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Comparison of novel physiological load-adaptive control strategies for ventricular assist devices.
Terminal heart failure (HF) is the most prevalent cause of death in the Western world and the implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has become the gold standard therapy today. Most of the actually implanted devices are driven at a constant speed (CS) regardless of the patient's physiological demand. A new physiological controller [power ratio (PR) controller], which keeps a constant ratio between LVAD power and left ventricular power, a previous concept [preload responsive speed (PRS) controller], which adds a variable LVAD power to reach a defined stroke work, and a CS controller were compared with an unimpaired ventricle in a full heart computer simulation model. The effects of changes in preload, afterload and left ventricular contractility are displayed by global hemodynamics and ventricular pressure-volume loops. Both physiological controllers demonstrated the desired load dependency, whereas the PR controller exceeded the PRS controller in response to an increased load and contractility. Response was inferior when preload or contractility was decreased. Thus, the PR controller might lead to an increased exercise tolerance of the patient. Additional studies are required to evaluate the controllers in vivo. |
Bharat Movie Images, Wallpapers, Photo | Salman Khan Looks
Bharat Images, Pictures, HD Wallpapers - Get also some beautiful looks, images of Salman Khan from Bharat film, It a drama film directed by Ali Abbas Zafar and jointly produced by Atul Agnihotri, Alvira Khan Agnihotri, Bhushan Kumar. Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif, Tabu, and Disha Patani are playing the lead role while Varun Dhawan in a Cameo appearance.
Bharat is an official adaptation of a 2014 South Korean film Ode To My Father. It is slated for an Eid release in 2019. The film teaser starts with the awesome line 'Aksar log mujhse puchte hai ki mera surname kya hai, jaati kya hai, dharma kya hai'. Bharat is scheduled for a theatrical release on 5th June 2019 on the occasion of Eid al-Fitr. It is going to another Blockbuster for Salman Khan. Salman looks are really amazing, his role name is Bharat. He also delivered some dialogues in Bharat. Here we have collected some Bharat movie images, wallpapers, and pictures. |
The Air India Inquiry – June 5, 2007 (Part 2 of 2)
The Air India Inquiry – June 5, 2007 (Part 2 of 2)
Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182
Witnesses : Brion Brandt, Jean Barrette
Commission Counsel Brian Gover makes brief procedural remarks. Brion Brandt (Director of Security Policy at Transport Canada) and Jean Barrette (Canadian Air Transport Security Authority) testify as a panel under direct examination by Mr. Gover. Questions focus on the Government of Canada’s Passenger Protect Program, security and screening procedures related to interlining passengers, and other issues related to aviation security. A video is shown explaining the technology of whole body scanning. Mr. Barrette responds to questions from Mr. Gover about the use of the technology and the privacy-related concerns that it raises. Raj Anand (Counsel for Lata Pada and other victims’ families) cross-examines the panel. |
Q:
How to insert characters in the middle of every two consecutive repeating characters?
I have a file like this:
user$ cat -t file
0.1^I^I^I0.2
I wish to edit the file so that every time two consecutive tabs appear, the characters "NA" are inserted in the middle of the two tabs. The number of consecutive tab characters that could appear is arbitrary (in this example there are three tabs in succession but it could be two or more than three).
I've tried doing this with sed (BSD sed):
user$ cat -t <(sed $'s/\t\t/\tNA\t/g' file)
But this only inserts the desired characters in the middle of the first two consecutive tabs yielding this output:
0.1^INA^I^I0.2
I also need the characters to be inserted in the middle of the second pair of consecutive tabs in order to get this output:
0.1^INA^INA^I0.2
Would prefer to use sed for this, but other tools such as awk or perl could be used.
A:
The problem is that sed doesn't do overlapping matches. We need to repeat the substitution until all matches have been made. Thus, try:
$ cat -t <(sed ':a; s/\t\t/\tNA\t/g; ta' file)
0.1^INA^INA^I0.2
Consider \t\t\t. The substitution command matches the first \t\t and replaces it with \tNA\t. The problem is that, with the g option, the next substitution can only start after those first two tabs. Overlapping substitutions are not supported. That is why we need to add the label and branching commands as above.
How it works
:a
This creates a label a.
s/\t\t/\tNA\t/g
This does the substitution you want.
ta
If the preceding substitution command successfully made a substitution, this tells sed to jump back to label a. Consequently, the substitution command will be repeated as many times as necessary.
BSD Version
With thanks to mikekatz45, the BSD version is:
cat -t <(sed -e :a -e $'s/\t\t/\tNA\t/g' -e ta file)
Note that, while the $'...' construct is not POSIX, it will work under bash, ksh, and zsh.
|
Sen. Daniel Inouye Dies At 88, As Senate Loses Its Most Senior Member
Sen. Daniel Inouye (left), who died at 88 Monday, served as the chairman of the Senate committee investigating the Iran-Contra affair in 1986.
Chris Wilkins
/ AFP/Getty Images
Originally published on December 17, 2012 6:48 pm
Sen. Daniel Inouye of Hawaii, 88, has died of respiratory complications, according to reports from the AP and other news agencies. The World War II veteran, a Democrat, had been the most senior member of the Senate. He joined its ranks in 1963, shortly after Hawaii became a state.
At the time of his death, Inouye was the president pro tempore, placing him third in the line of succession, behind Vice President Biden and the House speaker. He was also the chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee.
According to the senator's staff, he died at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, just after 5 p.m. ET.
"When asked in recent days how he wanted to be remembered, Dan said, very simply, 'I represented the people of Hawaii and this nation honestly and to the best of my ability. I think I did OK.'"
His last words, according to the statement, were simply, "Aloha."
For many Americans, Inouye's tenure in the Senate will forever be tied to the way he comported himself during two controversial episodes, both of which played out before a national television audience.
He served on the Watergate Commission that investigated the infamous burglary in the early 1970s, an inquiry that led to many indictments and ultimately the resignation of President Richard Nixon. And in 1986, Inouye led the Iran-Contra Committee that investigated the illegal funneling of weapons.
Throughout those tumultuous events, Inouye won praise for maintaining a sense of equilibrium and an unbiased interest in the truth.
In a 2011 NPR interview marking the 70th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack, Inouye was asked by Tell Me More host Michel Martin if there were "an issue today that you would like to speak on that you would like people to be thinking about?"
Here is the answer he gave:
"The lesson is one that should be repeated time and again, that we do have an extraordinary Constitution. We do have extraordinary sets of laws, but I have found that, in the history of mankind, whenever there's a crisis like that of a war, some of the leaders set them aside and forget it. For example, I think the law was rather clear about placing 120,000 Japanese in what we call concentration camps and we had committed no crime. All properties were lost. Our freedom was lost.
"But there is greatness in this because, after the war, the United States of America was strong enough to admit wrong. When confronted, they said, yes. We did something wrong. We apologize and we want to make redress.
"Very few countries would do this. They try their best to deny, but not the United States and for that, I'm very proud of my country."
Inouye ended that interview the way he ended many conversations — by saying "Aloha."
The decorated war veteran had volunteered for the military as a teenager. He served in Europe as part of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, an experience that he recounted for the Ken Burns documentary The War.
During a battle in Italy, Inouye's right arm became the casualty of a charge against German machine guns.
As a recent article in USA Today describes, "In the hospital recovering from his war wounds, Inouye met a fellow soldier named Bob Dole. The two men forged a friendship there, and later they worked together in the Senate when Dole was the Senate Republican leader from Kansas."
According to his staff, Inouye is survived by "his wife, Irene Hirano Inouye, his son Daniel Ken Inouye Jr., Ken's wife Jessica, and granddaughter Maggie and step-daughter Jennifer Hirano. He was preceded in death his first wife, Maggie Awamura."
Copyright 2012 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. |
"(lNSTRUMENTS BEEPlNG)" "SAAVlK:" "Captain's Log, Stardate 81 30.3." "Starship Enterprise on training mission to Gamma Hydra," "Section 14, coordinates 22-87-4." "Approaching Neutral Zone." "All systems normal" "and functioning." "Leaving Section 14 for Section 1 5." "Stand by." "Project parabolic course to avoid entering Neutral Zone." "SULU:" "Aye, Captain." "Course change projected." "Captain, I'm getting something on the distress channel." "On speakers." "MAN:" "Imperative!" "This is the Kobayashi Maru, 19 periods out of Altair VI." "We have struck a gravitic mine and have lost all power." "(DISTORTED) Our hull is penetrated and we have sustained many causalities..." "This is the Starship Enterprise." "Your message is breaking up." "Can you give us your coordinates?" "Repeat, this is the Starship..." "Enterprise, ourposition is Gamma Hydra, Section 10." "(static) ln the Neutral Zone." "Hull penetrated, life support systems failing." "Can you assist us, Enterprise?" "Can you assist us?" "Data on Kobayashi Maru." "COMPUTER VOICE:" "Subject vessel is third class neutronic fuel carrier, crew of 81, 300 passengers." "Damn." "Mr Sulu?" "Plot an intercept course." "May I remind the Captain that if a starship enters the Zone... I'm aware of my responsibilities, Mister." "SULU:" "Estimating two minutes to intercept." "Now entering the Neutral Zone." "COMPUTER VOICE:" "Warning." "We have entered Neutral Zone." "We are now in violation of treaty, Captain." "Stand by, Transporter Room, ready to beam survivors aboard." "Captain!" "I've lost their signal." "COMPUTER VOICE:" "Alert." "Sensors indicate three Klingon cruisers, bearing 3-1-6 mark 4." "Closing fast." "Visual." "Battle stations." "Activate shields." "(ALARM blaring)" "Shields activated." "Inform the Klingons we are on a rescue mission." "They're jamming all the frequencies, Captain." "COMPUTER VOICE:" "Klingons on attack course and closing." "We're over our heads." "Mr Sulu, get us out of here." "I'll try, Captain." "COMPUTER VOICE:" "Alert." "Klingon torpedoes activated." "Alert." "Evasive action!" "(ALARM wailing)" "Engineering, damage report." "SCOTTY ON INTERCOM:" "Main energizer hit, Captain." "Engage auxiliary power." "Prepare to return fire." "(GROANS)" "Shields collapsing, Captain." "Fire all phasers." "No power to the weapons, Captain." "SCOTTY:" "Captain, it's no use." "We're dead in space." "(explosion)" "SAAVlK:" "Activate escape pods." "Send out the log buoy." "All hands abandon ship." "Repeat, all hands abandon ship." "kirk:" "All right." "Open her up." "(ALARM blaring)" "Any suggestions, Admiral?" "kirk:" "Prayer, Mr Saavik." "The Klingons don't take prisoners." "Lights." "MAN ON PA:" "Motors on." "Captain?" "Trainees, to the briefing room." "WOMAN ON PA:" "Maintenance crew, report to Bridge Simulator." "Maintenance crew, report to Bridge Simulator." ""Physician, heal thyself." -ls that all you've got to say?" "What about my performance?" "l'm not a drama critic." "Well, Mr Saavik, are you gonna stay with the sinking ship?" "Permission to speak candidly, sir?" "Granted." "SAAVlK:" "I don't believe this was a fair test of my command abilities." "And why not?" "Because there was no way to win." "A no-win situation is a possibility every commander may face." "Has that never occurred to you?" "No, sir. lt has not." "How we deal with death is at least as important as how we deal with life, wouldn't you say?" "As I indicated, Admiral, that thought had not occurred to me." "Well, now you have something new to think about." "Carry on." "WOMAN ON PA:" "Engineering cadets, assemble on C-Level." "McCOY:" "Admiral." "Wouldn't it be easier to just put an experienced crew back on the ship?" "Galloping around the cosmos is a game for the young, Doctor." "Now, what is that supposed to mean?" "Aren't you dead?" "I assume you're loitering around here to learn what efficiency rating I plan to give your cadets?" "I am understandably curious." "They destroyed the Simulator Room and you with it." "The Kobayashi Maru scenario frequently wreaks havoc with students and equipment." "As I recall, you took the test three times yourself." "Your final solution was, shall we say, unique." "It had the virtue of never having been tried." "By the way, thank you for this." "I know of your fondness for antiques." ""lt was the best of times, it was the worst of times..."" "Message, Spock?" "None that I'm conscious of." "Except, of course, happy birthday." "Surely the best of times." "WOMAN ON PA:" "Captain Spock, Captain Spock, space shuttle leaving in 15 minutes." "Where are you off to now?" "The Enterprise." "I must check in before your inspection." "And you?" "Home." "(DOORBELL dings)" "kirk:" "Why, bless me, Doctor." "What beams you into this neck of the woods?" "Beware Romulans bearing gifts." "Happy birthday, Jim." "Thanks." "Romulan ale." "Why, Bones, you know this is illegal." "I only use it for medicinal purposes." "I got a border ship that brings me in a case every now and then across the Neutral Zone." "Now, don't be a prig." "2283." "Yeah, well, it takes this stuff a while to ferment." "Here, give me." "Now, you open this one." "I'm almost afraid to." "What is it?" "Klingon aphrodisiacs?" "No." "Bones, this is charming." "For most patients your age, I usually recommend Retinax V." "l'm allergic to Retinax." "Exactly." "Cheers." "Cheers." "(EXHALES)" "Happy birthday." "l don't know what to say." "Well, you could say thank you." "Thank you." "Damn it, Jim, what the hell's the matter with you?" "Other people have birthdays." "Why are we treating yours like a funeral?" "Bones, I don't want to be lectured." "What the hell do you want?" "This is not about age and you know it." "It's about you flying a goddamn computer console when you want to be out there hopping galaxies." "Spare me your notions of poetry, please." "We all have our assigned duties." "Bull!" "You're hiding, hiding behind rules and regulations." "Who am I hiding from?" "From yourself, Admiral." "Don't mince words, Bones." "What do you really think?" "Jim, I'm your doctor and I'm your friend." "Get back your command." "Get it back before you turn into part of this collection." "Before you really do grow old." "CHEKOV:" "Starship Log, Stardate 8130.4." "Log entry by First Officer Pavel Chekov." "Starship Reliant on orbital approach to Ceti Alpha VI in connection with Project Genesis." "We are continuing our search for a lifeless planet to satisfy the requirement of a test site for the Genesis experiment." "So far, no success." "Standard orbit, please." "Mr Beach, any change in the surface scan?" "Negative." "Limited atmosphere dominated by craylon gas, sand, high-velocity winds." "incapable of supporting life forms." "Does it have to be completely lifeless?" "Don't tell me you found something." "We've picked up a minor energy flux reading on one dynoscanner." "Damn." "Are you sure?" "Maybe the scanner's out of adjustment." "I suppose it could be a particle of preanimate matter caught in the matrix." "All right." "Get on the comm-pic to Dr Marcus." "Aye, sir." "Maybe it's something we can transplant." "You know what she'll say." "CAROL:" "Let me get this straight." "Something you can transplant?" "CHEKOV:" "Yes, Doctor." "CAROL:" "Something you can transplant?" "I don't know." "TERRELL:" "But it may only be a particle of preanimate matter." "Then again, it may not." "You boys have to be clear on this." "There can't be so much as a microbe, or the show's off." "(sighs) Why don't you have a look?" "But if it is something that can be moved, I want..." "You bet, Doctor." "We're on our way." "Well, don't have kittens, Genesis is going to work." "They'll remember you in one breath with Newton, Einstein, Surak!" "Thanks a lot." "No respect from my offspring." "Par for the course." "Are you teaming up with me for bridge after dinner?" "Maybe." "What is it?" "(david sighing)" "Every time we have dealings with Starfleet, I get nervous." "We are dealing with something that could be perverted into a dreadful weapon." "Remember that overgrown Boy Scout you used to hang around with?" "That's exactly the kind of man..." "Listen, kiddo." "Jim Kirk was many things, but he was never a Boy Scout." "MAN ON RAIDO:" "Captain Terrell, stand by to beam down." "(air whooshing)" "TERRELL ON radio:" "Chekov, are you sure these are the correct coordinates?" "CHEKOV ON radio:" "Captain, this is the garden spot of Ceti Alpha VI." "(TRlCORDER BEEPlNG)" "TERRELL:" "I can barely see it." "CHEKOV:" "There's nothing here." "The tricorder must be broken." "(CHEKOV SIGHS)" "(TRlCORDER BEEPlNG FASTER)" "TERRELL:" "Chekov, overhere." "Those look like cargo carriers." "Hey, give me a hand." "(TRlCORDER BEEPlNG rapidly)" "What the hell happened?" "If they crashed, then where's the rest of the ship?" "What the hell is that?" "Botany Bay." "Botany Bay?" "Oh, no!" "We've got to get out of here now." "Damn." "What about the tricorder." "Hurry." "Never mind that." "Hurry." "Hurry!" "Chekov, what's the matter with you?" "Chekov!" "CHEKOV:" "Come on!" "Hurry!" "Starship Reliant to Captain Terrell." "This is Commander Kyle." "Will you please respond, Captain?" "Captain Terrell." "Respond, please." "Let's give them a little more time." "Khan." "I don't know you." "But you... I never forget a face." "Mr Chekov, isn't it?" "I never thought to see your face again." "Chekov, who is this man?" "A criminal, Captain." "A product of late 20th century genetic engineering." "What do you want with us?" "Sir, I demand to be..." "You are in a position to demand nothing, sir." "I, on the other hand, am in a position to grant nothing." "What you see is all that remains of the ship's company and crew of the Botany Bay, marooned here 1 5 years ago by Captain James T. Kirk." "Listen to me." "You men and women..." "Captain, Captain, Captain." "(KHAN chuckling)" "Save your strength, Captain." "These people have sworn to live and die at my command 200 years before you were born." "Do you mean he never told you the tale?" "To amuse your captain?" "No?" "Never told you how the Enterprise picked up the Botany Bay, lost in space from the year 1 996, myself and the ship's company in cryogenic freeze?" "l've never even met Admiral Kirk." "KHAN:" "Admiral?" "Admiral." "Never told you how Admiral Kirk sent 70 of us into exile on this barren sand heap, with only the contents of these cargo bays to sustain us?" "You lie!" "On Ceti Alpha V there was life!" "A fair chance." "This is Ceti Alpha V." "Ceti Alpha Vl exploded six months after we were left here." "The shock shifted the orbit of this planet and everything was laid waste." "Admiral Kirk never bothered to check on our progress." "It was only the fact of my genetically engineered intellect that allowed us to survive." "On Earth, two hundred years ago," "I was a prince with power over millions." "Captain Kirk was your host." "You repaid his hospitality by trying to steal his ship and murder him." "You didn't expect to find me." "You thought this was Ceti Alpha Vl." "Ah." "Why are you here?" "(CHEKOV gasping)" "Why?" "Allow me to introduce you to Ceti Alpha V's only remaining indigenous life form." "(CREATURE growling)" "What do you think?" "They killed 20 of my people," "including my beloved wife." "(SCREECHlNG)" "Not all at once" "and not instantly, to be sure." "(barking)" "You see, their young enter through the ears and wrap themselves around the cerebral cortex." "This has the effect of rendering the victim extremely susceptible to suggestion." "Later, as they grow, follows madness and death." "(TERRELL GRUNTlNG)" "CHEKOV:" "Khan, listen to me." "These are pets, of course." "Not quite domesticated." "Khan, Captain Kirk was only doing his duty." "TERRELL:" "No!" "(TERRELL moaning)" "(TERRELL AND CHEKOV screaming)" "(BOTH moaning)" "That's better." "Now, tell me, why are you here?" "And tell me where l may find James Kirk." "MAN ON RADIO:" "Enterprise to Admiral Kirk's shuttle." "You're cleared for docking." "Approach portside torpedo bay." "Enterprise, this is Admiral Kirk's party on final approach." "WOMAN ON radio:" "Enterprise welcomes you." "Prepare for docking." "kirk:" "I hate inspections." "I'm delighted." "Any chance to go aboard the Enterprise." "Well, I, for one, am glad to have you at the helm for three weeks." "I don't think these kids can steer." "(whistling)" "Open the airlock." "Permission to come aboard, Captain." "Welcome, Admiral." "I think you know my training crew." "Certainly they have come to know you." "Yes." "We've been through death and life together." "Mr Scott, you old space dog." "You're well?" "I had a wee bout, sir, but Dr McCoy pulled me through." "A wee bout of what?" "Shore leave, Admiral." "Oh, yes." "And who do we have here?" "Midshipman, first class, Peter Preston, engineer's mate, sir!" "First training voyage, Mr Preston?" "Yes, sir!" "l see." "Well, shall we start with the Engine Room?" "SCOTTY:" "We'll see you there, sir." "And everything is in order." "That'll be a pleasant surprise, Mr Scott." "I'll see you on the Bridge, Admiral." "Company dismissed." "(lN VULCAN)" "Well, Mr Scott, are your cadets capable of handling a minor training cruise?" "Give the word, Admiral." "Mr Scott, the word is given." "Aye, sir." "Admiral, what about the rest of the inspection?" "(MOUTHlNG)" "MAN ON RADIO:" "This is StarfIeet Operations." "Enterprise is clear for departure." "Admiral on the Bridge." "WOMAN ON RADIO:" "Pre-stage flux chillers, port." "MAN ON RADIO:" "On." "WOMAN:" "Pre-stage flux chillers, starboard." "MAN:" "On." "WOMAN:" "Main stage flux chillers, port." "MAN:" "Enabled." "SAAVlK:" "Running lights on." "WOMAN:" "Main stage flux chillers, starboard." "MAN:" "Enabled." "Very well, Mr Saavik." "You may clear all moorings." "SAAVlK:" "Aye, sir." "All moorings are clear, Captain." "Thank you." "Lieutenant?" "Have you ever piloted a starship out of space dock?" "Never, sir." "Take her out, Mr Saavik." "Aye, sir." "For everything, there is a first time, Lieutenant." "Don't you agree, Admiral?" "kirk:" "Mmm-hmm." "Aft thrusters, Mr Sulu." "SULU:" "Aft thrusters." "Would you like a tranquilliser?" "SAAVlK:" "Ahead one-quarter impulse power." "Ahead one-quarter impulse power." "We are free and clear to navigate." "Course heading, Captain?" "Captain's discretion." "Mr Sulu, you may indulge yourself." "Aye, sir." "Does that about do it?" "I don't think there's another piece of information we could squeeze into the memory banks." "Next time, we'll design a bigger one." "Who'd wanna build it?" "Dr Marcus?" "Comm-pic coming in on hyperchannel." "lt's the Starship Reliant." "On the screen, please, Jedda." "Come in, please." "This is the Reliant calling Regula I." "Repeat, this is U.S.S. Reliant." "CAROL:" "Commander, we are receiving." "This is Regula I." "Go ahead." "Dr Marcus." "Good." "We're en route to you and should be there in three days." "En route?" "Why?" "We weren't expecting you for another three months." "Has something happened?" "Nothing has happened." "Ceti Alpha VI has checked out." "Then I don't understand why you..." "We have received new orders." "Upon our arrival at Regula I, all materials of Project Genesis will be transferred to this ship for immediate testing on Ceti Alpha VI." "Who in the hell do they think they are?" "Please be quiet." "Commander Chekov, this is completely irregular." "I have my orders." "Pin him down, Mother." "Who gave the order?" "The order comes from" "Admiral James T. Kirk." "I knew it!" "I knew it!" "All along, the military's wanted to get..." "This is completely improper, Commander Chekov." "I have no intention of allowing Reliant or any other unauthorised personnel access to our work or materials." "I'm sorry that you feel that way, Doctor." "Admiral Kirk's orders are confirmed." "Please prepare to deliver Genesis to us upon our arrival." "Reliant out." "Well done, Commander." "You realise, sir, they will attempt to contact Admiral Kirk and confirm the order." "SAAVlK:" "Hold, please." "Thank you, sir." "Lieutenant, are you wearing your hair differently?" "It's still regulation, Admiral." "May I speak, sir?" "Self-expression doesn't seem to be one of your problems." "You're bothered by your performance on the Kobayashi Maru." "I failed to resolve the situation." "There's no correct resolution." "It's a test of character." "May I ask how you dealt with the test?" "You may ask." "That's a little joke." "Humour. lt is a difficult concept." "It is not logical." "We learn by doing." "Who's been holding up the damn elevator?" "Thank you, sir." "Did she change her hairstyle?" "l hadn't noticed." "Wonderful stuff, that Romulan ale." "UHURA ON INTERCOM:" "Admiral Kirk?" "Kirk here." "I have an urgent comm-pic from Space Lab Regula I for you, sir." "Dr Carol Marcus." "l'll take it in my quarters, Uhura." "UHURA:" "Aye, sir." "It never rains, but it pours." "As a physician, you of all people should appreciate the dangers of re-opening old wounds." "Sorry." "CAROL:" "Jim, can you read me?" "I can hear you, Carol." "What's wrong?" "What's the matter?" "Why are you taking Genesis away from us?" "Taking Genesis?" "Who's taking Genesis?" "Who is taking Genesis?" "I can see you, but I can't hear." "Carol..." "Jim, did you give the order?" "What order?" "Who's taking Genesis?" "Please help us, Jim." "I will not let them have Genesis without proper authorisation!" "Have Genesis?" "Who's taking..." "On whose authority can they do this?" "No one's authority!" "(DISTORTED) Jim, please..." "Uhura, what's happening?" "UHURA:" "Transmission jammed at the source, sir." "Alert Starfleet Headquarters." "UHURA:" "Aye, sir." "I want to talk to Starfleet Command." "CAROL:" "Quiet." "We must have order in here." "This has to be some sort of mistake." "david:" "Mistake!" "We're all alone here." "They waited until everyone was on leave to do this." "Reliant is supposed to be at our disposal, not vice-versa." "It seems clear Starfleet never intended..." "CAROL:" "I know that, but..." "MAN:" "David, you were right." "david:" "I tried to tell you before." "Scientists have always been pawns of the military." "Starfleet has kept the peace for 1 00 years." "I cannot and will not subscribe to your interpretation of this event." "You may be right, Doctor." "But what about Reliant?" "She's on her way." "kirk:" "We have a problem." "Something may be wrong on Regula I." "We've been ordered to investigate." "If memory serves, Regula I is a scientific research laboratory." "I told Starfleet Command all we had was a boatload of children, but we're the only ship in the quadrant." "Spock, these cadets of yours, how good are they?" "How will they respond under real pressure?" "As with all living things, each according to his gifts." "Of course, this ship is yours." "No, that won't be necessary." "Just get me to Regula I." "As a teacher on a training mission, I'm content to command the Enterprise." "If we are to go on actual duty, it is clear that the senior officer onboard must assume command." "It may be nothing." "Garbled communications." "You take the ship." "Jim." "You proceed from a false assumption." "I'm a Vulcan. I have no ego to bruise." "You're about to remind me that logic alone dictates your actions?" "I would not remind you of that which you know so well." "If I may be so bold, it was a mistake for you to accept promotion." "Commanding a starship is your first, best destiny." "Anything else is a waste of material." "I would not presume to debate you." "That is wise." "In any case, were I to invoke logic, logic clearly dictates that the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few." "Or the one." "You are my superior officer." "You are also my friend." "I have been and always shall be yours." "Stop energizers." "SULU:" "Stop energizers." "Put me on speakers." "An emergency situation has arisen." "By order of Starfleet Command, as of now, 1 800 hours, I'm assuming command of this vessel." "Duty officer, so note in the ship's log." "Plot a new course for Space Laboratory Regula I." "Engine Room." "Mr Scott." "SCOTTY ON INTERCOM:" "Aye, sir?" "We'll be going to warp speed." "Aye, sir." "Course plotted for Regula I, Admiral." "kirk:" "Engage warp engines." "Prepare for warp speed." "Ready, sir." "I know that none of you were expecting this. I'm sorry." "I'm going to have to ask you to grow up a little bit sooner than you expected." "Warp 5, Sulu." "So much for the little training cruise." "WOMAN:" "Course to intercept Enterprise ready, sir." "KHAN:" "Excellent." "Helmsman?" "Sir, may I speak?" "We're all with you, sir." "But consider this." "We are free." "We have a ship and the means to go where we will." "We have escaped permanent exile on Ceti Alpha V." "You have proved your superior intellect and defeated the plans ofAdmiral Kirk." "You do not need to defeat him again." "He tasks me." "He tasks me and I shall have him." "I'll chase him round the moons of Nibia and round the Antares maelstrom and round perdition's flames before I give him up." "Prepare to alter course." "UHURA:" "Space Station Regula I, please come in." "Dr Marcus, please respond." "This is Enterprise... lt's no use." "There's no response from Regula I." "But no longerjammed?" "No, sir." "No nothing." "There are two possibilities." "They are unable to respond." "They are unwilling to respond." "How far?" "1 2 hours, 43 minutes, present speed." ""Give up Genesis," she said." "What in God's name does it mean?" "Give it up to whom?" "It might help my analysis if I knew what Genesis was, beyond the biblical reference." "Uhura, have Dr McCoy join us in my quarters." "UHURA:" "Aye, sir." "kirk:" "Mr Saavik?" "You have the conn." "Well, I've got Sickbay ready." "Now, will someone please tell me what's going on?" "Computer." "Request security procedure and access to Project Genesis summary." "COMPUTER VOICE:" "Identify for retina scan." "Kirk, Admiral James T." "Security Scan approved." "Summary, please?" "Project Genesis." "A proposal to the Federation." "Carol Marcus." "Yes." "What exactly is Genesis?" "Well, put simply, Genesis is life from lifelessness." "It is a process whereby molecular structure is reorganised at the subatomic level into life-generating matter of equal mass." "Stage one of our experiments was conducted in the laboratory." "Stage two of the series will be attempted in a lifeless underground." "Stage three will involve the process on a planetary scale." "It is our intention to introduce the Genesis device into a preselected area of a lifeless space body, a moon or other dead form." "The device is delivered, instantaneously causing what we call the Genesis Effect." "Matter is reorganised with life-generating results." "Instead of a dead moon, a living, breathing planet capable of sustaining whatever life forms we see fit to deposit on it." "Fascinating." "The reformed moon simulated here represents the merest fraction of the Genesis' potential, should the Federation wish to fund these experiments to their logical conclusion." "When we consider the cosmic problems of population and food supply, the usefulness of this process becomes clear." "This concludes our proposal." "Thank you for your attention." "It literally is genesis." "Power of creation." "Have they proceeded with their experiments?" "kirk:" "Well, the tape was made about a year ago, so I can only assume they've reached stage two by now." "Dear Lord, do you think we're intelligent enough to..." "Suppose..." "What if this thing were used where life already exists?" "It would destroy such life in favour of its new matrix." "Its new matrix?" "Do you have any idea what you're saying?" "I was not attempting to evaluate its moral implications, Doctor." "As a matter of cosmic history, it has always been easier to destroy than to create." "Not any more!" "Now we can do both at the same time." "According to myth, the Earth was created in six days." "Now, watch out." "Here comes Genesis." "We'll do it for you in six minutes." "Really, Dr McCoy, you must learn to govern your passions." "They will be your undoing." "Logic suggests..." "Logic?" "My God, the man's talking about logic." "We're talking about universal Armageddon." "You green-blooded, inhuman..." "SAAVIK:" "Bridge to Admiral Kirk." "Admiral, sensors indicate a vessel in our area, closing fast." "What do you make of her?" "It's one of ours, Admiral." "It's Reliant." "SPOCK:" "Reliant?" "Try the emergency channels." "Picture, Mr Saavik." "KHAN:" "Slow to one-half impulse power." "Let's be friends." "Slowing to one-half impulse power." "Reliant in our section, this quadrant, sir, and slowing." "Sir?" "May I quote General Order 1 2?" ""On the approach of any vessel" ""when communications have not been established..."" "Lieutenant." "The Admiral is well aware of the regulations." "Aye, sir." "kirk:" "is it possible their comm system has failed?" "SPOCK:" "It would explain a great many things." "They're requesting communications, sir." "Let them eat static." "joachim:" "They're still running with shields down." "Of course." "We are one big happy fleet." "(sighs LOUDLY)" "Kirk, my old friend." "Do you know the Klingon proverb that tells us," ""Revenge is a dish that is best served cold?"" "It is very cold in space." "This is