˆูŽุฐูƒุฑ ุณูุจู’ุญูŽุงู†ูŽู‡ู ุขูŠูŽุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ูˆูŽุขูŠูŽุฉ ุงู„ุธู„ู…ูŽุฉ ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู†ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽู…ูŽุงูˆูŽุงุช ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุฑู’ุถ ู…ุซู„ ู†ูˆุฑู‡ ูƒู…ุดูƒุงุฉ ูููŠู‡ูŽุง ู…ูุตู’ุจูŽุงุญ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุตู’ุจูŽุงุญ ูููŠ ุฒุฌุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฒุฌุงุฌุฉ ูƒูŽุฃูŽู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุง ูƒูŽูˆู’ูƒูŽุจ ุฏุฑูŠ ูŠููˆู‚ุฏ ู…ู† ุดูŽุฌูŽุฑูŽุฉ ู…ุจุงุฑูƒุฉ ุฒูŠุชูˆู†ุฉ ู„ูŽุง ุดุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ูŠูƒูŽุงุฏ ุฒูŠุชู‡ุง ูŠุถูŠุก ูˆูŽู„ูŽูˆ ู„ู… ุชู…ุณุณู‡ ู†ูŽุงุฑ ู†ูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุฑ,"Allah has mentioned the โ€˜Verse of Lightโ€™ and the โ€˜Verse of Darknessโ€™ saying, Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The parable of His Light is as (if there were) a niche and within it a lamp, the lamp is in the glass, the glass as it were a brilliant star, lit from a blessed tree, an olive neither of the east or west, whose oil would almost glow forth (of itself), though no fire touched it. Light upon Light! [Surah an-Nur (24) : 35]"
ููŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู…ุซู„ ู†ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงูŠู…ุงู† ูููŠ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู†ููŠู†ูŽ ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูƒูุฑููˆุง ุฃูŽุนู’ู…ูŽุงู„ู‡ู… ูƒุณุฑุงุจ ุจู‚ูŠุนุฉ ูŠุญุณุจู‡ ุงู„ุธู…ุขู† ู…ูŽุงุก ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ุฅูุฐุง ุฌูŽุงุกูŽู‡ู ู„ู… ูŠุฌุฏู‡ ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ูˆูŽูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูู†ู’ุฏู‡ ูˆููˆูุงู‡ ุญุณุงุจู‡ ูˆูŽุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณุฑูŠุน ุงู„ู’ุญุณุงุจ,"This is the similitude for the light of faith in the hearts of the believers. Then He said, As for those who disbelieve, their deeds are like a mirage in a desert. The thirsty one thinks it to be water, until he comes up to it, he finds it to  be nothing, but He finds Allaah with him, Who will pay his due (in Hell). And Allah is Swift in taking account."
ุฃูŽูˆ ูƒุธู„ู…ุงุช ูููŠ ุจูŽุญุฑ ู„ุฌูŠ ูŠูŽุบู’ุดูŽุงู‡ู ู…ูˆุฌ ู…ู† ููŽูˆู’ู‚ู‡ ู…ูˆุฌ ููŽูˆู’ู‚ู‡ ุณูŽุญูŽุงุจ ุธู„ู…ุงุช ุจูŽุนู’ุถู‡ูŽุง ููŽูˆู‚ ุจุนุถ ุฅูุฐุง ุฃุฎุฑุฌ ูŠูŽุฏู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒุฏ ูŠูŽุฑูŽุงู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽู…ู† ู„ู… ูŠูŽุฌู’ุนูŽู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู†ูˆุฑุง ููŽู…ูŽุง ู„ูŽู‡ู ู…ู† ู†ูˆุฑ,"Or (the state of the disbeliever) is like the darkness in a vast deep sea, ovet- โ€™ whelmed with a great wave, topped by dark clouds โ€“ darkness one above another โ€“ if a man stretches out his hand, he can hardly see it! And he for whom Allah has not appointed light, there is no light. [Surah an-Nur (24) : 39-40]"
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุชุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุงุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุชุญุฑูƒ ุณู‡ู… ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ูู…ุณุญู‡ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุฌุฒุกุงู‹ ุฌุฒุกุงู‹ ูˆุฃุญุณ ุจุฃุฌุฒุงุฆู‡ ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุนุฏ ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุฉ.,"As he does this the rayโ€™s axis will move over that part, thereby surveying it and perceiving it one part after another and sensing its smaller parts, provided that the end-point of the distance is moderately far."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆู‡ุง ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ ุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฃู† ุจุญุฑูƒุฉ ุณู‡ู… ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูŠุชุญุฑุฑ ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‡ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ุชุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจุชูŠู‚ู†ู‡ ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงู…ุชู‡ ุฌุฒุก ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ.,"When sight perceives the parts of the ground, including the smaller parts, the faculty of judgement will perceive the magnitude of the whole distance. For by moving the radial axis over the distance, the faculty of judgement will make sure of the magnitude of that part of the eye where the form of the distance occurs, and also make sure of the size of the imagined angle subtended by that distance in addition to the length of the ray extending to the end of the distance by ascertaining the rayโ€™s extension through successive parts of the distance."
ูุฅุฐุง ุชุญุฑุฑ ู‡ุฐุงู† ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠุงู† ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ูู‚ุฏ ุชุญุฑุฑ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.,"When these two notions are determined for the faculty of judgement, the magnitude of that visible part of the ground will also be determined."
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุชุจุงุนุฏ ูƒุงู„ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุจู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุทูˆุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุซุงู„ ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุงู…ุชุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุทูˆุงู„ู‡ุง.,"The case is similar with bodies standing on the ground and extending in a direction away [from the eye], such as walls, buildings and mountains: sight perceives the magnitude of their extension on the ground in the same way as it perceives the magnitudes of the groundโ€™s parts, and it perceives the distances of the visible objects aligned with them from perceiving the magnitudes of their lengths."
ูุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃุจุนุงุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุฉ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุณุงู…ุชู‡ ู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ.,"It is in this manner, therefore, that sight ascertains the magnitudes of distances of visible objects if their distances are moderate and extend along a sequence of connected bodies."
ููŽุงู„ู’ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู’ููŽุงุณูุฏูŽุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ูŽู‡ูŽุง ูŠุญุณุจู‡ุง ุตูŽุงุญุจู‡ูŽุง ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ูŠูŽู†ู’ููŽุนู‡ู ููŽุฅูุฐุง ุฌุงุกู‡ุง ู„ู… ูŠุฌุฏู‡ูŽุง ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ูŠูŽู†ู’ููŽุนู‡ู ููˆูุงู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุญุณุงุจู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุชูู„ู’ูƒูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุนู’ู…ูŽุงู„,"So the first verse (no. 39) sets forth a similitude for the false beliefs and the actions that arise from these beliefs, one considers them to be something of benefit, but when they come to him (on the day of Judgement) he will not find any benefit in them at all. Rather Allah will fully give him his recompense for these actions (in Hell)."
ูˆูŽุงู„ุซู‘ูŽุงู†ููŠ ู…ุซู„ ู„ู„ู’ุฌูŽู‡ู’ู„ ุงู„ู’ุจูŽุณููŠุท ูˆูŽุนุฏู… ุงู„ุงูŠู…ุงู† ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุนู„ู… ููŽุฅูู† ุตูŽุงุญุจู‡ูŽุง ูููŠ ุธู„ู…ุงุช ุจูŽุนู’ุถู‡ูŽุง ููŽูˆู‚ ุจุนุถ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุจุตุฑ ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู’ุจูŽุตูŽุฑ ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู…ูŽุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ุจูู†ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู’ุฅููŠู…ูŽุงู† ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุนู„ู…,"The second verse (no. 40) is the similitude propounded for extensive ignorance, lack of faith and (correct) knowledge. The person who possesses these is in darknesses one above another, unable to see anything, for indeed the sight occurs only with the light of faith and (correct) knowledge."
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุนู’ุฑูŽุงู ุฅูู† ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ุงุชู‘ูŽู‚ูˆุง ุฅูุฐุง ู…ุณู‡ู… ุทุงุฆู ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽูŠู’ุทูŽุงู† ุชูŽุฐูƒุฑููˆุง ููŽุฅูุฐุง ู‡ู… ู…ุจุตุฑูˆู† ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ูŠููˆุณูู ูˆูŽู„ูŽู‚ูŽุฏ ู‡ูŽู…ุช ุจูู‡ู ูˆู‡ู… ุจู‡ูŽุง ู„ูŽูˆู’ู„ูŽุง ุฃูŽู† ุฑุฃู‰ ุจุฑู‡ูŽุงู† ุฑุจู‡,"Allah, the Most High, said, Indeed, those who are pious, when an evil thought comes to them from Satan, they remember (Allah), and they then see (aright). [Surah al-Amf{l) : 201] And indeed she did desire him and he (Yusuf) would have inclined to her desire, had he not seen the evidence of his Lord. Surah Yusuf (12) : 24]"
ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุจุฑู‡ูŽุงู† ุงู„ู’ุฅููŠู…ูŽุงู† ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ุญุตู„ ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ูุตุฑู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจูู‡ู ู…ูŽุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู‡ู… ุจูู‡ู ูˆูŽูƒุชุจ ู„ูŽู‡ู ุญูŽุณูŽู†ูŽุฉ ูƒูŽุงู…ูู„ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽู„ู… ูŠูƒู’ุชุจ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ุฎูŽุทููŠุฆูŽุฉ ุฅูุฐู’ ูุนู„ ุฎูŠุฑุง ูˆูŽู„ู… ูŠูุนู„ ุณูŽูŠู‘ูุฆูŽุฉ ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุฅูุจู’ุฑูŽุงู‡ููŠู… ู„ุชุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ูู…ูŽุงุช ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ,"Meaning the proof of faith which his heart had attained, so due to this Allah caused him to turn away from that which he was inclined to, and recorded for him a complete good deed, and no sin was recorded against him due to his having performed a good action and not performed an evil one. Allah, the Exalted said, โ€ฆIn order that you might lead mankind out of darkness into lightโ€ฆ [Surah Ibrahim (14) : 1]"
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุจูŽู‚ูŽุฑูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ุขู…ู†ููˆุง ูŠุฎุฑุฌู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ูู…ูŽุงุช ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูƒูุฑููˆุง ุฃูˆู„ูŠุงุคู‡ู… ุงู„ุทุงุบูˆุช ูŠุฎุฑุฌูˆู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุธู‘ูู„ูู…ูŽุงุช,"Allah is the Protector of those who believe. He brings them out from the darkness into the light. But as for those who disbelieve their protectors are false deities, they bring them out from the light into the darkness.
[Surah al-Baqarah (2) : 257]"
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุฏููŠุฏ ูŠูŽุง ุฃูŽูŠู‡ูŽุง ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ุขู…ู†ููˆุง ุงุชู‘ูŽู‚ูˆุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุขู…ู†ูˆุง ุจูุฑูŽุณููˆู„ูู‡ู ูŠูุคู’ุชูƒูู… ูƒููู’ู„ูŽูŠู’ู†ู ู…ู† ุฑูŽุญู…ุชู‡ ูˆูŽูŠุฌู’ุนูŽู„ ู„ูƒู… ู†ูˆุฑุง ุชู…ุดูˆู† ุจูู‡ู,"O you who believe (in Moses and Jesus)! Fear Allah and believe in His Messenger, He will give you a double portion of His Mercy, and He will give you a light by which you shall walk straight,,, [Surah al-Hadid (57) : 28]"
ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุฃุจุนุงุฏู‡ุง ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุฃุจุนุงุฏู‡ุง ู…ุชูุงูˆุชุฉ ูˆุฎุงุฑุฌุฉ ุนู† ุญุฏ ุงู„ุงุนุชุฏุงู„ุŒ ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ุชูุงูˆุชุฉ ุงู„ุนุธู….,"Now some of the visible objects on the earthโ€™s surface are at moderate distances and the parts of the ground between them and the eye are of moderate magnitudes. Others, however, are such that their distances are so long as to exceed the limit of moderateness, and the magnitudes of [the parts of] the ground between them and the eye are excessively large."
ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูŠู†ุงู‡. ูู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ูˆู…ุนุชุฏู„ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ูุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑู‡ุง ูˆูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูŠู†ุงู‡ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุชูุงูˆุชุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุจุงุนุฏ ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ ูˆู„ุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญู‚ู‚ู‡.,"But the magnitudes of the groundโ€™s parts are perceived in the manner we have shown. Thus sight can perceive and ascertain the magnitudes of those proximate and moderately sized parts, as we have shown, whereas the magnitude of excessively distant parts is neither ascertained by sight nor is sight capable of such ascertainment."
ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ู„ู’ุฅูŠู…ูŽุงู† ู…ุซู„ูŠู† ู…ุซู„ุง ุจูุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุงุกู ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ุจูู‡ู ุงู„ู’ุญูŽูŠูŽุงุฉ ูˆูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠุชู‚ุฑู† ุจูู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู‘ุจุฏ ูˆู…ุซู„ุง ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุฑ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ุจู‡ูŽุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ูˆูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠู‚ู’ุชูŽุฑู† ุจูู…ูŽุง ูŠููˆู‚ุฏ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู‘ุจุฏ,This is why Allah has propounded two types of parables for faith: a parable of water by which life exists and the foam which comes with it; and a parable of tire by which light is produced.
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅุฐุง ุงุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ูˆุชุฃู…ู„ู‡ุง ูุฅู† ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ุง ุฏุงู… ูŠุญุณ ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ูˆู…ุง ุฏุงู… ูŠุญุณ ุจุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ. ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ุง ุฏุงู… ูŠุญุณ ุจุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ูˆุจุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ.,"For if sight examines and contemplates intervals, it will perceive their magnitudes as long as it senses the increase in the rayโ€™s length and as long as it senses the angles subtended by the smaller parts of the interval as the axis moves over it, and will thus ascertain the intervalโ€™s magnitude as long as it senses the small increase in the rayโ€™s length and in the angle subtended by the interval."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุชูุงูˆุช ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ู„ู… ูŠุญุณ ุจุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ูˆู„ู… ูŠุญุณ ููŠ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ ู…ุชูุงูˆุช ูˆู„ู… ูŠุญุณ ุจุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูุงูˆุชุŒ ูู„ุง ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุฑู ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูˆุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุฑู ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู„ู… ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ.,"But when the distance is very large the sight will not sense the small increase in the rayโ€™s length or the rayโ€™s motion over the small part of the interval at that distance or the angle subtended by that small part; and, therefore, it will not ascertain the length of the ray that reaches the intervalโ€™s extremity or the magnitude of the angle subtended by the interval. Consequently, sight will fail to ascertain the intervalโ€™s magnitude."
ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ู„ู†ูุงู‚ ู…ุซู„ูŠู† ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูŽุนู’ุฏ ุฃู†ุฒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽู…ูŽุงุก ู…ูŽุงุก ูุณุงู„ุช ุฃูŽูˆุฏูŠูŽุฉ ุจูู‚ูŽุฏุฑูู‡ูŽุง ููŽุงุญู’ุชู…ู„ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽูŠู’ู„ ุฒุจุฏุง ุฑุงุจูŠุง ูˆูŽู…ูู…ู‘ูŽุง ูŠูˆู‚ุฏูˆู† ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุฑ ุงุจู’ุชูุบูŽุงุก ุญู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูŽูˆ ู…ูŽุชูŽุงุน ุฒุจุฏ ู…ุซู„ู‡ ูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒ ูŠุถู’ุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ุญู‚ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุจูŽุงุทูู„ ููŽุฃูŽู…ุง ุงู„ุฒู‘ุจุฏ ููŽูŠุฐู’ู‡ุจ ุฌููŽุงุก ูˆูŽุฃู…ุง ู…ูŽุง ูŠู†ูุน ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ููŠู…ูƒุซ ูููŠ ุงู„ุฃูŽุฑู’ุถ ูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒ ูŠุถู’ุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู…ู’ุซูŽุงู„,"Allah said, He sends down water (rain) from the sky, and the valleys flow according to their measure, but the floods bears away the foam that mounts up on the surface, and also from that (ore) which they heat in the fire in order to make ornaments or utensils, rises a foam like unto it, thus does Allah (by parables) show forth truth from falsehoodโ€ฆ  [Surah ar-Raโ€™d (13) : 17]"
ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุชููˆุช ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆู„ุง ุชุชู…ูŠุฒ ู„ู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุชูุงูˆุช ุฎููŠ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"Moreover, sight cannot perceive or judge the small parts at the end of a very distant interval because a small magnitude is invisible from such a distance."
ูˆุงู„ูุตู„ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูŠู†ุฒู„ ูููŠู‡ู ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุทูŽุฑ ุชู…ุณูŠู‡ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽุฑูŽุจ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุจูŠุน ู„ู†ุฒูˆู„ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุทูŽุฑ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูŠู†ู’ุจุช ุงู„ุฑู‘ุจูŠุน ูููŠู‡ู ูˆูŽุบูŽูŠุฑู‡ู… ูŠูุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุจูŠุน ุงู„ู’ููŽุตู’ู„ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูŠูŽู„ููŠ ุงู„ุดุชูŽุงุก ููŽุฅูู† ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ุชุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฃุฒู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ุชุฎู„ู‚ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ูŽุง ุงู„ุซู‘ูู…ูŽุงุฑ ูˆุชู†ุจุช ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุดุฌุงุฑ,The Arabs call the season in which the rain first descends al-Rabf due to the fall of rain which causes growth (of produce). The non-Arabs call the season that follow winter al-Rabf because in this season the plants from which fruit is produced blossom and the leaves on the trees appear.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุธุงู‡ุฑ ู„ู„ุญุณุŒ ูุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูŠุญุณ ุจุชุญู‚ู‚ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ูˆุงุดุชุจุงู‡ู‡ุง.,"This state of affairs is clear to the sense, for sight, upon glancing at an object, will sense whether its form is distinct or confused."
ูุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู…ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡ ู„ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ูˆู…ู† ู…ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡ ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ุฃุญุณ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูุงูˆุชุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ู…ู† ุชุญู‚ู‚ู‡ ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุจุงุณ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงุดุชุจุงู‡ู‡ุง.,"Thus when sight perceives a particular interval on the surface of the ground, then, upon glancing at its end or at some visible objects located at its end, it will sense whether this is a moderately or immoderately large interval as a result of ascertaining or failing to ascertain the form of the intervalโ€™s end or the form of some object at that end."
ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽูŠู‘ ุงู„ู’ู…ู†ูˆุฑ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ู„ู…ุง ูููŠู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ููˆุฑ ูŠุณู…ุน ูˆูŠุจุตุฑ ูˆูŽูŠุนู’ู‚ู„ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽูŠู‘ูุช ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ูŠุณู…ุน ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุจุตุฑ,"The heart that is alive and enlightened hears, sees and under-stands due to the light that it contains, while the dead heart does not hear, see or understand."
ูุฅู† ุชุญู‚ู‚ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุจูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุชุฃู…ู„ ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูˆู…ูŠุฒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู‚ุฏู… ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ.,"When it ascertains the form of the intervalโ€™s end, or of an object placed there, and finds it to be clear; and, further, when it contemplates the interval and discerns its magnitude in the aforementioned manner, it will ascertain the intervalโ€™s magnitude."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ูุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู† ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ุชูŠู‚ู† ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ุง ู„ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง.,"And when it ascertains the magnitude of an interval of this description, the faculty of judgement will perceive this to be an ascertained magnitude from its perception of the manifestness of the form of its end or of the object at that end."
ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู†ู’ุนูŽุงู… ูˆูŽู…ูู†ู’ู‡ูู… ู…ู† ูŠุณุชู…ุน ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ูƒูู… ูˆูŽุฌูŽุนูŽู„ู†ูŽุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู‡ู… ุฃูƒู†ุฉ ุฃูŽู† ูŠูู‚ู‡ูˆู‡ ูˆูŽูููŠ ุขุฐุงู†ู‡ู… ูˆู‚ุฑุง ูˆูŽุฅูู† ูŠุฑูŽูˆุง ูƒู„ ุขูŠูŽุฉ ู„ูŽุง ูŠูุคู…ู†ููˆุง ุจู‡ูŽุง ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ุฅูุฐุง ุฌุงุกูˆูƒ ูŠุฌุงุฏู„ูˆู†ูƒ ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูƒูุฑููˆุง ุฅูู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุฃุณุงุทูŠุฑ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูˆู‘ูŽู„ูŠู† ุงู„ู’ุขูŠูŽุงุช,"Allah, the Exalted said,  see every one of the signs they will not believe therein, to the point that when they come to argue with you, the disbelievers say: โ€˜These are nothing but tales of the men of old.โ€™ [Surah al-Atdam (6) : 25]"
ููŽุฃุฎู’ุจุฑ ุฃูŽู†ู‡ู… ู„ูŽุง ูŠูู‚ู‡ููˆู†ูŽ ุจู‚ู„ูˆุจู‡ู… ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุณู…ุนููˆู†ูŽ ุจุขุฐุงู†ู‡ู… ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠูุคู…ู†ููˆู†ูŽ ุจูู…ูŽุง ุฑูŽุฃูŽูˆู’ู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุฑ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุฃุฎุจุฑ ุนูŽู†ู’ู‡ูู… ุญูŽูŠู’ุซู ู‚ูŽุงู„ููˆุง ูุตู„ุช ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู†ูŽุง ูููŠ ุฃูƒู†ุฉ ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุชุฏุนูˆู†ุง ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽูููŠ ุขุฐุงู†ู†ุง ูˆู‚ุฑ ูˆูŽู…ู† ุจูŽูŠู’ู†ู†ูŽุง ูˆูŽุจูŽูŠู’ู†ูƒ ุญุฌุงุจ,"So He informed us that their hearts cannot understand, and their ears cannot hear, and they do not believe in what they have seen of the Fire as He informed us about them when He said, And they say: โ€˜Our hearts are under coverings from that which you invite us to, and in our ears is deafness, and between us and you is a screen.โ€™
[Surah Fusselat (41) : 5]"
ูˆุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ูุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุชุฃู…ู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูŠู‚ู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุจุงุณ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง ูˆุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุขุฎุฑู‡ุง.,"If sight fails to ascertain such a form it will not ascertain the magnitude of that distance and, moreover, the faculty of judgement will upon contemplating that interval perceive it to be of unascertained magnitude on account of the uncertainty of the form of its end or the object at that end."
ูู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุชุชู…ูŠุฒ ู„ู„ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุชุฃู…ู„ู‡ุง ูˆุชุชุญู‚ู‚ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุชุฃู…ู„ู‡ุง.,Sight therefore judges the magnitudes of distances of visible objects and ascertains the manner in which it perceives them upon contemplating those distances.
ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ุนู„ู…ููˆุง ู…ูŽุง ุฃูŽู…ุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจูู‡ู ุฃูŽูƒู’ุซูŽุฑู‡ู… ูŠุนุตูˆู†ู‡ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุญุชุฐูˆู† ุญุฐูˆู‡ ููŽู„ูŽูˆ ู‡ูุฏููˆุง ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุตู‘ูุฑูŽุงุท ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ูŠู… ูููŠ ุชูู„ู’ูƒูŽ ุงู„ุงุนู…ุงู„ ู„ูุนู„ูˆุง ู…ูŽุง ุฃู…ุฑูˆุง ุจูู‡ู ูˆูŽุชุฑูƒููˆุง ู…ูŽุง ู†ู‡ูˆุง ุนูŽู†ู‡ู,"Furthermore the majority of those who know what Allah has ordered disobey Him and do not follow His Way. If they were guided to the Straight Path in these matters then they certainly would have performed what they had been commanded to do, and left what they had been forbidden from."
ูˆุฅุฐ ู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูˆุชู…ูŠุฒุช ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ู…ูŠุฒ ุฃุนุธุงู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆู†ู…ูŠุฒ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ,"Now that we have shown the manner in which sight perceives the magnitudes of distances of visible objects and have explained [the matter of] distance of objects, we must distinguish [what relates] to sizes of objects and the way in which they are perceived by sight."
ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ู‡ุฏูŽุงู‡ูู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ู‡ูŽุฐูู‡ ุงู„ู’ุฃู…ุฉ ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ุตูŽุงุฑููˆุง ู…ู† ุฃูŽูˆู’ู„ููŠูŽุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุชู‘ูŽู‚ููŠู†ูŽ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู…ู† ุงุนุธู… ุฃูŽุณุจูŽุงุจ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุฏุนุงุคู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุงู„ุฏู‘ูุนูŽุงุก ูููŠ ูƒู„ ุตูŽู„ูŽุงุฉ ู…ูŽุนูŽ ุนู„ู…ู‡ู…ู’ ุจุญุงุฌุชู‡ู… ูˆูุงู‚ุชู‡ู… ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฏูŽุงุฆูู…ุง ูููŠ ุฃูŽู† ูŠู‡ู’ุฏููŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุตู‘ูุฑูŽุงุท ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ูŠู…,"As for those whom Allah guided from amongst this nation until they became from the God-Fearing Friends of Allah, then the greatest reason for this was their supplicating to Allah with this supplication, Guide us to the Straight Path. [Surah al-Fatihah (1): 6] in every prayer along with the knowledge of their continuous need of Allah that He guide them on the Straight Path,"
ูุจุฏูˆุงู… ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุงู„ุฏู‘ูุนูŽุงุก ูˆุงู„ุงูุชู‚ุงุฑ ุตูŽุงุฑููˆุง ู…ู† ุฃูŽูˆู’ู„ููŠูŽุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุชู‘ูŽู‚ููŠู†ูŽ,So due to their continually saying this supplication and their acknowledging their continuous need of Him they became God-Fearing Friends of Allah.
ูู†ู‚ูˆู„: ุฅู† ุงู„ุฃุนุธุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู‡ูŠ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุณุทูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจูŠู† ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุณุทูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูˆู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑู‚ุฉ.,We say: the sizes perceived by sight when facing visible objects are the magnitudes of their surfaces and of parts of their surfaces and of the boundaries of the objects and of the intervals between the boundaries of parts of the objectsโ€™ surfaces and of intervals between separate objects.
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุณู‡ู„ ุจู† ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุชุณุชุฑููŠ ู„ูŽูŠู’ุณูŽ ุจูŽูŠู† ุงู„ุนูŽุจู’ุฏ ูˆูŽุจูŽูŠู† ุฑุจู‡ ุทูŽุฑููŠู‚ ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุงูุชู‚ุงุฑ,"Sahl bin โ€˜Abdullah at-Tustori said, There is not route between a servant and Allah closer to Him then need."
ูˆูŽู…ูŽุง ุญุตู„ ูููŠู‡ู ุงู„ู’ู‡ุฏู‰ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุงุถููŠ ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ูุญู’ุชูŽุงุฌ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุญูุตููˆู„ ุงู„ู’ู‡ุฏู‰ ูููŠู‡ู ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ู’ุจู„ ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุญูŽู‚ููŠู‚ูŽุฉ ู‚ูŽูˆู„ ู…ู† ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ุซุจุชู†ุง ูˆุงู‡ุฏู†ุง ู„ูุฒููˆู… ุงู„ุตู‘ูุฑูŽุงุท ูˆูŽู‚ูŽูˆู„ ู…ู† ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฒูุฏู’ู†ูŽุง ู‡ุฏู‰ ูŠุชูŽู†ูŽุงูˆูŽู„ ู…ูŽุง ุชู‚ุฏู…,"The one who has attained guidance in the past is in need of guidance in the future, this is the real meaning behind the saying of those who say that it means: โ€˜establish us and guide us to being firm upon the Straight Path.โ€™ The opinion of those who say that it means: โ€˜increase us in guidanceโ€™ includes what has  preceded."
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,These are all the kinds of magnitude that are perceptible to sight upon facing a visible object.
ูุฃู…ุง ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุชู‡ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ููŠ ุญุงู„ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุชู‡ ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุจู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุฃูˆ ุณุทูˆุญู‡ุŒ ูˆุฅู† ุตุบุฑ ุงู„ุฌุณู….,"Sight does not, however, perceive the magnitude of the objectโ€™s body upon facing it, because it cannot in this situation perceive the whole surface of the object, but only that surface or surfaces facing it, even though the object may be small."
ู„ูŽูƒูู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูƒูู„ู‡ ู‡ุฏู‰ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ู’ุจู„ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุตู‘ูุฑูŽุงุท ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ูŠู… ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู’ุนูŽู…ูŽู„ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ู’ุจู„ ุจูุงู„ู’ุนู„ู…ู ู„ู… ูŠุญุตู„ ุจุนุฏ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู‡ุชุฏูŠุง ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ูŠุนู’ู…ู„ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ู’ุจู„ ุจูุงู„ู’ุนู„ู…ู ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุญุตู„ ุงู„ู’ุนู„ู… ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ู’ุจู„ ุจู„ ูŠูŽุฒููˆู„ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆูŽุฅูู† ุญุตู„ ูู‚ุฏ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุญุตู„ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽู…ูŽู„,"But all that has been stated refers to His guidance to the Straight Path that is to be granted in the future, for indeed action in the future is upon knowledge that is not yet attained. And the person is not considered to be one who is guided until he acts according to his knowledge in the future, but it is possible that this knowledge not be there in the future, rather it could be removed from the heart, and if it still be there it is also posssible that it not be acted upon."
ูˆุฅู† ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุชุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุฌุณู…ู‡ ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุชุฌุณู…ู‡ ูู‚ุท.,"Thus when sight perceives the solidity of a body, it does not perceive the magnitude of the body but only that it is solid."
ููŽุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ูƒู„ู‡ู… ู…ุชุถุทุฑูˆู† ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุงู„ุฏู‘ูุนูŽุงุก ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ููŽุฑู’ุถู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูู… ูููŠ ูƒู„ ุตูŽู„ูŽุงุฉ ูู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู‘ูุนูŽุงุก ุฃุญู’ูˆุฌ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ูู… ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุฅูุฐุง ุญุตู„ ุงู„ู’ู‡ุฏู‰ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุตู‘ูุฑูŽุงุท ุงู„ู’ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ูŠู… ุญุตู„ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุตู’ุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฑุฒู‚ ูˆูŽุณูŽุงุฆูุฑ ู…ูŽุง ุชุทู„ุจ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููููˆุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽุนูŽุงุฏูŽุฉ ูˆูŽุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃุนู„ู…,"Therefore all of mankind is in dire need of this supplication, this is why Allah made it obligatory upon them in every prayer and they are not in need of any other supplication as they are of this one. When guidance is obtained to the Straight Path then help, provision and all of the happiness that the soul seeks are obtained [from Allah]. Allah knows best."
ูุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ู’ู…ูุซุจุช ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽูˆู’ุช ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽู†ู’ูููŠู‘ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุซุจุช ู‡ููˆูŽ ููุฑูŽุงู‚ ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆุญ ุงู„ู’ุจุฏู† ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ููŠ ุฒูŽูˆูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽูŠูŽุงุฉ ุจูุงู„ู’ุฌูู…ู’ู„ูŽุฉู ุนูŽู† ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆุญ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุจุฏู† ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆู… ุฃูŽุฎููˆ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽูˆู’ุช ููŠุณู…ู‰ ูˆูŽููŽุงุฉ ูˆูŽูŠูุณู…ู‰ ู…ูˆุชุง ูˆูŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ุงู„ู’ุญูŽูŠูŽุงุฉ ู…ูŽูˆู’ุฌููˆุฏูŽุฉ ููŠู‡ู…ูŽุง,"Therefore the death that is affirmed is not the same as the negated death. The affirmed death is the separation of the soul from the body, and the negated death is the leaving of life in totality from the body and soul. This is similar to the fact that sleep is the brother of death."
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุฒู…ุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠุชูˆูู‰ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู†ู’ูุณ ุญููŠู† ู…ูŽูˆุชู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ู„ู… ุชู…ุช ูููŠ ู…ู†ุงู…ู‡ุง ููŽูŠู…ุณูƒ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ู‚ุถู‰ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูŽุง ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽูˆู’ุช ูˆูŽูŠูุฑู’ุณู„ ุงู„ู’ุฃูุฎู’ุฑูŽู‰ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุฃุฌู„ ู…ูุณูŽู…ู‘ู‰,"Allah said, It is Allah Who takes away the souls at the time of their death, and those that die not during their sleep. He keeps those (souls) for which He ordained death and sends the rest for a term appointed. [Surah a^Zumar (39) :42]"
ูˆูŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุจููŠ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ุฅูุฐุง ุงุณู’ุชูŽูŠู’ู‚ูŽุธูŽ ู…ู† ู…ูŽู†ูŽุงู…ู‡ ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽู…ุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ุฃูŽุญู’ูŠูŽุงู†ู‹ุง ุจูŽุนู’ุฏูŽู…ูŽุง ุฃู…ุงุชู†ุง ูˆูŽุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ุงู„ู†ุดูˆุฑ ูˆูŽูููŠ ุญูŽุฏููŠุซ ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ุฑุฏ ุนูŽู„ูŠู‘ ุฑูˆุญูŠ ูˆุนุงูุงู†ูŠ ูููŠ ุฌูŽุณูŽุฏููŠ ูˆูŽุฃุฐู† ู„ูŠ ุจูุฐูƒุฑูู‡ู,"The Prophet used to say when he awoke from sleep, All praise is due to Allah Who gives us life after He had caused us to die and unto Him is the resurrection. In another hadith, All praise is due to Allah Who restored to me health and returned my soul and has allowed me to remember Him."
ุซู… ุฅุฐุง ุชุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุจุนุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุทุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู‚ุทุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑุŒ ูˆุตุงุฑุช ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุงุฆู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฑูƒ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุณู‡ู….,"Then, when the sight subsequently moves over a diameter of the object, the axis will move from that part to the next one on the diameter, and now the form of the first part will be displaced in the opposite direction to that in which the axis moved."
ุซู… ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชู…ูŠู„ ูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู…ุชุทุฑู ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ูุชุตูŠุฑ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ู…ุงุฆู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุงุฆู„ุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ู…ุง ุณูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุทุฑู ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ูˆููŠ ูˆุณุท ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"The form will continue to recede from the axis as the latter moves over the diameter until it reaches the extreme part of the object opposite the first, so that the form of the whole object will now lie on the opposite side of its first position, except for the last extreme part which will be on the axis and in the middle of the eye."
ูˆูŽุฅูุฐุง ุฃูŽูˆูŽู‰ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ูุฑูŽุงุดู‡ ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽู‡ูู…ู‘ูŽ ุฃูŽู†ู’ุช ุฎู„ู‚ุช ู†ูŽูุณููŠ ูˆูŽุฃูŽู†ุช ุชูˆูุงู‡ุง ู„ูŽูƒ ู…ู…ุงุชู‡ุง ูˆู…ุญูŠุงู‡ุง ุฅูู† ุฃูŽู…ู’ุณูŽูƒุชู‡ูŽุง ูุงุฑุญู…ู‡ุง ูˆูŽุฅูู† ุฃุฑุณู„ุชู‡ุง ูุงุญูุธู‡ุง ุจูู…ูŽุง ุชุญูุธ ุจูู‡ู ุนูุจูŽุงุฏูƒ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุงู„ูุญูŠู† ูˆูŽูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ุจูุงุณู’ู…ููƒ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽู‡ูู…ู‘ูŽ ุฃูŽู…ููˆุช ูˆูŽุฃูŽุญู’ูŠูŽุง,"When he lay down to sleep he said, O Allah, verily You have created my soul, and You shall take its life, to You belongs its death and life. If You should keep my soul alive then protect it, and if You should take its life then forgive it. O Allah I ask You to grant me good health.  He said, With Your Name, O Allah, I die and live."
ูุตู„,CHAPTER TWO
ูˆุงู„ุณู‡ู… ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ู„ุงุฒู… ู„ูˆุถุนู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ู„ุณุฑุนุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ููŠ ุญุฑูƒุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆู„ุง ูŠู‚ุทุน ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ู‚ุทุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู‚ุทุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ูุฑุงุฏู‡ ู…ุชุญุฑูƒุงู‹ ูˆุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุณุงูƒู†ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู…ูƒู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุจู„ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ูˆุงู„ุณู‡ู… ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุญุฑูƒุชู‡ุงุŒ,"The axis will, throughout this motion, maintain its position relative to the eye; its motion will be extremely quick and, on account of this, mostly insensible; it will not, during this motion, coincide with the limits of the angle subtended by the object at the eyeโ€™s centre, nor will it sweep the width of the angle subtended by a diameter of the object, for this would happen only if the axis moved separately while the eye as a whole remained stationary โ€” which is not possible since the axis moves only by the motion of the whole eye when it contemplates the object."
ูˆูŽู…ู† ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูู„ููˆุจ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุจูŽุนุถู‡ู… ูููŠ ุญูŽุฏู‡ ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ ุฃูŽุฐูŽู‰ ูŠู„ู’ุญู‚ ุจูุณูŽุจูŽุจ ุงู„ู’ุนู„ู… ุจูุญุณู† ุญูŽุงู„ ุงู„ุงุบู†ูŠุงุก ููŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุฃูŽู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู’ููŽุงุถูู„ ุญุณูˆุฏุง ู„ูุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู’ููŽุงุถูู„ ูŠุฌุฑู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŽุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฌูŽู…ููŠู„,Some people said while explaining its meaning: โ€˜Envy {hasad) is a grievance that befalls one due to knowledge of the good condition of the wealthy. So in accordance with this it is not possible that the person upon whom the blessings have been bestowed be jealous of these blessings because this person has them and is accustomed to them.
ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุทูŽุงุฆูููŽุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ ุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฒูŽูˆูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ุณููˆุฏ ูˆูŽุฅูู† ู„ู… ูŠุตุฑ ู„ู„ุญุงุณุฏ ู…ุซู„ู‡ูŽุง ุจูุฎูู„ูŽุงู ุงู„ู’ุบูุจู’ุทูŽุฉ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ุชู…ู†ู‰ ู…ุซู„ู‡ูŽุง ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุญุจ ุฒูŽูˆูŽุงู„ู‡ูŽุง ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู…ุบุจูˆุท,A group of people said: โ€˜It is a desire to have the blessings removed from the one who is envied even if the one who is jealous does not attain the likes of these blessings. This is different from ghubta  (also meaning envy) because it refers to a desire to possess the blessings bestowed upon the one who is envied but without the desire to see them removed from him.
ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุชุดูƒู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ ู„ู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,The sentient therefore perceives the size of the angle subtended by the object at the eyeโ€™s centre only from perceiving the magnitude of the part of the eyeโ€™s surface in which the objectโ€™s form occurs and from the image formed of the angle subtended by that part at the eyeโ€™s centre.
ูˆุญุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ุทุจูˆุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุดูƒู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆู…ุทุจูˆุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฎูŠู„ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก.,Now it is in the nature of the sense of sight to perceive the magnitudes of the parts of the eye where the form occurs and to imagine the angles subtended by those parts.
ูˆุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุญุงุณ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ูƒู„ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุจูˆุณุทู‡ ูˆุจู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑุŒ ูˆุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุชุตูŠุฑ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ุฌุฒุก ุจุนุฏ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"And it is through the eyeโ€™s movement while contemplating the object that the sentient ascertains the objectโ€™s form and size; for through this motion it perceives every part of the object by the middle of the eye where the axis is, and through this motion the objectโ€™s form moves on the eyeโ€™s surface, thus bringing about the alteration of the parts on the eyeโ€™s surface occupied by the form as it moves from one part to another."
ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุทุฑู ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"Whenever the sentient perceives the part of the object at the extremity of the axis, it also perceives the whole object together with the whole part on the eyeโ€™s surface where the form of the whole object occurs, and also perceives the magnitude of that part and of the angle subtended by it at the eyeโ€™s centre."