damn peculiar." "Yellow alert." "Energize defence fields." "(ALARM blaring)" "I'm getting a voice message." "They say their chambers coil is overloading their comm system." "Spock?" "Scanning." "Their coil emissions are normal." "They still haven't raised their shields." "Raise ours." "Their shields are going up." "Lock phasers on target." "Locking phasers on target." "They're locking phasers." "Raise shields." "Fire!" "Sulu, get those shields up." "Trying, sir." "MAN:" "I can't breathe. I can't breathe." "(CREW CLAMOURlNG)" "MAN:" "I need air!" "I need air!" "I can't get power, sir." "Scotty?" "Uhura, turn off those damn channels!" "Mr Scott on the screen." "We're just hanging on, sir." "The main energizer's out." "KIRK:" "Try auxiliary power!" "Aye, aye, sir." "Damage report." "They knew exactly where to hit us." "Who?" "Who knew where to hit us?" "And why?" "One thing is certain." "We cannot escape on auxiliary power." "Visual." "Sulu, divert all power to phasers." "SPOCK:" "Too late." "Hang on!" "kirk:" "Scotty!" "What's left?" "SCOTTY:" "Just the batteries, sir." "I can have auxiliary power in a few minutes." "We don't have a few minutes!" "Can you give me phaser power?" "A few shots, sir." "Not enough against their shields." "Who the hell are they?" "UHURA:" "Admiral, the Commander of the Reliant is signalling." "He wishes to discuss terms of our surrender." "Put it on screen." "UHURA:" "Admiral..." "Do it!" "While we still have time." "UHURA:" "On screen, sir." "Khan." "You still remember, Admiral." "I cannot help but be touched." "I, of course, remember you." "What is the meaning of this attack?" "Where is the crew of the Reliant?" "Surely I have made my meaning plain." "I mean to avenge myself upon you, Admiral." "I've deprived your ship of power, and when I swing around, I mean to deprive you of your life." "But I wanted you to know first who it was who had beaten you." "Khan, if it's me you want, I'll have myself beamed aboard." "Spare my crew." "I make you a counterproposal." "I'll agree to your terms if, in addition to yourself, you hand over to me all data and material regarding the project called Genesis." "Genesis?" "What's that?" "Don't insult my intelligence, Kirk." "Give me some time to recall the data on our computers." "I give you 60 seconds, Admiral." "kirk:" "Clear the Bridge." "At least we know he doesn't have Genesis." "Keep nodding as though I'm still giving orders." "Mr Saavik, punch up the data charts of Reliant's command console." "Reliant's command?" "Hurry!" "45 seconds." "The prefix code?" "That's all we've got." "SAAVlK:" "The chart's up, sir." "KHAN:" "Admiral." "We're finding it." "Admiral." "kirk:" "Please." "Please, you've gotta give us time." "The Bridge is smashed." "The computer's inoperative." "Time is a luxury you don't have, Admiral." "Damn!" "Admiral?" "lt's coming through now, Khan." "Reliant's prefix number is 1 6309." "l don't understand." "You have to learn why things work on a starship." "Each ship has its own combination code to prevent an enemy from doing what we're attempting." "We're using our console to order Reliant to lower her shields." "Assuming he hasn't changed the combination." "He's quite intelligent." "Fifteen seconds, Admiral." "Khan, how do we know you'll keep your word?" "I've given you no word to keep, Admiral." "In myjudgement, you simply have no alternative." "I see your point." "Stand by to receive our transmission." "Mr Sulu, lock the phasers on target and await my command." "Phasers locked." "Time's up, Admiral." "Here it comes." "Now, Mr Spock." "(BEEPlNG)" "Sir, our shields are dropping." "Raise them." "l can't!" "Where's the override?" "The override?" "Fire." "Fire!" "Fire!" "We can't fire, sir." "Why can't you?" "They've damaged the photon control and the warp drive." "We must withdraw." "No!" "No!" "Sir, we must!" "Enterprise can wait." "She's not going anywhere." "SULU:" "Sir, you did it." "l did nothing." "Except get caught with my breeches down." "I must be getting senile." "Mr Saavik, you go right on quoting regulations." "In the meantime, let's find out how badly we've been hurt." "(DOOR opening)" "(UHURA GASPS)" "ls the word given, Admiral?" "The word is given." "Warp speed." "PRESTON:" "Aye." "(PRESTON sighing)" "(sobbing) He stayed at his post when the trainees ran." "SPOCK ON INTERCOM:" "Admiral?" "This is Spock." "Yes, Spock?" "Engine Room reports auxiliary power restored." "We can proceed at impulse power." "Best speed to Regula I." "Kirk out." "I'm sorry, Scotty." "SULU:" "Approaching Regula and Space Lab Regula I." "UHURA:" "Space Station Regula I, this is the Starship Enterprise." "Please come in." "Space Station Regula I, do you read?" "Space Station Regula I, this is Enterprise." "Please acknowledge." "This is Enterprise." "Do you read me?" "Space Station Regula I, do you read?" "Please come in." "There's no response, sir." "Sensors, Captain?" "The scanners and sensors are still inoperative." "There's no way to ascertain what's inside the station." "No way of telling if Reliant is still in the area." "Precisely." "kirk:" "What do you make of that planetoid beyond?" "SPOCK:" "Regula is Class-D." "It consists of various unremarkable ores, essentially a great rock in space." "And Reliant could be hiding behind that rock." "A distinct possibility." "Engineering." "SCOTTY:" "Aye, sir?" "Mr Scott?" "Do you have enough power for transporters?" "Barely, sir." "kirk:" "I'm going down there." "Khan could be down there." "He's been there, hasn't found what he wants." "Can you spare someone?" "There may be people hurt." "Yeah, I can spare me." "SAAVlK:" "Begging the Admiral's pardon." "General Order 1 5, "No flag officer shall beam" ""into a hazardous area without armed escort."" "There's no such regulation." "All right, join the party." "Mr Spock, the ship is yours." "Jim, be careful." "We will." "(TRlCORDER BEEPlNG) lndeterminate life signs." "Phasers on stun." "Move out." "(SOFT SCUFFLlNG)" "(GASPS)" "Jim!" "Well, rigor hasn't set in." "This couldn't have happened too long ago, Jim." "Carol." "This is Enterprise calling Space Lab Regula I." "Respond, please." "SAAVlK:" "Admiral, over here." "UHURA:" "Dr Marcus, come in, please." "Oh, my God." "Please acknowledge signal." "Please..." "SAAVIK:" "Commander Uhura, this is Lieutenant Saavik." "We're all right." "Please stand by." "Out." "Oh, sir, it was Khan." "We found him on Ceti Alpha V." "Easy." "Easy, Pav." "He put creatures in our bodies to control our minds." "McCOY:" "It's all right." "You're safe now." "Made us say lies, do things." "But we beat him." "He thought he controlled us, but he did not." "The Captain was strong." "Captain." "Where's Dr Marcus?" "Where are the Genesis materials?" "He couldn't find them." "Even the data banks were empty." "Erased?" "He tortured those people, but none of them would tell him anything." "He went wild." "He slit their throats." "He wanted to tear the place apart." "But he was late." "He had to get back to the Reliant in time to blow you to bits." "Where's Reliant's crew?" "Dead?" "Marooned on Ceti Alpha V." "He's completely mad, Admiral." "He blames you for the death of his wife." "I know what he blames me for." "The escape pods are all in place." "Where's the Transporter Room?" "Did he make it down here?" "lt was not my impression." "He spent most of his time trying to wring the information out of the people." "SAAVlK:" "Anything?" "kirk:" "The unit's been left on." "Which means nobody remained to turn it off." "Those people back there bought escape time for Genesis with their lives." "This is not logical." "These coordinates are deep inside Regula, a planetoid we know to be lifeless." "If stage two was completed, it was going to be underground." "It was going to be underground, she said." "SAAVlK:" "Stage two of what?" "Kirk to Enterprise." "SPOCK:" "Spock here." "Captain Spock, damage report." "Admiral, if we go by the book, like Lieutenant Saavik, hours could seem like days." "l read you, Captain." "Let's have it." "The situation is grave, Admiral." "We won't have main power for six days." "Auxiliary power has temporarily failed." "Restoration may be possible in two days, by the book, Admiral." "Meaning you can't even beam us back?" "Not at present." "Captain Spock. lf you don't hear from us within one hour, your orders are to restore what power you can, take the Enterprise to the nearest starbase and alert Starfleet Command as soon as you're out ofjamming range." "UHURA:" "Sir, we won't leave you behind." "Uhura, if you don't hear from us, there won't be anybody behind." "Kirk out." "Well, gentlemen, you can stay here, or... lf it's all the same, Admiral, we'd like to share the risk." "Right." "Let's go." "Saavik?" "Go?" "Where are we going?" "Where they went." "Suppose they went nowhere?" "Then this will be your big chance to get away from it all." "Admiral." "Genesis, I presume." "(RATTLlNG)" "Phasers down." "david:" "You." "Where's Dr Marcus?" "david:" "I'm Dr Marcus." "CAROL:" "Jim!" "is that David?" "Mother, he killed everybody we left behind." "Of course he didn't." "David, you're just making this harder." "I'm afraid it's even harder than you think, Doctor." "Please don't move." "Chekov." "l'm sorry, Admiral." "Your Excellency, have you been listening?" "I have indeed, Captain." "You have done well." "I knew it!" "You son of a bitch!" "(JEDDA SCREAMS)" "Don't move!" "Anybody!" "Captain?" "We are waiting." "What's the delay?" "All is well, sir." "You have the coordinates to beam up Genesis." "First things first, Captain." "Kill Admiral Kirk." "Sir, it is difficult. I..." "I try to obey, but..." "Kill him." "I... (CREATURE screeching)" "(screaming)" "Kill him, Terrell, now." "(TERRELL SCREAMS)" "(CREATURE screeching)" "(MOANlNG)" "(CHEKOV SCREAMS)" "(SCREECHlNG)" "God's sakes!" "david:" "What is it?" "(SCREECHlNG)" "Khan, you bloodsucker!" "You're gonna have to do your own dirty work now." "Do you hear me?" "Do you?" "Kirk." "Kirk, you're still alive, my old friend." "Still, old friend, you've managed to kill just about everyone else, but like a poor marksman, you keep missing the target." "Perhaps I no longer need to try, Admiral." "Oh, no." "david:" "Let go." "He can't take it!" "Khan." "Khan, you've got Genesis, but you don't have me." "You were going to kill me, Khan." "You're gonna have to come down here." "You're going to have to come down here." "I've done far worse than kill you." "I've hurt you, and I wish to go on hurting you." "I shall leave you as you left me, as you left her, marooned for all eternity in the centre of a dead planet." "Buried alive." "Buried alive." "Khan!" "Khan!" "This is Lieutenant Saavik calling Enterprise." "Can you read us?" "He's coming around." "kirk:" "Pavel?" "Can you read us?" "It's no use, Admiral." "They're still jamming all channels." "If Enterprise followed orders, she's long since gone." "If she couldn't obey, she's finished." "So are we, it looks like." "I don't understand." "Who's responsible for all this?" "Who is Khan?" "Well, it's a long story." "We appear to have plenty of time." "is there anything to eat?" "I don't know about anybody else, but I'm starved." "How can you think of food at a time like this?" "First order of business, survival." "There's food in the Genesis cave." "Enough to last a lifetime, if necessary." "We thought this was Genesis." "This?" "(SCOFFS) lt took the Starfleet Corps of Engineers 1 0 months in spacesuits to tunnel out all this." "What we did in there, we did in a day." "David, why don't you show Dr McCoy and the Lieutenant our idea of food?" "We can't just sit here." "Oh, yes, we can." "This is just to give us something to do, isn't it?" "Come on." "Admiral?" "As your teacher Mr Spock is fond of saying," ""l'd like to think that there always are possibilities."" "I did what you wanted. I stayed away." "Why didn't you tell him?" "(sighing)" "How can you ask me that?" "Were we together?" "Were we going to be?" "You had your world and I had mine, and I wanted him in mine, not chasing through the universe with his father." "Actually, he's a lot like you in many ways." "Please tell me what you're feeling." "There's a man out there I haven't seen in 1 5 years who's trying to kill me." "You show me a son that'd be happy to help him." "My son." "My life that could have been and wasn't." "What am I feeling?" "Old." "Worn out." "Let me show you something that'll make you feel young, as when the world was new." "Impulse power restored." "Excellent." "More than a match for poor Enterprise." "You did all this in a day?" "The matrix formed in a day." "The life forms grew later at a substantially accelerated rate." "McCOY:" "Jim, this is incredible!" "Have you ever seen the like?" "Can I cook or can't I?" "Where is she?" "SAAVlK:" "Sir, may I ask you a question?" "What's on your mind, Lieutenant?" "The Kobayashi Maru, sir." "Are you asking me if we're playing out that scenario now?" "On the test, sir, will you tell me what you did?" "I would really like to know." "Lieutenant, you are looking at the only Starfleet cadet who ever beat the no-win scenario." "How?" "I reprogrammed the simulation so it was possible to rescue the ship." "What?" "He cheated." "I changed the conditions of the test." "I got a commendation for original thinking." "I don't like to lose." "Then you never faced that situation, faced death?" "I don't believe in the no-win scenario." "Kirk to Spock. lt's two hours." "Are you ready?" "SPOCK:" "Right on schedule, Admiral." "Just give us your coordinates and we'll beam you aboard." "All right." "I don't like to lose." "SAAVlK: ...report, we were immobilised." "Captain Spock said it'd be two days." "kirk:" "Come, come, Lieutenant." "You of all people go by the book." "Spock!" "You know Dr Marcus." "SPOCK:" "Why, of course." "Hello, Mr Spock." "McCOY:" "I'm taking this bunch to Sickbay." "SAAVlK:" "By the book?" "By the book." "Regulation 46A. "lf transmissions are being monitored during battle..." ""No un-coded messages on an open channel."" "You lied." "l exaggerated." "Hours instead of days." "Now we have minutes instead of hours." "They're inoperative below C-Deck." "What is working around here?" "Not much, Admiral." "We have partial main power." "kirk:" "That's it?" "SPOCK:" "Best we could do in two hours." "SULU:" "Admiral on the Bridge." "Battle stations." "(ALARM wailing)" "Tactical." "Uh-oh." "SPOCK:" "She can still outrun us and outgun us, but there is the Mutara Nebula at 1 -5-3 mark 4." "kirk:" "Scotty, can we make it inside?" "The energizer's bypassed like a Christmas tree, so don't give me too many bumps." "No promises." "On your way." "Trouble with the nebula, sir, is all that static discharge and gas clouds our tactical display." "Visual won't function and shields will be useless." "Sauce for the goose, Mr Saavik." "The odds will be even." "(CREW chattering)" "There she is." "There she is." "Ah." "Not so wounded as we were led to believe." "So much the better." "Estimating nebula penetration in 2.2 minutes." "Reliant is closing." "(THUNDER rumbling) lf they go in there, we'll lose them." "KHAN:" "Explain it to them." "(explosion)" "That was close." "kirk:" "They just don't want us going in there." "One minute to nebula perimeter." "Why are we slowing?" "Daren't follow them into the nebula, sir." "Our shields would be useless." "They are reducing speed." "Uhura, patch me in." "UHURA:" "Aye, sir." "You're on, Admiral." "KIRK ON RADIO:" "This is Admiral Kirk." "We tried it once your way, Khan." "Are you game for a rematch?" "Khan, I'm laughing at the superior intellect." "Full impulse power." "No, sir." "You have Genesis." "You can have whatever you..." "Full power!" "Damn you!" "I'll say this for him, he's consistent." "We are now entering the Mutara Nebula." "kirk:" "Emergency lights." "(rumbling)" "Tactical." "inoperative." "KHAN:" "Raise the shields." "As I feared, sir, not functional." "I'm reducing speed." "(THUNDER rumbling)" "MAN:" "Target, sir." "Phaser lock inoperative, sir." "kirk:" "Best guess, Mr Sulu." "Fire when ready." "(GRUNTlNG)" "Aft torpedoes, fire!" "Hold your course." "Evasive starboard!" "Fire!" "(MEN screaming)" "KIRK:" "Damage, Mr Scott?" "Admiral, I've got to take the mains off the line." "lt's the radiation..." "Scotty." "KHAN:" "Joachim!" "Yours is superior... I shall avenge you." "Could you use another hand, Admiral?" "Man the weapons console, Mr Chekov." "Spock." "SPOCK:" "Sporadic energy readings." "Port side, aft." "Could be an impulse turn." "He won't break off now." "He followed me this far, he'll be back." "But from where?" "He's intelligent but not experienced." "His pattern indicates two-dimensional thinking." "Full stop." "Full stop, sir." "Z-minus 1 0,000 metres." "Stand by photon torpedoes." "Torpedoes ready, sir." "Look sharp." "Fire!" "Uhura, send to Commander Reliant, "Prepare to be boarded."" "UHURA:" "Aye, sir." "Commander Reliant, this is Enterprise." "Surrender and prepare to be boarded." "Enterprise to Reliant." "You are ordered to surrender your vessel." "Respond." "Reliant, come in, Reliant." "You are ordered to surrender your vessel." "Enterprise to Reliant." "You are ordered to surrender your vessel." "Respond." "No, Kirk." "The game's not over." ""To the last I will grapple with thee."" "(ringing)" "Admiral, scanning an energy source on Reliant, a pattern I've never seen before." "lt's the Genesis wave." "What?" "david:" "They're on a build-up to detonation." "How soon?" "We encoded four minutes." "We'll beam aboard and stop it." "You can't." "Scotty, I need warp speed in three minutes or we're all dead." "UHURA:" "No response, Admiral." "kirk:" "Scotty!" "Mr Sulu, get us out of here." "Best possible speed." "SULU:" "Aye, sir." "Are you out of your Vulcan mind?" "No human can tolerate the radiation that's in there." "As you are so fond of observing, Doctor, I am not human." "You're not going in there." "Perhaps you're right." "What is Mr Scott's condition?" "Well, I don't think that he... I'm sorry, Doctor." "I have no time to discuss this logically." "Remember." "Spock!" "Get out of there!" "Spock!" "Spock!" "Get out of there!" "Time from my mark?" "Two minutes, 1 0 seconds." "Engine Room, what's happening?" "Spock!" "SCOTTY:" "Spock!" "Get out of there!" "McCOY:" "Good God, man, get out of there!" "SCOTTY:" "No!" "Don't!" "Don't!" "McCOY:" "Spock!" "Spock!" "(WHOOSHlNG)" "Time?" "Three minutes, 30 seconds." "Distance from Reliant?" "4,000 kilometres." "We're not gonna make it, are we?" "No." "No, you can't get away." ""From hell's heart I stab at thee." ""For hate's sake I spit my last breath at thee."" "Sir, the mains are back online." "Bless you, Scotty." "Go, Sulu!" "My God, Carol." "Look at it." "Engine Room." "Well done, Scotty." "McCOY:" "Jim, I think you'd better get down here." "Bones?" "Better hurry." "Saavik, take the conn." "No!" "You'll flood the whole compartment." "He'll die." "Sir, he's dead already." "It's too late." "Spock!" "(HOARSELY) Ship out of danger?" "Yes." "Don't grieve, Admiral." "It is logical." "The needs of the many outweigh..." "The needs of the few." "Or the one." "I never took the Kobayashi Maru test." "Until now." "What do you think of my solution?" "Spock." "I have been, and always shall be, your friend." "Live long and prosper." "No." "kirk:" "We are assembled here today to pay final respects to our honoured dead." "And yet it should be noted that, in the midst of our sorrow, this death takes place in the shadow of new life, the sunrise of a new world, a world that our beloved comrade gave his life to protect and nourish." "He did not feel this sacrifice a vain or empty one, and we will not debate his profound wisdom at these proceedings." "Of my friend, I can only say this." "Of all the souls I have encountered in my travels," "(SOBS) his was the most" "human." "SULU:" "Honours!" "(SCOTTY playing AMAZING GRACE ON bagpipe)" "(KNOCK AT DOOR)" "Come." "I don't mean to intrude." "No, not at all. I should be on the Bridge." "Can I talk to you for a minute?" "I poured myself a drink." "Would you like it?" "Lieutenant Saavik was right." "You never have faced death." "No, not like this." "I haven't faced death." "I've cheated death." "I've tricked my way out of death and patted myself on the back for my ingenuity." "I know nothing." "You knew enough to tell Saavik that how we face death is at least as important as how we face life." "Just words." "But good words." "That's where ideas begin." "Maybe you should listen to them." "I was wrong about you and I'm sorry." "ls that what you came here to say?" "Mainly." "And also that I'm proud, very proud to be your son." "KIRK:" "Captain's Log, Stardate 8141 .6." "Starship Enterprise departing for Ceti Alpha V to pick up the crew of U.S.S. Reliant." "All is well." "And yet, I can't help wondering about the friend I leave behind." ""There are always possibilities," Spock said." "And if Genesis is indeed life from death," "I must return to this place again." "He's really not dead, as long as we remember him." ""lt's a far, far better thing I do than I have ever done before." ""A far better resting place I go to" ""than I have ever known."" "is that a poem?" "Something Spock was trying to tell me on my birthday." "You okay, Jim?" "How do you feel?" "Young." "(lNHALES) I feel young." "SPOCK:" "Space, the final frontier." "These are the continuing voyages ofthe Starship Enterprise." "Her ongoing mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life forms and new civilisations," |
A rapid solid phase assay for the detection of circulating immune complexes.
A simplified process, which we have termed Enzyme Immune Complex Assay (EICATM) for the detection of circulating immune complexes (CICs), is described herein. The method utilizes readily available reagents, small quantities of serum, and can be performed quickly with a minimal amount of equipment. Serum from 38 normal controls, 98 burn patients, 36 frostbite injury patients, and 21 patients with elevated rheumatoid factor (RF) were tested for CICs in an immune function study. Elevated immune complex levels were found in the group of patients with frostbite injury, and in the group with elevated RF. Serum from thermally injured patients had slightly depressed yet normal CIC levels. The detection of elevated CICs by the EICATM method compared favorably with the more cumbersome Raji cell method, with the added advantage of simplicity, speed, and the ability to detect non-IgG immune complexes. |
Q:
How do I set the order of nodes for a SLURM job?
I have a slurm setup with various partitions. In my slurm.conf, I have a list of computers that can run the jobs for my partition, eg.
PartitionName=hi Nodes=rack[0-4],pc1,pc2 MaxTime=INFINITE State=UP Priority=1000 PreemptMode=off
pc1 and pc2 have 3 cores available, the racks have 4 cores each. If I submit 4 jobs at once, it will allocate 3 to pc1 and 1 to pc2. I would like to alter the order that these are allocated. Specifically, I would like them to go on the racks first, then pc2, then pc1.
Any thoughts?
Ta,
James
A:
Use the weight parameter in slurm.conf when defining your nodes
From the manpage:
Weight
The priority of the node for scheduling purposes. All things being equal, jobs will be allocated the nodes with the lowest weight which
satisfies their requirements.
So for instance set weight=1000 for pc4, weight=100 for pc3 and weight=10 for the racks.
|
[Desktop Entry]
Type=X-GNOME-Metatheme
Name=Vertex-Light
Comment=A theme
Encoding=UTF-8
[X-GNOME-Metatheme]
GtkTheme=Vertex-Light
MetacityTheme=Vertex-Light
IconTheme=gnome
CursorTheme=DMZ-Black
ButtonLayout=menu:minimize,maximize,close
|
Q:
Adding an click event listener to an element in an electron app
Error: document is not defined when starting up the electron app
I'm trying to make it so when someone clicks on a p element a function in my js file for running the electron stuff opens a new electron window but it keeps saying that document is not defined.
this is my index.html (main electron app file)
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>DTE</title>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.0.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/p5.js/0.8.0/p5.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/p5.js/0.8.0/addons/p5.dom.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/p5.js/0.8.0/addons/p5.sound.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="Entery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="index.js"></script>
</head>
<body style="margin: 0px; background-color: black">
<div style="position: absolute; bottom: 39px;width: 100vw; height: 1px; background-color:white;"></div>
<p id="commands" onclick="displayCommands()" style="position: absolute; bottom: -5px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%);font-family: 'Roboto'; color: white;font-weight: 300;">Commands</p>
</body>
this is my js file for electron
const electron = require('electron');
const url = require('url');
const path = require('path');
const { app, BrowserWindow, Menu } = electron;
let mainWindow;
let commandWindow;
app.on('ready', () => {
mainWindow = new BrowserWindow();
mainWindow.loadURL(url.format({
pathname: path.join(__dirname, 'index.html'),
protocol: 'file:',
slashes: true
}));
Menu.setApplicationMenu(null);
document.querySelector('#commands').addEventListener('click', () => {
displayCommands();
})
});
displayCommands = () => {
commandWindow = new BrowserWindow({
width: 300,
height: 500,
title: 'Avaliable Commands',
});
commandWindow.loadURL(url.format({
pathname: path.join(__dirname, 'commands.html'),
protocol: 'file:',
slashes: true
}));
}
It pops up an error each time I run it saying this:
ReferenceError: document is not defined
at App.<anonymous> (DIRECTORY_TO_ENTERY.JS:25:5)
at App.emit (events.js:199:15)```
A:
You can't access DOM (document) in your main process of electron, only in the renderer that it belongs to. Read this for more information How to access DOM elements in electron?
|
Q:
Does cutting an open space not increase the number of holes
Say you have some open connected subset $B \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ and you "cut" it by some open half space $C$ to produce two new open spaces $B_1$ and $B_2$. "Cutting" means to take the intersection of $B$ and $C$ to produce $B_1$ and to take the intersection of $B$ and the interior of the compliment of $C$ to produce $B_2$. More formally:
$$B_1 = B \cap C$$
$$B_2 = B \cap \bar{\,C\,}^{\circ}$$
(I had to invent this definition; if there is an agreed upon name/definition for this please tell me)
Is it the case that that the total number of holes in $B_1$ and $B_2$ is less than or equal to the number of holes in $B$?
This feels intuitively true to me. Slicing a nice loaf of bread in two eliminates holes in the two spaces. My slightly more formal thinking is that if is a hole in $B$ then it has some set of non-contractible paths around it. If all of those paths are cut in half (the paths go along points that do not lie exclusively in either $B_1$ or $B_2$) then a hole is eliminated from $B_1$ and $B_2$ so the total number of holes decreases. If the cut leaves one contractible path (there's a path that lies in either $B_1$ or $B_2$ around that hole in $B$ then that hole is left in one of the two so the number at the very least does not decrease.
A:
You should read about the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for homology groups. Using it one can show that
$$
b_{n-1}(B)\ge b_{n-1}(B_1) + b_{n-1}(B_2),
$$
where $b_i$'s are the $i$-th Betti numbers. If $C$ is bounded by the hyperplane $H\subset {\mathbb R}^n$ then the tail of the MV sequence (over ${\mathbb R}$) becomes
$$
0=H_{n-1}(B\cap H) \to H_{n-1}(B_1) \oplus H_{n-1}(B_1) \to H_{n-1}(B) \to ...
$$
This implies the inequality above.
Note that, intuitively speaking, $b_{n-1}$ counts the number of holes in an open subset of ${\mathbb R}^n$.
On the other hand, if you are interested in $b_1$ (per your comment), then one can construct examples where $b_1(B)=0$ (actually, $B$ is topologically an open ball) while $b_1(B_1)>0, b_1(B_2)>0$, already in the case $n=3$.
Edit. To get a specific example, take the graph $y=\cos(x), -2\pi\le x\le 2\pi$ and rotate it about the $y$-axis in the 3-space. Thicken the resulting surface. It is your $B$. It looks like the baking dish below (minus the two small handles) when viewed up side down. Now, cut it via the $xz$-plane. (On the picture this will be a horizontal plane cutting the dish in the middle.) Then $b_1(B)=0$, $b_1(B_1)=b_1(B_2)=1$. (Note that one of the $B_i$'s will be disconnected.)
|
/*
Derby - Class org.apache.derbyTesting.functionTests.tests.jdbcapi.SetTransactionIsolationTest
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
package org.apache.derbyTesting.functionTests.tests.jdbcapi;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
import junit.framework.Test;
import org.apache.derbyTesting.junit.BaseJDBCTestCase;
import org.apache.derbyTesting.junit.BaseTestSuite;
import org.apache.derbyTesting.junit.CleanDatabaseTestSetup;
import org.apache.derbyTesting.junit.DatabasePropertyTestSetup;
import org.apache.derbyTesting.junit.RuntimeStatisticsParser;
import org.apache.derbyTesting.junit.SQLUtilities;
import org.apache.derbyTesting.junit.TestConfiguration;
/**
* Test setTransactionIsolation
*
*/
public class SetTransactionIsolationTest extends BaseJDBCTestCase {
/**
* @param name
*/
public SetTransactionIsolationTest(String name) {
super(name);
}
public static int[] isoLevels = { Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED,
Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ,
Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED,
Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE };
/**
* test setting of isolation levels with and without lock timeouts
* @throws SQLException
*/
public void testIsolation() throws SQLException {
Connection conn = getConnection();
Connection conn2 = openDefaultConnection();
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
// test with no lock timeouts
for (int i = 0; i < isoLevels.length; i++) {
checkIsolationLevelNoTimeout(conn, isoLevels[i]);
}
// Now do an insert to create lock timeout
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("insert into t1 values(4,'Fourth Hello')");
for (int i = 0; i < isoLevels.length; i++)
checkIsolationLevelTimeout(conn2, isoLevels[i]);
stmt.close();
// rollback to cleanup locks from insert
conn.rollback();
}
/**
* Check setTransactioIsolation and queries with timeout expected in
* all cases except READ_UNCOMMITTED
*
* @param conn Connection to use
* @param isoLevel Isolation level to test from Connection.TRANSACTION_*
* @throws SQLException
*/
private void checkIsolationLevelTimeout(Connection conn, int isoLevel)
throws SQLException {
RuntimeStatisticsParser rsp = null;
conn.setTransactionIsolation(isoLevel);
try {
rsp = SQLUtilities.executeAndGetRuntimeStatistics(conn,
"select * from t1");
// only READ_UNCOMMITTED should make it through
assertEquals(Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED, rsp
.getIsolationLevel());
} catch (SQLException se) {
if (isoLevel != Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED)
assertSQLState("expected lock timeout", "40XL1", se);
}
try {
rsp = SQLUtilities.executeAndGetRuntimeStatistics(conn,
"insert into t1copy (select * from t1)");
;
// only READ_UNCOMMITTED should make it through
assertEquals(Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED, rsp
.getIsolationLevel());
} catch (SQLException se) {
if (isoLevel != Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED)
assertSQLState("expected lock timeout", "40XL1", se);
}
}
/**
* Test setTransactionIsolation and queries with no timeout expected
* @param conn
* @param isoLevel
* @throws SQLException
*/
private void checkIsolationLevelNoTimeout(Connection conn, int isoLevel)
throws SQLException {
conn.setTransactionIsolation(isoLevel);
RuntimeStatisticsParser rsp = SQLUtilities
.executeAndGetRuntimeStatistics(conn, "select * from t1");
assertEquals(isoLevel, rsp.getIsolationLevel());
rsp = SQLUtilities.executeAndGetRuntimeStatistics(conn,
"insert into t1copy (select * from t1)");
;
assertEquals(isoLevel, rsp.getIsolationLevel());
}
/**
* setTransactionIsolation commits?
*/
public void testSetTransactionIsolationCommitRollback() throws SQLException {
Connection conn = getConnection();
conn.rollback();
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
conn
.setTransactionIsolation(java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE);
Statement s = conn.createStatement();
s.executeUpdate("delete from t3");
s.executeUpdate("insert into t3 values(1)");
conn.commit();
s.executeUpdate("insert into t3 values(2)");
conn
.setTransactionIsolation(java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE);
conn.rollback();
ResultSet rs = s.executeQuery("select count(*) from t3");
rs.next();
int count = rs.getInt(1);
assertEquals(1, count);
rs.close();
s.close();
}
/**
* Call setTransactionIsolation with holdable cursor open?
*/
public void testSetTransactionIsolationInHoldCursor() throws SQLException
{
Connection conn = getConnection();
try {
PreparedStatement ps = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT * from TAB1");
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
rs.next();
// setTransactionIsolation should fail because we have
// a holdable cursor open
conn
.setTransactionIsolation(java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE);
rs.next(); // to fix DERBY-1108. Else the GC for ibm15 will clean
// up the ResultSet Object
} catch (SQLException se) {
assertSQLState("Expected Exception if held cursor is open",
"X0X03", se);
return;
}
fail("FAIL: setTransactionIsolation() did not throw exception with open hold cursor");
}
public static Test baseSuite(String name) {
BaseTestSuite suite = new BaseTestSuite(name);
suite.addTestSuite(SetTransactionIsolationTest.class);
// Some test cases expect lock timeouts, so reduce the timeout to
// make the test go faster.
Test test = DatabasePropertyTestSetup.setLockTimeouts(suite, 1, 3);
return new CleanDatabaseTestSetup(test) {
/**
* Create and populate table
*
* @see org.apache.derbyTesting.junit.CleanDatabaseTestSetup#decorateSQL(java.sql.Statement)
*/
protected void decorateSQL(Statement s) throws SQLException {
Connection conn = getConnection();
/**
* Creates the table used in the test cases.
*
*/
final int stringLength = 400;
s.executeUpdate("CREATE TABLE TAB1 (c11 int, " + "c12 varchar("
+ stringLength + "))");
PreparedStatement insertStmt = conn
.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO TAB1 VALUES(?,?)");
// We need to ensure that there is more data in the table than
// the
// client can fetch in one message (about 32K). Otherwise, the
// cursor might be closed on the server and we are not testing
// the
// same thing in embedded mode and client/server mode.
final int rows = 40000 / stringLength;
StringBuffer buff = new StringBuffer(stringLength);
for (int i = 0; i < stringLength; i++) {
buff.append(" ");
}
for (int i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {
insertStmt.setInt(1, i);
insertStmt.setString(2, buff.toString());
insertStmt.executeUpdate();
}
insertStmt.close();
s.execute("create table t1(I int, B char(15))");
s.execute("create table t1copy(I int, B char(15))");
s.executeUpdate("INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(1,'First Hello')");
s.executeUpdate("INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(2,'Second Hello')");
s.executeUpdate("INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(3,'Third Hello')");
s.executeUpdate("create table t3 (i integer)");
}
};
}
public static Test suite() {
BaseTestSuite suite = new BaseTestSuite("SetTransactionIsolation");
suite.addTest(baseSuite("SetTransactionIsolation:embedded"));
suite
.addTest(TestConfiguration
.clientServerDecorator(baseSuite("SetTransactionIsolation:client")));
return suite;
}
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a connector, a set of connectors and connecting a method.
2. Description of the Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,390 discloses a lever-type connector with male and female housings. A lever is mounted rotatably on the female housing and has a cam groove that is engageable with a cam pin on the male housing. The lever initially is held at a starting position and the male housing is positioned so that the cam pin faces the entrance of the cam groove. The lever then is rotated to move the cam pin along the cam groove. As a result, the housings are pulled toward and connected with each other. Thus, the connector takes advantage of the leverage action of the lever and connects the housings with a smaller force.
Some of lever-type connectors have an erroneous connection preventing means for preventing connection of the female and male housings in a wrong combination. The erroneous connection preventing means includes a rib extending in a connecting direction on one housing and a groove on the mating housing for receiving the rib. The positions of the rib and the groove differ for each pair of housings so that the male and female housings can be connected only in a correct combination. The rib is displaced from the groove if an attempt is made to connect the male and female housings in a wrong combination. Thus, the rib contacts an end surface of the mating housing to prevent the connection.
A cam pin that is at the entrance to the cam groove may interfere with an edge of the cam groove and may damage the lever if an operator tries to turn the lever in a state where connection of the housings is prevented.
The present invention was developed in view of the above problem and an object thereof is to provide prevent a connector from being damaged upon erroneously connecting a male and a female connector housings. |
Q:
Installing git documentation packages on RHEL 5
I am trying to install git 1.8.1 on a RHEL 5 system, and I am having a ton of difficulty dealing with the documentation portion of the build. Namely, asciidoc. There are problems with the Docbook being really outdated on RHEL5.
So, I would like the use the make quick-install-doc, make quick-install-man and make quick-install-html commands that are specified in the installation readme file. However, I have absolutely no clue where to actually download the files to make this happen. According to the readme:
To use these build targets, you need to
clone two separate git-htmldocs and git-manpages repositories next
to the clone of git itself.
Where exactly are the "git-htmldocs" and "git-manpages" located?
EDIT: I think I found the location of where to get it.
This git url is for the man pages: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git-manpages.git
This git url is for the html pages: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git-htmldocs.git
I also found them at this Google Code site: http://code.google.com/p/git-core/downloads/list
Now... How do I install them? I don't understand what it means when it says: "next to the clone of git itself". Does this mean in the git source directory, or directly outside of it?
A:
I figured it out! These are the instructions for doing it on RHEL 5 for the version 1.8.1:
What you need to do is first build and install git using the commands:
$ make prefix=/usr all
$ sudo make prefix=/usr install
Once that is installed and done, you then need to cd outside of the git source code directory, and clone the docs:
$ cd ../
$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git-manpages.git
$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git-htmldocs.git
Next, you then need to navigate back into the git source code directory, and run the commands:
$ sudo make prefix=/usr quick-install-doc
$ sudo make prefix=/usr quick-install-html
Doing this installed the man pages, and the html page documentation!
|
Q:
RTMP Broadcast packet body structure for Twitch
I'm currently working on a project similar to OBS, where I'm capturing screen data, encoding it with the x264 library, and then broadcasting it to a twitch server.
Currently, the servers are accepting the data, but no video is being played - it buffers for a moment, then returns an error code "2000: network error"
Like OBS Classic, I'm dividing each NAL provided by x264 by its type, and then making changes to each
int frame_size = x264_encoder_encode(encoder, &nals, &num_nals, &pic_in, &pic_out);
//sort the NAL's into their types and make necessary adjustments
int timeOffset = int(pic_out.i_pts - pic_out.i_dts);
timeOffset = htonl(timeOffset);//host to network translation, ensure the bytes are in the right format
BYTE *timeOffsetAddr = ((BYTE*)&timeOffset) + 1;
videoSection sect;
bool foundFrame = false;
uint8_t * spsPayload = NULL;
int spsSize = 0;
for (int i = 0; i<num_nals; i++) {
//std::cout << "VideoEncoder: EncodedImages Size: " << encodedImages->size() << std::endl;
x264_nal_t &nal = nals[i];
//std::cout << "NAL is:" << nal.i_type << std::endl;
//need to account for pps/sps, seems to always be the first frame sent
if (nal.i_type == NAL_SPS) {
spsSize = nal.i_payload;
spsPayload = (uint8_t*)malloc(spsSize);
memcpy(spsPayload, nal.p_payload, spsSize);
} else if (nal.i_type == NAL_PPS){
//pps always happens after sps
if (spsPayload == NULL) {
std::cout << "VideoEncoder: critical error, sps not set" << std::endl;
}
uint8_t * payload = (uint8_t*)malloc(nal.i_payload + spsSize);
memcpy(payload, spsPayload, spsSize);
memcpy(payload, nal.p_payload + spsSize, nal.i_payload);
sect = { nal.i_payload + spsSize, payload, nal.i_type };
encodedImages->push(sect);
} else if (nal.i_type == NAL_SEI || nal.i_type == NAL_FILLER) {
//these need some bytes at the start removed
BYTE *skip = nal.p_payload;
while (*(skip++) != 0x1);
int skipBytes = (int)(skip - nal.p_payload);
int newPayloadSize = (nal.i_payload - skipBytes);
uint8_t * payload = (uint8_t*)malloc(newPayloadSize);
memcpy(payload, nal.p_payload + skipBytes, newPayloadSize);
sect = { newPayloadSize, payload, nal.i_type };
encodedImages->push(sect);
} else if (nal.i_type == NAL_SLICE_IDR || nal.i_type == NAL_SLICE) {
//these packets need an additional section at the start
BYTE *skip = nal.p_payload;
while (*(skip++) != 0x1);
int skipBytes = (int)(skip - nal.p_payload);
std::vector<BYTE> bodyData;
if (!foundFrame) {
if (nal.i_type == NAL_SLICE_IDR) { bodyData.push_back(0x17); } else { bodyData.push_back(0x27); } //add a 17 or a 27 as appropriate
bodyData.push_back(1);
bodyData.push_back(*timeOffsetAddr);
foundFrame = true;
}
//put into the payload the bodyData followed by the nal payload
uint8_t * bodyDataPayload = (uint8_t*)malloc(bodyData.size());
memcpy(bodyDataPayload, bodyData.data(), bodyData.size() * sizeof(BYTE));
int newPayloadSize = (nal.i_payload - skipBytes);
uint8_t * payload = (uint8_t*)malloc(newPayloadSize + sizeof(bodyDataPayload));
memcpy(payload, bodyDataPayload, sizeof(bodyDataPayload));
memcpy(payload + sizeof(bodyDataPayload), nal.p_payload + skipBytes, newPayloadSize);
int totalSize = newPayloadSize + sizeof(bodyDataPayload);
sect = { totalSize, payload, nal.i_type };
encodedImages->push(sect);
} else {
std::cout << "VideoEncoder: Nal type did not match expected" << std::endl;
continue;
}
}
The NAL payload data is then put into a struct, VideoSection, in a queue buffer
//used to transfer encoded data
struct videoSection {
int frameSize;
uint8_t* payload;
int type;
};
After which it is picked up by the broadcaster, a few more changes are made, and then I call rtmp_send()
videoSection sect = encodedImages->front();
encodedImages->pop();
//std::cout << "Broadcaster: Frame Size: " << sect.frameSize << std::endl;
//two methods of sending RTMP data, _sendpacket and _write. Using sendpacket for greater control
RTMPPacket * packet;
unsigned char* buf = (unsigned char*)sect.payload;
int type = buf[0]&0x1f; //I believe &0x1f sets a 32bit limit
int len = sect.frameSize;
long timeOffset = GetTickCount() - rtmp_start_time;
//assign space packet will need
packet = (RTMPPacket *)malloc(sizeof(RTMPPacket)+RTMP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE + len + 9);
memset(packet, 0, sizeof(RTMPPacket) + RTMP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE);
packet->m_body = (char *)packet + sizeof(RTMPPacket) + RTMP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE;
packet->m_nBodySize = len + 9;
//std::cout << "Broadcaster: Packet Size: " << sizeof(RTMPPacket) + RTMP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE + len + 9 << std::endl;
//std::cout << "Broadcaster: Packet Body Size: " << len + 9 << std::endl;
//set body to point to the packetbody
unsigned char *body = (unsigned char *)packet->m_body;
memset(body, 0, len + 9);
//NAL_SLICE_IDR represents keyframe
//first element determines packet type
body[0] = 0x27;//inter-frame h.264
if (sect.type == NAL_SLICE_IDR) {
body[0] = 0x17; //h.264 codec id
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//this section taken from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25031759/using-x264-and-librtmp-to-send-live-camera-frame-but-the-flash-cant-show
//in an effort to understand packet format. it does not resolve my previous issues formatting the data for twitch to play it
//sets body to be NAL unit
body[1] = 0x01;
body[2] = 0x00;
body[3] = 0x00;
body[4] = 0x00;
//>> is a shift right
//shift len to the right, and AND it
/*body[5] = (len >> 24) & 0xff;
body[6] = (len >> 16) & 0xff;
body[7] = (len >> 8) & 0xff;
body[8] = (len) & 0xff;*/
//end code sourced from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25031759/using-x264-and-librtmp-to-send-live-camera-frame-but-the-flash-cant-show
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//copy from buffer into rest of body
memcpy(&body[9], buf, len);
//DEBUG
//save individual packet body to a file with name rtmp[packetnum]
//determine why some packets do not have 0x27 or 0x17 at the start
//still happening, makes no sense given the above code
/*std::string fileLocation = "rtmp" + std::to_string(packCount++);
std::cout << fileLocation << std::endl;
const char * charConversion = fileLocation.c_str();
FILE* saveFile = NULL;
saveFile = fopen(charConversion, "w+b");//open as write and binary
if (!fwrite(body, len + 9, 1, saveFile)) {
std::cout << "VideoEncoder: Error while trying to write to file" << std::endl;
}
fclose(saveFile);*/
//END DEBUG
//other packet details
packet->m_hasAbsTimestamp = 0;
packet->m_packetType = RTMP_PACKET_TYPE_VIDEO;
if (rtmp != NULL) {
packet->m_nInfoField2 = rtmp->m_stream_id;
}
packet->m_nChannel = 0x04;
packet->m_headerType = RTMP_PACKET_SIZE_LARGE;
packet->m_nTimeStamp = timeOffset;
//send the packet
if (rtmp != NULL) {
RTMP_SendPacket(rtmp, packet, TRUE);
}
I can see that Twitch is receiving the data in the inspector, at a steady 3kbps. so I'm sure something is wrong with how I'm adjusting the data before sending it. Can anyone advise me on what I'm doing wrong here?
A:
The problems start before the code you included even. When you configure x264 be sure to set:
b_aud = 0;
b_repeat_headers = 0;
b_annexb = 0;
This will tell x264 to generate the format needed by rtmp, Then you can skip all the per-nal preprocessing.
For sps/pps use x264_encoder_headers to retrieve them after x264_encoder_open. Encode them into an "extradata" buffer as documented here Possible Locations for Sequence/Picture Parameter Set(s) for H.264 Stream. This extradata goes into an rtmp "sequence header" packet before any frames are sent. Set the frame the AVCPacketType accordingly body[1] in your case, 0 for sequence header 1 for everything else,
body[0] = 0x27;
body[1] = 0;
body[2] = 0;
body[3] = 0;
body[4] = 0;
memcpy(&body[5], extradata, extradata_size);
body[2] through body[4] MUST be set to the frame cts (pts - dts) if you have b frames. If you want to set it to zero, configure x264 for baseline profile, but this will result in reduced image quality. Use the return code from x264_encoder_encode as the frame size, and write the whole frame in one go.
int frame_size = x264_encoder_encode(encoder, &nals, &num_nals, &pic_in, &pic_out);
if(frame_size) {
int cts = pic_out->i_pts - pic_out->i_dts;
body[0] = pic_out->b_keyframe ? 0x27 : 0x17;
body[1] = 1;
body[2] = cts>>16;
body[3] = cts>>8;
body[4] = cts;
memcpy(&body[5], nals->p_payload, frame_size);
}
Finally, Twitch requires you also send an AAC audio stream. and be sure to set the keyframe interval to 2 seconds.
|
Interobserver reliability in Pirani clubfoot severity scoring between a paediatric orthopaedic surgeon and a physiotherapy assistant.
The Ponseti method, now regarded as the standard of care for congenital clubfoot, is equally effective whether provided by orthopaedic surgeons or orthopaedic paramedics. Therefore, it is particularly suitable for under-resourced nations with lack of surgeons and physicians. At the Sudan Clubfoot Clinic, physiotherapy assistants (3-year diploma nurses with additional physiotherapy experience) are part of the Ponseti clubfoot treatment team, with the role of assessing the degree of deformity by the Pirani score to assist the team in providing treatment. However, the reliability of Pirani scores measured by physiotherapy assistants in this context is unknown. After obtaining informed consent, we measured the interobserver reliability between a physiotherapy assistant and an orthopaedic surgeon in measuring Pirani scores in 91 virgin clubfeet in 54 infants (41 males and 13 females) at the Sudan Clubfoot Clinic. Scores were measured independently before the onset of treatment and analysed by the κ statistic for interobserver reliability. The κ statistic was 0.61 for posterior crease, 0.72 for empty heel, 0.51 for rigid equinus, 0.54 for the hid-foot score, 0.57 for medial crease, 0.54 for curved lateral border, 0.56 for lateral head of talus, 0.50 for the midfoot score and 0.50 for the total score. The mean percentage of agreement of both observers for all Pirani components was 83%. We found moderate to substantial interobserver reliability for the Pirani clubfoot severity score and all its subcomponents. Properly trained physiotherapy assistants are efficient in assessing the degree of severity of clubfoot. This is particularly useful in developing countries, where orthopaedic surgeons are few. Clubfoot treatment can be made more affordable by using paramedical healthcare workers such as physiotherapy assistants. |
db DROWZEE ; 096
db 60, 48, 45, 42, 43, 90
; hp atk def spd sat sdf
db PSYCHIC_TYPE, PSYCHIC_TYPE ; type
db 190 ; catch rate
db 102 ; base exp
db NO_ITEM, NO_ITEM ; items
db GENDER_F50 ; gender ratio
db 100 ; unknown 1
db 20 ; step cycles to hatch
db 5 ; unknown 2
INCBIN "gfx/pokemon/drowzee/front.dimensions"
dw NULL, NULL ; unused (beta front/back pics)
db GROWTH_MEDIUM_FAST ; growth rate
dn EGG_HUMANSHAPE, EGG_HUMANSHAPE ; egg groups
; tm/hm learnset
tmhm DYNAMICPUNCH, HEADBUTT, CURSE, TOXIC, ZAP_CANNON, PSYCH_UP, HIDDEN_POWER, SUNNY_DAY, SNORE, PROTECT, RAIN_DANCE, ENDURE, FRUSTRATION, RETURN, PSYCHIC_M, SHADOW_BALL, DOUBLE_TEAM, ICE_PUNCH, SWAGGER, SLEEP_TALK, THUNDERPUNCH, DREAM_EATER, REST, ATTRACT, FIRE_PUNCH, NIGHTMARE, FLASH
; end
|
The Great Recession and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, arguably the toughest problems we’ve confronted in decades, are nothing if not spectacularly complicated. Trying to size up these puzzles is like gaping at a homemade contraption that has mysteriously evolved into something even its designers can no longer fathom, let alone operate and dismantle. Is there an owner’s manual for this thing? Can it be unplugged? If we figure out where it’s getting fuel, can we starve it and hope it expires?
Look at the military’s PowerPoint slide of the Afghanistan war, a labyrinth of cross-thatching lines and arrows swirling around words like INSURGENTS and COALITION CAPACITY & PRIORITIES. “When we understand this slide,” said Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal, who leads the American effort in Afghanistan, “we’ll have won the war.”
At the same time, we’re learning more about the financial instruments that caused our economic collapse, and it’s now clear that “exotic,” the adjective of choice, won’t suffice. Synthetic collateralized debt obligations are impenetrable on purpose, built for maximum opacity. They’re also lethal mysteries to companies like A.I.G., an insurance firm whose supposed expertise is assessing risk. A.I.G. needed an $85 billion government loan to remain solvent.
You sense that the march toward complexity has turned into a sprint in the debate about health care reform and even the gargantuan oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, challenges so baroque, and with so many disparate and moving parts, the best you can do is hope that someone in charge understands them. Complexity used to signify progress — it was the frisson of a new gadget, the riddle of some advance in technology. Now complexity lurks behind the most expensive and intractable issues of our age. It’s the pet that grew fangs and started eating the furniture.
Of course, a nagging sense of incomprehension is a perennial feature of the human experience. When a character in “The Winter’s Tale” describes a spectacle that “lames report to follow it and undoes description to do it,” Shakespeare is talking about the reunion of King Leontes and a daughter presumed dead for many years. But the sentiment works just as well as a reaction to events preceding the Troubled Asset Relief Program. The difference is that Shakespeare’s speakers tend to marvel at natural mysteries, and when confronting them the playwright seems to endorse a certain humility. Today, our mysteries are self-created, and humility seems like a response we can’t afford.
“Are We Doomed?” read the headline to an article in New Scientist, a British magazine that last year took a long look at complexity. (Spoiler alert: maybe.) There is a lot of end-of-days talk when it comes to this subject. You will find a strain of it in the work of Joseph Tainter, an anthropologist at the Utah State University and the author of “The Collapse of Complex Societies.” In the book, Mr. Tainter examines three ancient civilizations, including the Roman Empire, and explains how complexity drove them to ruin, essentially by bankrupting them.
Does he look at the complexity of the problems facing the United States and see doom? Possibly.
“Complexity creeps up on you,” he said in an interview. “It grows in ways, each of which seems reasonable at the time. It seemed reasonable at the time that we went into Afghanistan. It’s the cumulative costs that makes a society insolvent. Everything the Roman emperors did was a reasonable response in the situation that they found themselves in. It was the cumulative impact that did them in.”
Mr. Tainter isn’t peddling the nostalgic charms of simplicity, which is wise because there aren’t a lot of people who would buy it. Unless the subject is TV remote controls, most Americans have a fondness for complexity, or at least for ideas and objects that are hard to understand. In part that is because we assume complicated products come from sharp, impressive minds, and in part it’s because we understand that complexity is a fancy word for progress.
Photo
Credit
Christoph Niemann
Just about every profession has become more complicated in recent decades. The sheer volume of data and rules that must be grasped by a certified public accountant, for instance, has exploded, says Gary Giroux, a professor of accounting at Texas A.& M. The bible of the business is the portentously named “Original Pronouncements,” a book that at its heftiest a few years ago ran to roughly 10,000 pages.
A century ago, Mr. Giroux says, there were no accounting courses, let alone “Original Pronouncements,” because accountants were just guys who double-checked the math of corporations to ensure there wasn’t internal fraud. What happened?
“There was no income tax until 1913,” he says, “and before the New Deal, there was no Securities and Exchange Commission.”
It’s been fashionable for some time to bash accounting for its encyclopedic list of rules and standards, which is perhaps why a public relations rep at the Financial Accounting Standards Board can come across as a little defensive when asked about the size of the group’s most famous door-stopping tome. But you can’t understand where all those regs came from without realizing that they made possible, and mirrored, the growth of the economy.
Which gets to the worrisome part of the complexity of problems we face today. Instead of improving our lives, it’s vexing them.
What we need, suggests Brenda Zimmerman, a professor at Schulich School of Business in Ontario, is a distinction between the complicated and the complex. It’s complicated, she says, to send a rocket to the moon — it requires blueprints, math and a lot of carefully calibrated hardware and expertly written software. Raising a child, on the other hand, is complex. It is an enormous challenge, but math and blueprints won’t help. Performing hip replacement surgery, she says, is complicated. It takes well-trained personnel, precision and carefully calibrated equipment. Running a health care system, on the other hand, is complex. It’s filled with thousands of parts and players, all of whom must act within a fluid, unpredictable environment. To run a system that is complex, it’s not enough to get the right people and the ideal equipment. It takes a set of simple principles that guide and shape the system. For instance: Teach everyone the best practices of doctors who are really good at hip replacement surgery.
“We get seduced by the complicated in Western society,” Ms. Zimmerman says. “We’re in awe of it and we pull away from the duty to ask simple questions, which we do whenever we deal with matters that are complex.”
Those complicated financial instruments that helped bludgeon the economy, she says, should have been subjected to elemental tests: Is this good for consumers? What are the risks involved?
Of course, nobody at Goldman Sachs or any other large financial institution meant to wreck the economy. The United States military didn’t invade Iraq or Afghanistan thinking that one day its efforts would be mounted on a bewildering PowerPoint slide. The engineers who designed the BP oil platform that exploded and sank and produced one of the largest oil spills in history built it with multiple back-up systems.
But complexity has a way of defeating good intentions. As we clean up these messes, there is no point in hoping for a new age of simplicity. The best we can do is hope the solutions are just complicated enough to work.
Correction: May 9, 2010
An article last Sunday on the complexity of the issues of our age misidentified the university where Joseph Tainter, the author of a book on complexity, is an anthropologist. It is Utah State University, not the University of Utah. |
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The bladder does not appear to have a dynamic secreted continuous mucous gel layer.
We determined whether the nature of any protective barrier in the bladder is composed of a secreted mucous gel layer. We collected 24-hour urine samples for analysis from 8 healthy 22 to 49-year-old volunteers and 5, 19 to 59-year-old patients treated with bladder reconstruction, in addition to scrapings from 100 freshly slaughtered pig bladders. Samples were subjected to homogenization, dialysis, freeze-drying, papain digestion, gel chromatography, equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, periodic acid-Schiff assay and amino acid analysis. Normal human bladder, pig bladder, normal ileum and transposed intestinal segments were studied for the presence of a mucous layer using a new method of histological analysis. Mucin content in normal urine is 2.7 mg/24 hours, meaning that less than 0.6% of nondialyzable material in normal urine is mucin. The mucin content of urine from reconstructed bladders amounted to 86 mg/24 hours (5.2% of nondialyzable material). We observed that glycosaminoglycans accounted for 41% of the peak total elution volume of PAS positive material in normal urine. Mucin estimation in urine can be grossly overestimated if contaminating glycoconjugates are not removed. Biochemical analysis of material scraped off the pig bladder surface demonstrated that the maximum thickness of a continuous layer that could be achieved was 13.6 mum. While we could visualize an obvious mucous layer on control ileal samples and biopsies of transposed ileal segments from patients with bladder reconstruction, we were unable to note a distinct, measurable mucous layer lining the bladder surface in humans or pigs. Mucin levels in normal human and pig urine would be enough for slow turnover of a thin barrier but the large increase in mucin in the urine of patients with transposed intestinal segments demonstrates that any layer in normal bladder is much different than that lining the transposed intestinal segment. The most likely constituents of this barrier are membrane bound rather than secreted mucins along with the proteoglycan components of the glycocalix. |
Winding beneath the magnificent halls of St. Petersburg’s Hermitage Museum, with its Da Vincis, diamonds, Greek statuary, Egyptian parchments, enormous number of paintings, mechanical peacock clock, and other treasures, there is a catacomb of cellars. It was into this windowless nether region—far below the Winter Palace’s expansive view of the waters of the Neva—that Maria Haltunen and I had cautiously descended. As I followed her through a narrow, imperfectly-lit corridor, full of large pipes and jutting wires, Haltunen gasped. “Look!” she said.
In the semi-darkness, a little being had appeared. He perched, a foot-tall shadow, on a water pipe.
“Oh, you are a fat one!” said Haltunen, jangling the chain of her I.D. pass like a talisman as she approached the pointy-eared creature. “How nice you are!”
The cat sat, perfectly still. Then he vanished.
“Some of them like to be around people,” said Haltunen, who has been the personal assistant to the museum’s director for the last eighteen years and, in addition to her regular duties, also serves as the museum’s semi-official Press Secretary to the Cats. She peered behind the pipes to see where the creature had gone, but found only a blanket, tucked against the wall, and a bowl. “Some of them prefer to be by themselves.”
Once a motley crew of frightened strays hiding, half-starving, in the palace’s basement, the Hermitage’s cats are now a well-loved, well-fed part of the museum’s family. Some seventy former street cats live at the Hermitage, where, thanks largely to Haltunen’s efforts, they have their very own underground cat infirmary and three full-time volunteers to care for them.
Underground, in their domain, there were signs of them—tiger-striped cat beds, bright pink and blue plastic bowls, places where the heating system’s pipes had been covered in soft, flowered material so that the cats could nest there. Now and then, a pair of bright eyes glanced out from a shaft; in a fenced-off corner, beneath blue and red water pipes, sprawled a little black kitten with white paws. As we passed, he jumped up, sprightly, and sidled out of the off-limits area.
“Our director is always saying they are the spirit of the place,” said Haltunen. “The museum’s genius loci.”
It wasn’t always this way. Fifteen years ago, Haltunen came upon the cats, sheltering in beleaguered prides in the museum’s heating system. Troubled by the animals’ plight, she and a colleague started feeding them, donning maintenance uniforms and lugging leftovers from the cantina to do the rounds of the extensive basements each day after work. “It was awful, after working all day, to put on ugly clothes, to carry stinky beans through these dark basements,” said the diminutive Haltunen, who, with her large, bright eyes and button nose is not entirely un-catlike, herself. “But if you start, you can’t stop.”
Then, they decided to organize. They took up a collection—“A rouble for a cat”—and used it to buy food. Newspaper articles appeared. People became interested. The museum’s director gave them permission to use some little rooms in the basement to keep ill and elderly cats, and hooked up running water. “You know how it is,” said Haltunen, “You see a problem, and then you have to do something.”
In theory, the cats now form a fanged, clawed army with one goal: to catch and kill mice who might want to chew on the artworks. In practice, “they are fat and lazy,” said Haltunen, with evident pride. (A security guard once took a picture of one looking on, in astonishment, as a rat drank from his bowl of milk.) Still, according to Haltunen, when an exterminator came, they found fewer rat corpses afterwards than usual. She says that the mere presence of the cats, their bodies and smells, serves as a deterrent.
There have been cats in the palace since Peter the Great’s daughter, Empress Elizabeth, issued a decree, in 1745, that the biggest cats, capable of catching mice, be sent immediately from Kazan to the court of her imperial majesty. Catherine the Great is thought to have favored Russian Blues as indoor palace cats; under the last Czar, the royal family’s pet cats, who were left behind in the palace, fared better than the dogs, who were taken along to Yekaterinburg with the family to their deaths. During the three-year siege of Leningrad, all of the animals in the city died—except for the rats, said to have been so numerous as to form a gray, moving mass in the streets. When the blockade was lifted, Haltunen said, as we continued our walk beneath the museum, Russians sent their cats to the city to help fight the vermin.
Stepping into the little cat hospital, a cozy, cluttered space that the oldest and sickest cats call home, Haltunen greeted Irina Popovetz, one of the volunteers who looks after the cats. Then she greeted Kusya (“Oh, this one has no tail!”), Jacqueline (“Look how fat we are!”), Sofiko (“You are very old!), and Assol, a tabby named for an impoverished literary heroine who waited at the seaside for a man sailing a ship with scarlet sails to come for her.
Taking a seat in the warm, pungent room and stroking Sofiko, she explained that, thanks to in part to donations from the German society Pro Animale and the pet-food company Purina, there is now an official Hermitage “cat account”—which always in the black. However, the cats are not just charity cases: last year marked the first official “Catfest,” in which all the entries for a contest for the best cat painting (there were nearly three hundred, mostly submitted by children) were exhibited for a day in the basement. For the second annual Catfest, held this spring, a scavenger hunt for children in the museum led to the museum’s only cat mummy, put on display that day only. Catfest was so popular that there is talk of extending it to two days next year. “We were astonished,” said Haltunen. “Crowds come to our dirty basement! It is really popular.”
The cats themselves, who are no longer afraid of people, have a positive effect on staff morale, she said. “People here become kinder, because they have the possibility to show this kindness,” said Haltunen, as we made our way back outside, where an orange cat was asleep in the sun beneath a classical statue. “It is very good when you have the possibility to show your best qualities.”
While cats are not allowed in the galleries or in the museum director’s wing, the people-loving felines have free rein in the former apartments of the ladies-in-waiting, where staff offices are now located. In the deputy of security’s office, “Little Hooligan,” a kitten abandoned in the countryside, where a security worker saved her from being used to train someone’s dog, was drinking milk under the Xerox machine. Frida, a black cat found in the garbage, posed on top of the bookshelf like a nineteenth-century Parisian lithograph, though—according to the photographic evidence that was immediately produced—she still likes to sleep in plastic bags. Niko, who looks like a mini-tigress, was fast asleep on a desk, with her tongue out (the desk’s putative owner assured us that this was no problem: grabbing hold of the sleeping cat’s long, bushy tail, the woman said that whenever she needed to sign anything, she just dips the tip in ink).
“People from Western countries, they say unfortunately they cannot permit cats in their offices,” said Haltunen, looking around, contentedly. “We are very lucky here.”
Photograph by Dmitry Lovetsky/AP. |
We are proud to introduce MasterNode Ventures as the 17th and latest Australian Sponsor Firm to be approved by the GBX.
MasterNode Ventures (MNV) provides comprehensive token sale advisory services and blockchain/cryptocurrency incubator capabilities. Some of MNV’s services include: whitepaper feedback and reporting, tokenomics, marketing and investor introductions.
MNV Beginnings
MNV was founded in December 2017 by Chris McLoughlin, Kyle Hornberg and JP Thor, using the momentum of the successful CanYaCoin (CAN) token sale. The team gained valuable experience, connections and strategies from conducting one of Australia’s most successful token sales, thereafter bringing that expertise into MasterNode Ventures.
Their knowledge acquired in the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency space has been a starting point in the journey of the CanYaCoin (CAN) token sale, raising approximately $15m AUD.
John-Paul Thorbjornsen, CEO of MasterNode Ventures, commented on the news of MNV’s approval, stating:
“We are delighted to be working with Gibraltar Blockchain Exchange on improving the legitimacy and governance around initial coin offerings and cryptocurrency exchange listings. GBX is groundbreaking in its vision and its regulatory compliance and we are humbled to be working with them in helping quality blockchain projects grow.”
MasterNode Ventures is primarily focused on dealing with an exclusive number of projects that they feel hold real potential and who can now get issued through the GBX Grid once they have passed the rigorous listing process. These token sales will be set apart from the rest after adhering to the new industry standards the GBX has been building in a bid toward establishing a new era in token sales.
Sponsor Firm Contributions
With MasterNode Ventures, based in Australia, becoming a part of the Sponsor Firm Network, issuers gain even greater access to our token sale platform, the GBX Grid, and Digital Asset Exchange, all within a secure exchange environment.
Nick Cowan, CEO of GBX, commented on the news of MNV’s new Sponsor status, saying:
“We are starting to see real traction and interest from Australia. This is realised by firms like MasterNode Ventures joining our community of Sponsor Firms at the GBX. Their experience and expertise will be added to our own, which means an overall improved and robust product offering, not only to issuers but to our participants too. We welcome the whole MNV team.”
Sponsor Firms are an integral part of the whole GBX ecosystem, and together they provide comprehensive support to token issuers while mitigating risk in the process. The GBX aims to help steer this developing industry towards institutional integration and mainstream adoption through the work done by GBX.
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BitcoinTalk: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2684176.msg27421066 — msg27421066
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/GibraltarBlockchainExchange |
Sign up to receive free email alerts when patent applications with chosen keywords are publishedSIGN UP
Abstract:
Golf balls consisting of a dual core and a dual cover are disclosed. The
dual core consists of an inner core layer formed from a rubber
composition and an outer core layer formed from a highly neutralized
polymer composition.