ูˆูŽุงู„ุชู‘ูŽุญู’ู‚ููŠู‚ ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ุจุบุถ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ูƒูŽุฑูŽุงู‡ูŽุฉ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุฑูŽุงู‡ู ู…ู† ุญุณู† ุญูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ุณููˆุฏ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู†ูŽูˆู’ุนูŽุงู†ู,"Strictly speaking, envy {hasad) is hatred and disliking the good condition of the envied one. This of two types:"
ุฃูŽุญุฏู‡ู…ูŽุง ูƒูŽุฑูŽุงู‡ูŽุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุนู…ุฉ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ู…ูุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง ููŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฐู…ูˆู… ูˆูŽุฅูุฐุง ุฃุจู’ุบุถ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ูŠุชุฃู„ู… ูˆูŠุชุฃุฐู‰ ุจููˆูุฌููˆุฏ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุจุบุถู‡ ููŽูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู…ูŽุฑุถุง ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ูˆูŠู„ุชุฐ ุจูุฒูŽูˆูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ูˆูŽุฅูู† ู„ู… ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู†ูุน ุจุฒูˆุงู„ู‡ุง ู„ูŽูƒูู† ู†ูŽูุนู‡ ุจูุฒูŽูˆูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู„ูŽู… ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ูููŠ ู†ูŽูุณู‡,"1) Unrestricted dislike of the blessings bestowed upon the envied. This is the type of jealousy which incurs blame, so when one hates something he is then hurt and grieved by the existence of what he hates, and this becomes a sickness in his heart such that he takes pleasure in removal of the blessings from the envied even if this does not result in any benefit to him except for the single benefit of having the pain that was in his soul removed."
ููŠุชูƒุฑุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ุจุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุชุฑู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ููŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูƒุฑุฑ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆูŠุชุญู‚ู‚ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุตูˆุฑุฉ ุจุนุฏู‡ุŒ ูˆุชูู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุนุฏุŒ ููŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนู‡ุง ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚. ูุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุชุญู‚ู‚ ุงู„ุญุงุณ ู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุนุธุงู… ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„.,"Perception of the size of the angle subtended by the object will then be repeated as a result of the scanning motion, and by means of this repetition the sentient will identify the size of the angle, the form of the object and the form of its distance; the faculty of judgement will comprehend the size of the angle and of the distance, and from both of these it will perceive the size of the object with certainty. It is in this manner, therefore, that sight contemplates visible objects and the percipient ascertains their sizes by contemplation."
ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒูู† ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู„ูŽู… ู„ู… ูŠุฒู„ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุจูู…ูุจูŽุงุดูŽุฑูŽุฉ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุฑูŽุงุญูŽุฉ ูˆุฃุดุฏู‡ ูƒูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑููŠุถู ููŽุฅูู† ุชูู„ู’ูƒูŽ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุชุนูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ุณููˆุฏ ูˆูŽุฃุนุธู… ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุตู„ ู†ูŽุธููŠุฑ ุชูู„ู’ูƒูŽ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ู…ูŽุง ุฃู†ุนู… ุจูู‡ู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽูˆู’ุน,"But this pain is not removed except as a result of his continuously watching the envied so that the jealous person finds relief when the blessing is removed, but then it becomes more severe as is the case of the one who is sick, for it is possible that this blessing, or one similar to it, returns to the envied."
ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุทูˆุงู„ ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆุจูŠู† ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠู† ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุญุณ ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠู‡ุง ูˆุงุฎุชู„ุงูู‡ุง. ูุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ุงุฆู„ุฉ ุฃุญุณ ุจู…ูŠู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฅุญุณุงุณู‡ ุจุงุฎุชู„ุงู ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุฃุทุฑุงูู‡ุง.,"Moreover, when sight perceives the magnitudes of the radial lines extending between the eye and the limits of the object or those of the parts of the objectโ€™s surface, it will sense their equality or inequality. If the perceived surface or interval is inclined, sight will sense their inclination by sensing the inequality of the distances of their extremities [from the eve]."
ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุฃุญุณ ุจู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุชู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฅุญุณุงุณู‡ ุจุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุฃุทุฑุงูู‡ุง.,"But if the surface or interval is frontal, sight will sense their frontality by sensing the equality of the distances of their extremities."
ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู…ู† ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ ุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฒูŽูˆูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ููŽุฅูู† ู…ู† ูƒุฑู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุบูŽูŠุฑู‡ ุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฒูŽูˆูŽุงู„ู‡ูŽุง,"This is why this second group said: โ€˜It is a desire to have the blessings removed,โ€™ for indeed the one who dislikes the blessings bestowed upon other than him desires to see them removed."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุญุณ ุจู…ุณู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุชู‡ุง ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠู„ุชุจุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุนุธู…ู‡ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู† ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุจุนุฏูŠ ุทุฑููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆู„ุฉ ู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุจู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุญุณ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุจู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑูˆุท ุฃุญุณ ุจูุถู„ ุนุธู… ู‚ุงุนุฏุชู‡ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ู…ูŠู„ู‡.,"And when sight senses the inclination or frontality of an interval, the faculty of judgement will not mistake its size; because it will perceive the inclination of the cone containing the interval by perceiving the unequal distances of the intervalโ€™s extremities, and consequently will sense the difference in the size of the coneโ€™s base owing to its inclination."
ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠู„ุชุจุณ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฆู„ ุจุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุจุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูู‚ุท. ูุฃู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุจุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุจุฃุทูˆุงู„ ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูˆุจูŠู† ุฃุทุฑุงู ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠู„ุชุจุณ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุธู….,The size of an inclined magnitude will be confused with that of a frontal one only if estimation is made by means of the angle alone. No confusion in regard to size will occur if estimation is based on both the angle and the lengths of the radial lines between the eye and the objectโ€™s extremities.
ูู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุนุธุงู… ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ูˆุงู„ุณุทูˆุญ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฆู„ุฉ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ู…ู‚ุงุฏูŠุฑ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุฃุทุฑุงูู‡ุง ูˆุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงูู‡ุง. ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ุฃุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ุงุฆู„ุงู‹ ุฃุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุงู‹.,"Sight therefore perceives the magnitudes of inclined lines, surfaces and intervals from its perception of the magnitudes of the unequal distances [from it] of their extremities. But the maximum moderate distance with regard to an inclined visible object will be smaller than it is with regard to the same object when frontally oriented."
ู„ูŽุง ุญุณุฏ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ูููŠ ุงุซู’ู†ูŽุชูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุฑุฌู„ ุขุชูŽุงู‡ู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ุญููƒู’ู…ูŽุฉ ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠู‚ู’ุถููŠ ุจู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽูŠุนู„ู…ู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽุฑุฌู„ ุขุชูŽุงู‡ู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ูŽุงู„ุง ูˆุณู„ุทู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูŽู„ูŽูƒุชู‡ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุญู‚ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู„ูุธ ุงุจู’ู† ู…ูŽุณู’ุนููˆุฏ,"There is no envy (hasad) except in two cases: a per-son to whom Allah has granted wisdom, and he rules by this and teaches it to the people, and a person to whom Allah has granted wealth and property and along with this the power to spend it in the cause of Truth. This being the wording of Ibn Masโ€™ud."
ูˆูŽู„ูŽูุธ ุงุจู’ู† ุนู…ุฑ ุฑุฌู„ ุขุชูŽุงู‡ู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูุฑู’ุขู† ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจูู‡ู ุขู†ูŽุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽูŠู’ู„ ูˆูŽุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุงุฑ ูˆูŽุฑุฌู„ ุขุชูŽุงู‡ู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ูŽุงู„ุง ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠู†ู’ูู‚ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุญู‚ ุขู†ูŽุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽูŠู’ู„ ูˆูŽุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุงุฑ,"The wording of Ibn โ€˜Umar, (radiyAlldhu โ€˜anhuma) is, A person to whom Allah has given the Qurโ€™an and he recites it night and day, and a person to whom Allah has granted wealth and property from which he gives in charity night and day."
ูˆูŽุฑูŽูˆูŽุงู‡ู ุงู„ุจูุฎูŽุงุฑููŠู‘ ู…ู† ุญูŽุฏููŠุซ ุฃุจูŠ ู‡ูุฑูŽูŠู’ุฑูŽุฉ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูุธู‡ ู„ูŽุง ุญุณุฏ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ูููŠ ุงุซู’ู†ูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุฑุฌู„ ุขุชูŽุงู‡ู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูุฑู’ุขู† ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠุชู„ูˆู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽูŠู’ู„ ูˆูŽุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุงุฑ ููŽุณูŽู…ุนู‡ู ุฑุฌู„ ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ูŠูŽุง ู„ูŽูŠู’ุชูŽู†ูŠ ุฃููˆุชูŠุช ู…ุซู„ ู…ูŽุง ุฃููˆุชููŠูŽ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ููŽุนู…ูู„ุช ูููŠู‡ู ู…ุซู„ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุนู’ู…ู„,"Al-Bukhari also reports this hadith from Abu Hurayrah {radiyAlldhu (anhu) and its wording is, There is no desirable form of jealousy except for two types: a person to whom Allah has given the Qurโ€™an and he recites it day and night, so when a person hears him he says, If only I were given the likes of what he has been given so that I may act upon it the way this person is..โ€™"
ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฎูู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู„ู‡ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ.,For the moderate distance with regard to a [given] object is that from which there does not disappear a part of the object bearing an appreciable ratio to the whole.
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ุงุฆู„ุงู‹ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญูŠุท ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุนุงู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆู„ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญูŠุท ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุนุงู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุจุตุฑ.,"But when the object is inclined, the angle contained by the two rays issuing from the eye to a part of the object may be smaller than the angle contained by the rays going to that same part and at the same distance when the object is placed frontally to the eye."
ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูˆูŽุฑุฌู„ ุขุชูŽุงู‡ู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ูŽุงู„ุง ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠู‡ู„ูƒู‡ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุญู‚ ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฑุฌู„ ูŠูŽุง ู„ูŽูŠู’ุชูŽู†ูŠ ุฃููˆุชูŠุช ู…ุซู„ ู…ูŽุง ุฃููˆุชููŠูŽ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ููŽุนู…ูู„ุช ูููŠู‡ู ู…ุซู„ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุนู’ู…ู„ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง,"And a person to whom Allah has bestowed wealth, and he spends in the cause of Truth, so a person says, Tf only I were given the likes of what he has been given, so that I may act upon it the way this person is.โ€™"
ูุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู‡ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ุงุฆู„ุงู‹ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุฎูู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุงู‹.,"Thus a part bearing an appreciable ratio to the whole object may, when the latter is inclined, become invisible at a smaller distance than that at which the same part will disappear when the object is frontally placed."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฎูู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู„ู‡ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุงู‹ุŒ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุฎูู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู„ู‡ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุญุณูˆุณุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ุงุฆู„ุงู‹.,"If that is so, then at that moderate distance from which a part bearing an appreciable ratio to the whole object will not disappear when the object is frontally oriented, an equal part of the object may disappear when the object is inclined."
ูˆุงู„ุญุณุฏ ูููŠ ุงู„ุฃูŽุตู’ู„ ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠูŽู‚ุน ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ู„ู’ุบูŽูŠู’ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุคุฏุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠุงุณุฉ ูˆูŽุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ูุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุญู’ุณุฏ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽุงุฏุฉ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูˆ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุชู†ุนู…ู‡ ุจูุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูƒู’ู„ู ูˆูŽุงู„ุดุฑุจ ูˆูŽุงู„ู†ู‘ููƒูŽุงุญ ุฃูŽูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุบูŽูŠุฑู‡ ุจูุฎูู„ูŽุงู ู‡ุฐูŽูŠู’ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽูˆู’ุนูŽูŠู’ู†ู ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูู…ูŽุง ูŠุญุณุฏุงู† ูƒุซูŠุฑุง,"Fundamentally, envy occurs when someone else attains power and authority; otherwise the one who is performing actions is not normally envied, even if this person be blessed with far more food, drink and wives than others, as opposed to these two blessings of power and authority, for they cause a great deal of envy."
ูุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ู…ู† ุชูุฑู‚ ุตูˆุฑุชูŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูุชุฑู‚ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ุชูŠู† ุชุญุตู„ุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"As for the separation of visible objects, sight perceives it from the separation of the two forms produced in the eye for the two separate bodies that are seen."
ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุฌุณู…ูŠู† ู…ูุชุฑู‚ูŠู† ูุฅู† ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ ุถูˆุก ุฃูˆ ุฌุณู… ู…ุชู„ูˆู† ู…ุถูŠุก ุฃูˆ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ ู…ุธู„ู…ุงู‹ ู„ุง ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุกู‡.,"But for any two separate bodies, there either appears in the gap between them a light or a shining coloured body, or the gap is dark and does not show what lies behind it."
ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูŠููˆุฌุฏ ุจูŽูŠู† ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ู’ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ุงุชู‘ูุจูŽุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ู…ูŽุงู„ุง ูŠููˆุฌุฏ ูููŠู…ูŽู† ู„ูŽูŠู’ุณูŽ ูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒ ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ูููŠู…ูŽู† ู„ูŽู‡ู ุฃูŽุชุจูŽุงุน ุจูุณูŽุจูŽุจ ุฅูู†ู’ููŽุงู‚ ู…ูŽุงู„ู‡ ููŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูŠู†ูุน ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ุจู‚ูˆุช ุงู„ู’ู‚ูู„ููˆุจ ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูŠูŽู†ู’ููŽุนู‡ูู…ู’ ุจู‚ูˆุช ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุจุฏูŽุงู†,"This is why you find envy directed at the People of Knowledge, who have a following amongst the people that you will not find directed to others who do not have such a following. Similarly for the one who attracts a following due to his spending his wealth, for the people benefit this person by nourishing his heart, and this person brings benefit to them by nourishment of the bodies."
ูˆูŽุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ูƒู„ู‡ู… ู…ุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุตู„ุญู‡ู… ู…ู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณูุจู’ุญูŽุงู†ูŽู‡ู ู…ุซู„ูŠู† ู…ุซู„ุง ุจูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุญู’ู„ ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุซู„ุง ุนุจุฏุง ู…ูŽู…ู’ู„ููˆูƒุง ู„ูŽุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ูˆูŽู…ู† ุฑุฒู‚ู†ุงู‡ ู…ู†ุง ุฑุฒู‚ุง ุญุณู†ุง ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠู†ู’ูู‚ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ุณุฑุง ูˆุฌู‡ุฑุง ู‡ูŽู„ ูŠุณุชูˆู†,"Mankind is in need of that which will correct them in both these matters, this is why Allah, the one free from imperfection, has propounded two parables,  Allah puts forward the example: a slave under the possession of another, he has no power of any sort, and (the other) a man on whom We have bestowed a good provision from Us, and he spends thereof secretly and openly. Could they be equal? (By no means, not)."
ุงู„ู’ุญูŽู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ุจู„ ุฃูŽูƒู’ุซูŽุฑู‡ู… ู„ูŽุง ูŠุนู„ู…ููˆู†ูŽ ูˆูŽุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุซู„ุง ุฑุฌู„ูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุฃูŽุญุฏู‡ู…ูŽุง ุฃุจูƒู… ู„ูŽุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูƒู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŽูˆู’ู„ูŽุงู‡ู ุฃูŽูŠู’ู†ูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠูˆุฌู‡ู‡ ู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุฃู’ุชู ุจูุฎูŽูŠุฑ ู‡ูŽู„ ูŠุณุชูˆู‰ ู‡ููˆูŽ ูˆูŽู…ู† ูŠูŽุฃู’ู…ุฑ ุจูุงู„ู’ุนูŽุฏู’ู„ู ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุนู„ู‰ ุตูุฑูŽุงุท ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ููŠู…,"All the praises and thanks be to Allah. Nay! (But) most of them know not. And Allah puts forward another parable of two men, one of them dumb, who has no power Over anything, and he is a burden to his master, whichever way he directs him he brings no good. Is such a man equal to one who commands jus tice, and is himself on the Straight Path? [Surah al-Nahl (16):75-76]"
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฌุณู…ูŠู† ู…ุชูุฑู‚ูŠู† ูˆุญุตู„ุช ุตูˆุฑุชุงู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูุฅู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ ุฃูˆ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุชู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุฑูŠู‚ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุชูุฑูŠู‚ ุชุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุตูˆุฑุชูŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑู‚ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ุชูŠู† ุชุญุตู„ุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"When sight perceives two separate bodies, and their forms occur in it, the form of the light which appears in the gap between them, or the form of the coloured body which is visible there, or the form of the darkness which exists in that gap, will occur in that part of the eye which lies between the two forms produced in the eye for the two separate bodies."
ูˆุงู„ู…ุซู„ุงู† ุถุฑุจู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณูุจู’ุญูŽุงู†ูŽู‡ู ู„ู†ูŽูุณูู‡ู ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุณุฉ ูˆูŽู„ู…ุง ูŠุนุจุฏ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู†ู‡ ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูˆู’ุซูŽุงู† ู„ูŽุง ุชู‚ุฏุฑ ู„ูŽุง ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ ูŠู†ูุน ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูŽู„ูŽุงู… ูŠู†ูุน,"These two parables were propounded by Allah for His Own Holy Self and for that which is worshipped besides Him, for indeed the idols are not capable of performing any actions that would be of benefit, and neither of saying anything that would be of benefit."
ููŽุฅูุฐุง ู‚ุฏุฑ ุนุจุฏ ู…ูŽู…ู’ู„ููˆูƒ ู„ูŽุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ูˆูŽุขุฎุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุฑุฒู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุฒู‚ุง ุญุณู†ุง ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠู†ู’ูู‚ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ุณุฑุง ูˆุฌู‡ุฑุง ู‡ูŽู„ ูŠูŽุณู’ุชูŽูˆููŠ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽู…ู’ู„ููˆูƒ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽุงุฌูุฒ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุฅูุญู’ุณูŽุงู† ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽุงุฏูุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุญุณุงู† ุงู„ู…ุญุณู† ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ุณุฑุง ูˆุฌู‡ุฑุง,"So when a completely powerless slave under the possession of someone is considered, and another to whom Allah has provided a goodly provision from which he spends in secret and in the open, can this slave, incapable of doing good, and this person capable of doing good for the people in secret and open, ever be equal?"
ูˆุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุธู„ู…ุฉ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฌุณู… ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠู† ู…ุชุตู„ ุจูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠู†.,"But light, colour or darkness may exist in a body that may lie between the two bodies so as to be continuous with them."
ูุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠุญุณ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฃู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ู…ุชุตู„ ุจุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ุฐูŠู† ุนู† ุฌู†ุจุชูŠู‡ ูู„ูŠุณ ุจุชูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠู†.,"Thus if sight does not sense that the light, colour or darkness in the place of separation does not exist in a body that is continuous with the two bodies on either side of it, then sight will not sense the separation of the two bodies."
ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูˆูŽุนู…ุฑ ุจู† ุงู„ู’ุฎุทุงุจ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ู†ุงูุณ ุฃูŽุจูŽุง ุจูƒุฑ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ุงู„ู’ุฅูู†ู’ููŽุงู‚ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุซูŽุจุช ูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญ ุนูŽู† ุนู…ุฑ ุจู† ุงู„ู’ุฎุทุงุจ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ,"So here is โ€˜Umar bin al-Khattab {radiyAllahu โ€˜anhu) competing with Abu Bakr {radiyAllahu โ€˜anhu) with respect to spending in charity as is established in the Sahib (of al-Bukhari) from โ€˜Umar bin al-Khattab, (radiyAllahu โ€˜anhu), that he said:"
ุฃู…ุฑู†ูŽุง ุฑูŽุณููˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ุฃูŽู† ู†ุชุตุฏู‚ ููŽูˆูŽุงููŽู‚ูŽ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู…ูŽุงู„ุง ุนูู†ู’ุฏููŠ ููŽู‚ู„ุช ุงู„ู’ูŠูŽูˆู’ู… ุฃุณุจู‚ ุฃูŽุจูŽุง ุจูƒุฑ ุฅูู† ุณุจู‚ุชู‡ ูŠูŽูˆู’ู…ู‹ุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ููŽุฌุฆู’ุช ุจูู†ุตู’ู ู…ูŽุงู„ููŠ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู„ูŠ ุฑูŽุณููˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ู…ูŽุง ุฃุจู‚ูŠุช ู„ุฃู‡ู’ู„ูƒ ู‚ู„ุช ู…ุซู„ู‡,"The Messenger of Allah commanded us to give in charity, and this coincided with my possessing some wealth. So I said (to myself): โ€˜If there is a day that I can better Abu Bakr than it is this one.โ€™ So I went with half of my wealth and the Messenger of Allah (^) asked me, โ€˜What have you left for your family?โ€™ I replied, The same amount.โ€™"
ูˆุฃุชู‰ ุฃูŽุจููˆ ุจูƒุฑ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ุจููƒูู„ ู…ูŽุง ุนูู†ู’ุฏู‡ ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู„ูŽู‡ู ุฑูŽุณููˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ู…ูŽุง ุฃุจู‚ูŠุช ู„ุฃู‡ู’ู„ูƒ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฃุจู‚ูŠุช ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุฑูŽุณููˆู„ู‡ ููŽู‚ู„ุช ู„ูŽุง ุฃุณุงุจู‚ูƒ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ุฃุจุฏุง,"Then Abu Bakr came with everything that he possessed and the Messenger of Allah {$ยฃ) asked him, โ€˜What have you left for your family?โ€™ He replied, โ€˜I have left Allah and His Messenger for them.โ€™ So I said, โ€˜I will never be able to better you in anything!โ€™"
ููŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู…ูŽุง ูุนู„ู‡ ุนู…ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงูุณุฉ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุบูุจู’ุทูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุจูŽุงุญูŽุฉ ู„ูŽูƒูู† ุญูŽุงู„ ุงู„ุตู‘ุฏูŠู‚ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ุฃูุถู„ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุฎูŽุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงูุณุฉ ู…ูุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง ู„ูŽุง ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุญูŽุงู„ ุบูŽูŠุฑู‡,"So what โ€˜Umar did here was competition and the permitted type of jealousy (ghubta), but the state of as-Siddiq was better than his, and thus he would generally be the victor in such competition due to his indifference to the condition of others."
ูุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ ุงู„ูุณูŠุญ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฎูู‰ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุดุชุจู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุณุงู…ุช ู„ู„ุชูุฑู‚ ูˆุฅุญุณุงุณ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุจู‡ ูˆุจุฃู†ู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑู‚ูŠู†ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ู…ุถูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุณุงู…ุช ู„ู„ุชูุฑู‚.,"Wide separation is not in most cases inapparent to the eye or mistaken by it because of the visibility of the body that is in line with the gap and because of sightโ€™s sensing of that body and of the fact that it is not the same as either of the two separate bodies, or because of perceiving a light or a luminous space aligned with the gap."
ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ู…ููˆุณูŽู‰ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ูููŠ ุญูŽุฏููŠุซ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุนู’ุฑูŽุงุฌ ุญุตู„ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู…ูู†ูŽุงููŽุณูŽุฉ ูˆุบุจุทุฉ ู„ู„ู†ู‘ูŽุจููŠ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ุจูŽูƒูŽู‰ ู„ู…ุง ุชุฌุงูˆุฒู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุจููŠ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ููŽู‚ูŠู„ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู…ูŽุง ูŠุจูƒูŠูƒ ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฃุจู’ูƒููŠ ู„ูุฃูŽู† ุบูู„ูŽุงู…ุง ุจุนุซ ุจุนุฏููŠ ูŠุฏู’ุฎู„ ุงู„ู’ุฌู†ู‘ูŽุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุชู‡ ุฃูŽูƒุซุฑ ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽู† ูŠุฏุฎู„ู‡ูŽุง ู…ู† ุฃู…ุชููŠ,"Likewise is the case with Prophet Musa as is mentioned in the hadith of Mr raj that he competed and felt jealousy towards the Prophet  to the point that he, Cried due to the extent to which the Prophet has surpassed him. So it was said to him, โ€˜Why are you crying?โ€™ He replied, โ€˜I am crying because there is a servant who shall be sent after me, and more of his nation shall enter Paradise than mine.โ€™"
ุฃูŽุฎู’ุฑุฌูŽุงู‡ู ูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญูŽูŠู’ู†ู ูˆุฑูˆู‰ ูููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู„ู’ููŽุงุธ ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญ ู…ูŽุฑูŽุฑู’ู†ูŽุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุฌู„ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ูˆูŽูŠุฑู’ููŽุน ุตูŽูˆุชู‡ ุฃูƒุฑู…ุชู‡ ูˆูุถู„ุชู‡ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ูุฑูุนู†ุง ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูุณู„ู…ู†ุง ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ููŽุฑุฏ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽู„ูŽุงู… ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู…ู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู…ูŽุนูŽูƒ ูŠูŽุง ุฌูุจู’ุฑููŠู„ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุฃูŽุญู’ู…ุฏ,"This hadith is also reported in other than the Sahih with a dif-ferent wording, We passed a person while he was saying in a loud voice, โ€˜You have blessed him and honoured him (over me).โ€™ So we were raised to him and gave him our salam, he replied to our salam and said, โ€˜Who is this with you O JibraTl?โ€™ He said, โ€˜This is Ahmad.โ€™"
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู…ุฑู’ุญูŽุจู‹ุง ุจูุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุจููŠู‘ู ุงู„ู’ุฃูู…ู‘ููŠ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ุจู„ุบ ุฑูุณูŽุงู„ูŽุฉ ุฑุจู‡ ูˆู†ุตุญ ู„ุฃู…ุชู‡ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ุงู†ุฏูุนู†ุง ููŽู‚ู„ุช ู…ู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูŠูŽุง ุฌูุจู’ุฑููŠู„ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู…ููˆุณูŽู‰ ุจู† ุนู…ุฑูŽุงู† ู‚ู„ุช ูˆูŽู…ู† ูŠูุนูŽุงุชุจ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ูŠูุนูŽุงุชุจ ุฑุจู‡ ูููŠูƒ ู‚ู„ุช ูˆูŽูŠุฑู’ููŽุน ุตูŽูˆุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุจู‡ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฅูู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนุฒ ูˆูŽุฌู„ ู‚ุฏ ุนุฑู ุตุฏู‚ู‡,"He said, โ€˜Welcome O Illiterate Prophet who has conveyed the Message of his Lord and sincerely advised his nadon.โ€™ Then we moved on and I said, โ€˜Who was this O JibraTl?โ€™ He replied, โ€˜That was Musa bin โ€˜Imran.โ€™ I said, โ€˜And who was he censuring?โ€™ He replied, โ€˜He was censuring your Lord with regards to you.โ€™ I said, โ€˜He was raising his voice to His Lord?โ€™ He replied, โ€˜Indeed Allah knew his truthfulness.โ€™"
ูˆูŽุนู…ุฑ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู…ุดุจู‡ุง ุจู…ููˆุณูŽู‰ ูˆูŽู†ูŽุจููŠู†ูŽุง ุญูŽุงู„ู‡ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุญูŽุงู„ ู…ููˆุณูŽู‰ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุนูู†ู’ุฏู‡ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ู…ู† ุฐูŽู„ููƒ,"So in this (Umar resembled Musa, and the condition of our Prophet was superior to that of Musa for he did not possess any of this permissible jealousy."
ูุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ ุงู„ูŠุณูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุบุถูˆู† ุงู„ุถูŠู‚ุฉ ูุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฎูู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆูŠ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑู‡ ู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุณุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚.,"Sight, however, can perceive only a small [degree of] separation, such as narrow creases, from a distance at which a body equal in magnitude to the degree of separation does not disappear."
ููŽู‚ูŽูˆู’ู„ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจู† ุนูŽู…ู’ุฑูˆ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู‡ูŽุฐูู‡ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ุจู„ุบุช ุจูƒ ูˆูŽู‡ููŠ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ู„ูŽุง ู†ุทูŠู‚ ูŠูุดููŠุฑ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุฎู„ูˆู‡ ูˆุณู„ุงู…ุชู‡ ู…ู† ุฌูŽู…ููŠุน ุฃูŽู†ู’ูˆูŽุงุน ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ูˆูŽุจูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุฃุซู†ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู†ู’ุตูŽุงุฑ ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุดู’ุฑ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุฌุฏูˆู†ูŽ ูููŠ ุตูุฏููˆุฑู‡ู…ู’ ุญูŽุงุฌูŽุฉ ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุฃููˆุชููˆุง ูˆูŠุคุซุฑูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ูˆูŽู„ูŽูˆ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุจู‡ู… ุฎุตูŽุงุตูŽุฉ,"So in the saying ofโ€™Abdullah bin โ€˜Amr to him, โ€˜This is something that has reached you and something that we cannot endureโ€™ lies an indication of his lack of jealousy and his being secure from all types of jealousy. This is why Allah praised the Ansar with His saying, And have no jealousy in their breasts for that which they have been given (the muhdjirt n), and give them preference over themselves even though they were in need of that. [Surah al-Hashr (59): 9]"
ุฃูŽูŠ ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุฃููˆุชููŠูŽ ุฅุฎู’ูˆูŽุงู†ู‡ู…ู’ ุงู„ู’ู…ูู‡ูŽุงุฌูุฑููˆู†ูŽ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ู…ูููŽุณู‘ูุฑููˆู†ูŽ ู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุฌุฏูˆู†ูŽ ูููŠ ุตุฏุฑูˆู‡ู… ุญูŽุงุฌูŽุฉ ุฃูŽูŠ ุญุณุฏุง ูˆุบูŠุธุง ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุฃููˆุชููŠูŽ ุงู„ู’ู…ูู‡ูŽุงุฌูุฑููˆู†ูŽ,Meaning that which has been given to their brothers from the Muhajirun. The scholars of tafsir have stated: โ€˜They do not find in their breasts jealousy and hatred for what has been given to the Muhajiruni Its is nddis sahih
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ุชุญุฑูƒุงู‹ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุญุฑูƒุฉ ุจุญุฑูƒุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ูุฅู† ูˆุถุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนู†ุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุชุญุฑูƒู‡.,"If the object is moving, but those objects do not share in the same motion, then the position of that object will vary in relation to those objects while in motion."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู…ุนู‡ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ูˆุถุนู‡ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุฃุฏุฑูƒุชู‡ ุญุฑูƒุชู‡.,"And if sight perceives it together with those objects and perceives its position with respect to them, then it will perceive the objectโ€™s motion."
ูุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุชุŒ,Sight therefore perceives motion by perceiving the varying position of the [moving] object in relation to other objects.
ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุจูŽุนุถู‡ู… ู…ู† ู…ูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู’ููŽูŠู’ุก,"Then some of them said, โ€˜What has been given to them from the war booty.โ€™"
ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู†ูุณู‡.,"Sight perceives motion in one of three ways: by comparing the moving object with other objects, or with a single object, or with the eye itself."
ูˆูŽู‚ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ูุถู„ ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ูู‡ู… ู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุฌุฏูˆู†ูŽ ุญูŽุงุฌูŽุฉ ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุฃููˆุชููˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŽุงู„ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุงู‡ ูˆุงู„ุญุณุฏ ูŠูŽู‚ุน ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูˆูŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุจูŽูŠู† ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูˆู’ุณ ูˆุงู„ุฎุฒุฑุฌ ู…ูู†ูŽุงููŽุณูŽุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู‘ูŠู† ููŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู‡ูŽุคูู„ูŽุงุกู ุฅูุฐุง ูุนู„ูˆุง ู…ูŽุง ูŠูุถู„ูˆู† ุจูู‡ู ุนูู†ู’ุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุฑูŽุณููˆู„ู‡ ุฃุญุจ ุงู„ู’ุขุฎุฑููˆู†ูŽ ุงู† ูŠูŽูู’ุนูŽู„ููˆุง ู†ูŽุธููŠุฑ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ูู†ูŽุงููŽุณูŽุฉ ูููŠู…ูŽุง ูŠู‚ุฑุจู‡ูู…ู’ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡,"And others said: โ€˜What has been given to them of precedence and blessingsโ€™ So they find no need of that which has been given the Muhdjirun of wealth and rank even though jealousy arises over these sorts Between the Aws and the Khazraj there existed competition in matters of religion, such that if one tribe were to do something for which they were regarded favourably by Allah and His Messenger then the other tribe would desire to do the same. So this is competition in that which would bring them closer to Allah."
ุฃู…ุง ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุชุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒู‡ ู…ุณุงู…ุชุงู‹ ู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุชุŒ ุซู… ุฃุฏุฑูƒู‡ ู…ุณุงู…ุชุงู‹ ู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุขุฎุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ู…ุน ุซุจูˆุช ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ู…ูˆุถุนู‡ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุญุณ ุจุญุฑูƒุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ.,"As for comparing the moving object with several objects, when sight perceives the moving object and perceives it [first] in line with some object, then perceives it in line with another object, while the eye maintains the same position, it will sense the motion of that object."
ูˆุฃู…ุง ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒ ูˆุถุนู‡ ู…ู† ู…ุจุตุฑ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุซู… ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ูˆุถุนู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุชุบูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุŒ ุฅู…ุง ุจุฃู† ูŠุจุนุฏ ุนู†ู‡ ุจุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุจุนุฏู‡ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ูˆุฅู…ุง ุจุฃู† ูŠู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู†ู‡ุŒ ูˆุฅู…ุง ุจุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฌู‡ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุช ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ููŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฌู‡ุฉ ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ู…ุน ุซุจูˆุช ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ู…ูˆุถุนู‡ุŒ ูˆุฅู…ุง ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ูˆุถุน ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุฃูˆ ุชุบูŠุฑ ูˆุถุน ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆู‡ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฏุงุฑุฉ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุงุณู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุจุตุฑ ุขุฎุฑุŒ,"As for comparing the moving object with a single object, let sight perceive the moving object and its position relative to another object, then let it perceive the change in the objectโ€™s position relative to that other object itself, either by receding farther from or drawing closer to it, or by changing sides in relation to that object, while the eye maintains the same position, or by a change in the position of some parts or parts of the moving object relative to that object (and it is in this last manner that sight perceives the motion of a rotating object when compared with another object) โ€”"
ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู…ุทูููŠู† ูˆูŽูููŠ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ููŽู„ู’ูŠูŽุชูŽู†ูŽุงููŽุณ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุชูŽู†ูŽุงูุณููˆู†ูŽ,"Allah says, โ€ฆThen for this let those who compete, com-pete! Surah al-Mutaffifin (83):26]"
ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ูŠูุคู’ุฐูˆู†ูŽ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงูŠู…ุงู† ูˆูŽุทูŽุงุนูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุฑูŽุณููˆู„ู‡ ูˆูŽูŠุญุฏุซ ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ุจูุณูŽุจูŽุจ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุญุฑุฌ ุฃูŽูˆ ู…ุฑุถ ุฃูŽูˆ ุญุจุณ ุฃูŽูˆ ููุฑูŽุงู‚ ูˆูŽุทู† ูˆูŽุฐูŽู‡ูŽุงุจ ู…ูŽุงู„ ูˆูŽุฃู‡ู„ ุฃูŽูˆ ุถุฑุจ ุฃูŽูˆ ุดุชู… ุฃูŽูˆ ู†ู‚ุต ุฑูŠุงุณุฉ ูˆูŽู…ูŽุงู„ ูˆู‡ู… ูููŠ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูŽุฑูŠู‚ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู†ู’ุจููŠูŽุงุก ูˆุฃุชุงุจุนู‡ู… ูƒุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฌุฑูŠู† ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูˆู‘ูŽู„ูŠู†,"As for those who are harmed due to their faith in Allah and obedience to Him and His Messenger, and as a result of this they are in pain, or are sick, or are imprisoned, or are forced to leave their land, or their property and family is taken from them, or are beaten and abused, or their position and wealth is diminished, then in this they are upon the way of the Prophets and those that followed them such as the Muhajirun."
ููŽู‡ูŽุคูู„ูŽุงุกู ูŠุซุงุจูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŽุง ูŠูุคู’ุฐูˆู†ูŽ ุจูู‡ู ูˆูŽูŠูƒู’ุชุจ ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ุจูู‡ู ุนู…ู„ ุตูŽุงู„ุญ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠูุซูŽุงุจ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุฌูŽุงู‡ูุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŽุง ูŠูุตููŠุจู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุฌููˆุน ูˆุงู„ุนุทุด ูˆุงู„ุชุนุจ ูˆุนูŽู„ู‰ ุบูŠุธุฉ ุงู„ู’ูƒูู‘ูŽุงุฑ ูˆูŽุฅูู† ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ู‡ูŽุฐูู‡ ุงู„ู’ุขุซูŽุงุฑ ู„ูŽูŠุณุช ุนู…ู„ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ูŠูˆู‚ูˆู… ุจูู‡ู ู„ูŽูƒูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุง ู…ุชุณุจุจุฉ ุนูŽู† ุนูู„ู‡ ุงู„ูุงุฎู’ุชููŠูŽุงุฑููŠู‘ ูˆูŽู‡ููŠ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ูŠูู‚ูŽุงู„ ู„ูŽู‡ูŽุง ู…ูุชูŽูˆูŽู„ู‘ุฏูŽุฉ,"So these people shall be rewarded for what has harmed them, and a righteous action shall be written for them due to it just as the mujahid shall be rewarded for the hunger, thirst and fatigue that afflicts him, and for enraging the disbelievers even if these effects are not something he has physically set out to do, but they are resultant from his action (of performing jihad) that he has chosen to do."
ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ุงุฎู’ุชู„ู ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ู‡ูŽู„ ูŠูู‚ูŽุงู„ ุฃูŽู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุง ูุนู„ ููŽุงุนู„ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽุจูŽุจ ุฃูŽูˆ ู„ู„ู‡ ุฃูŽูˆ ู„ูŽุง ููŽุงุนู„ ู„ูŽู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญ ุฃูŽู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุง ู…ูุดู’ุชูŽุฑูƒูŽุฉ ุจูŽูŠู† ููŽุงุนู„ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽุจูŽุจ ูˆูŽุณูŽุงุฆูุฑ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุณู’ุจูŽุงุจ ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูƒุชุจ ู„ูŽู‡ู ุจู‡ูŽุง ุนู…ู„ ุตูŽุงู„ุญ,"The people have differed over this: can it be said that these resultant effects are actions of the actor of the reason for these effects, or are they Actions of Allah, or is there no actor fot them ? What is correct is that they are shared between the actor of the reason and the (Actor of the) totality of the reasons, and this is why a righteous action is written for him."
ูุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ู…ูˆุถุน ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุถุน ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุชูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ููŠู† ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ุฒู…ุงู† ู…ุญุณูˆุณุŒ ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ุณุงูƒู†ุงู‹.,"If sight perceives the object in the same place and position at two different moments separated by a sensible time, then it will perceive the object as stationary during that amount of time."
ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽู‚ู’ุตููˆุฏ ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ู…ุฑุถ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽูุณ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ุฑุถ ุบูŽุงู„ุจ ููŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุฎู„ุต ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽู„ููŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูŠูู‚ูŽุงู„ ู…ูŽุง ุฎู„ุง ุฌูŽุณูŽุฏ ู…ู† ุญุณุฏ ู„ูŽูƒูู† ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽุฆููŠู… ูŠุจุฏูŠู‡ ูˆุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ูŠุฎููŠู‡,"The purpose behind this discussion is that jealousy is one of the sicknesses of the soul, and it is an illness that afflicts the generality of mankind and only a few are secure from it. This is why it is said: The body is never free from jealousy, but debase-ment brings it out, and nobility hides it."
ูˆุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุณุงูƒู† ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูˆุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู†ูุณู‡. ูุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู„ุณูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช.,"Sight perceives the position of a stationary object in relation to other objects and in relation to the eye itself. In this manner, then, sight perceives the being at rest of visible objects."
ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ู‚ูŠู„ ู„ูู„ู’ุญุณู†ู ุงู„ู’ุจูŽุตู’ุฑููŠู‘ ุงูŠุญุณุฏ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู† ููŽู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู…ูŽุง ุฃู†ุณุงูƒ ุฃุฎูˆุฉ ูŠููˆุณูู ู„ูŽุง ุฃูŽุจูŽุง ู„ูŽูƒ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒูู† ุนูŽู…ู‡ ูููŠ ุตุฏุฑูƒ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุถุฑูƒ ู…ูŽุง ู„ู… ุชุนุฏ ุจูู‡ู ูŠุฏุง ูˆูŽู„ูุณูŽุงู†ู‹ุง,"It was said to al-Hasan al-Basrl, โ€˜Can a believer be envied?โ€™ He replied, โ€˜What has made you forget Yusuf and his brothers, have you no father?โ€™ But you should keep (this envy should it occur) blinded in your heart, for you cannot be harmed by that which you did not act upon in speech or action.โ€™"
ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ,[Perception of Roughness]
ูุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฎุดู†.,"As for roughness, sight perceives it in most cases from the light that appears on the surface of the rough body."