Claims:
1. A golf ball consisting essentially of: an inner core layer formed from
a rubber composition and having a diameter of from 0.500 inches to 1.125
inches, a center hardness (Hcenter) of 45 Shore C or greater, and an
outer surface hardness of 60 Shore C or greater; an outer core layer
formed from a highly neutralized polymer composition and having an outer
surface hardness (Houter core) of 75 Shore C or greater; an inner
cover layer formed from a thermoplastic composition and having a material
hardness (Hinner cover) less than the outer surface hardness of the
outer core layer; and an outer cover layer formed from a composition
selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyureas, and
copolymers and blends thereof.
14. A golf ball consisting essentially of: an inner core layer formed
from a rubber composition and having a diameter of from 0.500 inches to
1.125 inches, a center hardness (Hcenter) of 45 Shore C or greater,
and an outer surface hardness of 60 Shore C or greater; an outer core
layer formed from a highly neutralized polymer composition and having an
outer surface hardness (Houter core) of 75 Shore C or greater; an
inner cover layer formed from a thermoplastic composition and having a
material hardness (Hinner cover) of from 80 Shore C to 95 Shore C;
and an outer cover layer formed from a composition selected from the
group consisting of polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends
thereof.
15. The golf ball of claim 14, wherein the diameter of the inner core
layer is from 0.850 inches to 1.125 inches.
16. The golf ball of claim 14, wherein the diameter of the inner core
layer is from 0.875 inches to 1.125 inches.
19. A golf ball comprising: a core consisting of: an inner core layer
formed from a rubber composition and having a diameter of from 0.850
inches to 1.150 inches, a center hardness (Hcenter) of from 50 Shore
C to 75 Shore C, and an outer surface hardness of from 60 Shore C to 85
Shore C; and an outer core layer formed from a highly neutralized polymer
composition and having an outer surface hardness (Houter core) of
from 80 Shore C to 95 Shore C; and a cover consisting of: an inner cover
layer formed from a thermoplastic composition and having a material
hardness (Hinner cover) of from 80 Shore C to 95 Shore C; and an
outer cover layer formed from a composition selected from the group
consisting of polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends
thereof.
20. The golf ball of claim 19, wherein the diameter of the inner core
layer is from 0.875 inches to 1.125 inches.
23. The golf ball of claim 19, wherein the core has an overall dual core
compression of from 75 to 95.
24. The golf ball of claim 19, wherein the core has an overall dual core
diameter of from 1.520 inches to 1.590 inches.
Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 12/233,792, filed Sep. 19, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/048,021, filed Mar. 13, 2008, which
is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/767,070,
filed Jun. 22, 2007, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/773,906, filed Feb. 6, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No.
7,255,656, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 10/341,574, filed Jan. 13, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,044,
which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/002,641, filed Nov. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,547,677. The entire
disclosure of each of these references is hereby incorporated herein by
reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention generally relates to golf balls, and more
particularly to golf balls having dual cores surrounded by dual covers,
wherein the outer surface hardness of the outer core layer is greater
than the material hardness of the inner cover layer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Numerous golf balls having a multilayer construction wherein the
core hardness and cover hardness have been variously improved are
disclosed in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,987,159 to Iwami
discloses a solid golf ball with a solid core and a polyurethane cover,
wherein the difference in Shore D hardness between a center portion and a
surface portion of the solid core is at least 15, the polyurethane cover
has a thickness (t) of not more than 1.0 mm and is formed from a cured
urethane composition having a Shore D hardness (D) of from 35 to 60, and
a product of t and D ranges from 10 to 45.
[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 7,175,542 to Watanabe et al. discloses a multi-piece
solid golf ball composed of a multilayer core having at least an inner
core layer and an outer core layer, one or more cover layers which
enclose the core, and numerous dimples formed on a surface of the cover
layer. The golf ball is characterized in that the following hardness
conditions are satisfied: (1) (JIS-C hardness of cover)-(JIS-C hardness
at center of core)≧27, (2) 23≦(JIS-C hardness at surface of
core)-(JIS-C hardness at center of core)≦40, and (3)
0.50≦[(deflection amount of entire core)/(deflection amount of
inner core layer)]≦0.75.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 6,679,791 to Watanabe discloses a multi-piece golf
ball which includes a rubbery elastic core, a cover having a plurality of
dimples on the surface thereof, and at least one intermediate layer
between the core and the cover. The intermediate layer is composed of a
resin material which is harder than the cover. The elastic core has a
hardness which gradually increases radially outward from the center to
the surface thereof. The center and surface of the elastic core have a
hardness difference of at least 18 JIS-C hardness units.
[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,707 to Yamagishi et al. discloses a three-piece
solid golf ball consisting of a solid core, an intermediate layer, and a
cover, wherein the hardness is measured by a JIS-C scale hardness meter,
the core center hardness is up to 75 degrees, the core surface hardness
is up to 85 degrees, the core surface hardness is higher than the core
center hardness by 8 to 20 degrees, the intermediate layer hardness is
higher than the core surface hardness by at least 5 degrees, and the
cover hardness is lower than the intermediate layer hardness by at least
5 degrees.
[0007] Additional examples can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
6,686,436 to Iwami, U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,836 to Higuchi et al., U.S. Pat.
No. 7,086,969 to Higuchi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,224 to Higuchi et
al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,226,367 to Higuchi et al.
[0009] In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a golf ball
consisting of an inner core layer, an outer core layer, an inner cover
layer, and an outer cover layer. The inner core layer is formed from a
rubber composition and has a diameter of from 0.750 inches to 1.190
inches, a center hardness (Hcenter) of 50 Shore C or greater, and an
outer surface hardness of 65 Shore C or greater. The outer core layer is
formed from a highly neutralized polymer composition and has an outer
surface hardness (Houter core) of 75 Shore C or greater. The inner
cover layer is formed from a thermoplastic composition and has a material
hardness (Hinner cover) less than the outer surface hardness of the
outer core layer. The outer cover layer is formed from a composition
selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyureas, and
copolymers and blends thereof.
[0010] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a golf
ball comprising a core and a cover. The core consists of an inner core
layer and an outer core layer. The inner core layer is formed from a
rubber composition and has a diameter of from 0.750 inches to 1.190
inches, a center hardness (Hcenter) of from 50 Shore C to 70 Shore
C, and an outer surface hardness of from 60 Shore C to 85 Shore C. The
outer core layer is formed from a highly neutralized polymer composition
and has an outer surface hardness (Houter core) of from 80 Shore C
to 95 Shore C. The cover consists of an inner cover layer and an outer
cover layer. The inner cover layer is formed from a thermoplastic
composition and has a material hardness (Hinner cover) less than the
outer surface hardness of the outer core layer. The outer cover layer is
formed from a composition selected from the group consisting of
polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] A golf ball having a dual core (i.e., two-layer core) and a dual
cover (i.e., two-layer cover) enclosing the core is disclosed. The dual
core consists of an inner core layer and an outer core layer. The inner
core layer has a diameter within a range having a lower limit of 0.500 or
0.750 or 0.850 or 0.875 or 0.900 or 0.950 or 1.000 inches and an upper
limit of 1.125 or 1.150 or 1.190 inches. The outer core layer encloses
the inner core layer such that the two-layer core has an overall diameter
within a range having a lower limit of 1.400 or 1.500 or 1.510 or 1.520
or 1.525 inches and an upper limit of 1.540 or 1.550 or 1.555 or 1.560 or
1.590 inches. In a particular embodiment, the inner core layer has a
diameter of 1.000 inches and the outer core layer encloses the inner core
layer such that the two-layer core has an overall diameter of 1.530
inches or 1.550 inches.
[0012] The inner core layer has a center hardness (Hcenter) of 45
Shore C or greater, or 50 Shore C or greater, or 55 Shore C or greater,
or 60 Shore C or greater, or a center hardness within a range having a
lower limit of 40 or 45 or 50 or 55 or 60 Shore C and an upper limit of
65 or 70 or 75 or 80 Shore C. The inner core layer has an outer surface
hardness of 65 Shore C or greater, or 70 Shore C or greater, or 75 Shore
C or greater, or 80 Shore C or greater, or an outer surface hardness
within a range having a lower limit of 55 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 Shore C
and an upper limit of 80 or 85 or 90 Shore C. In a particular embodiment,
the Shore C hardness of the inner core layer's outer surface is greater
than or equal to the center Shore C hardness. In another particular
embodiment, the inner core layer has a positive hardness gradient wherein
the Shore C hardness of the inner core layer's outer surface is at least
10 Shore C units greater, or at least 15 Shore C units greater, or 19
Shore C units greater than the center Shore C hardness.
[0013] The outer core layer has an outer surface hardness (Houter
core) of 75 Shore C or greater, or 80 Shore C or greater, or greater than
80 Shore C, or 85 Shore C or greater, or greater than 85 Shore C, or 87
Shore C or greater, or greater than 87 Shore C, or 89 Shore C or greater,
or greater than 89 Shore C, or 90 Shore C or greater, or greater than 90
Shore C, or an outer surface hardness within a range having a lower limit
of 75 or 80 or 85 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or 95 Shore C. In a
particular embodiment, the overall dual core has a positive hardness
gradient wherein the Shore C hardness of the outer core layer's outer
surface is at least 20 Shore C units greater, or at least 25 Shore C
units greater, or at least 30 Shore C units greater, than the inner core
layer's center Shore C hardness. In another particular embodiment, the
Shore C hardness of the outer core layer's outer surface is greater than
the material hardness of the inner cover layer.
[0014] For purposes of the present disclosure, the center hardness of the
inner core layer is obtained according to the following procedure. The
core is gently pressed into a hemispherical holder having an internal
diameter approximately slightly smaller than the diameter of the core,
such that the core is held in place in the hemispherical portion of the
holder while concurrently leaving the geometric central plane of the core
exposed. The core is secured in the holder by friction, such that it will
not move during the cutting and grinding steps, but the friction is not
so excessive that distortion of the natural shape of the core would
result. The core is secured such that the parting line of the core is
roughly parallel to the top of the holder. The diameter of the core is
measured 90 degrees to this orientation prior to securing. A measurement
is also made from the bottom of the holder to the top of the core to
provide a reference point for future calculations. A rough cut is made
slightly above the exposed geometric center of the core using a band saw
or other appropriate cutting tool, making sure that the core does not
move in the holder during this step. The remainder of the core, still in
the holder, is secured to the base plate of a surface grinding machine.
The exposed `rough` surface is ground to a smooth, flat surface,
revealing the geometric center of the core, which can be verified by
measuring the height from the bottom of the holder to the exposed surface
of the core, making sure that exactly half of the original height of the
core, as measured above, has been removed to within ±0.004 inches.
Leaving the core in the holder, the center of the core is found with a
center square and carefully marked and the hardness is measured at the
center mark according to ASTM and D-2240. Additional hardness
measurements at any distance from the center of the core can then be made
by drawing a line radially outward from the center mark, and measuring
the hardness at any given distance along the line, typically in 2 mm
increments from the center. The hardness at a particular distance from
the center should be measured along at least two, preferably four, radial
arms located 180° apart, or 90° apart, respectively, and
then averaged. All hardness measurements performed on a plane passing
through the geometric center are performed while the core is still in the
holder and without having disturbed its orientation, such that the test
surface is constantly parallel to the bottom of the holder, and thus also
parallel to the properly aligned foot of the durometer.
[0015] For purposes of the present disclosure, the outer surface hardness
of a golf ball layer is measured on the actual outer surface of the layer
and is obtained from the average of a number of measurements taken from
opposing hemispheres, taking care to avoid making measurements on the
parting line of the core or on surface defects, such as holes or
protrusions. Hardness measurements are made pursuant to ASTM D-2240
"Indentation Hardness of Rubber and Plastic by Means of a Durometer."
Because of the curved surface, care must be taken to insure that the golf
ball or golf ball subassembly is centered under the durometer indentor
before a surface hardness reading is obtained. A calibrated, digital
durometer, capable of reading to 0.1 hardness units is used for all
hardness measurements and is set to take hardness readings at 1 second
after the maximum reading is obtained. The digital durometer must be
attached to, and its foot made parallel to, the base of an automatic
stand. The weight on the durometer and attack rate conform to ASTM
D-2240.
[0016] For purposes of the present disclosure, a hardness gradient of a
golf ball layer is defined by hardness measurements made at the outer
surface of the layer and the inner surface of the layer. "Negative" and
"positive" refer to the result of subtracting the hardness value at the
innermost surface of the golf ball component from the hardness value at
the outermost surface of the component. For example, if the outer surface
of a solid core has a lower hardness value than the center (i.e., the
surface is softer than the center), the hardness gradient will be deemed
a "negative" gradient.
[0018] The inner core layer is preferably formed from a rubber
composition. Suitable rubber compositions include natural and synthetic
rubbers including, but not limited to, polybutadiene, polyisoprene,
ethylene propylene rubber ("EPR"), styrene-butadiene rubber, styrenic
block copolymer rubbers (such as SI, SIS, SB, SBS, SIBS, and the like,
where "S" is styrene, "I" is isobutylene, and "B" is butadiene), butyl
rubber, halobutyl rubber, polystyrene elastomers, polyethylene
elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, polyurea elastomers,
metallocene-catalyzed elastomers and plastomers, copolymers of
isobutylene and para-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers of isobutylene
and para-alkylstyrene, copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile,
polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber, chlorinated isoprene rubber,
acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, and combinations of two or
more thereof. Diene rubbers are preferred, particularly polybutadiene,
styrene-butadiene, and mixtures of polybutadiene with other elastomers
wherein the amount of polybutadiene present is at least 40 wt % based on
the total polymeric weight of the mixture. Suitable polybutadiene-based
and styrene-butadiene-based rubber core compositions preferably comprise
the base rubber, an initiator agent, and a coagent. Suitable examples of
commercially available polybutadienes include, but are not limited to,
Buna CB neodymium catalyzed polybutadiene rubbers, such as Buna CB 23,
and Taktene® cobalt catalyzed polybutadiene rubbers, such as
Taktene® 220 and 221, commercially available from LANXESS®
Corporation; SE BR-1220, commercially available from The Dow Chemical
Company; Europrene® NEOCIS® BR 40 and BR 60, commercially
available from Polimeri Europa®; UBEPOL-BR® rubbers, commercially
available from UBE Industries, Inc.; BR 01, commercially available from
Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.; and Neodene neodymium catalyzed high
cis polybutadiene rubbers, such as Neodene BR 40, commercially available
from Karbochem.
[0019] Suitable initiator agents include organic peroxides, high energy
radiation sources capable of generating free radicals, and combinations
thereof. High energy radiation sources capable of generating free
radicals include, but are not limited to, electron beams, ultra-violet
radiation, gamma radiation, X-ray radiation, infrared radiation, heat,
and combinations thereof. Suitable organic peroxides include, but are not
limited to, dicumyl peroxide; n-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) valerate;
1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane;
2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy) hexane; di-t-butyl peroxide; di-t-amyl
peroxide; t-butyl peroxide; t-butyl cumyl peroxide;
2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3;
di(2-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; dilauroyl peroxide; dibenzoyl
peroxide; t-butyl hydroperoxide; lauryl peroxide; benzoyl peroxide; and
combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the initiator agent is
dicumyl peroxide, including, but not limited to Perkadox® BC,
commercially available from Akzo Nobel. Peroxide initiator agents are
generally present in the rubber composition in an amount of at least 0.05
parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, or an amount within the
range having a lower limit of 0.05 parts or 0.1 parts or 1 part or 1.25
parts or 1.5 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, and an
upper limit of 2.5 parts or 3 parts or 5 parts or 6 parts or 10 parts or
15 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber.
[0020] Coagents are commonly used with peroxides to increase the state of
cure. Suitable coagents include, but are not limited to, metal salts of
unsaturated carboxylic acids; unsaturated vinyl compounds and
polyfunctional monomers (e.g., trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate);
phenylene bismaleimide; and combinations thereof. Particular examples of
suitable metal salts include, but are not limited to, one or more metal
salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates,
wherein the metal is selected from magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum,
lithium, nickel, and sodium. In a particular embodiment, the coagent is
selected from zinc salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates,
dimethacrylates, and mixtures thereof. In another particular embodiment,
the coagent is zinc diacrylate. When the coagent is zinc diacrylate
and/or zinc dimethacrylate, the coagent is typically included in the
rubber composition in an amount within the range having a lower limit of
1 or 5 or 10 or 15 or 19 or 20 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base
rubber, and an upper limit of 24 or 25 or 30 or 35 or 40 or 45 or 50 or
60 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber. When one or more
less active coagents are used, such as zinc monomethacrylate and various
liquid acrylates and methacrylates, the amount of less active coagent
used may be the same as or higher than for zinc diacrylate and zinc
dimethacrylate coagents. The desired compression may be obtained by
adjusting the amount of crosslinking, which can be achieved, for example,
by altering the type and amount of coagent.
[0023] The rubber composition may also contain one or more additives
selected from processing aids, processing oils, plasticizers, coloring
agents, fluorescent agents, chemical blowing and foaming agents,
defoaming agents, stabilizers, softening agents, impact modifiers, free
radical scavengers, accelerators, scorch retarders, and the like. The
amount of additive(s) typically present in the rubber composition is
typically within a range having a lower limit of 0 parts by weight per
100 parts of the base rubber, and an upper limit of 20 parts or 50 parts
or 100 parts or 150 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber.
[0024] The rubber composition optionally includes a soft and fast agent.
As used herein, "soft and fast agent" means any compound or a blend
thereof that is capable of making a core 1) softer (have a lower
compression) at a constant COR and/or 2) faster (have a higher COR) at
equal compression, when compared to a core equivalently prepared without
a soft and fast agent. Preferably, the rubber composition contains from
0.05 phr to 10.0 phr of a soft and fast agent. In one embodiment, the
soft and fast agent is present in an amount within a range having a lower
limit of 0.05 or 0.1 or 0.2 or 0.5 phr and an upper limit of 1.0 or 2.0
or 3.0 or 5.0 phr. In another embodiment, the soft and fast agent is
present in an amount of from 2.0 phr to 5.0 phr, or from 2.35 phr to 4.0
phr, or from 2.35 phr to 3.0 phr. In an alternative high concentration
embodiment, the soft and fast agent is present in an amount of from 5.0
phr to 10.0 phr, or from 6.0 phr to 9.0 phr, or from 7.0 phr to 8.0 phr.
In another embodiment, the soft and fast agent is present in an amount of
2.6 phr.
[0026] As used herein, "organosulfur compound" refers to any compound
containing carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur, where the sulfur is directly
bonded to at least 1 carbon. As used herein, the term "sulfur compound"
means a compound that is elemental sulfur, polymeric sulfur, or a
combination thereof. It should be further understood that the term
"elemental sulfur" refers to the ring structure of S8 and that
"polymeric sulfur" is a structure including at least one additional
sulfur relative to elemental sulfur.
[0027] Particularly suitable as soft and fast agents are organosulfur
compounds having the following general formula:
##STR00001##
[0028] where R1-R5 can be C1-C8 alkyl groups; halogen
groups; thiol groups (--SH), carboxylated groups; sulfonated groups; and
hydrogen; in any order; and also pentafluorothiophenol;
2-fluorothiophenol; 3-fluorothiophenol; 4-fluorothiophenol;
2,3-fluorothiophenol; 2,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,4-fluorothiophenol;
3,5-fluorothiophenol 2,3,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,4,5-fluorothiophenol;
2,3,4,5-tetrafluorothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorothiophenol;
4-chlorotetrafluorothiophenol; pentachlorothiophenol; 2-chlorothiophenol;
3-chlorothiophenol; 4-chlorothiophenol; 2,3-chlorothiophenol;
2,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,5-chlorothiophenol;
2,3,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,4,5-chlorothiophenol;
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorothiophenol; [0029] 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorothiophenol;
pentabromothiophenol; 2-bromothiophenol; 3-bromothiophenol;
4-bromothiophenol; 2,3-bromothiophenol; 2,4-bromothiophenol;
3,4-bromothiophenol; 3,5-bromothiophenol; 2,3,4-bromothiophenol;
3,4,5-bromothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrabromothiophenol;
2,3,5,6-tetrabromothiophenol; pentaiodothiophenol; 2-iodothiophenol;
3-iodothiophenol; 4-iodothiophenol; 2,3-iodothiophenol;
2,4-iodothiophenol; 3,4-iodothiophenol; 3,5-iodothiophenol;
2,3,4-iodothiophenol; 3,4,5-iodothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetraiodothiophenol;
2,3,5,6-tetraiodothiophenoland; zinc salts thereof; non-metal salts
thereof, for example, ammonium salt of pentachlorothiophenol; magnesium
pentachlorothiophenol; cobalt pentachlorothiophenol; and combinations
thereof. Preferably, the halogenated thiophenol compound is
pentachlorothiophenol, which is commercially available in neat form or
under the tradename STRUKTOL®, a clay-based carrier containing the
sulfur compound pentachlorothiophenol loaded at 45 percent (correlating
to 2.4 parts PCTP). STRUKTOL® is commercially available from Struktol
Company of America of Stow, Ohio. PCTP is commercially available in neat
form from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. and in the salt form from
eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. Most preferably, the halogenated
thiophenol compound is the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol, which is
commercially available from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. Suitable
organosulfur compounds are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 6,635,716, 6,919,393, 7,005,479 and 7,148,279, the entire
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0030] Suitable metal-containing organosulfur compounds include, but are
not limited to, cadmium, copper, lead, and tellurium analogs of
diethyldithiocarbamate, diamyldithiocarbamate, and
dimethyldithiocarbamate, and combinations thereof. Additional examples
are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,479, the entire disclosure of which
is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0033] Suitable Group VIA compounds include, but are not limited to,
elemental sulfur and polymeric sulfur, such as those which are
commercially available from Elastochem, Inc. of Chardon, Ohio; sulfur
catalyst compounds which include PB(RM-S)-80 elemental sulfur and
PB(CRST)-65 polymeric sulfur, each of which is available from Elastochem,
Inc; tellurium catalysts, such as TELLOY®, and selenium catalysts,
such as VANDEX®, each of which is commercially available from RT
Vanderbilt.
[0034] Suitable substituted and unsubstituted aromatic organic components
that do not include sulfur or a metal include, but are not limited to,
4,4'-diphenyl acetylene, azobenzene, and combinations thereof. The
aromatic organic group preferably ranges in size from C6 to
C20, and more preferably from C6 to C10.
[0035] Suitable substituted and unsubstituted aromatic organometallic
compounds include, but are not limited to, those having the formula
(R1)x--R3-M-R4--(R2)y, wherein R1 and
R2 are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-20
linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio group, or a
single, multiple, or fused ring C6 to C24 aromatic group; x and
y are each an integer from 0 to 5; R3 and R4 are each selected
from a single, multiple, or fused ring C6 to C24 aromatic
group; and M includes an azo group or a metal component. Preferably,
R3 and R4 are each selected from a C6 to C10 aromatic
group, more preferably selected from phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, benzamido,
and benzothiazyl. Preferably R1 and R2 are each selected from
substituted and unsubstituted C1-10 linear, branched, and cyclic
alkyl, alkoxy, and alkylthio groups, and C6 to C10 aromatic
groups. When R1, R2, R3, and R4 are substituted, the
substitution may include one or more of the following substituent groups:
hydroxy and metal salts thereof; mercapto and metal salts thereof;
halogen; amino, nitro, cyano, and amido; carboxyl including esters,
acids, and metal salts thereof; silyl; acrylates and metal salts thereof;
sulfonyl and sulfonamide; and phosphates and phosphites. When M is a
metal component, it may be any suitable elemental metal. The metal is
generally a transition metal, and is preferably tellurium or selenium.
[0036] Suitable hydroquinones include, but are not limited to, compounds
represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof:
##STR00002## [0037] wherein each R1, R2, R3, and
R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (--COOH)
and metal salts thereof (e.g., --COO-M.sup.+) and esters thereof
(--COOR), an acetate group (--CH2COOH) and esters thereof
(--CH2COOR), a formyl group (--CHO), an acyl group (--COR), an
acetyl group (--COCH3), a halogenated carbonyl group (--COX), a
sulfo group (--SO3H) and esters thereof (--SO3R), a halogenated
sulfonyl group (--SO2X), a sulfino group (--SO2H), an
alkylsulfinyl group (--SOR), a carbamoyl group (--CONH2), a
halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (--CN), an alkoxy group (--OR), a
hydroxy group (--OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., --O-M.sup.+), an
amino group (--NH2), a nitro group (--NO2), an aryl group
(e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an
arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (--C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl
(--CH2 phenyl)], a nitroso group (--NO), an acetamido group
(--NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (--CH═CH2). Particularly
preferred hydroquinones include compounds represented by the above
formula, and hydrates thereof, wherein each R1, R2, R3,
and R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of: a
metal salt of a carboxyl group (e.g., --COO-M.sup.+), an acetate
group (--CH2COOH) and esters thereof (--CH2COOR), a hydroxy
group (--OH), a metal salt of a hydroxy group (e.g., --O-M.sup.+),
an amino group (--NH2), a nitro group (--NO2), an aryl group
(e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an
arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (--C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl
(--CH2 phenyl)], a nitroso group (--NO), an acetamido group
(--NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (--CH═CH2). Examples of
particularly suitable hydroquinones include, but are not limited to,
hydroquionone; tetrachlorohydroquinone; 2-chlorohydroquionone;
2-bromohydroquinone; 2,5-dichlorohydroquinone; 2,5-dibromohydroquinone;
tetrabromohydroquinone; 2-methylhydroquinone; 2-t-butylhydroquinone;
2,5-di-t-amylhydroquinone; and 2-(2-chlorophenyl)hydroquinone hydrate.
Hydroquinone and tetrachlorohydroquinone are particularly preferred, and
even more particularly preferred is 2-(2-chlorophenyl)hydroquinone
hydrate. Suitable hydroquinones are further disclosed, for example, in
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0213440, the entire
disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0038] Suitable benzoquinones include compounds represented by the
following formula, and hydrates thereof:
##STR00003## [0039] wherein each R1, R2, R3, and
R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (--COOH)
and metal salts thereof (e.g., --COO-M.sup.+) and esters thereof
(--COOR), an acetate group (--CH2COOH) and esters thereof
(--CH2COOR), a formyl group (--CHO), an acyl group (--COR), an
acetyl group (--COCH3), a halogenated carbonyl group (--COX), a
sulfo group (--SO3H) and esters thereof (--SO3R), a halogenated
sulfonyl group (--SO2X), a sulfino group (--SO2H), an
alkylsulfinyl group (--SOR), a carbamoyl group (--CONH2), a
halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (--CN), an alkoxy group (--OR), a
hydroxy group (--OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., --O-M.sup.+), an
amino group (--NH2), a nitro group (--NO2), an aryl group
(e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an
arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (--C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl
(--CH2 phenyl)], a nitroso group (--NO), an acetamido group
(--NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (--CH═CH2). Particularly
preferred benzoquinones include compounds represented by the above
formula, and hydrates thereof, wherein each R1, R2, R3,
and R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of: a
metal salt of a carboxyl group (e.g., --COO-M.sup.+), an acetate
group (--CH2COOH) and esters thereof (--CH2COOR), a hydroxy
group (--OH), a metal salt of a hydroxy group (e.g., -O-M.sup.+), an
amino group (--NH2), a nitro group (--NO2), an aryl group
(e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an
arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (--C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl
(--CH2 phenyl)], a nitroso group (--NO), an acetamido group
(--NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (--CH═CH2). Methyl
p-benzoquinone and tetrachloro p-benzoquinone are more particularly
preferred. Suitable benzoquinones are further disclosed, for example, in
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0213442, the entire
disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0040] Suitable quinhydrones include, but are not limited to, compounds
represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof:
##STR00004## [0041] wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4,
R5, R6, R7, and R8 is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl
group, a carboxyl group (--COOH) and metal salts thereof (e.g.,
--COO-M.sup.+) and esters thereof (--COOR), an acetate group
(--CH2COOH) and esters thereof (--CH2COOR), a formyl group
(--CHO), an acyl group (--COR), an acetyl group (--COCH3), a
halogenated carbonyl group (--COX), a sulfo group (--SO3H) and
esters thereof (--SO3R), a halogenated sulfonyl group (--SO2X),
a sulfino group (--SO2H), an alkylsulfinyl group (--SOR), a
carbamoyl group (--CONH2), a halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group
(--CN), an alkoxy group (--OR), a hydroxy group (--OH) and metal salts
thereof (e.g., --O-M.sup.+), an amino group (--NH2), a nitro
group (--NO2), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy
group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl
(--C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl (--CH2 phenyl)], a nitroso group
(--NO), an acetamido group (--NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group
(--CH═CH2). Particularly preferred quinhydrones include
compounds represented by the above formula, and hydrates thereof, wherein
each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and
R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of: a metal
salt of a carboxyl group (e.g., --COO-M.sup.+), an acetate group
(--CH2COOH) and esters thereof (--CH2COOR), a hydroxy group
(--OH), a metal salt of a hydroxy group (e.g., --O-M.sup.+), an
amino group (--NH2), a nitro group (--NO2), an aryl group
(e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an
arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (--C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl
(--CH2 phenyl)], a nitroso group (--NO), an acetamido group
(--NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (--CH═CH2). Particularly
preferred quinhydrones also include compounds represented by the above
formula wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5,
R6, R7, and R8 is hydrogen. Suitable quinhydrones are
further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication
No. 2007/0213441, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated
herein by reference.
[0042] Suitable catechols include compounds represented by the following
formula, and hydrates thereof:
##STR00005## [0043] wherein each R1, R2, R3, and
R4, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (--COOH)
and metal salts thereof (e.g., --COO-M.sup.+) and esters thereof
(--COOR), an acetate group (--CH2COOH) and esters thereof
(--CH2COOR), a formyl group (--CHO), an acyl group (--COR), an
acetyl group (--COCH3), a halogenated carbonyl group (--COX), a
sulfo group (--SO3H) and esters thereof (--SO3R), a halogenated
sulfonyl group (--SO2X), a sulfino group (--SO2H), an
alkylsulfinyl group (--SOR), a carbamoyl group (--CONH2), a
halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (--CN), an alkoxy group (--OR), a
hydroxy group (--OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., --O-M.sup.+), an
amino group (--NH2), a nitro group (--NO2), an aryl group
(e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an
arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (--C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl
(--CH2 phenyl)], a nitroso group (--NO), an acetamido group
(--NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (--CH═CH2). Suitable
catechols are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2007/0213144, the entire disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated herein by reference.
[0044] Suitable resorcinols include compounds represented by the following
formula, and hydrates thereof:
##STR00006## [0045] wherein each R1, R2, R3, and
R4, is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (--COOH)
and metal salts thereof (e.g., --COO-M.sup.+) and esters thereof
(--COOR), an acetate group (--CH2COOH) and esters thereof
(--CH2COOR), a formyl group (--CHO), an acyl group (--COR), an
acetyl group (--COCH3), a halogenated carbonyl group (--COX), a
sulfo group (--SO3H) and esters thereof (--SO3R), a halogenated
sulfonyl group (--SO2X), a sulfino group (--SO2H), an
alkylsulfinyl group (--SOR), a carbamoyl group (--CONH2), a
halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (--CN), an alkoxy group (--OR), a
hydroxy group (--OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., --O-M.sup.+), an
amino group (--NH2), a nitro group (--NO2), an aryl group
(e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an
arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (--C(CH3)2phenyl); benzyl
(--CH2 phenyl)], a nitroso group (--NO), an acetamido group
(--NHCOCH3), and a vinyl group (--CH═CH2).
2-Nitroresorcinol is particularly preferred. Suitable resorcinols are
further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication
No. 2007/0213144, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated
herein by reference.
[0046] When the rubber composition includes one or more hydroquinones,
benzoquinones, quinhydrones, catechols, resorcinols, or a combination
thereof, the total amount of hydroquinone(s), benzoquinone(s),
quinhydrone(s), catechol(s), and/or resorcinol(s) present in the
composition is typically at least 0.1 parts by weight or at least 0.15
parts by weight or at least 0.2 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base
rubber, or an amount within the range having a lower limit of 0.1 parts
or 0.15 parts or 0.25 parts or 0.3 parts or 0.375 parts by weight per 100
parts of the base rubber, and an upper limit of 0.5 parts or 1 part or
1.5 parts or 2 parts or 3 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base
rubber.
[0048] Suitable types and amounts of base rubber, initiator agent,
coagent, filler, and additives are more fully described in, for example,
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,483, 6,695,718, and 6,939,907, 7,041,721 and
7,138,460, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein
by reference.
[0049] The outer core layer is preferably formed from a highly resilient
thermoplastic polymer such as a highly neutralized polymer ("HNP")
composition. HNP compositions suitable for use in forming the outer core
layer of golf balls of the present invention preferably have a material
hardness of 35 Shore D or greater, and more preferably have a hardness of
45 Shore D or greater or a hardness within a range having a lower limit
of 45 or 50 or 55 or 57 or 58 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 Shore D and an
upper limit of 80 or 85 or 90 or 95 Shore D.
[0050] Suitable HNP compositions for use in forming the outer core layer
comprise an HNP and optionally melt flow modifier(s), additive(s), and/or
filler(s). Suitable HNPs are salts of acid copolymers. It is understood
that the HNP may be a blend of two or more HNPs. Preferred acid
copolymers are copolymers of an α-olefin and a C3-C8
α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid. The acid is
typically present in the acid copolymer in an amount within a range
having a lower limit of 1 or 10 or 12 or 15 or 20 wt % and an upper limit
of 25 or 30 or 35 or 40 wt %, based on the total weight of the acid
copolymer. The α-olefin is preferably selected from ethylene and
propylene. The acid is preferably selected from (meth) acrylic acid,
ethacrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic
acid. (Meth) acrylic acid is particularly preferred. Suitable acid
copolymers include partially neutralized acid polymers. Examples of
suitable partially neutralized acid polymers include, but are not limited
to, Surlyn® ionomers, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de
Nemours and Company; AClyn® ionomers, commercially available from
Honeywell International Inc.; and Iotek® ionomers, commercially
available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company. Also suitable are DuPont®
HPF 1000 and DuPont® HPF 2000, ionomeric materials commercially
available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. In a preferred
embodiment, the acid polymer of the HNP outer core layer composition has
a modulus within a range having a lower limit of 25,000 or 27,000 or
30,000 or 40,000 or 45,000 or 50,000 or 55,000 or 60,000 psi and an upper
limit of 72,000 or 75,000 or 100,000 or 150,000 psi. As used herein,
"modulus" refers to flexural modulus as measured using a standard flex
bar according to ASTM D790-B. Additional suitable acid polymers are more
fully described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,562,906, 6,762,246, and
6,953,820 and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2005/0049367,
2005/0020741, and 2004/0220343, the entire disclosures of which are
hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0051] The HNP is formed by reacting the acid copolymer with a sufficient
amount of cation source such that at least 80%, preferably at least 90%,
more preferably at least 95%, and even more preferably 100%, of all acid
groups present are neutralized. Suitable cation sources include metal
ions and compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and
transition metals; metal ions and compounds of rare earth elements;
silicone, silane, and silicate derivatives and complex ligands; and
combinations thereof. Preferred cation sources are metal ions and
compounds of magnesium, sodium, potassium, cesium, calcium, barium,
manganese, copper, zinc, tin, lithium, and rare earth metals. Metal ions
and compounds of calcium and magnesium are particularly preferred. The
acid copolymer may be at least partially neutralized prior to contacting
the acid copolymer with the cation source to form the HNP. Methods of
preparing ionomers, and the acid copolymers on which ionomers are based,
are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,264,272, and 4,351,931,
and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0013413.
[0052] HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention
optionally contain one or more melt flow modifiers. The amount of melt
flow modifier in the composition is readily determined such that the melt
flow index of the composition is at least 0.1 g/10 min, preferably from
0.5 g/10 min to 10.0 g/10 min, and more preferably from 1.0 g/10 min to
6.0 g/10 min, as measured using ASTM D-1238, condition E, at 190°
C., using a 2160 gram weight.
[0054] Additional melt flow modifiers suitable for use in compositions of
the present invention, include the non-fatty acid melt flow modifiers
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,365,128 and 7,402,629, the entire
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0056] In a particular embodiment, the HNP outer core layer composition
has a moisture vapor transmission rate ("MVTR") of 8 g-mil/100
in2/day or less (i.e., 3.2 g-mm/m2-day or less), or 5 g-mil/100
in2/day or less (i.e., 2.0 g-mm/m2-day or less), or 3 g-mil/100
in2/day or less (i.e., 1.2 g-mm/m2-day or less), or 2 g-mil/100
in2/day or less (i.e., 0.8 g-mm/m2-day or less), or 1 g-mil/100
in2/day or less (i.e., 0.4 g-mm/m2-day or less), or less than 1
g-mil/100 in2/day (i.e., less than 0.4 g-mm/m2-day). Suitable
moisture resistant HNP compositions are disclosed, for example, in U.S.
Patent Application Publication Nos. 2005/0267240, 2006/0106175 and
2006/0293464, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated
herein by reference.
[0057] In another particular embodiment, a sphere formed from the HNP
outer core layer composition has a compression of 70 or greater, or 80 or
greater, or a compression within a range having a lower limit of 70 or 80
or 90 or 100 and an upper limit of 110 or 130 or 140.
[0058] HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention are not
limited by any particular method or any particular equipment for making
the compositions. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is prepared
by the following process. The acid polymer(s), preferably an
ethylene/(meth) acrylic acid copolymer, optional melt flow modifier(s),
and optional additive(s)/filler(s) are simultaneously or individually fed
into a melt extruder, such as a single or twin screw extruder. A suitable
amount of cation source is then added such that at least 80%, preferably
at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, and even more preferably
100%, of all acid groups present are neutralized. The acid polymer may be
at least partially neutralized prior to the above process. The components
are intensively mixed prior to being extruded as a strand from the
die-head.
[0059] Suitable HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention
also include blends of HNPs with partially neutralized ionomers as
disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2006/0128904, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated
herein by reference, and blends of HNPs with additional thermoplastic and
elastomeric materials. Examples of thermoplastic materials suitable for
blending include bimodal ionomers (e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2004/0220343 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,562,906,
6,762,246 and 7,273,903, the entire disclosures of which are hereby
incorporated herein by reference), ionomers modified with rosins (e.g.,
as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0020741, the
entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference), soft and
resilient ethylene copolymers (e.g., as disclosed U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2003/0114565, the entire disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated herein by reference), polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters,
polyethers, polycarbonates, polysulfones, polyacetals, polylactones,
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, polyphenylene oxide,
polyphenylene sulfide, styrene-acrylonitrile resins, styrene maleic
anhydride, polyimides, aromatic polyketones, ionomers and ionomeric
precursors, acid copolymers, conventional HNPs, polyurethanes, grafted
and non-grafted metallocene-catalyzed polymers, single-site catalyst
polymerized polymers, high crystalline acid polymers, cationic ionomers,
and combinations thereof. Particular polyolefins suitable for blending
include one or more, linear, branched, or cyclic, C2-C40
olefins, particularly polymers comprising ethylene or propylene
copolymerized with one or more C2-C40 olefins, C3-C20
α-olefins, or C3-C10 α-olefins. Particular
conventional HNPs suitable for blending include, but are not limited to,
one or more of the HNPs disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,756,436, 6,894,098,
and 6,953,820, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated
herein by reference. Examples of elastomers suitable for blending include
natural and synthetic rubbers, including, but not limited to, ethylene
propylene rubber ("EPR"), ethylene propylene diene rubber ("EPDM"),
styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as SI, SIS, SB, SBS, SIBS, and the
like, where "S" is styrene, "I" is isobutylene, and "B" is butadiene),
butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, copolymers of isobutylene and
para-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers of isobutylene and
para-alkylstyrene, natural rubber, polyisoprene, copolymers of butadiene
with acrylonitrile, polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber, chlorinated
isoprene rubber, acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, and
polybutadiene rubber (cis and trans). Additional suitable blend polymers
include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,658, for example at column
14, lines 30 to 56, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated
herein by reference. The blends described herein may be produced by
post-reactor blending, by connecting reactors in series to make reactor
blends, or by using more than one catalyst in the same reactor to produce
multiple species of polymer. The polymers may be mixed prior to being put
into an extruder, or they may be mixed in an extruder.
[0060] HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention, in the
neat (i.e., unfilled) form, preferably have a specific gravity of from
0.95 g/cc to 0.99 g/cc. Any suitable filler, flake, fiber, particle, or
the like, of an organic or inorganic material may be added to the HNP
composition to increase or decrease the specific gravity, particularly to
adjust the weight distribution within the golf ball, as further disclosed
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,494,795, 6,547,677, 6,743,123, 7,074,137, and
6,688,991, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein
by reference.
[0061] Suitable HNP compositions are further disclosed, for example, in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,382, 6,756,436, 6,777,472, 6,894,098, 6,919,393, and
6,953,820, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein
by reference.
[0062] Particularly suitable for use in forming outer core layers of golf
balls of the present invention are the "relatively hard HNP compositions"
disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0207879, the
"high modulus HNP compositions" disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,207,903, and
the highly neutralized acid polymer compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,994,638, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated
herein by reference.
[0063] The outer core layer is alternatively formed from a highly
resilient thermoplastic polymer composition selected from Hytrel®
thermoplastic polyester elastomers, commercially available from E.I. du
Pont de Nemours and Company, and Pebax® thermoplastic polyether block
amides, commercially available from Arkema Inc.
[0064] Additional materials suitable for forming the inner and outer core
layers include the core compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
7,300,364, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein
by reference. For example, suitable core materials include HNPs
neutralized with organic fatty acids and salts thereof, metal cations, or
a combination of both. In addition to HNPs neutralized with organic fatty
acids and salts thereof, core compositions may comprise at least one
rubber material having a resilience index of at least about 40.
Preferably the resilience index is at least about 50.
[0065] The weight distribution of the cores disclosed herein can be varied
to achieve certain desired parameters, such as spin rate, compression,
and initial velocity.
[0066] The two-layer core is enclosed with a cover comprising an inner
cover layer and an outer cover layer. According to the present invention,
the surface hardness of the outer core layer's outer surface is greater
than the material hardness of the inner cover layer. In a particular
embodiment, the surface hardness of the outer core layer's outer surface
is greater than the material hardness of both the inner cover layer and
the outer cover layer.
[0067] It should be understood that there is a fundamental difference
between "material hardness" and "hardness as measured directly on a golf
ball." For purposes of the present disclosure, material hardness is
measured according to ASTM D2240 and generally involves measuring the
hardness of a flat "slab" or "button" formed of the material. Hardness as
measured directly on a golf ball (or other spherical surface) typically
results in a different hardness value. This difference in hardness values
is due to several factors including, but not limited to, ball
construction (i.e., core type, number of core and/or cover layers, etc.),
ball (or sphere) diameter, and the material composition of adjacent
layers. It should also be understood that the two measurement techniques
are not linearly related and, therefore, one hardness value cannot easily
be correlated to the other. Unless otherwise stated, the material
hardness values given herein for cover materials are measured according
to ASTM D2240, with all values reported following 10 days of aging at 50%
relative humidity and 23° C.
[0068] The inner cover layer preferably has an outer surface hardness of
95 Shore C or less, or an outer surface hardness within a range having a
lower limit of 80 or 85 or 87 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or 91 or
95 Shore C. For purposes of the present disclosure, the outer surface
hardness of the inner cover layer is measured according to the procedure
given herein for measuring the outer surface hardness of a golf ball
layer.
[0069] The inner cover layer preferably has a material hardness
(Hinner cover) of 95 Shore C or less, or less than 95 Shore C, or 92
Shore C or less, or 90 Shore C or less, or has a material hardness
(Hinner cover) within a range having a lower limit of 70 or 75 or 80
or 84 or 85 or 87 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or 91 or 92 or 95
Shore C. The thickness of the inner cover layer is preferably within a
range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.015 or 0.020 or 0.025 or 0.030
inches and an upper limit of 0.035 or 0.045 or 0.050 or 0.080 or 0.120 or
0.150 inches.
[0070] The outer cover layer preferably has an outer surface hardness
within a range having a lower limit of 20 or 30 or 35 or 40 Shore D and
an upper limit of 52 or 58 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 72 or 75 Shore D.
[0071] The outer cover layer preferably has a material hardness of 85
Shore C or less. The thickness of the outer cover layer is preferably
within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.015 or 0.020 or 0.025
inches and an upper limit of 0.035 or 0.040 or 0.050 or 0.055 or 0.080
inches.
[0072] Optional intermediate cover layers may be included and generally
have a thickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.020 or
0.025 inches and an upper limit of 0.050 or 0.150 or 0.200 inches.
[0073] The cover preferably has an overall thickness within a range having
a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.020 or 0.025 or 0.030 or 0.040 or 0.045 or
0.050 or 0.060 inches and an upper limit of 0.070 or 0.075 or 0.080 or
0.090 or 0.100 or 0.150 or 0.200 or 0.300 or 0.500 inches.
[0075] Compositions comprising an ionomer or a blend of two or more
ionomers are particularly suitable for forming the inner cover layer in
dual-layer covers. Preferred ionomeric compositions include: [0076] (a)
a composition comprising a "high acid ionomer" (i.e., having an acid
content of greater than 16 wt %), such as Surlyn 8150®, a copolymer
of ethylene and methacrylic acid, having an acid content of 19 wt %,
which is 45% neutralized with sodium; [0077] (b) a composition comprising
a high acid ionomer and a maleic anhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer
(e.g., Fusabond® maleic anhydride-grafted metallocene-catalyzed
ethylene-butene copolymers). A particularly preferred blend of high acid
ionomer and maleic anhydride-grafted polymer is a blend of 79-85 wt %
Surlyn 8150® and 15-21 wt % Fusabond®. Blends of high acid
ionomers with maleic anhydride-grafted polymers are further disclosed,
for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,992,135 and 6,677,401, the entire
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference; [0078]
(c) a composition comprising a 50/45/5 blend of Surlyn®
8940/Surlyn® 9650/Nucrel® 960, preferably having a material
hardness of from 80 to 85 Shore C; [0079] (d) a composition comprising a
50/25/25 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650/Surlyn® 9910,
preferably having a material hardness of about 90 Shore C; [0080] (e) a
composition comprising a 50/50 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn®
9650, preferably having a material hardness of about 86 Shore C; [0081]
(f) a composition comprising a blend of Surlyn® 7940/Surlyn®
8940, optionally including a melt flow modifier; [0082] (g) a composition
comprising a blend of a first high acid ionomer and a second high acid
ionomer, wherein the first high acid ionomer is neutralized with a
different cation than the second high acid ionomer (e.g., 50/50 blend of
Surlyn® 8150 and Surlyn® 9150), optionally including one or more
melt flow modifiers such as an ionomer, ethylene-acid copolymer or ester
terpolymer; and [0083] (h) a composition comprising a blend of a first
high acid ionomer and a second high acid ionomer, wherein the first high
acid ionomer is neutralized with a different cation than the second high
acid ionomer, and from 0 to 10 wt % of an ethylene/acid/ester ionomer
wherein the ethylene/acid/ester ionomer is neutralized with the same
cation as either the first high acid ionomer or the second high acid
ionomer or a different cation than the first and second high acid
ionomers (e.g., a blend of 40-50 wt % Surlyn® 8140, 40-50 wt %
Surlyn® 9120, and 0-10 wt % Surlyn® 6320).
[0084] Surlyn 8150®, Surlyn® 8940, and Surlyn® 8140 are
different grades of E/MAA copolymer in which the acid groups have been
partially neutralized with sodium ions. Surlyn® 9650, Surlyn®
9910, Surlyn® 9150, and Surlyn® 9120 are different grades of
E/MAA copolymer in which the acid groups have been partially neutralized
with zinc ions. Surlyn® 7940 is an E/MAA copolymer in which the acid
groups have been partially neutralized with lithium ions. Surlyn®
6320 is a very low modulus magnesium ionomer with a medium acid content.
Nucrel® 960 is an E/MAA copolymer resin nominally made with 15 wt %
methacrylic acid. Surlyn® ionomers, Fusabond® copolymers, and
Nucrel® copolymers are commercially available from E.I. du Pont de
Nemours and Company.
[0087] Suitable ionomeric cover materials are further disclosed, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,382, 6,756,436, 6,894,098, 6,919,393,
and 6,953,820, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by
reference.
[0088] Polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof are
particularly suitable for forming the outer cover layer in dual-layer
covers. When used as cover layer materials, polyurethanes and polyureas
can be thermoset or thermoplastic. Thermoset materials can be formed into
golf ball layers by conventional casting or reaction injection molding
techniques. Thermoplastic materials can be formed into golf ball layers
by conventional compression or injection molding techniques.
[0089] Suitable polyurethane cover materials are further disclosed in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,334,673, 6,506,851, 6,756,436, and 7,105,623, the entire
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Suitable polyurea cover materials are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,484,870, 6,835,794 and 7,378,483, and U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2008/0064527, the entire disclosures of which are hereby
incorporated herein by reference. Suitable polyurethane-urea cover
materials include polyurethane/polyurea blends and copolymers comprising
urethane and urea segments, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application
Publication No. 2007/0117923, the entire disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated herein by reference.
[0090] Golf ball cover compositions may include a flow modifier, such as,
but not limited to, Nucrel® acid copolymer resins, and particularly
Nucrel® 960. Nucrel® acid copolymer resins are commercially
available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
[0092] In a particular embodiment, the cover comprises an inner cover
layer formed from a composition comprising a high acid ionomer and a
maleic anhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer and an outer cover layer
formed from a polyurethane, polyurea, or copolymer or hybrid of
polyurethane/polyurea. The outer cover layer material may be
thermoplastic or thermoset. A particularly preferred inner cover layer
composition is a 84 wt %/16 wt % blend of Surlyn 8150® and Fusabond
572D®.
[0093] Additional suitable cover materials are disclosed, for example, in
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0164810, U.S. Pat. No.
5,919,100, and PCT Publications WO00/23519 and WO00/29129, the entire
disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0095] A moisture vapor barrier layer is optionally employed between the
core and the cover. Moisture vapor barrier layers are further disclosed,
for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,632,147, 6,932,720, 7,004,854, and
7,182,702, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein
by reference.
[0097] Other preferred materials suitable for use as an additional
material in golf ball compositions disclosed herein include Skypel
polyester elastomers, commercially available from SK Chemicals of South
Korea; Septon® diblock and triblock copolymers, commercially
available from Kuraray Corporation of Kurashiki, Japan; and Kraton®
diblock and triblock copolymers, commercially available from Kraton
Polymers LLC of Houston, Tex.
[0099] The present invention is not limited by any particular process for
forming the golf ball layer(s). It should be understood that the layer(s)
can be formed by any suitable technique, including injection molding,
compression molding, casting, and reaction injection molding.
[0100] When injection molding is used, the composition is typically in a
pelletized or granulated form that can be easily fed into the throat of
an injection molding machine wherein it is melted and conveyed via a
screw in a heated barrel at temperatures of from 150° F. to
600° F., preferably from 200° F. to 500° F. The
molten composition is ultimately injected into a closed mold cavity,
which may be cooled, at ambient or at an elevated temperature, but
typically the mold is cooled to a temperature of from 50° F. to
70° F. After residing in the closed mold for a time of from 1
second to 300 seconds, preferably from 20 seconds to 120 seconds, the
core and/or core plus one or more additional core or cover layers is
removed from the mold and either allowed to cool at ambient or reduced
temperatures or is placed in a cooling fluid such as water, ice water,
dry ice in a solvent, or the like.
[0101] When compression molding is used to form a core, the composition is
first formed into a preform or slug of material, typically in a
cylindrical or roughly spherical shape at a weight slightly greater than
the desired weight of the molded core. Prior to this step, the
composition may be first extruded or otherwise melted and forced through
a die after which it is cut into a cylindrical preform. The preform is
then placed into a compression mold cavity and compressed at a mold
temperature of from 150° F. to 400° F., preferably from
250° F. to 400° F., and more preferably from 300° F.
to 400° F. When compression molding a cover layer, half-shells of
the cover layer material are first formed via injection molding. A core
is then enclosed within two half-shells, which is then placed into a
compression mold cavity and compressed.
[0102] Reaction injection molding processes are further disclosed, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,119, 7,208,562, 7,281,997, 7,282,169,
7,338,391, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0247073, the
entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0103] Golf balls of the present invention typically have a coefficient of
restitution ("COR") of 0.700 or greater, preferably 0.750 or greater,
more preferably 0.780 or greater, and even more preferably 0.790 or
greater.
[0104] COR, as used herein, is determined according to a known procedure
wherein a golf ball or golf ball subassembly (e.g., a golf ball core) is
fired from an air cannon at two given velocities and calculated at a
velocity of 125 ft/s. Ballistic light screens are located between the air
cannon and the steel plate at a fixed distance to measure ball velocity.
As the ball travels toward the steel plate, it activates each light
screen, and the time at each light screen is measured. This provides an
incoming transit time period inversely proportional to the ball's
incoming velocity. The ball impacts the steel plate and rebounds though
the light screens, which again measure the time period required to
transit between the light screens. This provides an outgoing transit time
period inversely proportional to the ball's outgoing velocity. COR is
then calculated as the ratio of the outgoing transit time period to the
incoming transit time period, COR=Vout/Vin=Tin/Tout.
[0105] Golf balls of the present invention typically have an overall
compression of 40 or greater, or a compression within a range having a
lower limit of 40 or 50 or 60 or 65 or 75 or 80 or 90 and an upper limit
of 95 or 100 or 105 or 110 or 115 or 120. Dual cores of the present
invention preferably have an overall compression of 60 or 70 or 75 or 80
and an upper limit of 85 or 90 or 95 or 100. Inner core layers of the
present invention preferably have a compression of 40 or less, or from 20
to 40, or a compression of about 30.
[0106] Compression is an important factor in golf ball design. For
example, the compression of the core can affect the ball's spin rate off
the driver and the feel. As disclosed in Jeff Dalton's Compression by Any
Other Name, Science and Golf IV, Proceedings of the World Scientific
Congress of Golf (Eric Thain ed., Routledge, 2002) ("J. Dalton"), several
different methods can be used to measure compression, including Atti
compression, Riehle compression, load/deflection measurements at a
variety of fixed loads and offsets, and effective modulus. For purposes
of the present invention, "compression" refers to Atti compression and is
measured according to a known procedure, using an Atti compression test
device, wherein a piston is used to compress a ball against a spring. The
travel of the piston is fixed and the deflection of the spring is
measured. The measurement of the deflection of the spring does not begin
with its contact with the ball; rather, there is an offset of
approximately the first 1.25 mm (0.05 inches) of the spring's deflection.
Very low stiffness cores will not cause the spring to deflect by more
than 1.25 mm and therefore have a zero compression measurement. The Atti
compression tester is designed to measure objects having a diameter of
42.7 mm (1.68 inches); thus, smaller objects, such as golf ball cores,
must be shimmed to a total height of 42.7 mm to obtain an accurate
reading. Conversion from Atti compression to Riehle (cores), Riehle
(balls), 100 kg deflection, 130-10 kg deflection or effective modulus can
be carried out according to the formulas given in J. Dalton.
[0107] Golf balls of the present invention will typically have dimple
coverage of 60% or greater, preferably 65% or greater, and more
preferably 75% or greater.
[0108] The United States Golf Association specifications limit the minimum
size of a competition golf ball to 1.680 inches. There is no
specification as to the maximum diameter, and golf balls of any size can
be used for recreational play. Golf balls of the present invention can
have an overall diameter of any size. The preferred diameter of the
present golf balls is from 1.680 inches to 1.800 inches. More preferably,
the present golf balls have an overall diameter of from 1.680 inches to
1.760 inches, and even more preferably from 1.680 inches to 1.740 inches.
[0109] Golf balls of the present invention preferably have a moment of
inertia ("MOI") of 70-95 g-cm2, preferably 75-93 g-cm2, and
more preferably 76-90 g-cm2. For low MOI embodiments, the golf ball
preferably has an MOI of 85 g-cm2 or less, or 83 g-cm2 or less.
For high MOI embodiment, the golf ball preferably has an MOI of 86
g-cm2 or greater, or 87 g-cm2 or greater. MOI is measured on a
model MOI-005-104 Moment of Inertia Instrument manufactured by Inertia
Dynamics of Collinsville, Conn. The instrument is connected to a PC for
communication via a COMM port and is driven by MOI Instrument Software
version #1.2.
[0110] When numerical lower limits and numerical upper limits are set
forth herein, it is contemplated that any combination of these values may
be used.
[0111] All patents, publications, test procedures, and other references
cited herein, including priority documents, are fully incorporated by
reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with this
invention and for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation is
permitted.
[0112] While the illustrative embodiments of the invention have been
described with particularity, it will be understood that various other
modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those of
ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of
the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the
claims appended hereto be limited to the examples and descriptions set
forth herein, but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing all
of the features of patentable novelty which reside in the present
invention, including all features which would be treated as equivalents
thereof by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention
pertains. |
Jesus Our Lord And God
I hunger not for food,
For, I eat and the hunger is gone.
I thirst not for water,
For, I drink and the thirst is gone.
I hunger and thirst for
The love You bring to me
For Your soothing love
Upon my soul.
And the more I am filled
The more hungry I become,
The more I drink
The thirstier I become.
My soul grows
Constantly expanding
As it is filled with Your love.
And not a day goes by
That You don't come and feed
And give me drink.
Re: Jesus Our Lord And God
Deuteronomy 8:3
And he humbled you and let you hunger and fed you with manna, which you did not know, nor did your fathers know, that he might make you know that man does not live by bread alone, but man lives by every word that comes from the mouth of the LORD. |
Q:
There is an error while using System.out.println when both text and variables
I am a beginner in Java so I wrote a program to understand the OOP concepts but it gives me an error when trying to use System.out.println().
Here's the code
public static void main(String[] args) {
sampleClass ADD = new sampleClass();
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int fNum;
int sNum;
System.out.println("Enter the first number to Add");
fNum = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("Now enter the second number");
sNum = input.nextInt();
int sum;
sum = ADD.add(fNum, sNum);
System.out.println("The sum of " fNum " and " sNum " is " sum);
}
A:
Replace this line System.out.println("The sum of " fNum " and " sNum " is " sum); with
System.out.println("The sum of " +fNum+ " and " +sNum+ " is " +sum);
Please Note: In Java, the operator "+" normally acts as an arithmetic operator unless one of its operands is a String. If necessary it converts the other operand to a String before joining the second operand to the end of the first operand.
Examples:
If one of the operands is not a String it will be converted:
int age = 12;
System.out.println("My age is " + age);
|
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* Can i ship by UPS,DHL or TNT?
Yes,if you went ship by TNT,UPS,DHL. please contact us.The premise is the goods you ordered should be over 21kgs. But TNT,UPS,DHL are expensive,we are sorry that you should pay an extra shipping cost. * How Do I Save On Shipping? Due to the high price of international shipping, we suggest our customers to buy everything they want in one order. That way, the per-item shipping cost could be minimized. And if you buy more at a time,you will get more cut on shipping cost. You can Contact us. |
Release Detail
July 26, 2000 - Gore, Bush Locked In Tight Race In New Jersey,
Quinnipiac University Poll Finds;
Abortion Is A Key For Top Candidate, Not Running Mate
Vice President Al Gore and Texas Gov. George W. Bush are locked in a tight race
among New Jersey voters, with 46 percent for Gore and 41 percent for Bush, according to a
Quinnipiac University Poll released today.
The results are virtually unchanged from a June 28 poll by the independent Quinnipiac
University, when Gore edged Bush 45 - 40 percent.
If the Reform Party's Pat Buchanan and the Green Party's Ralph Nader are in the race,
Gore gets 42 percent to 38 percent for Bush, with 2 percent for Buchanan and 7 percent for
Nader.
From July 19 - 24, Quinnipiac University surveyed 910 New Jersey registered voters,
with a margin of error of +/- 3.3 percent.
"As the Vice President in a prosperous and contented America, Gore should be doing
much better than this. Now he will need to deliver a superb performance at the convention,"
said Quinnipiac University Political Science Professor Scott McLean.
"New Jersey voters are familiar with Bush and Gore, but many still have mixed
feelings about them. The reason voters seem eager to watch the conventions is that they
hope to figure out where the parties and candidates stand on the issues."
Gore's favorability among New Jersey voters is 39 - 34 percent, with 25 percent
mixed and 2 percent saying they haven't heard enough to form an opinion. This compares
with Gore's 33 - 33 percent favorability rating in the June 28 Quinnipiac University poll.
Bush's favorability is 35 - 36 percent, with 26 percent mixed and 3 percent saying
they haven't heard enough to form an opinion. He had a slightly negative 30 - 34 percent
favorability June 28.
Of the 73 percent of New Jersey voters who say they will watch at least some of the
Republican Convention next week, 57 percent say they are most interested in speeches about
where the party stands on major issues.
Of the 67 percent of voters who say they will watch the Democratic Convention next
month, 62 percent say they also are most interested in speeches about major issues.
Only 26 percent of New Jersey voters want to see the Supreme Court`s Roe v. Wade
decision legalizing abortion overturned, while 68 percent do not want it reversed.
It is very important that a presidential candidate share their opinion on abortion,
according to 40 percent of New Jersey voters, while 39 percent say it is somewhat important
and 20 percent say it is not important at all. Those who say a candidate's stand on abortion
is very important support Gore 51 - 29 percent.
If Bush had chosen a Vice Presidential candidate who supports legalized abortion, 15
percent of voters would be more likely to vote Republican, while 15 percent would be less
likely and 66 percent say it would make no difference in how they vote.
"If Bush had selected a pro-choice running mate, it would not have made a difference
in New Jersey, where people look at the presidential candidate's abortion position, not at
number two. Besides, he would likely lose one Republican for every independent he might
win over - so why should he gamble with his base and gain no advantage?" Dr. McLean
said.
The Quinnipiac University Poll, directed by Douglas Schwartz, conducts public
opinion surveys in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut as a public service and for
research.
2. Do you approve or disapprove of the way Bill Clinton is handling
his job as President?
Tot Rep Dem Ind Men Wom
Approve 63% 30% 87% 64% 59% 66%
Disapprove 33 66 10 31 37 29
DK/NA 4 3 3 6 4 5
10. How much attention have you been paying to the election campaign
for President -- a lot, some, only a little, or none at all?
16. If the election for President were being held today and the
candidates were Al Gore the Democrat, George W. Bush the Republican,
Pat Buchanan the Reform Party candidate and Ralph Nader the Green
Party candidate for whom would you vote?
Speeches about where the
party stands on major
national issues 57 46 58 64 52 62
DK/NA 5 2 7 5 6 4
20. As you may know the Democratic National Convention will meet in
Los Angeles August 14th to the 17th. Do you think you will watch any
of the television coverage of the convention?
Tot Rep Dem Ind Men Wom
Yes 67% 52% 77% 69% 65% 69%
No 31 47 20 30 34 28
DK/NA 2 1 3 1 1 3
21. (If will watch convention) Which part of the convention are you most
interested in seeing?
Tot Rep Dem Ind Men Wom
The nomination acceptance
speech by Al Gore 18% 20% 19% 15% 21% 15%
Biographies of Al Gore
and his running mate 7 4 8 7 8 6
Speeches by the
major party leaders 9 13 10 7 10 9
Speeches about where the
party stands on major
national issues? 62 60 58 67 58 66
DK/NA 4 3 5 3 3 4
22. In its 1973 Roe v. Wade decision the Supreme Court ruled that states
cannot place restrictions on a woman's right to an abortion during the
first 3 months of pregnancy. Would you like to see this ruling overturned
or not?
Tot Rep Dem Ind Men Wom
Yes/Overturned 26% 38% 18% 25% 29% 23%
No/Not overturned 68 56 77 68 66 70
DK/NA 6 6 5 6 6 6
23. How important is it to you that the Presidential candidate you vote
for shares your views on the issue of abortion - very important, somewhat
important, or not important at all?
Tot Rep Dem Ind Men Wom
Very important 40% 27% 54% 35% 30% 49%
Smwht important 39 45 33 41 44 34
Not important at all 20 26 12 23 25 15
DK/NA 1 1 1 1 - 1
24. If George W. Bush chooses a Vice Presidential candidate who supports
legalized abortion, would you be more likely to vote for him, less likely,
or wouldn't it make a difference? |
/**
* @file
*
* @author CCHyper
* @author OmniBlade
*
* @brief Base class for UI elements that generate events themselves.
*
* @copyright Chronoshift is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version
* 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
* A full copy of the GNU General Public License can be found in
* LICENSE
*/
#pragma once
#ifndef CONTROLC_H
#define CONTROLC_H
#include "always.h"
#include "gadget.h"
class ControlClass : public GadgetClass
{
public:
ControlClass(unsigned input_flag, BOOL sticky = false) : GadgetClass(input_flag, sticky), m_ID(0), m_Peer(nullptr) {}
ControlClass(unsigned id, int x, int y, int w, int h, unsigned input_flag, BOOL is_sticky = false);
ControlClass(ControlClass &that);
virtual ~ControlClass() {}
virtual unsigned Get_ID() const override { return m_ID; }
virtual BOOL Draw_Me(BOOL redraw) override;
virtual BOOL Action(unsigned flags, KeyNumType &key) override;
virtual void Make_Peer(GadgetClass const &peer) { m_Peer = (GadgetClass *)&peer; }
ControlClass &operator=(ControlClass &that);
void Set_ID(unsigned id) { m_ID = id; }
protected:
unsigned m_ID;
GadgetClass *m_Peer;
};
inline ControlClass &ControlClass::operator=(ControlClass &that)
{
if (this != &that) {
GadgetClass::operator=(that);
m_ID = that.m_ID;
m_Peer = that.m_Peer;
}
return *this;
}
#endif // CONTROLC_H
|
Get Even starts with main protagonist Cole Black trying to save the life of a teenage girl named Grace. Black knows nothing about who he is or where he's at or even why he's trying to save her. Captors have taken her hostage and strapped a ...