ููŽู…ู† ูˆุฌุฏ ูููŠ ู†ูŽูุณู‡ ุญุณุฏุง ู„ุบูŠุฑู‡ ููŽุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู‡ู ุฃูŽู† ูŠุณู’ุชูŽุนู’ู…ู„ ู…ูŽุนูŽู‡ ุงู„ุชู‘ูŽู‚ู’ูˆูŽู‰ ูˆูŽุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุจู’ุฑ ููŽูŠูƒู’ุฑูŽู‡ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู…ู† ู†ูŽูุณู‡ ูˆูŽูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐูŠู† ุนูู†ู’ุฏู‡ู… ุฏูŠู† ู„ูŽุง ูŠุนุชุฏูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ุณููˆุฏ ููŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุนูŠู†ูˆู† ู…ู† ุธู„ู…ู‡ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒู†ู‡ูู…ู’ ุฃูŽูŠู’ุถุง ู„ูŽุง ูŠู‚ูˆู…ููˆู†ูŽ ุจูู…ูŽุง ูŠุฌุจ ู…ู† ุญูŽู‚ู‡ ุจู„ ุฅูุฐุง ุฐู…ู‡ ุฃุญุฏ ู„ู… ูŠูˆุงูู‚ูˆู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู…ู‡ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุฐูƒุฑููˆู†ูŽ ู…ุญุงู…ุฏู‡,"So the one who finds that he harbours jealousy in his soul towards someone else, then it is upon him to treat it with patience and taqwd of Allah, and dislike it being in his soul. Many religious people do not take a stance against the one who is envied and neither do they help the one who would oppress him, but neither do they establish what is obligatory with respect to his rights. Rather when someone censures the one who is envied they do not agree with or aid him in the censure but neither do they mention his praiseworthy qualities."
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ูˆุถุน ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุดุงุฎุตุฉ ูˆุจุนุถู‡ุง ุบุงุฆุฑุฉ.,"For roughness is a difference in position of the parts of the objectโ€™s surface, so that some parts of the surface are protruding and others depressed."
ูˆูŽู‡ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‚ุฉ ู„ูŽุง ุฃูŽู‚ููˆู„ ุชุญู„ู‚ ุงู„ุดู‘ุนู’ุฑ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒูู† ุชุญู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฏู‘ูŠู† ููŽุณูŽู…ุงู‡ู ุฏูŽุงุก ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู’ุจูุฎู’ู„ ุฏูŽุงุก ูููŠ ู‚ูŽูˆู’ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุฃูŠ ุฏูŽุงุก ุฃุฏูˆุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุจูุฎู’ู„ ููŽุนู„ู… ุฃูŽู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู…ุฑุถ,"They are the shearers, I do not mean shearers of the hair, rather they are shearers of the religion,  So he called jealousy an illness just as he called miserliness an illness in his saying, And what illness is worse than miserliness. And in another hadith, I seek refuge with You from the evil morals and manners, vain desires and illnesses."
ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ุฌูŽุงุกูŽ ูููŠ ุญูŽุฏููŠุซ ุขุฎุฑ ุฃุนูˆุฐ ุจูƒ ู…ู† ู…ูู†ูƒุฑูŽุงุช ุงู„ุฎู„ุงู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‡ูˆุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุก ูุนุทู ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฎู„ุงู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‡ูˆุงุก ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู’ุฎู„ู‚ ู…ูŽุง ุตูŽุงุฑ ุนูŽุงุฏูŽุฉ ู„ู„ู†ู‘ูŽูุณ ูˆุณุฌูŠุฉ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽู„ูŽู… ูˆูŽุฅู†ู‘ูŽูƒ ู„ุนู„ู‰ ุฎู„ู‚ ุนูŽุธููŠู…,"Mentioning illnesses alongside manners and vain desires. Man-ners are those things that the soul becomes accustomed to such that they become its nature and disposition. Allah said in this regard, And indeed you are upon an exalted standard of character. [Surah Qalam (6 8): 4]"
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงุจู’ู† ุนูŽุจู‘ูŽุงุณ ูˆูŽุงุจู’ู† ุนููŠูŽูŠู’ู†ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽุฃุญู…ุฏ ุงุจู’ู† ุญูŽู†ู’ุจูŽู„ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู’ู‡ูู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฏูŠู† ุนูŽุธููŠู… ูˆูŽูููŠ ู„ูุธ ุนูŽู† ุงุจู’ู† ุนูŽุจู‘ูŽุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู’ุฅูุณู’ู„ูŽุงู… ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽุช ุนูŽุงุฆูุดูŽุฉ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู’ู‡ูŽุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุฎู„ู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูุฑู’ุขู† ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุญุณู† ุงู„ู’ุจูŽุตู’ุฑููŠู‘ ุงุฏุจ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูุฑู’ุขู† ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽุธููŠู…,"Ibn โ€˜Abbas, Ibn โ€˜Uyaynah and Ahmad ibn Hanbal {radiyAlldhu (an hum) said in commentary to this: Meaning โ€˜upon a great religion.โ€™ And in a variant wording of Ibn โ€˜Abbas: The religion of Islam.โ€™ This was similarly stated by โ€˜Aโ€™ishah {radiyAlldhu (anha) His manners were the Qurโ€™an, and Hasan al-Basri,  The manners of the Qurโ€™an is โ€˜the exalted standard of character.โ€™"
ูˆูŽุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู’ู‡ูˆู‰ ูู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุงุฑุถุง ูˆุงู„ุฏุงุก ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑูŽุถ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุชุฃู„ู… ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ูุณุงุฏ ูููŠู‡ู ูˆูŽู‚ุฑู† ูููŠ ุงู„ุญูŽุฏููŠุซ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ุจุงู„ุจุบุถุงุก ู„ูุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุงุณูุฏ ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ุฃูŽูˆู„ุง ูุถู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุงู„ู’ุบูŽูŠู’ุฑ ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ูŠู†ู’ุชูŽู‚ู„ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุจุบุถู‡,"As for โ€˜vain desiresโ€™ then they are temporary anomalous con-ditions, and โ€˜illnessโ€™ is sickness โ€“ this is an affliction that harms the heart and corrupts it. In the first hadlth jealousy was mentioned along with hatred. This is because the envier, first of all dislikes the bounty bestowed by Allah upon the one who is envied, and then begins hating this person."
ูุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุฃูˆุถุงุน ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุฃู„ูู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุณุทูˆุญ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุฎุดู†ุฉ.,"Sight, therefore, perceives roughness by perceiving the difference in position of the parts of the bodyโ€™s surface, or from the form of the light which sight has been accustomed to [see] in the surfaces of rough bodies."
ููŽุฅูู† ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽุงุฒูู… ูŠูŽู‚ู’ุชูŽุถููŠ ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽู„ู’ุฒููˆู… ููŽุฅูู† ู†ุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฅูุฐุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ู„ูŽุงุฒูู…ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ูŠุญุจ ุฒูŽูˆูŽุงู„ู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽู‡ููŠ ู„ูŽุง ุชูŽุฒููˆู„ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุจุฒูˆุงู„ู‡ ุฃุจุบุถู‡ ูˆุงุญุจ ุนูŽุฏู…ู‡,"This is because the hatred of the thing being bestowed leads to hatred of the one upon whom it is bestowed, for when the blessings of Allah are bestowed upon an individual, he would love that they go away, and they would not go away except by the one who is envied going away, therefore he hates him and loves that he not be there."
ูˆุงู„ุญุณุฏ ูŠููˆุฌุจ ุงู„ู’ุจูŽุบูŠ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุฃุฎุจุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุนูŽู…ู‘ูŽู† ู‚ุจู„ู†ูŽุง ุขู„ ุนู…ุฑูŽุงู† ุฃูŽู†ู‡ู… ุงุฎู’ุชู„ูููˆุง ู…ู† ุจุนุฏ ู…ูŽุง ุฌูŽุงุกูŽู‡ูู… ุงู„ู’ุนู„ู… ุจุบูŠุง ุจูŽูŠู†ู‡ู…,"Jealousy necessarily leads to desire and hatred just as Allah informed us of those that came before us: that they differed, After their came to them knowledge out of mutual hatred and desire.
[Surah A lxImran (3): 19]"
ููŽู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงุฎู’ุชู„ูŽุงูู‡ู…ู’ ู„ุนุฏู… ุงู„ู’ุนู„ู… ุจู„ ุนู„ู…ููˆุง ุงู„ู’ุญู‚ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูƒูู† ุจุบู‰ ุจูŽุนุถู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠูŽุจู’ุบููŠ ุงุงู„ุญุงุณุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ุณููˆุฏ ูˆูŽูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุนูŽู† ุฃู†ุณ ุงุจู’ู† ู…ูŽุงู„ูƒ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุจููŠ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู„ูŽุง ุชูŽุญูŽุงุณูŽุฏููˆุง ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุชุจุงุบุถูˆุง ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุชุฏุงุจุฑูˆุง ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุชู‚ุงุทุนูˆุง ูˆูŽูƒููˆู†ููˆุง ุนุจุงุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฅุฎู’ูˆูŽุงู†ู‹ุง,"So their differing did not arise due to the lack of knowledge, rather they knew the Truth, but it was due to some of them hating others, just as the envier hates the envied. In Sahibs of al-Bukhari and Muslim, Anas bin Malik (radijAllahu (anhu) reports that the Prophet said, Do not envy each other, do not hate each other, do not oppose each other, and do not cut relations, rather be servants of Allah as brothers."
ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุญู„ ู„ู…ูุณู„ู… ุฃูŽู† ูŠู‡ุฌุฑ ุงุฎุงู‡ ููŽูˆู‚ ุซูŽู„ูŽุงุซ ู„ูŽูŠูŽุงู„ ูŠูŽู„ู’ุชูŽู‚ููŠูŽุงู†ู ููŠุตุฏ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูˆูŠุตุฏ ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูˆุฎูŠุฑู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูŠุจู’ุฏูŽุฃ ุจูุงู„ุณู‘ูŽู„ูŽุงู…ู ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ูููŠ ุงู„ุญูŽุฏููŠุซ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุชู‘ูŽูู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุตูุญู‘ูŽุชู‡ ู…ู† ุฑููˆูŽุงูŠูŽุฉ ุฃู†ุณ ุฃูŽูŠู’ุถุง ูˆูŽุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ู†ูุณู‰ ุจููŠูŽุฏูู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ูŠูุคู…ู† ุฃุญุฏูƒูู… ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ูŠุญุจ ู„ูุฃูŽุฎููŠู‡ู ู…ูŽุง ูŠุญุจ ู„ู†ูŽูุณูู‡ู,"It is not permissible for a Muslim to disassociate from his brother for more than three days such that they meet and one ignores the other, and the best of them is the one โ€˜who initiates the salam. He said, in the hadith that is agreed to be authentic, reported by Anas also, By the One in Whose Hand is my soul, none of you believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself."
ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุณูŽุงุก ูˆูŽุฅูู† ู…ูู†ู’ูƒูู… ู„ู…ู† ู„ูŠุจุทุฆู† ููŽุฅูู† ุฃูŽุตูŽุงุจูŽุชู’ูƒูู… ู…ูุตููŠุจูŽุฉ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ุนู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅูุฐู’ ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ู…ูŽุนูŽู‡ู… ุดูŽู‡ููŠุฏุง ูˆูŽู„ูŽุฆูู† ุฃูŽุตูŽุงุจูŽูƒูู… ูุถู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ู† ูƒูŽุฃูŽู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุจูŽูŠู’ู†ูƒูู… ูˆูŽุจูŽูŠู†ู‡ ู…ูŽูˆูŽุฏู‘ูŽุฉ ูŠูŽุง ู„ูŽูŠู’ุชูŽู†ูŠ ูƒู†ุช ู…ูŽุนูŽู‡ู… ูุฃููˆุฒ ููˆุฒุง ุนูŽุธููŠู…ุง,"Allah, the Most High, said, There is certainly among you he who would linger behind (from fighting in the Way of Allah). If a misfortune befalls you, he says: โ€˜Indeed Allah has favoured me in that I was not present among them.โ€™ But if a bounty comes to you from Allah, he would surely say โ€“ as if there had never been any ties of affection between you and him โ€“ โ€˜Oh! I wish I had been with them; then I would have achieved a great success.โ€™ [Surah an-Nisaโ€™ (4):72-73]"
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุชุฏู„ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุตู‚ุงู„ุŒ ูุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠุญุณ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู‚ุงู„ ุญูƒู… ุจุฎุดูˆู†ุชู‡.,"Sight may infer roughness from the lack of polish, and so will judge a body to be rough when it senses no polish in it."
ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู ู…ุง ูŠุนุฑุถ ู„ู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุบู„ุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุฏู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุตู‚ูŠู„ุงู‹ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุตู‚ุงู„ู‡ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุตู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠุณ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุฅู„ุง ู…ู† ูˆุถุน ู…ุฎุตูˆุต.,"But sight frequently errs when it infers roughness from this condition, for a surface may be polished without appearing to be so except from a special position."
ููŽู‡ูŽุคูู„ูŽุงุกู ุงู„ู…ุจุทุฆูˆู† ู„ู… ูŠูุญูุจู‘ููˆุง ู„ุฅุฎูˆุงู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู†ููŠู†ูŽ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุญุจูˆู†ูŽ ู„ุฃูŽู†ู’ููุณูู‡ูู…ู’ ุจู„ ุฅูู† ุฃูŽุตูŽุงุจูŽุชู’ู‡ูู… ู…ูุตููŠุจูŽุฉ ูุฑุญูˆุง ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุตู‡ู… ูˆูŽุฅูู† ุฃูŽุตูŽุงุจูŽุชู’ู‡ูู… ู†ุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ู„ู… ูŠูุฑุญูˆุง ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ุจู‡ูŽุง ุจู„ ุฃูŽุญุจู‘ููˆุง ุฃูŽู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ูŽุง ุญูŽุธู‘,"So these people who lingered behind did not love for their brother Muslims what they loved for themselves, rather if the Muslims were afflicted with a calamity, they were overjoyed that it only afflicted them, and if they met with blessings they were not happy for them, rather they wished that they too had a portion of this blessing."
ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉ,[Perception of Smoothness]
ูุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงุณุชูˆุงุก ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุฃู„ูู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณุทูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ู„ุณ.,"As for smoothness, which is evenness of the surface of a body, sight perceives it in most cases from the form of the light which appears in-the surface of the smooth body, and which sight has been accustomed to [see] in smooth surfaces."
ูู‡ู… ู„ูŽุง ูŠูุฑุญูˆู† ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุจุฏู†ูŠุง ุชุญุตู„ ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ุฃูŽูˆ ุดูŽุฑู‘ ุฏูู†ู’ูŠูŽูˆููŠู‘ ูŠู†ู’ุตูŽุฑู ุนูŽู†ู’ู‡ูู… ุฅูุฐู’ ูƒูŽุงู†ููˆุง ู„ูŽุง ูŠุญุจูˆู†ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุฑูŽุณููˆู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุงู„ุฏู‘ูŽุงุฑ ุงู„ู’ุขุฎูุฑูŽุฉ ูˆูŽู„ูŽูˆ ูƒูŽุงู†ููˆุง ูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู„ุฃุญุจูˆุง ุฅุฎู’ูˆูŽุงู†ู‡ู…ู’ ูˆุฃุญุจูˆุง ู…ูŽุง ูˆุตู„ ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูู… ู…ู† ููŽุถู„ู‡ ูˆุชุฃู„ู…ูˆุง ุจูู…ูŽุง ูŠุตูŠุจู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ู…ูุตููŠุจูŽุฉ,"So they would not become happy except if they received something of this world or some evil of this world was diverted from them. This was due to them not loving Allah and His Messenger and the Home of the Hereafter, for if this had been the case they would have loved their brothers, and loved what they had received of His blessings and they would have been hurt by the calamity that had afflicted them."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงุณุชุฏู„ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุงู…ุณุฉ ุงู„ุณุทุญ. ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงู…ุณุฉ ุจุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹. ูุฅุฐุง ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุณ ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุชุทุงู…ู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆู‡ ูˆุงุณุชูˆุงุกู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุชุทุงู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ูˆุงุณุชูˆุงุกู‡ุง ูู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ู…ู„ุงุณุชู‡.,"If the light in the surface of the body is of similar form, sight will infer smoothness of the surface from it. Sight may also perceive smoothness by contemplation, for when it contemplates the surface of a smooth body it will perceive the flatness and evenness of its parts and, consequently, perceive the smoothness of the surface."
ูุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุตู‚ุงู„ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ู…ู† ุจุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆู„ู…ุนุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู….,"As for polish, which is being very smooth, sight perceives it from the glitter and shine of the light in the bodyโ€™s surface."
ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุตู‚ุงู„ ูˆุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉ ุฅู„ุง ู…ู† ุจุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆู„ู…ุนุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู….,Sight perceives the state of being polished and very smooth in no other way than from the glitter and shine of the light in the bodyโ€™s surface.
ูุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ุงุณุชูˆุงุก ุงู„ุณุทุญ.,For it perceives smoothness by perceiving the evenness of the surface.
ูˆุงุณุชูˆุงุก ุงู„ุณุทุญ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุชุดุงุจู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุจุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„.,"And in most cases it perceives evenness of surface from the similarity of the form of the light in the bodyโ€™s surface, and it may perceive it by contemplation."
ูˆุงู„ุตู‚ุงู„ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ู„ู…ุนุงู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุณุจู‡ ูŠู†ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุถูˆุก.,Polish is perceived by sight from the shine of the light in the bodyโ€™s surface and from the position according to which the light is reflected.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉ ู…ุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุดุงุฎุตุฉ ูˆุบุงุฆุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุณุทุญ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุดุงุฎุตุฉ ูˆุงู„ุบุงุฆุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ู…ุชุทุงู…ู†ุฉ ูˆู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุถุนุŒ ููŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุจุฌู…ู„ุชู‡ ุฎุดู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุคู‡ ุฃูˆ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ู…ู„ุณุงู‹ ูˆุตู‚ูŠู„ุฉ.,"Roughness and smoothness may exist together in the same surface. This is the case when there exist in the surface of the body variously situated parts some of which are protruding and others depressed, and the parts of the surface of each or some of the variously situated protruding or depressed parts are flat and similarly situated, so that the surface as a whole is rough, while its parts or some of them are smooth and polished."
ูˆูŽู…ู† ู„ู… ูŠุณุฑู‡ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุณุฑ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู†ููŠู†ูŽ ูˆูŠุณูˆุคู‡ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุณูˆุก ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู†ููŠู†ูŽ ููŽู„ูŽูŠู’ุณูŽ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ูู… ููŽูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุนูŽู† ุนูŽุงู…ุฑ ุงู„ุดู‘ุนุจููŠู‘ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุณูŽู…ูุนุช ุงู„ู†ู‘ูุนู’ู…ูŽุงู† ุจู† ุจุดูŠุฑ ูŠุฎู’ุทุจ ูˆูŽูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„,"As for the one who is not made happy by what has made the Muslims happy, and is not grieved by what has made the Muslims grieve then he is not of them. In the Sahibs of al-Bukhari and Muslim from โ€˜Amir ash-Shaโ€˜bI who said: โ€œI heard an-Nuโ€˜man bin Bashir delivering a sermon and saying:"
ุณูŽู…ูุนุช ุฑูŽุณููˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู†ููŠู†ูŽ ูููŠ ุชูˆุงุฏู‡ู… ูˆุชุฑุงุญู…ู‡ู… ูˆุชุนุงุทูู‡ู… ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู’ุฌูŽุณูŽุฏ ุงู„ู’ูˆูŽุงุญูุฏ ุฅูุฐุง ุงุดู’ุชูŽูƒูŽู‰ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ุชุฏุงุนู‰ ู„ูŽู‡ู ุณูŽุงุฆูุฑ ุงู„ู’ุฌูŽุณูŽุฏ ุจุงู„ุญู…ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุณู‡ุฑ,"I heard the Messenger of Allah (H) saying, The similitude of the believers with respect to,their mutual love, mutual mercy and mutual kindness in like that of one body. When a part of it suffers, the whole body suffers with fever and sleeplessness."