Bandai Namco has delayed the release of Get Even by a month following the detonation of a homemade bomb at Manchester Arena that killed 22 people and injured 59 others.
"Given recent events and out of respect we have decided to postpone the...
In a presentation through Microsoft's [email protected] program, The Farm 51's Lead Designer Kamil Bilczyński first showed the trailer for the upcoming first-person shooter/mystery investigation hybrid game Get Even.
It is clear why he opened wi...
Painkiller: Hell and Damnation and Deadfall Adventures developer The Farm 51 is striving for photorealism in its new game, Get Even, with the use of 3D scanning. There's no denying that the environmental shots look ridiculously good, but w...
Apparently the secret to defeating the double tempered Bazelgeuse Make a hammer out of those two Diablos you had to kill to get an affinity Teach yourself how to use a Hit them both in the face as hard as you
Path of Fire sure takes a lot of Metroidvania conventions to the way you progress through Elona, theres bunch of closed off areas until you get the proper mount to traverse it, be it by jumping over a chasm, steep cliffs or literal walled off
I tried R6 Sieges outbreak Its a pretty good concept, but limited as Id play a game built around it, with more variety in weapons, maps, and enemies, and the ability to have people join your game after one guy DCs half way through
Welp, I gave Eureka a solid week in FF Its Gimme back the old relic At least then I could multitask and level up other classes or get tomestones/savage clears in while working on Eurekas just a waste of time with shit gear
Question: is there any good games out there that mix roguelike/lite elements with JRPG? Was thinking about how could it would be a game with a Chrono Trigger-like battle system (fast, lots of fun, no need to grind) with randomized dungeons and |
The trains are in town
On entering the Cottage Grove Armory, the magic sound of wheels on track of model trains was intoxicating. The timbre is so familiar, having trains regularly passing through the Grove, yet diminutive.
Another thing that arrests your attention is the excited kids, who can scarcely keep their feet on the ground while taking in the various setups of model railways in operation. It is Lane County's Largest Train Show, organized by the Willamette Cascade Model Railway Club (WCMRRC).
With the armory floor space of 60 feet by 102 feet packed wall to wall with train setups, I believe it. It is t... |
Q:
\fill left of a node using the positioning library
How can I position a \fill relative to a node? I would position a node in the following way, using the positioning library:
\node (mynode) at (2,4) {text};
\node [left=of mynode] {o};
But if I try the same with a filled circle:
\node (mynode) at (2,4) {text};
\fill [left=of mynode] circle (1);
The circle is centered at origin with no warnings or error messages.
A:
positioning library helps you to position nodes. If you want to use it, you can use a circular node or fix a coordinate node which can be used for further reference.
Here you have both examples. If you use a node be careful because it's minimum size is its diameter but you must also consider its inner sep.
\documentclass[tikz,border=2mm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[draw] at (2,4) (mynode) {text};
\node [circle, fill=red, left=of mynode, anchor=center, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=6pt] {};
\begin{scope}[yshift=-1cm]
\node[draw] at (2,4) (mynode) {text};
\coordinate [left=of mynode] (aux);
\fill[green] (aux) circle (3pt);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
|
Pharmacogenomics of CYP2D6: molecular genetics, interethnic differences and clinical importance.
CYP2D6 has received intense attention since the beginning of the pharmacogenetic era in the 1970s. This is because of its involvement in the metabolism of more than 25% of the marketed drugs, the large geographical and inter-ethnic differences in the genetic polymorphism and possible drug-induced toxicity. Many interesting reviews have been published on CYP2D6 and this review aims to reinstate the importance of the genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 in different populations as well as some clinical implications and important drug interactions. |
use std::borrow::Cow;
use pear::input::Extent;
use pear::combinators::{prefixed_series, surrounded};
use pear::macros::{parser, switch, parse};
use pear::parsers::*;
use crate::media_type::{MediaType, Source};
use crate::parse::checkers::{is_whitespace, is_valid_token};
type Input<'a> = pear::input::Pear<pear::input::Cursor<&'a str>>;
type Result<'a, T> = pear::input::Result<T, Input<'a>>;
#[parser]
fn quoted_string<'a>(input: &mut Input<'a>) -> Result<'a, Extent<&'a str>> {
eat('"')?;
let mut is_escaped = false;
let inner = take_while(|&c| {
if is_escaped { is_escaped = false; return true; }
if c == '\\' { is_escaped = true; return true; }
c != '"'
})?;
eat('"')?;
inner
}
#[parser]
fn media_param<'a>(input: &mut Input<'a>) -> Result<'a, (Extent<&'a str>, Extent<&'a str>)> {
let key = (take_some_while_until(is_valid_token, '=')?, eat('=')?).0;
let value = switch! {
peek('"') => quoted_string()?,
_ => take_some_while_until(is_valid_token, ';')?
};
(key, value)
}
#[parser]
pub fn media_type<'a>(input: &mut Input<'a>) -> Result<'a, MediaType> {
let (top, sub, params) = {
let top = (take_some_while_until(is_valid_token, '/')?, eat('/')?).0;
let sub = take_some_while_until(is_valid_token, ';')?;
let params = prefixed_series(';', |i| {
let param = surrounded(i, media_param, is_whitespace)?;
Ok((param.0.into(), param.1.into()))
}, ';')?;
(top, sub, params)
};
MediaType {
params,
source: Source::Custom(Cow::Owned(input.start.to_string())),
top: top.into(),
sub: sub.into(),
}
}
pub fn parse_media_type(input: &str) -> Result<'_, MediaType> {
parse!(media_type: Input::new(input))
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
use crate::MediaType;
use super::parse_media_type;
macro_rules! assert_no_parse {
($string:expr) => ({
let result: Result<_, _> = parse_media_type($string).into();
if result.is_ok() {
panic!("{:?} parsed unexpectedly.", $string)
}
});
}
macro_rules! assert_parse {
($string:expr) => ({
match parse_media_type($string) {
Ok(media_type) => media_type,
Err(e) => panic!("{:?} failed to parse: {}", $string, e)
}
});
}
macro_rules! assert_parse_eq {
(@full $string:expr, $result:expr, $(($k:expr, $v:expr)),*) => ({
let result = assert_parse!($string);
assert_eq!(result, $result);
let expected_params: Vec<(&str, &str)> = vec![$(($k, $v)),*];
if expected_params.len() > 0 {
assert_eq!(result.params().count(), expected_params.len());
let all_params = result.params().zip(expected_params.iter());
for ((key, val), &(ekey, eval)) in all_params {
assert_eq!(key, ekey);
assert_eq!(val, eval);
}
}
});
(from: $string:expr, into: $result:expr)
=> (assert_parse_eq!(@full $string, $result, ));
(from: $string:expr, into: $result:expr, params: $(($key:expr, $val:expr)),*)
=> (assert_parse_eq!(@full $string, $result, $(($key, $val)),*));
}
#[test]
fn check_does_parse() {
assert_parse!("text/html");
assert_parse!("a/b");
assert_parse!("*/*");
}
#[test]
fn check_parse_eq() {
assert_parse_eq!(from: "text/html", into: MediaType::HTML);
assert_parse_eq!(from: "text/html; charset=utf-8", into: MediaType::HTML);
assert_parse_eq!(from: "text/html", into: MediaType::HTML);
assert_parse_eq!(from: "a/b", into: MediaType::new("a", "b"));
assert_parse_eq!(from: "*/*", into: MediaType::Any);
assert_parse_eq!(from: "application/pdf", into: MediaType::PDF);
assert_parse_eq!(from: "application/json", into: MediaType::JSON);
assert_parse_eq!(from: "image/svg+xml", into: MediaType::SVG);
assert_parse_eq!(from: "*/json", into: MediaType::new("*", "json"));
assert_parse_eq! {
from: "application/*; param=1",
into: MediaType::new("application", "*")
};
}
#[test]
fn check_param_eq() {
assert_parse_eq! {
from: "text/html; a=b; b=c; c=d",
into: MediaType::new("text", "html"),
params: ("a", "b"), ("b", "c"), ("c", "d")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: "text/html;a=b;b=c; c=d; d=e",
into: MediaType::new("text", "html"),
params: ("a", "b"), ("b", "c"), ("c", "d"), ("d", "e")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: "text/html; charset=utf-8",
into: MediaType::new("text", "html"),
params: ("charset", "utf-8")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: "application/*; param=1",
into: MediaType::new("application", "*"),
params: ("param", "1")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: "*/*;q=0.5;b=c;c=d",
into: MediaType::Any,
params: ("q", "0.5"), ("b", "c"), ("c", "d")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: "multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundarypRshfItmvaC3aEuq",
into: MediaType::FormData,
params: ("boundary", "----WebKitFormBoundarypRshfItmvaC3aEuq")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: r#"*/*; a="hello, world!@#$%^&*();;hi""#,
into: MediaType::Any,
params: ("a", "hello, world!@#$%^&*();;hi")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: r#"application/json; a=";,;""#,
into: MediaType::JSON,
params: ("a", ";,;")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: r#"application/json; a=";,;"; b=c"#,
into: MediaType::JSON,
params: ("a", ";,;"), ("b", "c")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: r#"application/json; b=c; a=";.,.;""#,
into: MediaType::JSON,
params: ("b", "c"), ("a", ";.,.;")
};
assert_parse_eq! {
from: r#"*/*; a="a"; b="b"; a=a; b=b; c=c"#,
into: MediaType::Any,
params: ("a", "a"), ("b", "b"), ("a", "a"), ("b", "b"), ("c", "c")
};
}
#[test]
fn check_params_do_parse() {
assert_parse!("*/*; q=1; q=2");
assert_parse!("*/*; q=1;q=2;q=3;a=v;c=1;da=1;sdlkldsadasd=uhisdcb89");
assert_parse!("*/*; q=1; q=2");
assert_parse!("*/*; q=1; q=2; a=b;c=d; e=f; a=s;a=e");
assert_parse!("*/*; q=1; q=2 ; a=b");
assert_parse!("*/*; q=1; q=2; hello=\"world !\"");
}
#[test]
fn test_bad_parses() {
assert_no_parse!("*&_/*)()");
assert_no_parse!("/json");
assert_no_parse!("text/");
assert_no_parse!("text//");
assert_no_parse!("/");
assert_no_parse!("*/");
assert_no_parse!("/*");
assert_no_parse!("///");
assert_no_parse!("application//json");
assert_no_parse!("application///json");
assert_no_parse!("a/b;");
assert_no_parse!("*/*; a=b;;");
assert_no_parse!("*/*; a=b;a");
assert_no_parse!("*/*; a=b; ");
assert_no_parse!("*/*; a=b;");
assert_no_parse!("*/*; a = b");
assert_no_parse!("*/*; a= b");
assert_no_parse!("*/*; a =b");
assert_no_parse!(r#"*/*; a="b"#);
assert_no_parse!(r#"*/*; a="b; c=d"#);
assert_no_parse!(r#"*/*; a="b; c=d"#);
assert_no_parse!("*/*;a=@#$%^&*()");
assert_no_parse!("*/*;;");
assert_no_parse!("*/*;=;");
assert_no_parse!("*/*=;");
assert_no_parse!("*/*=;=");
}
}
|
In a refrigerant cycle device for a vehicle described in JP-A-2000-335232, a variable displacement mechanism is provided for changing a discharge capacity (displacement) of a compressor based on a control signal from an exterior. In this refrigerant cycle device, when a controller determines an accelerating state of the vehicle engine, the compressor is stopped for a predetermined time, and thereafter, the variable displacement mechanism is set at a partial capacity state so that the compressor operates with a partial discharge capacity. After the compressor operates with the partial discharge capacity, the compressor operates with 100% discharge capacity.
Accordingly, immediately after an accelerating start of the vehicle engine, the compressor driving power by the vehicle engine becomes zero, and the accelerating property of the vehicle can be improved. Then, because the compressor operates with the partial discharge capacity, a refrigerant circulating amount in the refrigerant cycle device can be maintained at a predetermined flow amount, thereby reducing a temperature increase in air blown into a vehicle compartment. However, according to studies of the present inventors, the following problem may be caused in this control of the compressor.
FIG. 8 shows a swash-plate type compressor 2 having a variable displacement mechanism (control valve) 15. The variable displacement mechanism 15 adjusts the pressure in a crank chamber 22 so as to change a tilted angle of a swash plate 21 and control the discharge capacity of the compressor 2. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 9, the variable displacement mechanism (control valve) 15 includes a valve body 15b and an electromagnetic coil 15a for pushing the valve body 15b, and is connected to the crank chamber 22, a discharge chamber 24 and a suction chamber 23 through passages 25 in the compressor 2. In the variable displacement mechanism 15, by using a balance between the pushing force Pf of the electromagnetic coil 15a and the suction pressure Ps from the suction chamber 23, the open degree of the valve body 15b positioned in the passage 25 between the crank chamber 22 and the discharge chamber 24 is adjusted, thereby adjusting the pressure Pc of the crank chamber 22.
For example, when the suction pressure Ps is larger than a predetermined pressure value, the valve body 15b moves in a valve-closing direction. In this case, the passage 25 from the discharge chamber 24 to the crank chamber 22 becomes in a shutting state, thereby the discharge capacity becomes larger and the suction pressure Ps is lowered. In contrast, when the suction pressure Ps is smaller than the predetermined pressure value, the valve body 15b moves in a valve-opening direction. In this case, high-pressure refrigerant flows from the discharge chamber 24 to the crank chamber 22, thereby the discharge capacity becomes smaller and the suction pressure Ps is increased. As a result, the suction pressure Ps can approach a predetermined value.
Because the compressor 2 has the above characteristics, a necessary discharge capacity of the compressor 2, to be controlled in accordance with a thermal load of an evaporator, is different, and the driving power of the compressor 2 is also different, even when the control current value is made the same. For example, when the thermal load of the evaporator is small, the suction pressure Ps becomes lower, In this case, the necessary discharge capacity of the compressor 2 is small, and the driving power of the compressor 2 becomes small. In contrast, when the thermal load of the evaporator is large, the suction pressure Ps becomes higher, In this case, the necessary discharge capacity of the compressor 2 for obtaining the suction pressure Ps is large, and the driving power of the compressor 2 becomes large.
Thus, at a time where the accelerating control of the vehicle engine is performed, when the thermal load is changed, the compressor driving power is not determined only in accordance with a decrease of the control current. For example, if the control current is lowered when the thermal load is small, the discharge capacity may be excessively lowered. In this case, a time for increasing the discharge capacity after this control becomes longer, and unpleasant feeling may be given to an occupant in a vehicle compartment. In contrast, if the control current is lowered when the thermal load is large, the discharge capacity of the compressor cannot be sufficiently decreased, and consumed power of the vehicle engine cannot be effectively reduced. |
Tunable multiwavelength fiber laser based on a double Sagnac HiBi fiber loop.
A tunable multiwavelength fiber laser based on double Sagnac loops is proposed and demonstrated. Comb filter characteristics of single and double Sagnac loops are analyzed by Jones matrix. Simulated results show that there are better tunability and controllability with double loops than with a single loop, and this also has been confirmed by experimental results. By adjusting the polarization controller and the length of the polarization maintaining fiber the wavelength range, wavelength spacing, and laser linewidth can be tuned. Experimental results indicate that the linewidth of the multiwavelength fiber laser was 0.0187 nm and the optical sidemode suppression ratio was 50 dB. |
Positive anymore
Positive anymore is the use of the adverb anymore in an affirmative context. While any more (also spelled anymore) is typically a negative/interrogative polarity item used in negative, interrogative, or hypothetical contexts, speakers of some dialects of English use it in positive or affirmative contexts, with a meaning similar to nowadays or from now on. The difference between negative (NPI) anymore and positive anymore can be characterized as follows:
Negative: "I don't eat meat anymore" → "I used to eat meat, and (but) I don't now"
Positive: "I eat meat anymore" → "I didn't use to eat meat, and (but) I do now"
Positive anymore occurs in some varieties of North American English, especially in the Midland variety widely spoken in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri and in the varieties of the Mid-Atlantic states; its usage extends to Nevada, Utah and some other western U.S. states. It also occurs in parts of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Regarding prescriptive recommendations on usage, Garner's Modern English Usage echoes the typical prescription that it not be used in writing intended to meet approval with prescriptive readers, scoring it as "misused" and Stage 1 (rejected) on Garner's Language-Change Index (similar to the Heller & Macris index): "In a linguistic study of Missourians, informants considered this dialectal usage 'well established, though controversial.' [...] That means that the informants were all familiar with it, but many didn't like it. The findings would probably hold throughout most of the United States." Both Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language have usage notes covering the positive use and its distribution.
Some linguists theorize that the North American usage derives from Irish or Scots-Irish sources.
Examples
The following examples illustrate the use of positive anymore in Irish or American English speech, as recorded by lexicographers or sociolinguists.
"A servant being instructed how to act, will answer 'I will do it any more'." (Northern Ireland, )
"Any more, the difference between a white collar worker and a blue collar worker is simply a matter of shirt preference." (Madison, Wisconsin, 1973)
"Everything we do anymore seems to have been done in a big hurry." (Kingston, Ontario, 1979)
"I'll be getting six or seven days' holiday anymore." (Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1981)
"Anymore we watch videos rather than go to the movies." (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, c. 1991)
Notes
References
Anymore
Category:English grammar |
Geography of Andhra Pradesh
Please do not contribute text in a foreign language to English Wikipedia. Your contributions are more than welcome at a Wikipedia in your language. Thank you.
Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 19.07°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Telangana, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the East, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west. Among the other states, which are situated on the country's coastal area, Andhra Pradesh has got a coastline of around 974 km, which gives it the 2nd longest coastline in the nation. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna run across the state. A small enclave 12 sq mi (30 km²), the Yanam district of Puducherry, lies in the Godavari Delta in the north east of the state. The state includes the eastern part of Deccan plateau as well as a considerable part of the Eastern Ghats.
Historically the region comprising the state was known as Andhraapatha, Andhradesa, Andhraavani, and Andhra vishaya.
Climate
The climate of Andhra Pradesh is generally hot and humid. The summer season in this state generally extends from March to June. During these months the moisture level is quite high. The coastal areas have higher temperatures than the other parts of the state. In summer, the temperature generally ranges between 20 °C and 40 °C. At certain places the temperature is as high as 45 degrees on a summer day.
The summer is followed by the monsoon season, which starts during June and continues till September. This is the season for heavy tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh. The major role in determining the climate of the state is played by South-West Monsoons. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by the North-East Monsoons around the month of October in the state.
The winters in Andhra Pradesh are pleasant. This is the time when the state attracts most of its tourists. October to February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has quite a long coastline, the winters are comparatively mild. The temperature in winter raises from13 °C to 30 °C.
Locals and tourists generally find that cotton summer clothes are best suited to coping with the climate of Andhra Pradesh.
Divisions
Andhra Pradesh can be divided into two regions, namely Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema.
Andhra Pradesh has 13 districts: Anantapur, Chittoor, Kadapa, East Godavari, Guntur, Krishna, Kurnool, Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore, Prakasam, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and West Godavari.
Anantapur is the largest district of the state and the 7th largest district in India with an area of 19130 km2.
Each district is divided into multiple mandals, and each mandal has many villages.
Visakhapatnam is the largest city in the state followed by Vijayawada. Other important cities and towns are Kakinada, Guntur, Rajahmundry, Tirupati, Nellore, Ongole, Kurnool and Eluru.
New capital
After Telangana was created on 2 June 2014, Andhra Pradesh's erstwhile capital Hyderabad remained in Telangana. Although Hyderabad was set to remain the joint capital of both states for ten years, the new capital is being built at Amaravati only.
Notes
External links
Official website of the Government of Andhra Pradesh
Category:Environment of Andhra Pradesh |
---
abstract: 'The observation of long-lived particles at the LHC would reveal physics beyond the Standard Model, could account for the many open issues in our understanding of our universe, and conceivably point to a more complete theory of the fundamental interactions. Such long-lived particle signatures are fundamentally motivated and can appear in virtually every theoretical construct that address the Hierarchy Problem, Dark Matter, Neutrino Masses and the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe. We describe in this document a large detector, MATHUSLA, located on the surface above an HL-LHC $pp$ interaction point, that could observe long-lived particles with lifetimes up to the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis limit of 0.1 s. We also note that its large detector area allows MATHUSLA to make important contributions to cosmic ray physics. Because of the potential for making a major breakthrough in our conceptual understanding of the universe, long-lived particle searches should have the highest level of priority.'
author:
- 'Henry Lubatti (Corresponding Author)'
- Cristiano Alpigiani
- 'Juan Carlos Arteaga-Velázquez'
- Austin Ball
- Liron Barak
- James Beacham
- Yan Benhammo
- 'Karen Salomé Caballero-Mora'
- Paolo Camarri
- Tingting Cao
- Roberto Cardarelli
- John Paul Chou
- David Curtin
- Albert de Roeck
- Giuseppe Di Sciascio
- Miriam Diamond
- Marco Drewes
- 'Sarah C. Eno'
- Rouven Essig
- Jared Evans
- Erez Etzion
- Arturo Fernández Téllez
- Oliver Fischer
- Jim Freeman
- Stefano Giagu
- Brandon Gomes
- Andy Haas
- Yuekun Heng
- Giuseppe Iaselli
- Ken Johns
- Muge Karagoz
- Audrey Kvam
- Dragoslav Lazic
- Liang Li
- Barbara Liberti
- Zhen Liu
- Giovanni Marsella
- 'Piter A. Paye Mamani'
- Mario Iván Martínez Hernández
- Matthew McCullough
- David McKeen
- Patrick Meade
- Gilad Mizrachi
- David Morrissey
- Meny Raviv Moshe
- Antonio Policicchio
- Mason Proffitt
- 'Marina Reggiani-Guzzo'
- 'Mario Rodríguez-Cahuantzi'
- Joe Rothberg
- Rinaldo Santonico
- Marco Schioppa
- Jessie Shelton
- Brian Shuve
- Yiftah Silver
- Daniel Stolarski
- 'Martin A. Subieta Vasquez'
- Guillermo Tejeda Muñoz
- Steffie Ann Thayil
- Yuhsin Tsai
- Emma Torro
- Gordon Watts
- Charles Young
- Jose Zurita
bibliography:
- 'mathusla.bib'
title: |
MATHUSLA:\
A Detector Proposal to Explore\
the Lifetime Frontier at the HL-LHC\
\
---
{width="5cm"}
Introduction and Executive Summary
==================================
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has two main goals: determining the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, and finding new physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). While the discovery of the Higgs boson and the subsequent study of its detailed properties fulfill the first goal, convincing signs of BSM physics are yet to be found. The motivations for new physics are not diminished, with many fundamental mysteries begging for explanations outside of the Standard Model (SM). Where could the new physics at the LHC be hiding? MATHUSLA [@Chou:2016lxi] is a proposal to address the significant gap in the LHC’s reach for long-lived particles. **The LHC is the world-wide flag-ship experiment of particle physics and represents a huge investment. Augmenting its capabilities with relatively modestly-priced external detectors like MATHUSLA to maximize the discovery potential for new physics should be a high-priority goal.**
The existing BSM search programs, which mostly focus on energetic final states produced within subatomic distances of the proton collision, may have (literally) been looking in the wrong place. These searches are largely insensitive to neutral *Long-Lived Particles* (LLPs), which are invisible until they decay into visible SM particles some macroscopic distance away from the the interaction point (IP). Far from being exotic oddities, LLP signatures are fundamentally motivated and could explain the Hierarchy Problem, Dark Matter, Neutrino Masses and the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe [@Curtin:2018mvb], see Fig. \[f.theorysummary\]. On more generic grounds, particles with macroscopic lifetimes are also ubiquitous in the SM, and the same mechanisms could be operating in any BSM theory. **In light of their fundamental motivation and LHC null results, LLP searches should have the highest level of priority.**
An LLP decaying in LHC main detectors can be reconstructed as a *displaced vertex* (DV). The geometrical nature of this signature makes it highly spectacular in many cases, and dedicated searches at ATLAS and CMS are ramping up to look for a variety of LLP signals. However, trigger and background limitations severely curtail the range of LLP masses, decay modes and lifetimes to which the LHC main detectors are sensitive. Particularly challenging are LLPs with *very long lifetimes* that decay dominantly outside of the detector. While low-energy and fixed-target experiments like SHiP, NA62, SEAQUEST, etc. may play an important role, many predicted LLPs can only be produced in the high-energy collisions of the LHC. **The LHC could produce many LLPs with MeV - TeV masses that cannot be produced anywhere else, but that existing detectors cannot discover.**
MATHUSLA [@Chou:2016lxi] is a proposal to address this extensive blind spot. The proposed large-scale surface detector located above CMS or ATLAS can detect LLPs with lifetimes near the cosmological limit of 0.1 s [@Fradette:2017sdd], and will extend the sensitivity of the main detectors by orders of magnitude for large classes of highly motivated LLP signatures.
As a secondary physics objective, MATHUSLA would also be able to perform cutting-edge cosmic ray physics observations to elucidate the nature of galactic cosmic rays, supernovae and other sources, and help solve important puzzles in astroparticle physics. This represents a guaranteed physics return on the investment of building the detector.
The MATHUSLA collaboration has already operated a test stand detector above ATLAS, made significant progress on detailed background and design studies, and recently presented a Letter of Intent [@Alpigiani:2018fgd] to the LHCC. A significant fraction of the particle physics community came together to make the case for building MATHUSLA (and the importance of LLP searches in general) in a comprehensive white paper [@Curtin:2018mvb]. The collaboration is now seeking funding for the required R&D to ensure this large-scale detector can be built at a reasonable cost, and for the construction of a MATHUSLA demonstrator detector unit by 2021. The full-scale detector could then become operational by 2025-26.
Basic Detector Principles
=========================
[m[0.5]{}m[0.4]{}]{} ![ *Left:* Simplified MATHUSLA detector layout with leptonic or hadronic LLP decay. . *Right:* CERN-owned land near CMS (orange) that would be a suitable site for MATHUSLA. An optimized geometry on a fraction of this available land would achieve the same sensitivity as the original $200\mathrm{m} \times 200 \mathrm{m}$ benchmark [@Chou:2016lxi; @Curtin:2018mvb] while having only $\sim 1/3$ that area. []{data-label="f.mathuslalayout"}](mathusla_geometry_pbc.pdf "fig:"){width="50.00000%"} & ![ *Left:* Simplified MATHUSLA detector layout with leptonic or hadronic LLP decay. . *Right:* CERN-owned land near CMS (orange) that would be a suitable site for MATHUSLA. An optimized geometry on a fraction of this available land would achieve the same sensitivity as the original $200\mathrm{m} \times 200 \mathrm{m}$ benchmark [@Chou:2016lxi; @Curtin:2018mvb] while having only $\sim 1/3$ that area. []{data-label="f.mathuslalayout"}](mathusla_cms_land.pdf "fig:"){width="40.00000%"}
MATHUSLA (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) [@Chou:2016lxi] is a proposed surface detector above ATLAS or CMS that can detect the decays of neutral LLPs in a low-background environment. The basic layout is shown in Fig. \[f.mathuslalayout\] (left). An empty air-filled fiducial decay volume is monitored by a robust multi-layer tracking system in the roof of the detector structure. (An excavated decay volume with the tracker at ground level is another option.) LLP decays are reconstructed as displaced vertices of upwards traveling charged particles.
MATHUSLA’s position on the surface, separated from the LHC collision by $\sim 100 \mathrm{m}$ of rock, shields it from the ubiquitous QCD backgrounds that curtail the ability of the LHC main detectors to discover LLPs. To maintain reasonable geometric acceptance for LLPs ($\sim 5\%$ of solid angle), the detector must be very large, with linear dimensions of $\mathcal{O}(100 \mathrm{m})$ and a height of $\sim 20\mathrm{m}$.
A suitable site for the detector has been identified. CERN owns an available piece of land near CMS [@Alpigiani:2018fgd], see Fig. \[f.mathuslalayout\] (right). The original proposal [@Chou:2016lxi] and the LOI [@Alpigiani:2018fgd] defined a simplified square detector geometry with an area of $200\mathrm{m} \times 200\mathrm{m}$ and a height of $20\mathrm{m}$ for the decay volume, which was displaced from the IP by 100m both horizontally and vertically. The same “MATHUSLA200” geometry benchmark was also used to estimate the physics reach of the MATHUSLA detector for a large variety of LLP scenarios in the Physic Case white paper [@Curtin:2018mvb]. Since the available CMS site is closer to the IP both horizontally and vertically, a realistic geometry with $\sim 1/3$ the area of MATHUSLA200 can reach the same LLP sensitivity. For this reason we continue to use MATHUSLA200 as a physics reach benchmark throughout this and other documents, while emphasizing that the final detector design will reach this sensitivity with a more optimized, smaller and closer geometry that is tailored to the available experimental site. This will also be an important factor in reducing the cost of the full detector.
For LLPs with lifetimes $\gtrsim 100\mathrm{m}$, MATHUSLA will have as many LLP decays in its detector volume as will ATLAS or CMS. Crucial to its greater LLP sensitivity is the fact that unlike the main detectors, MATHUSLA can search for LLP decays without trigger restrictions and in the near-zero-background regime.
The dominant background on the surface is cosmic rays (CRs), which are incident on the full detector with a rate in the MHz range, corresponding to $\sim 10^{15}$ charged tracks over the whole HL-LHC run. Their rejection depends on the robust ceiling tracking system, comprised of $\sim$5 layers (the required number of layers will be determined by detailed study) with spatial and temporal resolutions in cm and nanosecond range, respectively. If the layers of this tracking system span a vertical distance of a few meters, full 4-dimensional track and displaced vertex reconstruction is possible, which significantly reduces the combinatorial backgrounds since associated tracks must intersect in both space and time to form a vertex. This is an extremely stringent signal requirement even for LLPs with just two charged final states, but especially for hadronic LLP decays with $\mathcal{O}(10)$ charged final states. Both Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) and plastic scintillators are time-tested technologies that easily meet the specifications needed for stringent background rejection. As argued in [@Chou:2016lxi], since CRs travel downwards and do not inherently form DVs, this signal requirement is expected to allow MATHUSLA to reach the near-zero-background regime.
Other backgrounds are easier to handle. Upwards traveling muons from the LHC do not give a DV or, if they scatter or undergo rare decays that mimic LLP decays, can be vetoed by the floor detector. Neutrinos from atmospheric cosmic rays and the LHC scatter off air in the detector volume $\sim 100$ times during the entire HL-LHC run, but can be rejected with geometrical cuts and timing vetoes on non-relativistic charged tracks associated with the scattering event.
Even though MATHUSLA is basically just a large particle tracker without any energy or momentum measurement, it will still be able to measure many important properties of any LLP decays it observes [@Curtin:2017izq]. Final state multiplicity would distinguish between leptonic and hadronic decay modes, while the geometry of the DV can be used to measure the LLP Lorentz boost event-by-event. It would even be possible to use MATHUSLA as a trigger for the main detector. Together with off-line correlated information from the main detector, this will allow the properties of any discoverd LLP like mass, production and decay mode to be determined.
The proposed detector is able to resolve DVs from LLPs with masses below$\sim$ GeV ($\sim$10 MeV) for production in weak-scale processes ($B$-decays), giving MATHUSLA excellent sensitivity to low-mass LLP models as well as LLPs at the weak scale or above.
While MATHUSLA leverages the investments of the LHC and extends its physics reach, it is important to note that MATHUSLA is entirely parasitic in nature, and its construction and operation are not expected to interfere with the operation of the LHC or its main experiments. MATHUSLA is also an inherently flexible detector concept that is scalable, lending itself to modular construction and staged implementation (see Fig. \[f.mathuslaL100Array\]).
The MATHUSLA Physics Case
=========================
The primary physics goal of MATHUSLA is the discovery of LLPs produced at the LHC, while cosmic ray physics represent an important secondary physics goal and a guaranteed return on the investment of building the detector.
Primary Physics Goal: Discovery of Long Lived Particles
-------------------------------------------------------
The MATHUSLA white paper [@Curtin:2018mvb] discussed the primary physics case in great detail. Three main conclusions form the core motivation for constructing MATHUSLA:
- **LLPs are fundamentally motivated.**
They could explain the Hierarchy Problem, Dark Matter, Neutrino Masses and the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe [@Curtin:2018mvb]. See Fig. \[f.theorysummary\] for a summary of these top-down motivations. Long lifetimes are also ubiquitous in the SM, providing bottom-up motivation for LLPs as a generic BSM signature independent of any particular theory bias.
- **The LHC Main Detectors are blind to large regions of the LLP signature space.**
For example, searches for LLPs decaying to hadrons (leptons) with less than a few 100 GeV ($\sim$ 10 GeV) of visible energy in the event have particularly low trigger efficiency and are highly constrained by QCD and other backgrounds.
- **MATHUSLA reclaims sensitivity in these blind spots with orders of magnitude greater cross section/lifetime reach than the LHC main detectors, and the ability to discovery LLPs with masses ranging from MeV to TeV.**
This can be demonstrated with a few representative and well-motivated examples. Fig. \[f.MATHUSLAhiggssensitivity\] (a) compares the sensitivity of MATHUSLA to hadronically decaying *LLPs produced in exotic Higgs decays* to the projected sensitivity of an ATLAS search in the muon system. *MATHUSLA can probe three orders of magnitude smaller LLP production rates (or longer lifetime) than the LHC main detectors.* This is one of the most important LLP benchmarks, since it could provide the smoking gun for many BSM theories like Neutral Naturalness or general Hidden Valleys.
Figure \[f.MATHUSLAhiggssensitivity\] (b) demonstrates that MATHUSLA can detect *Long-lived Higgsinos with masses exceeding a TeV*, which arise in theories including gauge mediation, supersymmetric axion models, and R-parity violation. MATHUSLA is also able to probe *low-mass LLPs* in the MeV-GeV range, including *dark scalars or right-handed neutrinos*, via their production in exotic decays of $B$-hadrons, see Fig. \[f.MATHUSLASMSsensitivity\].
[m[0.15]{} m[0.45]{}c m[0.3]{}]{} ![MATHUSLA reach for weak- and TeV-scale LLP decays at the HL-LHC. (a) Exotic Higgs decays to LLPs, MATHUSLA (solid) versus LHC main detectors (dashed) [@Coccaro:2016lnz]. Figure from [@Chou:2016lxi]. (b) Long-lived Higgsinos in various models of supersymmetry. Contours show the number of Higgsino decays in MATHUSLA as a function of Higgsino mass $\mu$ and decay length $c\tau$. Plot reproduced from [@Curtin:2018mvb]. []{data-label="f.MATHUSLAhiggssensitivity"}](limitlegend_14TeV_vertical.pdf "fig:"){width="15.00000%"} & ![MATHUSLA reach for weak- and TeV-scale LLP decays at the HL-LHC. (a) Exotic Higgs decays to LLPs, MATHUSLA (solid) versus LHC main detectors (dashed) [@Coccaro:2016lnz]. Figure from [@Chou:2016lxi]. (b) Long-lived Higgsinos in various models of supersymmetry. Contours show the number of Higgsino decays in MATHUSLA as a function of Higgsino mass $\mu$ and decay length $c\tau$. Plot reproduced from [@Curtin:2018mvb]. []{data-label="f.MATHUSLAhiggssensitivity"}](LLPlimits_14TeV_forpaper.pdf "fig:"){width="45.00000%"} & & ![MATHUSLA reach for weak- and TeV-scale LLP decays at the HL-LHC. (a) Exotic Higgs decays to LLPs, MATHUSLA (solid) versus LHC main detectors (dashed) [@Coccaro:2016lnz]. Figure from [@Chou:2016lxi]. (b) Long-lived Higgsinos in various models of supersymmetry. Contours show the number of Higgsino decays in MATHUSLA as a function of Higgsino mass $\mu$ and decay length $c\tau$. Plot reproduced from [@Curtin:2018mvb]. []{data-label="f.MATHUSLAhiggssensitivity"}](higgsinoreachleft "fig:"){width="30.00000%"}\
& (a) && (b)
[m[0.4 ]{} c m[0.4 ]{} m[0.2 ]{} ]{} & & &\
(a) && (b)
For LLP production cross sections in the pb range, **MATHUSLA can probe lifetimes approaching the $c\tau \lesssim 10^7$m upper limit from Cosmology [@Fradette:2017sdd].** Achieving sensitivity to this cosmological limit of LLP parameter space for production rates corresponding to plausible exotic Higgs decay fractions is especially significant, since it would allow for MATHUSLA to verify the nature of any invisible Higgs decay signal observed at the HL-LHC main detectors: if MATHUSLA also sees a signal, we discover the LLPs that are produced in this invisible decay; if MATHUSLA sees no signal, it would strongly support the hypothesis that the invisible Higgs decay produced a cosmologically significant DM candidate.
It is also important to note that **the sensitivity offered by MATHUSLA cannot be achieved using missing energy (MET) searches** at the main detectors. As demonstrated in [@Curtin:2018mvb], the mass reach of dedicated LLP searches, both at MATHUSLA and the main detectors, is much higher than the mass reach of MET searches for a large range of LLP lifetimes and production processes.
Finally, we comment on some important relationships between MATHUSLA and other experiments (beyond the existing LHC detectors) dedicated to the search for LLPs.
The high intensity of LHC collisions results in a large number of $B$-hadrons that can decay to light LLPs, allowing MATHUSLA to probe deep into the parameter space of low-mass LLP models. **This provides unique sensitivity that is highly complementary to that of proposed intensity-frontier experiments like SHiP [@Lanfranchi:2243034; @Anelli:2015pba; @Alekhin:2015byh].**
The Physics Beyond Collider (PBC) working group has carried out a detailed comparison of MATHUSLA, SHiP, FASER [@Feng:2017uoz; @Feng:2017vli] and CODEX-b [@Gligorov:2017nwh] **limited to minimal low-mass LLP models in the MeV-GeV range.** These comparisons are included in the PBC submission to this European Strategy Update. While reach for minimal low-mass LLP models is important, MATHUSLA can take advantage of the full LHC collision energy to discover LLPS with weak- or TeV-scale masses. Furthermore, even low-mass LLPs can have additional production modes at the LHC that greatly increase sensitivity but are inaccessible at lower-energy experiments. An example are exotic Higgs decays, see Fig. \[f.MATHUSLASMSsensitivity\] (a).
FASER [@Feng:2017uoz; @Feng:2017vli] is a proposed small low-cost experiment to search for low-mass LLPs produced at very small angles to the LHC beam. Due to its shorter baseline, FASER is highly complementary to MATHUSLA and the two experiments probe almost mutually exclusive regions parameter space of minimal low-mass LLP models. **This makes MATHUSLA and FASER in combination a particularly effective augmentation of the LHC’s main detectors.**
Secondary Physics Goal: Study of Cosmic Rays
--------------------------------------------
The design of MATHUSLA is driven by the robust tracking requirements of distinguishing upwards-traveling charged particles from LLP decays from downward-traveling cosmic rays (CR). It is therefore not surprising that MATHUSLA can also act as a cutting-edge cosmic ray telescope. The qualitative CR physics case was discussed in [@Curtin:2018mvb]. More detailed studies and a dedicated CR whitepaper are in progress.
MATHUSLA’s $\sim (100 \mathrm{m})^2$ area gives it good efficiency for extended air showers (EAS) arising from primary cosmic rays with energies in the $\sim 10^{14} - 10^{18}$ eV range. This is a crucial energy window because it contains the main features in the energy spectrum of Galactic CRs, the so-called *“knee”* at about 3–4 PeV and a second knee at about 100 PeV. The knee is connected with the end of the Galactic CR spectrum and the transition from Galactic to extra-galactic CRs. **A detailed study of the primary CR spectrum in this energy region is of great importance in astro-particle physics.**
Below the so-called “knee” at $E_{pr} \sim 10^{15} - 10^{16}$ eV, the spectrum is dominated by galactic sources like supernovae. The precise shape of the energy spectrum, its anisotropy, and its elemental composition (H, He, Fe, …) provide crucial information on the distribution of these sources and the astrophysics that drives them. At the upper range of MATHUSLA’s possible sensitivity, $E_{pr} \sim 10^{17}-10^{18}$ eV, galactic CRs taper off and instead extragalactic sources dominate. This transition region is of great interest to study both the properties of the galactic magnetic field that confines charged particles within our milky way, as well as the characteristics of extragalactic sources and charged particle propagation in the intergalactic medium.
The combination of high-resolution directional tracking, near-full-area coverage, and proximity to ATLAS or CMS for correlated shower core measurements would allow MATHUSLA to make unique contributions to the study of this energy region. Compared to KASKADE, which supplied measurements in this energy range, MATHUSLA’s full area coverage with directional tracing allows it to measure energies with greater precision. The same feature also allows MATHUSLA to directly measure the CR flux at energies significantly below $10^{14}$ eV, which allows its measurements to be compared and calibrated to satellite measurements (e.g. CREAM, Calet, HERD). Compared to ARGO, which has similarly full detector coverage but is smaller in size with just a single detector layer, MATHUSLA has more tracking layers and benefits from proximity with the HL-LHC main detector. Its lower elevation than ARGO is also useful for calibrating systematic uncertainties of the observation. Measurements that combine MATHUSLA and main detector data would provide unique insight into the dense inner core of extended air shower, offering the potential to probe CR primary composition at higher energies than KASKADE.
Since our understanding of this part of the CR spectrum is sensitively constrained by the amount of available statistics, MATHUSLA’s measurements would allow it to make important contributions in resolving several long-standing puzzles and inconsistencies between other CR experiments. **These CR observations represent a guaranteed physics return on the investment of constructing the detector.**
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HEADER NONAME 23-Apr-10 NONE 1
TITLE NONE 2
AUTHOR Chemical Structure Services at http://cactus.nci.nih.gov NONE 3
REVDAT 1 23-Apr-10 0 NONE 4
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ATOM 5 C 0 0.999 -0.765 -0.414 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 6 C 0 -1.000 -0.765 0.414 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 7 C 0 -0.414 0.765 -1.000 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 8 C 0 -0.414 -0.765 -1.000 0.00 0.00 C+0
ATOM 9 H 0 0.756 1.394 1.822 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 10 H 0 0.756 -1.394 1.822 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 11 H 0 1.823 1.394 -0.754 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 12 H 0 -1.822 1.394 0.756 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 13 H 0 1.823 -1.394 -0.754 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 14 H 0 -1.822 -1.394 0.756 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 15 H 0 -0.754 1.396 -1.821 0.00 0.00 H+0
ATOM 16 H 0 -0.754 -1.396 -1.821 0.00 0.00 H+0
CONECT 1 2 3 4 9 NONE 21
CONECT 2 1 5 6 10 NONE 22
CONECT 3 1 5 7 11 NONE 23
CONECT 4 1 6 7 12 NONE 24
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END NONE 29
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Anchors are used in the treatment of patients to secure devices at a desired location within a natural bodily lumen. For example, anchors can be used to secure tubes within the digestive tract, such as intestinal sleeves. For example intestinal sleeves anchored within the gastrointestinal tract are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/339,786 filed on Jan. 9, 2003, claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/430,321 filed on Dec. 2, 2002; Ser. No. 10/858,852 filed on Jun. 16, 2004, claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/528,084 filed on Dec. 9, 2003 and 60/544,527 filed on Dec. 14, 2004, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. |
Role of various subtypes of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the development of posthemorrhagic abnormalities in systemic and portal circulation in rats.
The experiments employing high-frequency ultrasonic technique and selective blockers of M1, M3, and M4 muscarinic cholinergic receptors pirenzepine, 4-DAMP, and tropicamide, respectively, revealed individual roles of these receptors in the development of severe posthemorrhagic hypotension in rats with low or high individual resistance to circulatory hypoxia. The study showed that M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors are involved in shock-limiting and shock-activating processes, respectively, while M3 receptors exert no effect on the course of posthemorrhagic abnormalities in systemic and hepatic portal circulation and on the posthemorrhagic lifespan. Poor resistance of the cardiovascular system to circulatory hypoxia during shock development is considered to be dysregulatory pathology. |
Q:
Why does sbt exit while executing tests with no errors?
I've been using SBT to run unit tests on my code, and made some changes recently that have caused the tests to start acting weird.
None of the tests that I have seen fail, but when running the tests with sbt, it just stops in the middle and closes without giving an error message. There are no failed tests in the output.
Does anyone know why this might happen, or how I could figure out what the problem is?
A:
Thanks to the comment by @johanandren, I managed to nail it down to an exception that was being thrown by forcing sbt to fork the tests in a new process. The exception was a java.io.EOFException disguised as an sbt out of memory error -- java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space -- and increasing it using the -XX:MaxPermSize argument in the SBT_OPTS environment variable as described in SBT runs out of memory helped fix that issue.
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Overview
Black Bird, Volume 8 by Kanoko Sakurakouji, Kanoko Sakurakoji
He loves her blood, but does her love her?!
Reads R to L (Japanese Style) T+ audience.
There is a world of myth and magic that intersects ours, and only a special few can see it. Misao Harada is one such person, and she wants nothing to do with magical realms. She just wants to have a normal high school life and maybe get a boyfriend. But she is the bride of demon prophecy, and her blood grants incredible powers, her flesh immortality. Now the demon realm is fighting over the right to her hand...or her life!
Raiko, the demon hunter who has been staying at Misao's house, is determined to save hereven if that's the last thing she wants! Kyo won't allow a threat to Misao to go unchecked and plans to take care of the problem in his own special way. Misao, however, hopes that she can broker a peace between Raiko and Kyo before things get out of hand. But when Raiko's attempts to "free" Misao fail, he hatches a devious new plan that will use Misao's bond with Kyo to destroy him!
About the Author
Kanoko Sakurakoji was born in downtown Tokyo, and her hobbies include reading, watching plays, traveling and shopping. Her debut title, Raibu ga Hanetara, ran in Bessatsu Shojo Comic (currently called Betsucomi) in 2000, and her 2004 Betsucomi title Backstage Prince was serialized in VIZ Media's Shojo Beat magazine. She won the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for Black Bird.
Read an Excerpt
Kanoko Sakurakoji was born in downtown Tokyo, and her hobbies include reading, watching plays, traveling and shopping. Her debut title, Raibu ga Hanetara, ran in Bessatsu Shojo Comic (currently called Betsucomi) in 2000, and her 2004 Betsucomi title Backstage Prince was serialized in VIZ Media's Shojo Beat magazine. She won the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for Black Bird.
First Chapter
Kanoko Sakurakoji was born in downtown Tokyo, and her hobbies include reading, watching plays, traveling and shopping. Her debut title, Raibu ga Hanetara, ran in Bessatsu Shojo Comic (currently called Betsucomi) in 2000, and her 2004 Betsucomi title Backstage Prince was serialized in VIZ Media's Shojo Beat magazine. She won the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for Black Bird.
Table of Contents
Kanoko Sakurakoji was born in downtown Tokyo, and her hobbies include reading, watching plays, traveling and shopping. Her debut title, Raibu ga Hanetara, ran in Bessatsu Shojo Comic (currently called Betsucomi) in 2000, and her 2004 Betsucomi title Backstage Prince was serialized in VIZ Media's Shojo Beat magazine. She won the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for Black Bird.
Reading Group Guide
Kanoko Sakurakoji was born in downtown Tokyo, and her hobbies include reading, watching plays, traveling and shopping. Her debut title, Raibu ga Hanetara, ran in Bessatsu Shojo Comic (currently called Betsucomi) in 2000, and her 2004 Betsucomi title Backstage Prince was serialized in VIZ Media's Shojo Beat magazine. She won the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for Black Bird.
Interviews
Kanoko Sakurakoji was born in downtown Tokyo, and her hobbies include reading, watching plays, traveling and shopping. Her debut title, Raibu ga Hanetara, ran in Bessatsu Shojo Comic (currently called Betsucomi) in 2000, and her 2004 Betsucomi title Backstage Prince was serialized in VIZ Media's Shojo Beat magazine. She won the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for Black Bird.
Recipe
Kanoko Sakurakoji was born in downtown Tokyo, and her hobbies include reading, watching plays, traveling and shopping. Her debut title, Raibu ga Hanetara, ran in Bessatsu Shojo Comic (currently called Betsucomi) in 2000, and her 2004 Betsucomi title Backstage Prince was serialized in VIZ Media's Shojo Beat magazine. She won the 54th Shogakukan Manga Award for Black Bird.
In this diverse anthology, over 80 of the Golden State’s finest poets hold forth on
the theme of crows and ravens — offering passionate, vivid, sometimes humorous, and ever-surprising views of these common yet mysterious birds, called “black as the ...
This box set includes volumes 1-18, which comprise the entire series. With an exclusive premium
art book and great savings over buying the individual volumes, this set is sure to ignite the passions of any manga fan.There is a world ...
In Alexander, Jane Bolton is burying her husband; Willow Hollis is trying to bury her
past; and the rock star, Jett Renick is returning home.A wild spring will toss them altogether when 13-year old Sassy Bolton is kidnapped.The search will ...
A mythical, paranormal romance that has sold through over 280,000 copies in the U.S.There is
a world of myth and magic that intersects ours, and only a special few can see it. Misao Harada is one such person, and she ...
London - the capital of the Great Empire - is once again under siege, as
a string of bizarre attacks on British citizens returned from India sends rumours flying and casts a pall upon Queen Victoria's rule. Sent in by ... |
Friday, 30 November 2007
Apostolos Andreas monastery is located at the northeastern-most tip of the remote Karpas peninsular in Cyprus and is the pre-eminent Christian shrine on the island.
Ever since the Apostle Andrew was said to have visited the spot and performed a miracle by summoning forth a spring of fresh water able to cure the sick and heal the afflicted, Greeks on the island have performed pilgrimages to the site and regarded it as sacred.
A monastery seems to have first been built in the 12th century, but under the Franks and then the Ottomans, Greek Orthodox life was suppressed and the site declined and it was only in 1895 with the miracle granted Maria Georgiou that the monastery’s fortunes revived.
It is said that 17 years after Turkish brigands abducted her son, Maria Georgiou ‘received a dream in answer to her unceasing petitions to St Andrew, which instructed her to go from her native Cilicia [in Anatolia] to the neglected monastery of Apostolos Andreas.
‘On the voyage to Cyprus, she explained her journey to fellow passengers and particularly excited the attention of a young man. He asked Maria how she would identify her lost son, so she told him of the peculiar pair of birthmarks that he bore on his shoulder and chest. The young man then threw off his woolen cloak to expose the same marks and fell on his knees before his mother.
‘Within months of this event, the shrine received a stream of pilgrims which increased into a flood as the saint proved his power over a random tithe of supplicants.’ [1]
The monastery’s fame and prosperity continued to grow and the saint’s feast day on 30 November became one of the liveliest and most popular events in Cyprus with thousands of supplicants trekking from all over the island, often for days, to bring votive offerings to the monastery to induce the saint to bless them or intercede on their behalf.
All this changed after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the brutal seizure of the northern third of the island. The Turkish army cleared out the clergy from Apostolos Andreas, tore the cross from the belfry, turned the pilgrims’ hostels into army barracks and declared the monastery off limits.
Still, Apostolos Andreas was spared the worst forms of looting and desecration suffered by the majority of churches and monasteries in northern Cyprus, and in the 1980s the Turkish occupation regime came up with the idea of turning the site into a tourist attraction, and ran it, according to Marc Dubin, ‘like a sort of zoo to prove [the Turkish occupation regime’s] religious tolerance’.
But despite the Turkish occupiers wanting to promote Apostolos Andreas as evidence of their civilised credentials, they couldn’t quite bring themselves to forget or overcome the spite they felt for Cyprus’ Greek and Christian heritage and the monastery fell into such a state of disrepair that fears were expressed that it was in imminent danger of collapse.
The outcry at the state of the monastery, a World Heritage Site, encouraged the UN and the USA to propose a twin restoration project to include the pre-eminent Muslim shrine on Cyprus, the mosque of Hala Sultan in Larnaca, in the free part of the island – (Hala Sultan, Mohammed’s wet nurse, was said to have fallen off her donkey and died in Cyprus during the Arab raids in the 7th century) – and Apostolos Andreas monastery in the occupied areas.
The work on the mosque was completed amid much fanfare in 2005, but the occupation regime has never fulfilled its side of the bargain and no restoration work has been done on the monastery. Indeed, last year the occupation regime said it had drawn up plans not to restore Apostolos Andreas but to transform the annexes of the monastery into a 120-room luxury hotel.
Anyway, despite 30 November being a somewhat melancholy day for Cypriots – particularly those from the Karpas villages where the saint, his monastery and feast day are held in highest esteem and where the carnival atmosphere which prevailed on the island around this time was most evident – here’s wishing all Andreas’, Andrianes, Androulles and Andrees chronia polla – there isn’t a Cypriot family that does not have someone named after the saint – I can think, off the top of my head, of five in my family – and here’s hoping that next year we can celebrate the saint’s feast day at his monastery, free from Turkish occupation.
Wednesday, 28 November 2007
President Tassos Papadopoulos is in Greece at the moment, meeting the country’s political leadership to discuss the latest developments in the Cyprus issue and to visit the village of Artemida in the Peloponnese burnt down in the catastrophic summer fires and which the Cypriot government is pledged to rebuild.
On Monday night, Papadopoulos, along with Greece’s president, Karolos Papoulias, and other dignitaries attended a concert at the Megaron Musikis in Athens in honour of one of the foremost EOKA heroes, Kyriakos Matsis, known as the Eagle of Pentadaktylos – the mountain range which runs along the north coast of Cyprus. Here is a description of Matsis’ life, mostly taken from the Phantis website:
‘Kyriakos Matsis was a Cypriot fighter during the EOKA struggle of 1955-1959.
‘Matsis was born on January 23,1926, in the village of Palaiochori, Lefkosia province, one of three children of Christofis Matsis. He studied at the University of Thessaloniki, received his degree in 1952 and returned to Cyprus. Matsis was active in labour union matters for both farmers and labourers.
‘When EOKA was formed, he was one of the first to join.
‘On January 9, 1956, Matsis was arrested by the British and tortured during interrogation. As he was an important EOKA member, Matsis was even interrogated by Cyprus Governor Sir John Harding. At one point Harding offered Matsis £500,000, a new identity and relocation if he would reveal the whereabouts of EOKA leader Georgios Grivas-Digenis.
‘While imprisoned, Matsis organised his fellow prisoners and, through his charismatic leadership, kept their morale high. He managed to escape from Kokkinotrimithia Prison, with six fellow inmates, on September 13, 1956 and rejoined the struggle as area-leader of Kyrenia. The British placed a £5,000 price on his head.
‘Finally, on November 19, 1958, Matsis and two companions – Kostaris Christodoulou and Andreas Sofiopoulos – were surrounded at their hideout in Dikomo, Kyrenia province.
‘Matsis ordered his comrades to surrender but refused to do so himself. When the British commanded him to come out, he answered: "No. I won’t surrender. If I come out, I'll come out shooting.” A battle ensued but Matsis still refused to give up, prompting the British to throw hand grenades into the hideaway. After the smoke cleared, they removed the dismembered body of Kyriakos Matsis. He was buried in the Imprisoned Tombs in Nicosia.’
Matsis’ idealism, patriotism and sense of being engaged in a struggle and immersed in a tradition and history in which self had no meaning, were typical and widespread in Cyprus in the 1950s. Cypriots were convinced that they were fighting not just for Cyprus but for Greece too, for the whole of Hellenism, and as such were gripped by a delirious love for Greece and unwavering belief in the validity and value of Greek ideals, the spirit of Sparta, Athens, the Byzantine Empire and the 1821 Greek War of Independence.
Unfortunately, stressing this romantic spirit and the heroism it induced – particularly in light of the 1974 coup and invasion – are no longer fashionable in Cyprus (or Greece) and this has resulted in a campaign to reassess EOKA’s armed struggle (1955-1959), to diminish it, regard it as a mistake and an expression of fanaticism. A more passive struggle, the argument goes, to rid the island of British colonial rule should have been pursued.
But I don’t see it this way, and not because I want to glorify violence, patriotic death and armed struggle. Indeed, if the British could have been persuaded through a non-violent campaign of diplomacy and civil disobedience to leave the island – as they left the Ionian islands in 1864 – then, of course, this would have been preferable.
But once the British declared, in 1954, in relation to Cyprus, that there were certain territories in the Commonwealth ‘which, owing to their particular circumstances, can never expect to be fully independent’ and simultaneously began to conspire with Ankara to arm the Turkish minority on the island and encourage it to violently agitate for partition, then what choice did Cypriots have other than to take up arms?The hideout where Matsis was killed
Monday, 26 November 2007
I’ve never been able to make up my mind about Stelios ‘Stelaras’ Kazantzidis (1931-2001). He is undoubtedly the most talented and loved singer in Greek popular music – having sung, as well as his own compositions, the songs of Tsitsanis, Papaioannou, Mitsakis, Kaldaras, Theodorakis, Loizos, Pythagoras, Panou and so on – but sometimes I find him lachrymose, morbid, self-pitying, sentimental, humourless and depressing and I wonder what the popularity of all these songs protesting injustice, bitterness, pain, mental torture, suffering, poverty, ruination and death, songs with titles such as Everything is Black; I Wish I Were Dead; If Only I Had My Health; and Catastrophes and Disasters, say about the well-being or otherwise of Greek popular culture and psychology.
This emphasis on fatalism, suffering and yearning for death is eastern – Iranian, Turkish and Arabic – and indeed Kazantzidis has refugee roots in Asia Minor and Pontos.
But more important than his Anatolian roots – and the hardships of his working class, war-time Athenian childhood – Kazantzidis’ father was a resistance fighter tortured to death by the Nazis – I believe what explains Kazantzidis’ style and substance is the severe depressive illness he suffered from throughout his life, but which is rarely mentioned in the hagiographies.
Kazantzidis was always an intense, introspective and isolated figure, but in 1965 he had his heart not so much broken as torn to shreds by the singer Marinella, who left him just one year into their marriage, an event that aggravated Kazantzidis’ already-existing persecution complex which fancied that record companies and colleagues were exploiting and cheating him.
Kazantzidis withdrew from a society he believed sick and a world he thought treacherous and when he returned, 12 years later, he seemed distracted, not in touch with reality, paranoid, a haunted man with a hunted look, though his voice was in tact and he seemed to find relief in the act of singing and in the lamentive nature of the songs he sang.
Today is Stelios’ name day, and, in honour of the man and the celebration, above is a clip of Stelara singing (in 1977) I Return from the Night – most poignant.
Another Stelios worth mentioning is Stelios Vamvakaris, son of legendary rembetis Markos Vamvakaris, and a talented musician in his own right.
The second clip is of Stelios playing his father’s Markos the Government Minister, and the contrast between the mournful, suicidal Kazantzidis and the witty, pragmatic, ironical and cynical Markos couldn’t be more pronounced. Two different ways of looking at the world, two different ways of being Greek.
Wednesday, 21 November 2007
This is a very important Cypriot dish, which, as far as I’m aware, in this precise form, is not served anywhere else in the world. Too bad for the rest of the world.
It is a dish which, in the old days, in the old country, was my grandmother’s standby to be served to an unexpected guest and would involve my poor mother being sent out to slaughter a family chicken – a task she does not remember executing fondly.
Sunday, 18 November 2007
Human folly, madness, barbaric dreams, the thin veneer of civilisation, the overwhelming evil of the universe, faith and superstition, human cruelty and violence, the hubristic desire to conquer nature. These are some of the themes present in Greek tragedy, and the films of German filmmaker Werner Herzog.
Currently, Herzog is promoting his feature film Rescue Dawn, a (controversial) version of his earlier documentary film, Little Dieter Needs to Fly, which concerns the life of German-American aviator and Vietnam POW Dieter Dengler.
Dengler emigrated to America from post-war Germany aged 18 to pursue his dream of flying planes – Germany had no airforce or airlines at the time – and ended up becoming a US Navy pilot. Three weeks after gaining his wings, in January 1966, Dengler – whose aim in life was to fly, not go to war – was sent to Vietnam, where he was shot down over Laos forty minutes into his first mission, captured, imprisoned and routinely tortured by the enemy.
Fearing imminent execution, Dengler took part in a daring escape, after which he survived even more ordeals in the jungle, before, finally, emaciated, on the point of starvation, hallucinating, ‘with one day to live’, being rescued – making Dengler the only American POW to have successfully escaped captivity in Laos.
Little Dieter Needs to Fly is a tribute to America – its ‘qualities of self-reliance, courage [and] frontier spirit’, its inclusiveness, its preparedness to judge a person by personal character and not collective background – and an effort to give legitimacy to the stories of post-war Germany and post-war Germans.
But Dieter Dengler’s story, for Herzog, also possesses ‘the quality and structure of an ancient Greek tragedy, [which] is that of a man and his dreams, his punishment and redemption.’
Now, redemption is a strange word to use in relation to Greek tragedy. Redemption is not only normally associated with Christianity – with its just God, afterlife and soteriology – but is also often regarded, see George Steiner’s The Death of Tragedy, as being the Christian concept most inimical to the Greek tragic worldview and most responsible for its demise in Western culture.
So perhaps Herzog doesn’t mean redemption in Dieter Dengler’s case in a Christian sense, but in a way consistent with Greek tragedy and Greek radical pessimism.
Perhaps he means that Dengler, having endured severe mental and physical suffering, ‘having seen what death looks like and escaped it’, took his dark experience and turned it into an affirmation of life.
Indeed, this is what Little Dieter Needs to Fly – see clip above – and Herzog’s own personal testimony indicate.
‘The man,’ Herzog says of Dengler, ‘had such an intense enjoyment of life… There was a real innocence about [him]. He had such a healthy and impressive and jubilant attitude to life, [and] never made a fuss about his captivity.
‘He never had to struggle for his sanity and certainly was not possessed by those things that you see so often among Vietnam veterans who returned home destroyed inside.’
Thursday, 15 November 2007
Anasia Angeli has a website called Desperate Greek Housewives, on which she says she’s going to demonstrate the art of traditional Cypriot cuisine.
According to Anasia, a fellow London-based Cypriot, DGW is:
‘Dedicated to the traditions, culture and cuisine of Cyprus, not only for Greek Cypriots worldwide but for all lovers of our unique country.
‘Many recipes are still traditional fare in the small villages where they originated. So that we do not forget them I have compiled a collection for the younger generation to help keep the spirit of Cyprus alive.
‘I am letting you into the secrets that have been passed down to me from my mother, so you can learn about our wonderful food.’
Well, these are fine sentiments indeed and the woman deserves our support. Cypriot cuisine is the best in the world and Anasia’s effort to transmit the good news is in the best Hellenic tradition of spreading civilisation to the barbarian.
However, it’s been a while since Anasia announced her admirable enterprise and people are getting hungry.
I’m also concerned that in a newsletter update just sent to subscribers, Anasia says her first lesson is not going to reveal the secrets of koubebia, koftedes or makaronia tou fournou, but will show us how to make soujouko/soushouko/shoushouko (depending on which part of Cyprus you’re from) and palouze.
Now, I must confess I don’t know what palouze is and I’d have thought making soujouko – a dried sweet made from grape juice (ideal with nuts and your favourite alcoholic aperitif, especially with Christmas and New Year approaching) – would be too complicated to make for the average person in their average kitchen.
Nevertheless, I’m still backing Anasia, so please go to her site and register. It’s free and easy.
Meantime, for those of you who can’t wait for Anasia to put on her pothkia (apron) and start cooking, I suggest you look at my posts on louvi and trahana. I also promise that my next post will be on boiled chicken and macaroni – which is possibly the best Cypriot dish going.
Monday, 12 November 2007
In Samuel Fuller’s Shock Corridor, Johnny Barrett is a brilliant journalist who feigns sexual perversion to get committed to a lunatic asylum where a murder has been committed, which he wants to solve and win the Pulitzer Prize.
Once inside the mental home, Barrett ingratiates himself with the three witnesses to the crime – an operatic uxoricide; a black Klansman; and a genius nuclear physicist who has regressed to childhood to escape the guilt over his catastrophic discoveries – and cracks the case but only at the expense of cracking up himself.
The film begins and ends with the famous quote from Euripides – ‘whom God wishes to destroy, He first makes mad’ – and Fuller seems well versed in Greek tragedy.
Johnny Barrett is like Oedipus, a man with a brilliant intellect, supremely confident of himself and his mental powers, trying to track down a murderer, to uncover the truth of a horrible crime, only to succumb to insanity and ruin.
Barrett like Oedipus fails to realise the dangers inherent in the obsessive pursuit and acquisition of knowledge; is oblivious to the limits of self-knowledge (know thyself/gnothi seauton does not mean acquire self-mastery but know the limitations of human nature); and aspires to the truth not for its own sake, or for the love of enquiry, but to subdue the truth and satisfy his ego.