ูˆุชุธู‡ุฑ ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ู„ู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุดุงุฎุตุฉ ูˆุงู„ุบุงุฆุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุชุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู„ุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ูˆุตู‚ุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ููŠ ุณุทูˆุญ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก.,Sight perceives the roughness of such a surface by perceiving the difference in position of the protruding and depressed parts; and the smoothness and polish of parts will be visible from the forms of the light which sight perceives in the partsโ€™ surfaces.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ู…ู„ุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฉ ุจุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ุชุทุงู…ู† ุณุทุญ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง. ูุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูุงุช ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉ ูˆุงู„ุตู‚ุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ.,"Sight may also perceive the smoothness of such parts by contemplation, i.e. by perceiving the flatness of the surface of each of them. It is in these ways that sight perceives smoothness, polish and roughness."
ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุดููŠู,[Perception of Transparency]
ูˆูŽูููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุญููŠุญูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุนูŽู† ุฃุจูŠ ู…ููˆุณูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุดู’ุนูŽุฑููŠู‘ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุฑูŽุณููˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู† ู„ูู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู†ู ูƒุงู„ุจู†ูŠุงู† ูŠุดุฏ ุจุนุถู‡ ุจูŽุนู’ุถู‹ุง ูˆูŽุดูŽุจูƒ ุจูŽูŠู† ุฃูŽุตูŽุงุจูุนู‡,"In the Sahibs of al-Bukhari and Muslim from the hadith of Abu Musa. al-Ashfari, radiyAllahu (anhu, who said: โ€œThe Messenger of Allah said, The Muslim to another Muslim is like a building, one part of it strengthens another and he interlaced his fingers."
ูุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุดููŠู ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุจุงู„ุงุณุชุฏู„ุงู„ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุดู.,"As for transparency, sight perceives it by perceiving what lies behind the transparent body."
ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุดููŠู ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุดู ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒุซุงูุฉ ูˆูƒุงู† ุดููŠูู‡ ุฃุบู„ุธ ู…ู† ุดููŠู ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุจูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"But sight does not perceive the transparency of a transparent body unless the body has some opacity in it, and unless its opacity is denser than the transparency of the air mediating between it and the eye."
ูุฃู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดููŠู ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุดููŠูู‡ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุญุณ ุจู‡ุŒ ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุกู‡ ูู‚ุท. ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒุซุงูุฉ ุฃุฏุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุซุงูุฉุŒ ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุดููŠูู‡ ู…ู† ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู„ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุกู‡. ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุดู ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูˆุฑุงุกู‡ ุถูˆุก ุฃูˆ ุฌุณู… ู…ุชู„ูˆู† ู…ุถูŠุก ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุดู ูˆูŠุญุณ ุจู‡ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ.,"But if the body is perfectly transparent, sight will neither perceive nor sense its transparency, but will only perceive what lies behind it. If the body has some opacity in it, sight will perceive it on account of its opacity, and will perceive its transparency by perceiving what lies behind it, for a light or a shining coloured body will appear behind a transparent body and sight will sense it."
ูˆูŽุงู„ุดุญ ู…ุฑุถ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุจุฎู„ ู…ุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุญุณุฏ ุดูŽุฑู‘ ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุจูุฎู’ู„ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูููŠ ุงู„ุญูŽุฏููŠุซ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ุฑูŽูˆูŽุงู‡ู ุฃูŽุจููˆ ุฏูŽุงูˆูุฏ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุจููŠ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ุงู†ู‡ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ูŠูŽุฃู’ูƒูู„ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽู†ูŽุงุช ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุชูŽุฃู’ูƒูู„ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุฑ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุทุจ,"Greed is a sickness as is miserliness, and jealousy is worse than miserliness as occurs in the hadith reported by Abu Dawud18 from the Prophet (^g) that he said, Jealousy eats away at good deeds, just as fire eats away at firewood, and giving charity extinguishes sins just as water extinguishes fire."
ูˆูŽุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุฏูŽู‚ูŽุฉ ุชูุทู’ููุฆ ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽุทููŠุฆูŽุฉ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุชูุทู’ููุฆ ุงู„ู…ูŽุงุก ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุฑ ูˆูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุจูŽุฎููŠู„ ูŠู…ู’ู†ูŽุน ู†ูŽูุณู‡ ูˆุงู„ุญุณูˆุฏ ูŠูƒุฑู‡ ู†ุนู’ู…ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุจุงุฏู‡ ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ูููŠ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุฅูุนู’ุทูŽุงุก ู„ู…ู† ูŠูุนูŠู†ู‡ู ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุบุฑุงุถู‡ ูˆุญุณุฏ ู„ู†ุธุฑุงุฆู‡ ูˆูŽู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ูููŠู‡ู ุจุฎู„ ุจูู„ูŽุง ุญุณุฏ ู„ุบูŠุฑู‡,This is because the miser only stops himself from having good but the envier dislikes the favours of Allah bestowed upon His servants. It is possible that a person give to those lesser than him who would help him achieve his objectives and yet display jealousy to those of the same level as him just as it is possible for him to be miserly without displaying envy to others.
ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูŠุญุณ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุจุดููŠู ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุญุณ ุจู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุกู‡ุŒ ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ุฃุญุณ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ ู…ู† ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุดู ู‡ูˆ ุถูˆุก ุฃูˆ ู„ูˆู† ู…ู† ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุดู ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู†ูุณู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุถูˆุกู‡.,"Sight does not sense the transparency of a body, when it senses what lies behind it, unless it senses that the light and colour it perceives through the transparent body is a light and colour that exist behind that body and not the colour and light of the body itself."
ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู‡ูŽุคูู„ูŽุงุกู ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู„ูŽุง ูŠููˆุตู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุนุดู‚ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุฃูŽู†ู‡ ูŠุนุดู‚ ู„ูุฃูŽู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ู…ู†ุฒู‡ ุนูŽู† ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุญู…ุฏ ู…ู† ูŠุชุฎูŠู„ ูููŠู‡ู ุฎูŠุงู„ุง ููŽุงุณูุฏุง,"This group went on to say: And this is why Allah has not been described with passionate love (ishk) and neither that He passion-ately loves (yaโ€™shik) because He is far removed from this, and one cannot be praised who has these corrupt thoughts."
ูˆูŽุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูˆู„ูˆู†ูŽ ููŽู…ู†ู‡ู…ู’ ู…ู† ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ูŠููˆุตู ุจุงู„ุนุดู‚ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ุงู„ู’ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ุชู‘ูŽุงู…ู‘ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠุญุจ ูˆูŽูŠูุญุจ ูˆุฑูˆู‰ ูููŠ ุฃุซุฑ ุนูŽู† ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู’ูˆูŽุงุญูุฏ ุจู† ุฒูŠุฏ ุฃูŽู†ู‡ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุฒูŽุงู„ ุนูŽุจุฏููŠ ูŠุชูŽู‚ุฑู‘ูŽุจ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ูŠุนุดู‚ู†ูŠ ูˆุฃุนุดู‚ู‡,"As for the first group, then from them are those who said: โ€˜He is described with passionate love (ishk) because it is a complete and perfect love and Allah loves (yuhib)> And it is reported in the narration of โ€˜Abdul Wahid bin Zayd that He said, โ€˜The servant will always continue to draw closer to me, loving Me and I loving him (Aโ€™shiquhu)?"
ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู‚ูŽูˆู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตู‘ููˆูููŠู‘ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฌูู…ู’ู‡ููˆุฑ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุทู„ู‚ูˆู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽูู’ุธ ูููŠ ุญู‚ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุนูุดู’ู‚ ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู’ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑุทุฉ ุงู„ุฒู‘ูŽุงุฆูุฏูŽุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุฏ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ูŠูŽู†ู’ุจูŽุบููŠ ูˆูŽุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ู…ุญุจุชู‡ ู„ูŽุง ู†ูู‡ูŽุงูŠูŽุฉ ู„ูŽู‡ูŽุง ููŽู„ูŽูŠู’ุณูŽุชู’ ุชูŽู†ู’ุชูŽู‡ููŠ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุญุฏ ู„ูŽุง ุชู†ุจุบูŠ ู…ุฌุงูˆุฒุชู‡ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ู‡ูŽุคูู„ูŽุงุกู ูˆุงู„ุนุดู‚ ู…ูŽุฐู’ู…ููˆู… ู…ูุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง ู„ูŽุง ูŠู…ุฏุญ ูููŠ ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฎู’ู„ููˆู‚ ู„ูุฃูŽู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ุงู„ู’ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑุทุฉ ุงู„ุฒู‘ูŽุงุฆูุฏูŽุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุฏ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ุฏููˆุฏ,"This is the saying of some of the Sufis but the majority do not apply this word to Allah, because passionate love is a love ex-ceeding the proper bounds, as for the Love of Allah then it has no end and cannot exceed the proper bounds. Passionate love is to be considered blameworthy without any exceptions, it is not to be praised when it is directed towards the Creator or created because it is a love that exceeds the proper bounds."
ูˆุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู…ู†ูุฑุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉุŒ ูˆูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู‚ุชุฑุงู†ู‡ุง ูˆุชุฃู„ูู‡ุง. ูุงู„ุจุตุฑ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุญุณู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆู‡ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุณู† ุชุฑุฌุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ.,"Sight perceives each one of the properties in each one of the forms singly, and it perceives them in composition, and perceives their conjunction and harmony. It therefore perceives beauty in various ways, all of which reduce to perception of the particular properties."
ูˆูŽุฃูŽูŠู’ุถู‹ุง ููŽุฅูู† ู„ูุธ ุงู„ู’ุนูุดู’ู‚ ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠุณู’ุชูŽุนู’ู…ู„ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ุนุฑู ูููŠ ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ุฅูู†ู’ุณูŽุงู† ู„ุงู…ู’ุฑูŽุฃูŽุฉ ุฃูŽูˆ ุตุจูŠ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุณู’ุชูŽุนู’ู…ู„ ูููŠ ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ูƒู…ุญุจุฉ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู‡ู’ู„ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุฌุงู‡ ูˆู…ุญุจุฉ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู†ู’ุจููŠูŽุงุก ูˆูŽุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุงู„ูุญููŠู†ูŽ,"This is also true because the word โ€˜passionate loveโ€™ is only employed with regards to a man loving a woman or child (or vice versa), it is not employed in things such as the love of oneโ€™s family, property or status, just as it is not employed with regards to the love of the Prophets and the righteous."
ูุฃู…ุง ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ู…ู†ูุฑุฏุฉ ูˆุฃุนู†ูŠ ุจู‚ูˆู„ูŠ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ุฃูŠ ุชุคุซุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุงุณุชุญุณุงู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุจุงู„ูŠุณูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„.,That it is these particular properties that separately produce beauty โ€” and by โ€˜producing beautyโ€™ I mean that they produce in the soul an effect such that the form appears beautiful โ€” will be evident from a brief consideration.
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ. ูˆู„ูŠุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุนู„ุฉ ุชุณุชุญุณู† ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ู‡ุง ูˆุชุฑูˆู‚ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุง ุจุณุจุจู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆุฅุดุฑุงู‚ู‡. ูุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ูุฑุงุฏู‡ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†.,"For light produces beauty, and thus the sun, the moon, and the stars look beautiful, without there being in them a cause on account of which their form looks beautiful and appealing other than their radiant light. Therefore, light by itself produces beauty."
ูˆุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู„ุฃุฑุฌูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูุฑููŠุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฒุฑุนูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุฑุฏูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุตุนูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุฃุดุจุงู‡ู‡ุง ุชุฑูˆู‚ ุงู„ู†ุงุธุฑ ูˆูŠู„ุชุฐ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.,"Colour also produces beauty. For every bright colour, such as purple, purpure, vegetable-green, rose, saโ€™wT-red, and the like, appeal to the beholder and please the eye."
ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ู‚ุฑูˆู† ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุจูุงู„ู’ููุนู’ู„ู ุงู„ู’ู…ุญุฑู… ุฅูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุจู…ุญุจุฉ ุงู…ู’ุฑูŽุฃูŽุฉ ุฃูŽุฌู’ู†ูŽุจููŠู‘ูŽุฉ ุฃูŽูˆ ุตุจูŠ ูŠู‚ู’ุชูŽุฑู† ุจูู‡ู ุงู„ู†ู‘ุธุฑ ุงู„ู’ู…ุญุฑู… ูˆุงู„ู„ู…ุณ ุงู„ู’ู…ุญุฑู… ูˆูŽุบูŠุฑ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูู’ุนูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุญุฑู…ูŽุฉ,"Commonly, you will find this word being mentioned alongside a forbidden action, such as loving the woman who is not lawful for him, or loving a child joined with the unlawful glance and touch and other such unlawful actions."
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุชุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ู…ุตู†ุนุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุซูŠุงุจ ูˆุงู„ูุฑูˆุด ูˆุงู„ุขู„ุงุช ูˆุชุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุฃุฒู‡ุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถ. ูุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ูุฑุงุฏู‡ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†.,"Similarly, dyed clothes and covers and utensils, also flowers, blossoms and meadows, are felt to be beautiful. Therefore colour by itself produces beauty."
ูˆูŽุฃู…ุง ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ู„ุงู…ู’ุฑูŽุฃูŽุชู‡ ุฃูŽูˆ ุณุฑูŠุชู‡ ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุชุฎุฑุฌู‡ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุนุฏู’ู„ ุจูุญูŽูŠู’ุซู ูŠูุนู„ ู„ุฃูŽุฌู„ู‡ูŽุง ู…ูŽุง ู„ูŽุง ูŠุญู„ ูˆูŽูŠุชู’ุฑูƒ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุฌุจ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงู„ู’ูˆูŽุงู‚ูุน ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ูŠุธู„ู… ุงุจู’ู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู…ู’ุฑูŽุฃูŽุชู‡ ุงู„ุนุชูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู…ุญุจุชู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูˆูŽุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ูŠูุนู„ ู…ู† ู…ุทุงู„ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฐู…ูˆู…ุฉ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุถุฑู‘ู‡ู ูููŠ ุฏูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุฏู†ูŠุงู‡,"As for the love of a man for his wife or slave-girl which leads him out of the folds of justice such that he does unlawful things for her and leaves what is obligatory โ€“ as commonly happens โ€“ even to the extent that he may oppress his son born of his old wife due to this love of his new wife, or to the extent that he will do things to keep her happy that would harm his religion and worldly life."
ูˆุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุนุฑุถ. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ูˆุดูˆู… ูˆุบุถูˆู† ูˆู…ุณุงู… ุชุดูŠู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุชุดุนุซ ุญุณู†ู‡ุง.,"Distance, too, may produce beauty by accident. For some apparently beautiful forms may have marks, wrinkles, or pores that mar them and perturb their beauty."
ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ูŽุนู’ุฑููˆู ู…ู† ุฑููˆูŽุงูŠูŽุฉ ูŠุญูŠู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŽุชู‘ูŽุงุช ุนูŽู† ู…ูุฌูŽุงู‡ูุฏ ุนูŽู† ุงุจู’ู† ุนูŽุจู‘ูŽุงุณ ู…ูŽุฑู’ูููˆุนุง ูˆูŽูููŠู‡ ู†ุธุฑ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุญู’ุชูŽุฌ ุจูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง,This hadith is known to be the report of Yahya al-Qatat from Mujahid from Ibn โ€˜Abbas from the Prophet (s|g) but it is prob-lematic and such a hadith is not to be depended upon.
ู„ูŽูƒูู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุนู’ู„ููˆู… ุจุฃุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ุดู‘ูŽุฑู’ุน ุฃูŽู†ู‡ ุฅูุฐุง ุนู ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู’ู…ูุญุฑู…ูŽุงุช ู†ุธุฑุง ูˆู‚ูˆู„ุง ูˆูŽุนูŽู…ู„ุง ูˆูƒุชู… ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ููŽู„ู… ูŠุชูŽูƒูŽู„ู‘ูŽู… ุจูู‡ู ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ู„ูŽุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูููŠ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ูƒูŽู„ูŽุงู… ู…ุญุฑู… ุงู…ุง ุดูƒูˆู‰ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฎู’ู„ููˆู‚ ูˆูŽุฅูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุฅูุธู’ู‡ูŽุงุฑ ููŽุงุญูุดูŽุฉ ูˆูŽุฅูู…ู‘ูŽุง ู†ูˆุน ุทู„ุจ ู„ู„ู…ุนุดูˆู‚ ูˆุตุจุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูŽุงุนูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุนูŽู† ู…ูŽุนู’ุตููŠูŽุชู‡ ูˆุนูŽู„ู‰ ู…ูŽุง ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุฃู„ู… ุงู„ู’ุนูุดู’ู‚,"But it is known from the evidences of the Shan ah that if one were to hold hack from performing that which is unlawful, be it looking, speaking or acdng, and he conceals this and does not articulate it so as not to fall into that which is prohibited and he is patient in his obedience to Allah and keeping away from disobedience to Allah, despite the pain that his heart feels due to passionate love,"
ู„ุฃู† ุญุณู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุชู‚ูˆูŠู… ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ูˆู…ู† ุชุฃู„ูŠู ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุจุจุนุถ. ูุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุชุฃู„ูŠู ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ูˆุชุฑุชูŠุจู‡ุง ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุงู‹ ู…ุชู†ุงุณุจุงู‹ ูู„ูŠุณ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุญุฑูˆูู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ูุฑุงุฏู‡ุง ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ู…ู‚ูˆู…ุฉ.,"For the beauty of writing is due only to the soundness of the shapes of letters and their composition among themselves, so that when the composition and order of the letters is not regular and proportionate the writing will not be beautiful, even though the shapes of individual letters may be correct and sound."
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุชุฃู„ูŠูู‡ ุชุฃู„ูŠูุงู‹ ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุงู‹ ูˆุฅู† ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุญุฑูˆูู‡ ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ูˆูŠู…. ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ุฅู†ู…ุง ุชุญุณู† ูˆุชุฑูˆู‚ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชุฃู„ูŠู ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆู‡ุง ูˆุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุจุนุถ.,"Indeed, writing is considered beautiful when of regular composition, even though the letters in it are not quite sound. Similarly, many forms of visible objects are felt to be beautiful and appealing only because of the composition and order of their parts among themselves."
ูˆุงู„ุชุฌุณู… ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุฎุตุจุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆุฃุดุฎุงุต ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†.,"Solidity produces beauty, and thus the full-grown bodies of individual human beings and of many animals are considered beautiful."
ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠุตุจุฑ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุตูŽุงุจ ุนูŽู† ุฃู„ู… ุงู„ู’ู…ูุตููŠุจูŽุฉ ููŽุฅูู† ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽู† ุงุชู‘ูŽู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุตุจุฑ ูˆูŽู…ู† ูŠุชู‚ ูˆูŠุตุจุฑ ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูŽุง ูŠุถูŠุน ุฃุฌุฑ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุญู’ุณูู†ููŠู†ูŽ ูŠููˆุณูู,"(similar to the case of the one who is patient through a calamity), then indeed this person would gain the same reward as those who have feared Allah and been patient.  Verily, he who fears Allah and is patient, then surely Allah makes not the reward of the doers of good to be lost. [Surah Yusuf (12) : 90]"
ูˆุงู„ุดูƒู„ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ู‡ู„ุงู„. ูˆุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆุฃุดุฎุงุต ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุดุฌุฑ ูˆุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุฅู†ู…ุง ุชุณุชุญุณู† ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ู‡ุง ูˆุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ.,"Shape produces beauty, and thus a crescent moon looks beautiful. The beautiful forms of individual human beings and of many individual animals, trees and plants look beautiful only on account of their shapes and the shapes of the parts of [their] form."
ูˆุงู„ุนุธู… ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุตุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูˆุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ูƒุจุงุฑ ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ.,"Size produces beauty, and that is why the moon is more beautiful than any one of the stars, and the larger stars are more beautiful than the smaller."
ูˆุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑู‚ุฉ ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุทุฎุงุช ูˆุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุฉ. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจูŠุญ ูˆุงู„ุดู…ูˆุน ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑู‚ุฉ ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุฉ. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฒู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถ ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุฑุงุต.,"Separateness produces beauty. Thus dispersed stars are more beautiful than nebulae and the Milky Way. And that is also why separated lamps or candles are more beautiful than a continuously collected fire. For this reason, too, blossoms and flowers dispersed in meadows look more beautiful than when they are gathered and crowded together."
ูˆูŽู‡ูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽุง ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽุณูŽุฏ ูˆูŽุบูŽูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููููˆุณ ูˆูŽุฅูุฐุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽูุณ ุชุทู„ุจ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุจุบุถู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ููŠู†ู‡ุงู‡ุง ุฎุดูŠูŽุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽู† ุฏุฎู„ ูููŠ ู‚ูŽูˆู’ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุฒุนุงุช ูˆูŽุฃู…ุง ู…ู† ุฎูŽุงููŽ ู…ู‚ูŽุงู… ุฑุจู‡ ูˆูŽู†ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽูุณ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู’ู‡ูˆู‰ ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู’ุฌู†ู‘ูŽุฉ ู‡ููŠูŽ ุงู„ู…ุฃูˆู‰,"This holds true for the disease of envy and all other sicknesses that afflict the heart. So when the soul pursues that which would anger Allah, and the person prevents himself from this, fearing Allah, then he is included in His saying, But as for him who feared the standing before His Lord, and restrained himself from impure evil desires, and lusts. Verily, Paradise will be his abode. [Surah Nafiat (79) : 40-41]"
ูˆุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูƒุงุซูุฉ ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุทุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ู…ุชูุฑู‚. ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถ ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฃู„ูˆุงู†ู‡ุง ูุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃุญุณู†. ูˆุงู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ูู‚ุท.,"Continuity produces beauty. Thus meadows with continuous and dense vegetation are more beautiful than those in which the vegetation is interrupted and discontinuous. And of the meadows that look beautiful because of their colours, those which are continuous are more beautiful than the others. The additional beauty in these is produced by continuity alone."
ููŽุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽูู’ุณ ุฅูุฐุง ุฃุญุจุช ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ุณุนุช ูููŠ ุญูุตููˆู„ู‡ ุจูู…ูŽุง ูŠูู…ูƒู† ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ุชุณู’ุนูŽู‰ ูููŠ ุฃูู…ููˆุฑ ูƒูŽุซููŠุฑูŽุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ู‡ูŽุง ู…ู‚ุงู…ุงุช ู„ุชูู„ู’ูƒ ุงู„ู’ุบูŽุงูŠูŽุฉ ููŽู…ู† ุงุญุจ ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ู…ุฐู…ูˆู…ุฉ ุฃูŽูˆ ุฃุจู’ุบุถ ุจุบุถุง ู…ุฐู…ูˆู…ุง ูˆูŽูุนู„ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุขุซูู…ุง,"When the soul loves Something, it will do all that it can to attain it, so the One who does this out of having a blameworthy love or hatred then this action of his would be sinful."
ู…ุซู„ ุฃูŽู† ูŠุจุบุถ ุดุฎุตุง ู„ุญุณุฏู‡ ู„ูŽู‡ู ููŠุคุฐูŠ ู…ู† ู„ูŽู‡ู ุจูู‡ู ุชุนู„ู‚ ุฅูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุจูู…ูŽู†ู’ุน ุญูู‚ููˆู‚ู‡ ุฃูŽูˆ ุจุนุฏูˆุงู† ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูู… ุฃูŽูˆ ู„ู…ุญุจุฉ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู„ู‡ูˆุงู‡ ู…ูŽุนูŽู‡ ููŠูุนู„ ู„ุฃูŽุฌู„ู‡ ู…ูŽุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ุญุฑู… ุฃูŽูˆ ู…ูŽุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ูŽุฃู’ู…ููˆุฑ ุจูู‡ู ู„ู„ู‡ ููŠูุนู„ู‡ ู„ุฃุฌู„ ู‡ูŽูˆูŽุงู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ู„ู„ู‡,"For example his hating a person due to envying him and thereby harming whosoever is linked to that person โ€“ either by preventing his rights or by showing them enmity, or his doing something that is commanded by Allah but he does it due to his desires and not for the sake of Allah."
ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูู‡ ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ูƒูŽุซููŠุฑูŽุฉ ูููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ููููˆุณ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฅูู†ู’ุณูŽุงู† ู‚ุฏ ูŠุจุบุถ ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ููŠุจุบุถ ู„ุฃูŽุฌู„ู‡ ุฃู…ูˆุฑุง ูƒูŽุซููŠุฑูŽุฉ ุจูู…ูุฌูŽุฑู‘ูŽุฏ ุงู„ู’ูˆูŽู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ุฎูŠุงู„ ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ูŠุญุจ ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ููŠุญุจ ู„ุฃูŽุฌู„ู‡ ุฃู…ูˆุฑุง ูƒูŽุซููŠุฑูŽุฉ ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ู’ูˆูŽู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ุฎูŠุงู„ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุดูŽุงุนูุฑู‡ู…ู’ ุฃุญุจ ู„ุญุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุณูˆุฏูŽุงู† ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ุฃุญุจ ู„ุญุจู‡ุง ุณูˆุฏ ุงู„ู’ูƒู„ุงุจ,"These types of sicknesses are commonly found in the heart. The person can hate something and due to this hate, love a great many things due to mere whims and fancies. As one poet affected by this said, Tor the sake of a Sudanese girl he loved Sudan to the point that he loved the black dogs due to his love of her. So he loved a black girl, and therefore loved all types of black even the blackness of dogs!"
ูู‚ุฏ ุฃูŽุญุณุจ ุณูŽูˆู’ุฏูŽุงุก ููŽุฃุญุจ ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ุณูˆูŽุงุฏ ุญูŽุชู‘ูŽู‰ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ูƒู„ุงุจ ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ูƒูู„ู‡ ู…ุฑุถ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ูููŠ ุชุตูŽูˆุฑู‡ ูˆุฅุฑุงุฏุชู‡ ูู†ุณุฃู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู† ูŠุนุงูู‰ ู‚ูู„ููˆุจู†ูŽุง ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุฏูŽุงุก ูˆู†ุนูˆุฐ ุจูุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽู‡ ู…ู† ู…ูู†ูƒุฑูŽุงุช ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุฎู’ู„ูŽุงู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‡ูˆุงุก,"All of this is a sickness in the heart with regards to its imagination, fantasies and desires. We ask Allah that He eliminate all of the illnesses from our hearts, and we seek refuge with Allah from evil manners, desires and sicknesses."
ูˆุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถุน ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถุน ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุชุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจูŠุญ ูˆุงู„ุดู…ูˆุน ุฅุฐุง ุงุฌุชู…ุน ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนุฏุฏ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ูˆุถุน ูˆุงุญุฏ.,"Number produces beauty, and so portions of the sky with many stars are more beautiful than those with few stars. And for this reason, too, lamps and candles look beautiful when many of them are gathered in one place."
ูˆุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุฑู‚ุต ูˆุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฑุงู‚ุต ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ูˆุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ููŠ ูƒู„ุงู…ู‡ ูˆุฃูุนุงู„ู‡.,"Motion produces beauty; hence the beauty of dancing, and of the movements of the dancer, and of many of the gestures and movements of man in speech and in action."
ูˆุงู„ุณูƒูˆู† ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุณู…ุช.,"Rest produces beauty, and therefore gravity and staidness appear beautiful."
ูˆุงู„ุฎุดูˆู†ุฉ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุฎุดู† ู…ู† ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซูŠุงุจ ูˆุงู„ูุฑูˆุด. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุญุณู† ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูŠุงุบุงุช ุจุฃู† ุชุฎุดู† ูˆุฌูˆู‡ู‡ุง ูˆุชุญุฑุด.,Roughness produces beauty. Thus many rough clothes and covers look beautiful; and for this reason many of the goldsmithโ€™s artifacts become beautiful by having their surfaces roughened and textured.
ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ุงุณุฉ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุตู‚ุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุซูŠุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุขู„ุงุช.,"Smoothness produces beauty, and therefore it is beautiful in cloth and utnsils."
ูˆุงู„ุดููŠู ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุณุชุญุณู† ุงู„ุฌูˆุงู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดูุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดูุฉ.,"Transparency produces beauty, and therefore transparent precious stones and transparent utensils are felt to be beautiful."
ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุก ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู…ูŽุง ุฎู„ู‚ ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุญุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูู‡ ุงู„ู’ูุทู’ุฑูŽุฉ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ูุทุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูŽุง ุนุจุงุฏู‡ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุจููŠ (ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุณู„ู…) ูƒู„ ู…ูŽูˆู’ู„ููˆุฏ ูŠููˆู„ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู’ูุทู’ุฑูŽุฉ ููŽุฃูŽุจูŽูˆูŽุงู‡ู ูŠูู‡ูŽูˆู‘ูุฏูŽุงู†ูู‡ู ุฃูŽูˆ ูŠู†ุตุฑูŽุงู†ูู‡ู ุฃูŽูˆ ูŠูู…ูŽุฌู‘ูุณูŽุงู†ูู‡ู ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ุชู†ู’ุชุฌ ุงู„ู’ุจูŽู‡ููŠู…ูŽุฉ ุจูŽู‡ููŠู…ูŽุฉ ุฌูŽู…ู’ุนูŽุงุก ู‡ูŽู„ ุชูุญูุณู‘ููˆู†ูŽ ูููŠู‡ูŽุง ู…ู† ุฌูŽุฏู’ุนูŽุงุก,"The heart has only been created for the worship of Allah, and this is the natural disposition ifitrah) upon which Allah created His servants as the Prophet (j|g) said, Every new-born child is born upon the natural disposition and it is his parents that make him a Jew, Christian or a Magian, as an animal produces a perfect young animal, do you see any part of its body amputated?"
ูˆุงู„ูƒุซุงูุฉ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุชุฎุทูŠุท ูˆุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู„ูŠุณ ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู„ุง ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ูƒุซุงูุฉ.,"Opacity produces beauty, for colours, lights, shapes, outlines, and all beautiful-looking features that are seen in the forms of visible objects are perceptible to sight only on account of opacity."
ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ุฃูŽุจููˆ ู‡ูุฑูŽูŠู’ุฑูŽุฉ ุฑูŽุถููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ุงู‚ู’ุฑูŽุกููˆุง ุฅูู† ุดูุฆู’ุชูู… ุงู„ุฑู‘ูˆู… ูุทู’ุฑูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ูุทุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุณ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูŽุง ู„ูŽุง ุชูŽุจู’ุฏููŠู„ ู„ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃุฎุฑุฌู‡ ุงู„ุจูุฎูŽุงุฑููŠู‘ ูˆูŽู…ูุณู„ู…,"Then Abu Hurayrah, (radijAllahu (anhu), said, reci te if you wish the saying of Allah, The Ftfrah of Allah with which He has created mankind. No change is there in the creation of Allah. [Surah Rum (30) : 30]"
ูˆุงู„ุธู„ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ูˆุดูˆู… ูˆุบุถูˆู† ูˆู…ุณุงู… ู„ุทูŠูุฉ ุชุดูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆุชูƒุณู ุญุณู†ู‡ุง.,"Shadow causes beauty to appear, for many of the forms of visible objects have in them minute marks, wrinkles or pores which mar them and eclipse their beauty."
ููŽุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณูุจู’ุญูŽุงู†ูŽู‡ู ูุทุฑ ุนุจุงุฏู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุญุจุชู‡ ูˆุนุจุงุฏุชู‡ ูˆูŽุญุฏู‡ ููŽุฅูุฐุง ุชุฑูƒุช ุงู„ู’ูุทู’ุฑูŽุฉ ุจูู„ูŽุง ููŽุณูŽุงุฏ ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุนูŽุงุฑููู‹ุง ุจูุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽู‡ ู…ุญุจุง ู„ูŽู‡ู ูˆูŽุญุฏู‡,"So Allah has made the natural disposition of His servants to love Him and worship Him Alone, so if the natural disposition was to be left as it is without corrupting it, then it Would be cognizant of Allah, loving Him Alone;"
ูุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุธู‡ุฑุช ุงู„ูˆุดูˆู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ูุชุฎูู‰ ู…ุญุงุณู†ู‡ุง.,"So that when these objects are placed in the sunโ€™s light or in some other strong lights, their marks and pores will be visible, thus causing their beautiful features to disappear."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุธู„ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ ุฎููŠุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุดูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุบุถูˆู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุดุงู†ุชู‡ุง ูุชุธู‡ุฑ ู…ุญุงุณู†ู‡ุง. ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุฒูŠุญ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุฃุฑูŠุงุด ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุฃุจุงู‚ู„ู…ูˆู† ุฅู†ู…ุง ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุธู„ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ู†ูƒุณุฑุฉ.,"But when placed in the shadow or in faint lights their beautiful features become manifest as a result of the disappearance of those marring marks, wrinkles or pores. Again, the rainbow colours that appear in birdsโ€™ feathers and in the species called abu qalamun only become visible in shadow or in subdued lights."
ู„ูŽูƒูู† ุชูู’ุณุฏ ูุทุฑุชู‡ ู…ู† ู…ูŽุฑุถู‡ ูƒุฃุจูˆูŠู‡ ูŠูู‡ูŽูˆู‘ูุฏูŽุงู†ูู‡ู ุฃูŽูˆ ูŠู†ุตุฑูŽุงู†ูู‡ู ูˆูŽู‡ูŽุฐูู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ูŽุง ุชุบูŠุฑ ูุทุฑุชู‡ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุชููŠ ูุทุฑู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽุฅูู† ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ุจูู‚ูŽุถูŽุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽู‚ุฏุฑู‡ ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠูุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู’ุจุฏู† ุจุงู„ุฌุฏุน ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ูุทู’ุฑูŽุฉ ุฅูุฐุง ูŠุณุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ู„ูŽู‡ูŽุง ู…ู† ูŠุณู’ุนูŽู‰ ูููŠ ุฅูุนูŽุงุฏูŽุชู‡ูŽุง ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู’ูุทู’ุฑูŽุฉ,"but the natural disposition does become corrupted due to the sickness of the heart โ€“ such as the parents making it a Jew or a Christian โ€“ even though this be by the Will and Predecree of Allah, just like the body is altered by amputation. But even after this it is possible for the heart to return to the natural disposition if Allah makes this easy for the one who does his utmost to return it to the natural disposition."
ูˆูŽุงู„ุฑุณู„ ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ูู… ูˆูŽุณู„ู… ุจุนุซูˆุง ู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ู’ูุทู’ุฑูŽุฉ ูˆุชูƒู…ูŠู„ู‡ุง ู„ูŽุง ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู’ูุทู’ุฑูŽุฉ ูˆูŽุชูŽุญู’ูˆููŠู„ู‡ูŽุง ูˆูŽุฅูุฐุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ู…ุญุจุง ู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุญุฏู‡ ู…ุฎู„ุตุง ู„ูŽู‡ู ุงู„ุฏู‘ูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠุจุชู„ ุจุญุจ ุบูŽูŠุฑู‡ ูุถู„ุง ุฃูŽู† ูŠุจุชู„ู‰ ุจุงู„ุนุดู‚ ูˆูŽุญูŽูŠู’ุซู ุงุจุชู„ู‰ ุจุงู„ุนุดู‚ ูู„ู†ู‚ุต ู…ุญุจุชู‡ ู„ู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุญุฏู‡,"The Messengers were sent to affirm and re-establish the natural disposition and to perfect it, not to alter it. So when the heart loves Allah Alone, making the religion sincerely for Him, it will not be tried by the love of anyone else, not to mention be tried with passionate love because were it to be afflicted with passionate love then this would diminish its loving Allah alone."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุฎููŠุช ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุฒูŠุญ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงุณู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุธู„ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ู†ูƒุณุฑุฉ.,But when placed in sunlight or in other strong lights those rainbow colours and beautiful features which were visible in shadow and in subdued light become invisible.
ูˆุงู„ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฅู†ู…ุง ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุธู„ุงู…. ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจูŠุญ ูˆุงู„ุดู…ูˆุน ูˆุงู„ู†ูŠุฑุงู† ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุญุณู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุณูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถุน ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุญุณู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุถูˆุก ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ. ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ู…ุฑุฉ.,"Darkness causes beauty to appear. For the stars are visible only in darkness. And, similarly, the beauty of lamps, candles and fires only appears in the darkness of night or in darkened places, but not in daylight or in strong lights. And the stars are more beautiful in dark nights than in moonlit nights."
ูˆุงู„ุชุดุงุจู‡ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุชุญุณู† ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ.,Similarity produces beauty. For paired organs of an animal are beautiful only when they are similar.
ูุฅู† ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠู† ุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุชูŠ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ู…ุง ู…ุณุชุฏูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„ุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจุญ. ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.,"Thus if the eyes are of different shapes, as when one is round and the other elongated, they will be extremely ugly. They will also be found ugly if one is black and the other blue, and likewise if one is larger than the other."
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุฌู†ุชุงู† ุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ู† ุฌุงุญุธุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุบุงุฆุฑุฉ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจุญ.,"And, again, if one cheek is sunken and the other bulging, both will look extremely ugly."
ูˆูŽู„ูู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ู„ู…ุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ูŠููˆุณูู ู…ุญุจุง ู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุฎู„ุตุง ู„ูŽู‡ู ุงู„ุฏู‘ูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠุจุชู„ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุจู„ ู‚ูŽุงู„ูŽ ุชูŽุนูŽุงู„ูŽู‰ ูŠููˆุณูู ูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒ ู„ู†ุตุฑู ุนูŽู†ู‡ู ุงู„ุณูˆุก ูˆุงู„ูุญุดุงุก ุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ ู…ู† ุนุจุงุฏู†ูŽุง ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ุตูŠู†,"This is why when Yusuf was tried with this passionate love (directed to him) his love of Allah Alone, making the religion sincerely for him, did not allow him to be overcome by this, rather Allah said, Thus it was, that We might turn away from him evil and illegal sexual intercourse. Surely he was one of Our chosen, guided slaves. [Surah Yusuf (12) : 24]"
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุจุงู† ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ุบู„ูŠุธุงู‹ ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุงู‹ ูƒุงู†ุง ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจุญ. ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ุทูˆูŠู„ุงู‹ ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุงู‹ ูƒุงู†ุง ู…ุณุชู‚ุจุญูŠู†. ูุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงู† ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุชุญุณู† ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ.,"In the same way, eyebrows are extremely ugly if one is thick and the other narrow; they will also look ugly if one is long and the other short. Thus all paired organs of animals are beautiful only when they are similar."
ูˆูŽุฃู…ุง ุงู…ู’ุฑูŽุฃูŽุฉ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽุฒููŠุฒ ููŽูƒูŽุงู†ูŽุช ู…ูุดุฑูƒูŽุฉ ู‡ููŠูŽ ูˆู‚ูˆู…ู‡ุง ููŽู„ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุงุจู’ุชู„ูŠุช ุจุงู„ุนุดู‚ ูˆูŽู…ูŽุง ูŠุจุชู„ู‰ ุจุงู„ุนุดู‚ ุฃุญุฏ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ู„ู†ูŽู‚ุต ุชูˆุญูŠุฏู‡ ูˆุฅูŠู…ุงู†ู‡ ูˆูŽุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ูุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ู’ู…ูู†ููŠุจ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽุงุฆูู ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ูููŠู‡ู ุตูŽุงุฑ ููŽุฅูู† ูŠุตุฑูุงู†ู‡ ุนูŽู† ุงู„ู’ุนูุดู’ู‚,"As for the wife of al-โ€˜Aziz, it was because she was and her nation were polytheists that she was afflicted with passionate love. No one, is afflicted with passionate love except that this diminishes his singling ou t Allah Alone for worship and his faith. The heart that repents to Allah, fearing Him, has two routes by which it can remove this passionate love:"
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูˆุด ูˆุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุชุญุณู† ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ.,"Again, designs and the letters of a script are beautiful only when identical letters or parts are similar."
ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุกุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุชุญุณู† ุฅู„ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู.,"Dissimilarity produces beauty. For the shapes of animalsโ€™ organs are of dissimilar parts, and without this dissimilarity they would cease to be beautiful."
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู†ู ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุธ ุฃูˆู„ู‡ ู…ุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุธ ู„ุขุฎุฑู‡ ู„ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจุญ. ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุญุณู†ู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุจุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุทุฑููŠู‡ ูˆุงู†ุฎุฑุงุทู‡.,A nose [e.g.] would look very ugly if it were of equal thickness from beginning to end; its beauty is only due to the difference between its ends and to its conical shape.
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุจุงู† ู„ูŠุณ ุญุณู†ู‡ู…ุง ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุทุฑูุงู‡ู…ุง ุฃุฏู‚ ู…ู† ุจู‚ูŠุชู‡ู…ุง. ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุฅุฐุง ุชุคู…ู„ุช ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุญุณู†ู‡ุง ุฅู†ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุฃุฌุฒุงุฆู‡ุง.,"Likewise, eyebrows are beautiful only when they are narrower at the ends than elsewhere. When all the organs of animals are examined, their beauty will be found to be due to the difference in the shapes of their parts."
ุฃูŽุญุฏู‡ู…ูŽุง ุฅู†ุงุจุชู‡ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู…ุญุจุชู‡ ู„ูŽู‡ู ููŽุฅูู† ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุฃู„ุฐ ูˆูŽุฃุทูŠุจ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ููŽู„ูŽุง ุชุจู‚ู‰ ู…ูŽุนูŽ ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ู…ูŽุฎู’ู„ููˆู‚ ุชุฒุงุญู…ู‡ ูˆูŽุงู„ุซู‘ูŽุงู†ููŠ ุฎูŽูˆูู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽูˆู’ู ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ู„ู„ุนุดู‚ ูŠุตุฑูู‡ู ูˆูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงุญุจ ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ุจุนุดู‚ ุฃูŽูˆ ุจูุบูŽูŠู’ุฑ ุนุดู‚ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ูŠุตุฑู ุนูŽู† ู…ุญุจุชู‡ ุจู…ุญุจุฉ ู…ูŽุง ู‡ููˆูŽ ุงุญุจ ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ุฅูุฐุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ูŠุฒุงุญู…ู‡,"1) Repenting to Allah and loving Him, for indeed this is more satisfying and purer than anything else, and nothing will be left to love along side Allah.
2) Fearing Allah, for indeed fear is the opposite of passionate love and removes it
So everyone who loves something, with passion or otherwise, then this love can be removed by loving that which is more beloved to compete with it."
ูˆูŠู†ุตุฑู ุนูŽู† ู…ุญุจุชู‡ ุจุฎูˆู ุญูุตููˆู„ ุถูŽุฑูŽุฑ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุจุบุถ ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ู…ู† ุชุฑูƒ ุฐูŽุงูƒ ุงู„ู’ุญุจู‘ ููŽุฅูุฐุง ูƒูŽุงู†ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงุญุจ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงู„ุนูŽุจู’ุฏ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ูˆุฃุฎูˆู ุนูู†ู’ุฏู‡ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุดูŽูŠู’ุก ู„ู… ูŠุญุตู„ ู…ูŽุนูŽู‡ ุนุดู‚ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ู…ุฒุงุญู…ุฉ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุนูู†ู’ุฏ ุบูŽูู„ูŽุฉ ุฃูŽูˆ ุนูู†ู’ุฏ ุถุนู ู‡ูŽุฐูŽุง ุงู„ู’ุญุจู‘ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฎูŽูˆู’ู ุจุชุฑูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู’ูˆูŽุงุฌูุจูŽุงุช ูˆูŽูุนู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู’ู…ูุญุฑู…ูŽุงุช,"This love can also be removed by fearing the occurrence of a harm that is more hateful to one than leaving this love. So when Allah is more beloved to the servant than anything else, and more feared by him than anything else, then he will not fall into passionate love or find any love that would compete with his love of Allah, except in the case of negligence or at a time when this love and fear has become weak by his leaving some of the obligatory duties and by performing some of the prohibited actions."
ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ู’ุฅููŠู…ูŽุงู† ูŠุฒููŠุฏ ุจูุงู„ุทู‘ูŽุงุนูŽุฉู ูˆูŽูŠู†ู’ู‚ุต ุจุงู„ู…ุนุตูŠุฉ ููŽูƒู„ู…ุง ูุนู„ ุงู„ุนูŽุจู’ุฏ ุงู„ุทู‘ูŽุงุนูŽุฉ ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุฎูˆูุง ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ู’ู…ุนู’ุตููŠูŽุฉ ุญุจุง ู„ูŽู‡ู ูˆุฎูˆูุง ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ู‚ูˆู‰ ุญุจู‡ ู„ูŽู‡ู ูˆุฎูˆูู‡ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ููŠุฒูŠู„ ู…ูŽุง ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ู…ู† ู…ุญุจู‘ูŽุฉ ุบูŽูŠุฑู‡ ูˆู…ุฎุงูุฉ ุบูŽูŠุฑู‡,"For indeed faith increases with obedience and decreases with disobedience, so each time a servant obeys Allah out of love and fear, and leaves a prohibited action out of love and fear, his love and fear becomes stronger, and any love or fear of anything else besides Allah will disappear from his heart."
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูˆุด ูˆุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ู„ูˆ ุชุณุงูˆุช ุฃุฌุฒุงุคู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุธ ู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ.,"And, similarly, designs and the letters of a script will not look beautiful if their parts are of equal thickness."
ูˆูŽู‡ูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽุง ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุจุฏูŽุงู† ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ุตู‘ูุญู‘ูŽุฉ ุชุญูุธ ุจูุงู„ู’ู…ุซู„ู ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุฑูŽุถ ูŠุฏู’ูุน ุจุงู„ุถุฏ ูุตุญุฉ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุจูุงู„ู’ุฅููŠู…ูŽุงู† ุชุญูุธ ุจูุงู„ู’ู…ุซู„ู ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ู…ูŽุง ูŠููˆุฑุซ ุงู„ู’ู‚ู„ุจ ุฅููŠู…ูŽุงู†ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ุงูุน ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุงู„ุญ ููŽุชู„ูƒ ุฃุบุฐูŠุฉ ู„ูŽู‡ู ูƒูŽู…ูŽุง ูููŠ ุญูŽุฏููŠุซ ุงุจู’ู† ู…ูŽุณู’ุนููˆุฏ ู…ูŽุฑู’ูููˆุนุง ูˆู…ูˆู‚ูˆูุง,"The same is true for the sickness of the body: for the health of the body is preserved by the same, and the sickness is repressed by the opposite. The correctness of the faith in the heart is preserved by its like, meaning that which would breed faith in the heart from the beneficial knowledge and righteous action for these are its nourishment as occurs in the hadith of Ibn Masโ€™ud, reported as his saying and as a hadith of the Messenger"
ุฅูู† ูƒู„ ุขุฏุจ ูŠุญุจ ุฃูŽู† ุชูุคู’ุชู‰ ู…ุฃุฏุจุชู‡ ูˆูŽุฅูู† ู…ุฃุฏุจุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู‡ููŠูŽ ุงู„ู’ู‚ูุฑู’ุขู†,"Indeed every host loves that people come to his table spread, and indeed the table spread of Allah is the Qurโ€™an. So the Qurโ€™an is the table spread of Allah."
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุฃุทุฑุงู ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ูˆุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู‚ุงุช ุฅู†ู…ุง ุชุญุณู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุณุชุฏู‚ุฉ ูˆุฃุฏู‚ ู…ู† ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู.,"For the extremities of letters and the ends of their deep curves are beautiful only when they are narrow, that is, narrower than the remaining parts of the letters."
ูˆู„ูˆ ุชุณุงูˆุช ุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ูˆุฃูˆุณุงุทู‡ุง ูˆุฃูˆุงุฆู„ู‡ุง ูˆูˆุตูˆู„ู‡ุง ูˆุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุธ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉุŒ ู„ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฎุท ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจุญ. ูุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ู‚ุฏ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช.,"A script would be very ugly if its letters were of equal thickness and of the same shape at their ends, middles, beginnings, junctions and joints. Dissimilarity therefore produces beauty in many of the forms of visible objects."
ูˆุงู„ุขุฏุจ ุงู„ู…ุถูŠู ููŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุถููŠูŽุงููŽุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูุนูุจูŽุงุฏูู‡ู ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽูŠู’ู„ ูˆุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุฐูŽุงู† ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฅูู‚ูŽุงู…ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽูููŠ ุณูุฌููˆุฏู‡ ูˆูŽูููŠ ุฃุฏุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽู„ูŽูˆูŽุงุช ูˆูŽูŠุถู… ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุฐูŽู„ููƒ ุงู„ุงุณู’ุชูุบู’ููŽุงุฑ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ู…ู† ุงุณู’ุชุบู’ูุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุซู…ู‘ูŽ ุชูŽุงุจูŽ ุฅูู„ูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ู…ุชุนู‡ู ู…ูŽุชูŽุงุนุง ุญุณู†ุง ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุงุฌู„ ู…ูุณูŽู…ู‘ู‰ ูˆู„ูŠุชุฎุฐ ูˆุฑุฏุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุฐู’ูƒูŽุงุฑ ูููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุงุฑ ูˆูŽูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆู…,"From those things that nourish the heart are supplication at the end of the night, the times of Adhan and Iqamah, in his prostration, at the ends of the prayers  โ€“ add to this repentance. For indeed the one who repents to Allah and then in turn Allah forgives him, He will then give him enjoyment for an appointed time. That he takes to reciting the reported adhkdr for the day and at the time he sleeps."
ูˆู„ูŠุตุจุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŽุง ูŠุนุฑุถ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู…ู† ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽูˆูŽุงู†ูุน ูˆุงู„ุตูˆุงุฑู ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ูŠู„ุจุซ ุฃูŽู† ูŠูุคูŽูŠู‘ุฏู‡ู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจูุฑูˆุญ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ูˆูŽูŠูƒู’ุชุจ ุงู„ู’ุฅููŠู…ูŽุงู† ูููŠ ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ูˆู„ูŠุญุฑุต ุนู„ู‰ ุฅููƒู’ู…ูŽุงู„ ุงู„ู’ููŽุฑูŽุงุฆูุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽู„ูŽูˆูŽุงุช ุงู„ู’ุฎู…ุณ ุจุงุทู†ุฉ ูˆุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุง ุนูŽู…ููˆุฏ ุงู„ุฏู‘ูŠู†,"That he bears with patience what he is enticed with that would divert him from all of this, for Allah will immediately aid him with a spirit from Him and write faith in his heart. That he be eager to complete the obligatory duties such as the five prayers inwardly and outwardly for they are the pillars of the religion."
ูˆูŽู„ูŠูƒู† ู‡ุฌูŠุฑุงู‡ ู„ูŽุง ุญูˆู„ ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ู‚ููˆู‘ูŽุฉ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุจูุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽู‡ ููŽุฅูู†ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุง ุจู‡ูŽุง ุชุญู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุซู‚ุงู„ ูˆุชูƒุงุจุฏ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู‡ู’ูˆูŽุงู„ ูˆูŠู†ุงู„ ุฑููŠุน ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุญู’ูˆูŽุงู„,"That his words of recourse be for by them heavy burdens can be born, horrors can be overcome, and the servant be gifted with the best of conditions to live in."
ูู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู† ู…ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุงู‡ ุขู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏุฑูƒ ุจุญุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจูŠู†ุง ุชูุตูŠู„ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ูุฑุงุฏู‡. ูˆุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุฆุช ูˆุฌุฏ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุถุน ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ.,"It is therefore clear from what we have said that each of the particular visible properties we have shown in detail produces beauty by itself. If an inspection is made of them, every one of these properties will be found to produce beauty in many situations."
ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ูŠุณุฃู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู‘ูุนูŽุงุก ูˆุงู„ุทู„ุจ ููŽุฅูู† ุงู„ุนูŽุจู’ุฏ ูŠูุณู’ุชูŽุฌูŽุงุจ ู„ูŽู‡ู ู…ูŽุง ู„ู… ูŠุนุฌู„ ููŽูŠูŽู‚ููˆู„ ู‚ุฏ ุฏูŽุนูŽูˆู’ุช ูˆุฏุนูˆุช ููŽู„ู… ูŠุณุชุฌุจ ู„ูŠ ูˆู„ูŠุนู„ู… ุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุตู’ุฑ ู…ูŽุนูŽ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŽุจู’ุฑ ูˆูŽุฃูŽู† ุงู„ู’ูุฑุฌ ู…ูŽุนูŽ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจ ูˆูŽุฅูู† ู…ูŽุนูŽ ุงู„ู’ุนุณุฑ ูŠุณุฑุง,"That he should not give up the supplication and seeking help from Allah, for the servant will be answered as long as he is not hasty, saying I have supplicated and supplicated but I have not been answered. That he should know that help comes with patience, that relief comes after anxiety and distress, that after every period of difficulty there follows a period a period of ease."
ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณุชุฏู„ ุจูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุธุงุฆุฑู‡ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุชุทุฑู‚ ุจู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุก ุฃู…ุซุงู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ.,"We have mentioned only some of these as examples, so that inferences can be made from each of these examples to similar ones, and in order that they may be used as a guide towards a survey of similar cases by whoever wishes to investigate the manner in which these properties affect beautiful-looking forms."
ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุชูุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญุณู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถุน ูˆู„ุง ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญุณู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ุŒ ุจู„ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุฏูˆู† ุจุนุถู‡ุง.,"These properties, however, do not produce beauty in all situations, nor does any of them produce it in every form in which they occur, but in some forms rather than others."
ูˆูŽู„ู… ูŠู†ู„ ุฃุญุฏ ุดูŽูŠู’ุฆุง ู…ู† ุฎุชู… ุงู„ู’ุฎูŽูŠู’ุฑ ู†ูŽุจููŠ ููŽู…ู† ุฏูˆู†ู‡ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุจูุงู„ุตุจุฑู,That he knows that no prophet or one less than him was re-warded with a good end except as a result of his being patient.
ูˆู…ุซุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุธู… ู„ูŠุณ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฌุณู… ู…ู‚ุชุฏุฑ ุงู„ุนุธู….,"Magnitude, for example, does not produce beauty in every body of a sizable magnitude."
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูˆู†: ู„ูŠุณ ูƒู„ ู„ูˆู† ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฌุณู… ูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูˆู†. ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูƒู„: ู„ูŠุณ ูƒู„ ุดูƒู„ ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู†.,"Nor does the same colour produce beauty in every body in which this colour exists. Similarly, not every shape produces beauty."
ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฐูƒุฑู†ุงู‡ุง ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ุจุงู†ูุฑุงุฏู‡ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถุน ุฏูˆู† ุจุนุถู‡ุง ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตูุงุช ุฏูˆู† ุจุนุถู‡ุง.,"Thus each one of the particular properties we have mentioned can singly produce beauty, but in some situations rather than others and under certain conditions to the exclusion of others."
ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุณู† ุจุงู‚ุชุฑุงู† ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุจุจุนุถ. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุญุณู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุญุฑูˆูู‡ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ุงู‹ ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ ูˆุชุฃู„ูŠู ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุจุจุนุถ ุชุฃู„ูŠูุงู‹ ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุญุณู† ุงู„ุฎุท.,Now these properties also produce beauty by being joined with one another. For a beautiful script is one whose letters have beautiful-looking shapes and are in beautiful composition with one another โ€” which is perfect beauty in a script.
ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุญูŽู…ู’ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจ ุงู„ู’ุนูŽุงู„ู…ูŠู† ูˆูŽู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ุญูŽู…ุฏ ูˆุงู„ู’ู…ู†ู‘ูŽุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณู„ุงู… ูˆูŽุงู„ุณู‘ู†ุฉ ุญู…ุฏุง ูŠููƒูŽุงููุฆ ู†ุนู…ู‡ ุงู„ุธู‘ูŽุงู‡ูุฑูŽุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจุงุทู†ุฉ ูˆูƒู…ุง ูŠูŽู†ู’ุจูŽุบููŠ ู„ูƒุฑู… ูˆูŽุฌู‡ู‡ ูˆูŽุนุฒ ุฌูŽู„ูŽุงู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุณูŠุฏู†ูŽุง ู…ูุญูŽู…ู‘ูŽุฏ ูˆุนูŽู„ู‰ ุขู„ู‡ ูˆูŽุฃูŽุตู’ุญูŽุงุจู‡ ูˆุฃุฒูˆุงุฌู‡ ุงู…ู‡ุงุช ุงู„ู’ู…ูุคู…ู†ููŠู†ูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ุชู‘ูŽุงุจูุนููŠู†ูŽ ู„ูŽู‡ูู… ุจูุฅูุญู’ุณูŽุงู† ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ูŠูŽูˆู’ู… ุงู„ุฏู‘ูŠู† ูˆูŽุณู„ู… ุชูŽุณู’ู„ููŠู…ู‹ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑุง,"And all praise and thanks are due to Allah, the Lord of Crea-tion. To Him belongs praise and grace for guiding us to Islam and the Sunnah, a praise that Would suffice His favours to us outwardly and inwardly, as in required for the nobility of His Face and might of His Magnificence. Abundant Peace and Blessings be upon our master, Muhammad, and upon his family, Companions, his wives โ€“ the mothers of the believers, and all those that follow them in good until the Day of Judgement."
ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุชู…ุน ููŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุงู† ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠุงู† ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุฃุญุฏ ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠูŠู† ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ. ูุบุงูŠุฉ ุญุณู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู‚ุชุฑุงู† ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ูˆุงู„ูˆุถุน.,Thus a script which combines these two properties is more beautiful than one which has one of them without the other. Perfect beauty in a script comes only from the conjunction of shape and position.
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ู‚ูˆุด ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ุชุฑุชูŠุจุงู‹ ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุงู‹ ู…ุชุดุงูƒู„ุงู‹ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃุญุณู† ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆุงู† ูˆุงู„ู†ู‚ูˆุด ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ุง ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ู…ู†ุชุธู…. ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุตูˆุฑ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ู‚ุฏ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู‚ุชุฑุงู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠู‡ุง.,"Similarly, bright and pure colours and designs are more beautiful when regularly and uniformly ordered than when they have no regular order. Again, beauty may appear in forms of individual men and animals on account of the combination of particular properties in them."
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ ู…ุน ุชู„ูˆูŠุฒ ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ูƒุจุฑ ูู‚ุท ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชู„ูˆูŠุฒ ูู‚ุท.,For eyes of moderate size and almond shape are more beautiful than eyes having only one or the other of these properties.
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุฏูŠู† ู…ุน ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ูŠู† ู…ุน ุงู†ูƒุณุงู ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ูˆุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุงุญุธูŠู† ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุง ุฑู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูˆู†.,"Similarly, cheeks which are both flat and of delicate colour are more beautiful than cheeks that are flat but of pale colour or those that are bulging and of delicate colour."
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงุณุชุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ู…ุน ุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุตุบุฑ ุงู„ูู… ู…ุน ุบู„ุธ ุงู„ุดูุชูŠู† ูˆุฃุญุณู† ู…ู† ุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุดูุชูŠู† ู…ุน ุณุนุฉ ุงู„ูู…. ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠู‚ู†.,"Again, roundness of face and delicate colour are together more beautiful than when one of them is without the other. Similarly, a small mouth with thin and moderately sized lips is more beautiful than one that is small with thick lips or one that is wide with thin lips. This state of affairs is, therefore, most certain."
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุฆุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุณู†ุฉ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุจุตุฑุงุช ูˆุฌุฏ ุงู‚ุชุฑุงู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุชูุนู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃู†ูˆุงุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุณู† ู„ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ูุฑุงุฏู‡. ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุจุญุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุจุตุฑ ุฅู†ู…ุง ูŠุชู‚ูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู‚ุชุฑุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุจุจุนุถ.,"Thus if a survey is made of beautiful-looking forms in all visible objects, the conjunction of particular properties will be found to produce in them kinds of beauty not brought about by any single one of these properties. And most of the beauty perceived by the sense of sight consists in the combination of these properties with one another."