Christopher Rocco and Bernard Knox say that, in the figure of Oedipus, Sophocles is satirising Periclean/imperial Athens – Oedipus tyrannos as Athens tyrannos – and warning of the perils for individuals and cities in love with power:
‘Oedipus embodies the splendor and power of Athens: his attempt to assert dominion over nature and his unquenchable drive for human mastery; his forcefulness of purpose, his impatience, decisiveness, and daring, bordering on recklessness; his intoxication with his own accomplishments, his liberation from the constraints of all traditional pieties; his restlessness, innovation, and ingenuity; his designs that are swift alike in conception and execution, all recall the “fierce creative energy, the uncompromising logic, the initiative and daring which brought Athens to the pinnacle of worldly power.”’
Not only do Oedipus’ attributes recall Athens, but they also recall America, and Fuller, too, in Shock Corridor is interested in unveiling America tyrannos and showing us a hubristic society, prone to self-destruction and insanity.
Friday, 9 November 2007
In Cassavetes on Cassavetes, the genius film-maker John Cassavetes describes the confrontations he had with the producer Stanley Kramer while editing A Child is Waiting (1963) and admits becoming so infuriated by the decisions of the man responsible for Inherit the Wind and Judgment at Nuremburg that he wanted to hit him; but could a young, inexperienced director with a flimsy reputation afford to attack an established, big-shot Oscar-winning producer? ‘If I hit him,’ Cassavetes recalls thinking to himself, ‘I’ll never work again. And if I don’t hit him, I’ll never breathe again.’
Cassavetes chose to breathe and didn’t direct a Hollywood film until Gloria in 1980 – though, of course, outside the system he made the best American films of all time.
What Cassavetes describes is revenge as purification or purgation in which violence is deployed to end psychic disturbance and restore mental equilibrium; a form of revenge I neglected to mention in my cursory overview of revenge in politics.
I have had personal experience of this form of cathartic revenge. A few years back, someone insulted me and, for a couple of days after, I was in what I could only describe as a state of Ajaxian turmoil during which I could not get the insult out of my mind – and for the sake of my sanity – to be able to breathe again – I felt I had no choice but to beat up the person who made the insult, which I did – though not badly – he was lucky – others were there to pull me off him, otherwise my rage was such that it could have been much worse.
Anyway, civilised society now dictates that we are supposed to be able to live with insults and that if we seek to preserve our honour or sanity with violence there must be social and legal consequences, which, indeed, in my case there were, but nothing so severe that it made me regret my actions. Revenge was sweet, the mental disturbance I had experienced over and I was able, like Cassavetes, to breathe again or, like Joel McCrea in Sam Peckinpah’s Ride the High Country, able ‘to enter my house justified’.
Revenge as purgation or catharsis exists on a political level too. It describes, for example, the violence committed against Muslim colonists in the Balkans by Christians as they liberated themselves from the Ottoman yoke in the 19th and 20th centuries. Indeed, the brutality shown recently by the Serbs to Albanians and Bosnian Muslims – who are all ‘Turks’ to the Serbs – can be understood as a need to purify their country with blood of the Turkish occupation endured for centuries.
In the Greek imagination too, Turks were associated with dirt, filth and pollution. There’s nothing surprising in this phenomenon, which should be regarded as a natural defence mechanism that a subject and vulnerable population develops to establish and delineate boundaries and protect its identity.
Apostasy, under the Ottomans, was a Greek Christian’s greatest fear, the fear of becoming or rather being made to become a Turk or a Muslim – as a result of the devshirme (blood tax) system or the arbitrary excesses of the Ottoman ruling class, in which a pasha, aga, bey or effendi could if he took a shine to your daughter – or son – carry him or her off to his harem.
This identity-defence mechanism had the added bonus of preventing Greeks from developing the self-hate of subject peoples and indeed, throughout the Ottoman period, despite being subjugated at all levels of society, Greeks never ceased to regard the Turks as their inferiors. (This is the reverse of the British empire, where the British managed to inculcate in their subjects a sense of inferiority and self-hate, which in many cases still persists today).
It’s also worth noting that this sense of Greek exclusivity and superiority is part and parcel of Orthodoxy, an aristocratic form of Christianity, which regards all those not fortunate enough to enjoy its sacraments as suspect at best and trash at worst – the Jews and goyim is a reasonable analogy. Indeed, the Byzantine Empire regarded itself as God’s Kingdom on Earth and the Orthodox faithful as the Chosen People, the subjects of a Holy Nation. As Hans-George Beck puts it:
‘Just as everything in the Byzantine space was right, so everything outside that area was, if not wrong, at least slightly suspect. The people who inhabit this space can only be a Chosen People. But only one people can be chosen. The Byzantines claim a monopoly, in which people and Orthodoxy are co-terminous, a monopoly of spiritual culture and thinking, of superior knowledge and savoir vivre which raises them above the outside world.’
In Cyprus, however, this sense of belonging to a superior world and being immersed in a rhythm of life revolving around diachronic Christian rituals and observance which suggested being part of an everlasting and inviolable natural order, and fear of being overwhelmed or annihilated by the inferior other, did not necessarily exclude Turkish Cypriots or translate into a belief that Turkish Cypriots were an alien or miasmic presence in this earthly paradise.
Marriage in Cyprus between Christian and Turk may have been forbidden, but all other social and economic relations were permissible and entirely natural. This only broke down when Turkish nationalist extremists, with the collusion of the British colonial authorities, began to penetrate and take over Turkish Cypriot communities and demand that paradise be partitioned.
Tuesday, 6 November 2007
Speaking last weekend at the unveiling of a monument to the Cypriot uprising against British colonial rule in October 1931 – in which the Governor’s residence in Nicosia was burned down, Greek flags were raised across the island and 17 demonstrators killed – President Tassos Papadopoulos suggested that Britain’s recent Strategic Partnership Agreement with Turkey was an act of ‘revenge’ against Greek Cypriots; revenge for the 1931 uprising and the EOKA struggle for union with Greece, 1955-1959.
Papadopoulos’ observation is interesting, though on reflection probably not correct. Revenge rarely plays a role in diplomacy, international relations or the initiation of wars. Not that base motives aren’t involved; avarice – the guiding principle of British imperialism – the brazen addiction to and extension of power, the natural instinct of the strong to exploit and lord it over the weak, fear, paranoia, stupidity, the ambitions of madmen and charlatans – must always prevail in any assessment of what shapes relations and determines conflicts between states.
If international relations, diplomacy and the pursuit of war nearly always concern self-aggrandisement, self-interest and the will to power with revenge rarely a factor – Alexander the Great made a big deal of saying he was attacking the Persian empire to avenge the Persian invasions of Greece 150 years earlier, but in reality avenging Hellas was the last thing on Alexander’s mind – then this is because the thirst for revenge is a form of psychosis in which, as Thucydides says, ‘self-preservation is of no account’ and, normally, states do not go mad and engage in actions likely to endanger their existence.
Revenge, however, can be a factor in non-state social, political and ethnic conflicts; and terrorist/guerrilla campaigns nearly always contain an internal logic that justifies retribution and disregard for self-preservation – dressed up as self-sacrifice.
Thus the IRA often legitimised its campaign of bombings and shootings by referring to 800 years of English/British oppression in Ireland; ASALA killed Turkish diplomats in Europe and the Middle East to avenge the victims of the Armenian holocaust; and, of course, revenge is the raison d’etre of Al-Qaeda – revenge against the West for simply being the West.
Revenge can also take place in periods of stasis – a Thucydidean concept, indicating civil strife, internal disorder or collapse, the worst possible affliction for a state, even worse than war – during which everything becomes possible and all the primitive, irrational and grotesque desires which constitute the dark underbelly of human behaviour are unleashed.
In such circumstances, where resentment and jealousy may have festered for years, decades, even centuries, revenge reveals itself with ferocity and we have the Hutus slaughtering the Tutsis, the Germans annihilating the Jews, the Turks massacring the Armenians and, on a different scale, the Turkish Cypriots turning on the Greek Cypriots in 1974.
Anyway, here’s an article regarding the details of the Octovriana – the 1931 anti-colonial uprising in Cyprus – a rather forgotten episode in British colonial and Greek history.
Saturday, 3 November 2007
Long ago, if my memory serves me, my life was a banquet where everyone’s heart was generous, and where all wines flowed.One evening I pulled Beauty down on my knees. I found her embittered and I cursed her. (Rimbaud: A Season in Hell).
In return for the Ottoman empire ceding it Cyprus in 1878 under the provisions of the Treaty of Berlin which ended the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, Britain agreed to continue its support to preserve Turkey against perceived Russian ambitions in the Balkans and the Caucuses.
Britain’s support for Turkey was hugely controversial domestically. Gladstone was appalled that Britain was backing Turkey in the Balkans, particularly after the atrocities committed by the Turks in suppressing the Bulgarian uprising in 1876.
‘Let the Turks’, Gladstone wrote, in his famous pamphlet The Bulgarian Horrors and the Eastern Question, ‘carry away their abuses, in the only possible manner, namely, by carrying off themselves. Their Zaptiehs and their Mudirs, their Blmhashis and Yuzbashis, their Kaimakams and their Pashas, one and all, bag and baggage, shall, I hope, clear out from the province that they have desolated and profaned.’
The Anglo–Turkish Convention, it seemed to Gladstone, was a tawdry deal – ‘an act of duplicity not surpassed and rarely equalled in the history of nations’ – another demonstration of Disraelian showmanship and vanity in which Britain committed itself to preserving the Ottoman empire, a murderous and base entity for Gladstone, in exchange for Cyprus, a pointless adornment to the British empire, which was accumulating colonies like a thief accumulating swag.
But Disraeli was convinced that Cyprus would be a vital asset for the British empire – an Eastern Mediterranean Malta or Gibraltar – a military and naval bastion to protect Turkey in Asia Minor and British imperial interests in the Suez Canal and the Middle East.
During the 300 years of Ottoman rule, Cyprus had lost its reputation for prosperity acquired under the Lusignans and Venetians and suffered neglect, depopulation and the arbitrary oppression associated with the worst excesses of the Ottoman empire.
Indeed, the British appear to have been taken by surprise by the extent of the destitution the Turks left behind on Cyprus and soon realised that if the island were to serve the interests of the British empire its infrastructure and sanitary conditions would have to be dramatically improved.
Thus the British occupation of Cyprus began with grand plans for roads, railroads, harbours, forts, hospitals and canals – hardly any of which materialised, but did initially encourage an influx of Europeans and European capital looking for employment and profit.
One of those to arrive on the island in 1878 was Arthur Rimbaud, the brilliant French poet/ex-poet/anti-poet, aged 24, who, helped by his knowledge of Greek, found work at a quarry in Larnaca and then – after catching typhoid and returning to France to recuperate – as a foreman on the project to build the new British governor’s summer residence in the Troodos mountains.
(Sir Garnet Wolseley, the first British governor of Cyprus, was so appalled at the state of Ottoman Nicosia – and was ‘very anxious to get out of [it]… it is one great cesspit into which the filth of centuries has been poured’ – that one of his first acts was to order the construction of a villa in the more salubrious surroundings of Troodos from which to rule the island).
Regarding Rimbaud’s Cypriot sojourn, we know through letters he wrote to his family in France of the arduous conditions of his work, that he complained about the heat of the plains and the cold of the mountains, that he requested arms to protect himself from the workers under his authority dissatisfied with irregular pay, and that he left the island suddenly – either because of illness, an argument with his employers or, according to Ottorino Rosa, who knew Rimbaud a few years later in Ethiopia – where Rimbaud was a merchant, gunrunner and, possibly, a slave trader – because Rimbaud had killed a subordinate in a fight.
But the details concerning Rimbaud’s year in Cyprus remain sketchy – Christopher Hitchens mischievously speculates that Rimbaud may have had a homosexual relationship with Captain Herbert – later Lord – Kitchener, who was on the island at the same time as Rimbaud, conducting the British Survey of Cyprus – and all that’s left of Rimbaud’s presence on the island is a plaque in the governor’s – now president’s – summer residence, which reads: ‘The French poet and genius Arthur Rimbaud, heedless of his renown, was not above helping to build this house with his own hands.’
Thursday, 1 November 2007
‘Recent polls,’ Victor Davis Hanson, the renowned American classicist and political commentator, writes, ‘reveal that Turks are among the most anti-American and anti-Christian peoples in the world, the latter fact not surprising to anyone who reads deeply of the 500-year history of Hellenic-Ottoman relations.’
While attributing the latest outburst of Turkish anti-Americanism to the US Congress’ Armenian holocaust resolution and US resistance to Turkish plans to invade northern Iraq in pursuit of Kurdish rebels, Hanson feels that the emergence of these issues insufficiently explains the depth of Turkish hostility to America since, over time, Turkey has benefited considerably from its US alliance.
America, Hanson says, has treated Turkey well: ‘We support its entry into the EU; we tried to be fair in the Cyprus dispute (despite the Turkish brutal invasion in 1974); we offered a lot of money to use bases to supply the invasion of Iraq; we advise the Greeks patience in the face of constant Turkish overflights in the Aegean. We were a good ally in the Cold War and kept the Soviets doing to Turkey what it did to Eastern Europe.’
How then does Hanson account for the surge in anti-American hysteria in Turkey – which, he says, is tied to ‘perverted manifestations of anti-Semitism’ and revealed by the ‘mega-hit, anti-American film and subsequent TV series Valley of the Wolves (replete with murderous American soldiers and an organ-harvesting Jewish doctor)’?
Hanson believes Turkish anti-Americanism is deep-rooted and reflects a general hostility to the West in Turkey, now able to find expression as ‘the historical aberration of Ataturk's secularism’ is exposed and Islamic ideology and perceptions of the global order increasingly permeate Turkish society.
‘European Turkey’, Hanson argues, ‘is being overwhelmed, demographically and culturally, by anti-Western, anti-globalization Anatolian Islamism, and thus begins to replay the historical role of the Ottomans — whom, contrary to current orthodoxy, I don't find to have ever been positive for civilization as a whole.’
The rise of Anatolian Islamism in Turkey will put such strains on Turkey’s partnership with America, Hanson suggests, that US foreign policy makers should now be planning for irretrievable breakdown and the formation of ‘closer relations with Armenia, Kurdistan, Greece, Cyprus, and other regional neighbors’.
Developments in Turkey are so serious, Hanson concludes, that America ‘should quit denying the danger, or despair that without the old Turkey we are adrift in the Eastern Mediterranean. We are not.’
In my fantasy US cabinet VDH would be the next secretary of state; but unfortunately, in reality, this privilege, assuming Hillary Clinton becomes president in 2008, is likely to go to Richard Holbrooke.
Dick Holbrooke – fomer assistant secretary of state, former US ambassador to Germany, former US ambassador to the UN, architect of the Dayton Peace Accords and President Bill Clinton’s former special envoy to Kosovo and to Cyprus – is an ardent proponent of the US-Turkey alliance.
Turkey is, according to Holbrooke, ‘a frontline state that stands at the crossroads of almost every issue of importance to the United States on the Eurasian Continent’.
At a Brookings Institute lecture earlier this year, Holbrooke reiterated his view that Turkey and the US are ‘indispensable allies’, accused the Bush administration of mishandling relations with Turkey to a dangerous degree and berated Europe for not seeing ‘the strategic and historic necessity for negotiating Turkey's accession into the European Union’.
The root of the EU’s skeptical approach to Turkey – its failure to see that ‘Europe and Turkey need each other’ – according to Holbrooke, is Islamophobia and racism, a failure of European nation-states to adjust to the realities of globalisation and mass immigration – particularly Muslim immigration – which reactionary Europeans are frightened will dilute ethnic and cultural homogeneity, to which they are unreasonably attached.
Of course, for Americans like Holbrooke the nation-state and ethnic and cultural homogeneity are anathema, antiquated concepts, dirty words. Their vision of Europe is that it should come increasingly to resemble America – glorifying the individual and individual ‘rights’, skeptical of history and tradition, revelling in multiculturalism and the demise of ethnicity.
Now, leaving aside that what Americans like Holbrooke advocate is in fact the death of Europe and European culture; it is also deeply ironic that while Holbrooke castigates Europeans for wanting to preserve the nation-state and ethnic and cultural homogeneity, he cannot praise Ataturk – ‘a brilliant visionary’ – and Turkey highly enough; Ataturk, who was guided by the ruthless pursuit of Turkish ethnic homogeneity – a policy prosecuted by his successors with the same violence, fear and institutional discrimination; and Turkey, where devotion to the nation and the state borders on the psychotic and fascistic. |
Web based social networking has become a popular way for people to meet other people over the Internet. Typically, social networking is implemented by websites that provide a dedicated social networking service. Social networking services are typically stand alone web-based services.
To use a web-based social networking service, a user may provide information to setup an account with a social networking service. Once a user's account is configured, users can generate “profiles” of themselves. The profiles typically contain basic information about a user (such as location, occupation, hobbies, etc.).
Social networking services allow users to view other user profiles, join groups with a common subject or theme, add other registered users to a contact list, and send messages to other users having an account with the particular networking service. As stand alone web services, users must generate an account and develop a “network” over time. Messages sent to other users are typically sent as text-based messages, sometimes containing formatting and other markup, and are handled entirely by the social networking system. Communication is typically limited to other users having an account with the networking service. Thus, a user may not send a message to a mail address outside the social networking service other than an invitation to join the social networking service. |
A class-action lawsuit says the Minnesota Department of Commerce designed a system to collect unclaimed property and money that benefits government coffers but leaves rightful property owners in the dark.
The suit, filed this week in Ramsey County District Court, says “Minnesota’s policy of taking possession of property it knows it does not own and then selling, keeping, or otherwise benefiting from” the property — valued at more than $600 million — “violates the due process clauses of the United States and Minnesota constitutions.”
The suit was filed by Timothy Hall Jr., who claims he didn’t get a final paycheck after he left a retail job and never got notice it was available. He was alerted to his unclaimed property by his father, who found it on missingmoney.com, the website the state uses to help people track their property, the lawsuit said.
Hall’s attorney, Dan Hedlund of the firm Gustafson Gluek in Minneapolis, said his client pursued a class-action suit because “he wasn’t pleased with the situation of people not getting their money back. And he was surprised to find out that he had money owed to him that he hadn’t received notice about.”
The lawsuit’s main points:
— The state has made great efforts to collect unclaimed property, which includes money and personal items, but has made little effort to notify property owners who can claim what belongs to them.
— The unclaimed money goes into the state’s general fund, meaning the “state has profited enormously,” the suit asserts.
The class action asks the court to determine whether the state’s seizure of unclaimed property without notifying owners constitutes a “taking” — in violation of the Fifth Amendment, which requires “just compensation” if private property is taken for public use.
It also asks for a ruling on whether the state’s use of a website where people can search for their names is adequate notification.
Unclaimed property in Minnesota is overseen by the state Department of Commerce and regulated by the state’s Unclaimed Property Act, which was enacted in 1969 and has been amended several times.
Before the court weighs in on the issues, the Unclaimed Property Act could change again.
Rep. Joe Atkins, DFL-Inver Grove Heights, has introduced a bill that addresses the same concerns as the lawsuit. It is awaiting a floor vote in the House, Atkins said.
Atkins proposes adding three requirements:
— Publication of property owners’ names in a newspaper.
— Proactive efforts to notify owners they have unclaimed property being held.
— Providing names of property owners to legislators, who would conduct their own outreach to constituents on the list.
“We have a lot of other people’s money that belongs to them, not us, and we ought to be doing a better job of getting it back to the rightful owners,” Atkins said.
Atkins said the state ramped up efforts about 10 years ago to collect unclaimed assets from insurance companies and other financial institutions, which resulted in huge increases to the funds.
The value of unclaimed funds and property in the program at the end of fiscal year 2006 was more than $318 million, according to a spokesman for the Commerce Department. As of a few weeks ago, it was more than $654 million.
“The number of claims being processed has increased significantly,” said Ross Courson, spokesman for the department.
In the first nine months of the current fiscal year, 13,759 claims were processed, Courson said. That’s more than the total 13,052 claims of the last fiscal year, he said.
“That’s partly because the Commerce Department has revamped its claims processing to make it more consumer-friendly,” he said. That includes an easier-to-use website and fewer documentation requirements, he said.
While the commerce department has increased its efforts to reach property owners, it hasn’t been enough, Atkins said.
“Something has to change here,” Atkins said. “Even with greater efforts by the department, we’re still falling behind in getting people their money.”
It’s unclear what effect passage of Atkins’ bill would have on the class-action lawsuit.
In California, where a similar class-action suit was filed, lawmakers changed the unclaimed property law, requiring the state to notify owners before property was taken into state custody.
The California class action sought an additional effort of state officials to track down property owners using all available databases. On appeal, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld dismissal of the case, saying the law’s new notification requirements were sufficient.
Hall’s class-action lawsuit says, “The purpose of the (Minnesota law) is to protect consumers by placing unclaimed property in the custody of the state pending its return to its rightful owners.
“But Minnesota seizes and uses private property for its own substantial benefit under the (Unclaimed Property Act) without making any meaningful effort to locate the rightful owners of this unclaimed property.”
Hedlund, Hall’s attorney, said he sees this as a problem with a solution.
“I think with some modest efforts, there could be great strides to reunite people with their money,” he said. “And our hope is that this lawsuit will accomplish just that, either in law changes or in how the Department of Commerce deals with it. Because just setting up computers and telling people about missingmoney.com is insufficient to do what needs to be done to reunite these people with their money.”
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West St. Paul officials have known for some time that beneath the old Thompson Oaks Golf Course lies a mess. Parts of the course, especially the swampy areas, were a county dumping ground for construction debris. But how much trash and where it is buried are the big unknowns for Oppidan Investment Company, an Excelsior-based developer interested in building multi-family...
A Twin Cities man is dead after the sport-utility vehicle he was driving plunged through the ice on Balsam Lake on Thursday afternoon, according to the Polk County sheriff's office in western Wisconsin. Authorities said they received a 911 call shortly before 5 p.m. Thursday reporting a vehicle had gone through the ice in the narrows separating west and east Balsam...
Twenty-five members of the Minnesota National Guard's Arden Hills-based 247th detachment gathered with family and friends Saturday before deploying to the Middle East for nine months. This will be the first deployment for 22 of the soldiers ranging in age from 19 to 52 years. They will provide support for Operation Spartan Shield in Kuwait and Jordan. The group is part... |
Q:
Sending data to database query using AJAX
I want to send the content of the form from my HTML page to the PHP page using AJAX. It seems like the AJAX form is working, at can I see that it reacts when the button is pushed. However, the PHP page doesn't not receive the content of the form, because not happens to the query.
Can you please tell me what I'm doing wrong? Is it in the PHP page or is it the AJAX code?
HTML page: jQuery-ajax.html
Form:
<form action='AjaxDifferentBids.php' method='post' id="form1">
<input type='text' id="name" name='name'/><br>
<input type='text' id="email" name='email'/><br>
<input type='button' name='submit' value='Submit' id="submit" />
</form>
AJAX code:
$(function(){
$('#submit').click(function(){
$.ajax({
type:'POST',
url: 'AjaxDifferentBids.php',
data: $('#form1').serialize(),
success: function(response) {
$('.MyJobsResultsRight').hide();
$('.MyJobsResultsRightOtherBid').show();
$('.MyJobsResultsRightOtherBid').find('.form_result').html(response);
}
});
});
});
PHP page: AjaxDifferentBids.php
<?php
//set connection variables
$host = "";
$username = "";
$password = "";
$db_name = ""; //database name
$mysqli = new mysqli($host, $username, $password, $db_name);
//check if any connection error was encountered
if(mysqli_connect_errno()) {
echo "Error: Could not connect to database.";
exit;
}
if(isset($_POST['Submit'])){ //the the user submitted the form
//include database connection
include 'Connection.php';
$query = "SELECT * FROM firms WHERE email = '".$_POST['email']."'";
//execute the query
if( $mysqli ->query($query) ) {
//if saving success
echo "Succes";
}else{
//if unable to create new record
echo "Database Error: Unable to create record.";
}
//close database connection
$mysqli->close();
} ?>
Thank you very much!!
A:
If the PHP is not receiving the form content this will be confirmed in the JS error console. In chrome it will say something like :
POST http://yourdomain.tld/AjaxDifferentBids.php 404 (Not Found)
If this is the case check the PHP is in the same directory as the HTML, and that you are loading the HTML with a web server, not just opening it with the file:/// protocol.
If the PHP is receiving the ajax call - shown by something like:
XHR finished loading: POST "http://yourdomain.tld/AjaxDifferentBids.php"
Then the first problem in your PHP is:
if(isset($_POST['Submit'])){
$_POST['Submit'] does not exist because you have not really submitted the form by posting the HTML page, you have used ajax. The $_POST array actually looks like this:
array (
'name' => 'thisname',
'email' => 'thisemail',
)
So if you check for one of these values instead of 'Submit' you should then be able to perform your mysql query.
Finally, you will find it much easier to debug the PHP if you use error logging.
A:
jQuery's serialize function does not capture submit buttons so you need to append the value yourself
"Submit=Submit&" + $("#form1").serialize()
|
---
abstract: 'Fundamental relations between information and estimation have been established in the literature for the continuous-time Gaussian and Poisson channels, in a long line of work starting from the classical representation theorems by Duncan and Kabanov respectively. In this work, we demonstrate that such relations hold for a much larger family of continuous-time channels. We introduce the family of semi-martingale channels where the channel output is a semi-martingale stochastic process, and the channel input modulates the characteristics of the semi-martingale. For these channels, which includes as a special case the continuous time Gaussian and Poisson models, we establish new representations relating the mutual information between the channel input and output to an optimal causal filtering loss, thereby unifying and considerably extending results from the Gaussian and Poisson settings. Extensions to the setting of mismatched estimation are also presented where the relative entropy between the laws governing the output of the channel under two different input distributions is equal to the cumulative difference between the estimation loss incurred by using the mismatched and optimal causal filters respectively. The main tool underlying these results is the Doob–Meyer decomposition of a class of likelihood ratio sub-martingales. The results in this work can be viewed as the continuous-time analogues of recent generalizations for relations between information and estimation for discrete-time Lévy channels.'
author:
- 'Jiantao Jiao, , Kartik Venkat, , and Tsachy Weissman, [^1].'
bibliography:
- 'references.bib'
title: 'Mutual Information, Relative Entropy and Estimation Error in Semi-martingale Channels'
---
Mutual information, relative entropy, estimation error, SNR (Signal-to Noise Ratio), Gaussian channel, Poisson channel, multi-variate point process, semi-martingales, stochastic intensity, filtering error, minimum mean squared error.
Introduction
============
The mutual information $I(X; Y)$ between two random objects $X, Y$ is defined as $$I(X; Y) = \bE \log \frac{dP_{XY}}{d(P_X \times P_Y)}(X,Y),$$ where the argument of the logarithm is the Radon–Nikodym derivative between the joint measure of $X$ and $Y$, and the product measure induced by $P_{XY}$.
The mutual information $I(X;Y)$ plays a pivotal role in information theory, where it arises as the the maximal possible rate to communicate through a noisy channel defined by regular conditional probability distribution $P_{Y|X}$ [@Shannon1949]. This paper deals with the characterization of mutual information under general observation models involving continuous-time stochastic processes. This problem has a rich history. Duncan [@Duncan1970] considered the problem of explicitly characterizing the mutual information in the setting of the canonical white Gaussian channel. Under this channel model, the output process $\{Y_t: 0\leq t\leq T\}$ satisfies the following stochastic differential equation: $$\label{eqn.awgn}
dY_t = \sqrt{\gamma} X_t dt + dW_t,$$ where the input process $ X^T = \{X_t: 0\leq t \leq T \}$ is independent of the standard Brownian motion $W^T = \{W_t: 0\leq t\leq T\}$, and $\gamma$ is the Signal-to-Noise-Ratio(SNR) parameter. In cases where we need to explicitly show the SNR level, we denote the random variable $Y_t$ as $Y_{\gamma,t}$, and the whole process $Y^T$ as $Y_\gamma^T$. Duncan [@Duncan1970] showed that if the channel input $X_t$ satisfies a finite power constraint, then the mutual information takes the following form: $$\label{eqn.duncan}
I(X^T; Y^T) = \frac{\gamma}{2}\int_0^T \bE (X_t - \bE[X_t|Y^t])^2 dt.$$
Equation (\[eqn.duncan\]) is remarkable since it obtains an explicit formula for the mutual information, for essentially any input process corrupted by white Gaussian noise. Further, it reveals an intimate connection between the mutual information and the *minimum mean squared error* in estimating the channel input $X_t$ based *causally* on the output process $Y_t$. For instance, this result provides the insight that the capacity achieving input distribution which maximizes the mutual information, must also be the one that is hardest to estimate under squared loss. The rich interconnections between information measures and the corresponding loss incurred in estimation are one of the central themes of this work. Duncan’s result is the first of many important milestones for relations between information and estimation in continous-time channels.
Kadota, Ziv and Zakai [@Kadota--Zakai--Ziv1971] extended the relation above to the continuous-time white Gaussian channel in the presence of causal feedback. They proved that $$\label{eqn.kzz}
I(\alpha; Y^T) = \frac{\gamma}{2} \int_0^T \bE(X_t(\alpha,Y^t) - \bE[X_t(\alpha,Y^t)|Y^t])^2 dt,$$ where $\alpha$ is the continuous-time message process to be transmitted, and the channel input $X_t(\alpha,Y^t)$ which encodes the message, depends causally on the output process $Y_t$ and the message $\alpha$.
This relationship has immediate implications. For example, [@Kadota--Zakai--Ziv1971] used (\[eqn.kzz\]) to show that feedback does not increase the capacity of continuous-time white Gaussian channel. It is worth noting that the channel without feedback is subsumed in the case with feedback if we take $\alpha = X^T$, i.e. the channel input is the message itself. From now on we will consider the *more general* case where feedback is allowed.
Paralleling the developments in the white Gaussian channel, in 1978 Kabanov [@Kabanov1978] calculated the capacity for continuous-time Poisson channel with feedback. Suppose the output process $Y^T = \{Y_t, 0\leq t\leq T\}$ is a point process whose compensator (stochastic intensity) is $\gamma \int_0^t X_s ds$, where $X_t = X_t(\alpha,Y^{t-})$ is the *predictable* input process, and $\alpha$ is the message. This is the so-called [*continuous-time Poisson channel with feedback*]{}. Adopting notations introduced in [@Atar--Weissman2012], we know from [@Liptser--Shiryaev2001 Thm. 19.11.][@Guo--Shamai--Verdu2008] that if $\int_0^T \bE X_t \log X_t dt <\infty$, then $$I(\alpha,Y^T) = \gamma \int_0^T \bE \ell_{{\cal P}}(X_t, \bE[X_t|Y^{t-}])dt,$$ where $\ell_{{\cal P}}(x,y) = x \ln(x/y) - x+ y, x>0, y>0$ is the *natural* loss function for estimation in the Poisson channel. Our main contribution in this work is to introduce a class of semi-martingale channels and to present a new formula for the mutual information in the same spirit as the relations above for the Gaussian and Poisson channels. In particular, the family of semi-martingale channels will include the continuous-time Gaussian and Poisson channels as special cases, and the new formula for mutual information under this model will generalize and unify the two classical results presented above, as well as present new relations between information and estimation. We note that generalized representations of mutual information are a topic of great interest, and recent efforts in that direction include [@Duncan2010], which presents estimation theoretic formulae for mutual information between a stochastic signal and a pure jump Lévy process which is modulated by the signal, and [@Johnson2013] where a generalization of the famous de Bruijn’s identity is presented for general families of stable densities. Beyond the Gaussian and Poisson models, [@Grigelionis1974] calculated the mutual information for locally infinitely divisible processes in 1974. As part of the history of results discovered for the continuous-time Gaussian and Poisson channels, we include here some of the more recent developments and insights which are informed by relations between information and estimation. After recapping these extensions, we will introduce the framework for results in this paper.
### Deriving scalar channel results from continuous-time families
Before proceeding to develop generalizations for continuous-time families, we quickly recap the scalar Gaussian channel and the I-MMSE relationship [@Guo--Shamai--Verdu2005] which presents the derivative of the mutual information (with respect to SNR) as the minimum mean squared error in estimation of the channel input based on the noisy observation. We can re-write the scalar I-MMSE as: $$\label{eqn.i-mmse}
\frac{\partial}{\partial \gamma} I(X; \sqrt{\gamma} X + N) = \frac{1}{2} \bE (X - \bE[X|\sqrt{\gamma}X + N])^2,$$ where $\bE X^2 <\infty, N\sim \mathcal{N}(0,1)$, $X$ is independent of $N$, and $\gamma > 0$. Among its many applications include proving the entropy power inequality in [@Verdu2006], and the monotonic decrease of the non-Gaussianness of the sum of independent random variables in [@Tulino--Verdu2006].
It is worth noting that the I-MMSE relationship can be directly obtained as a corollary to Duncan’s theorem . Indeed, if we take $Y_\gamma = \gamma X + W_\gamma$, $W_\gamma$ a standard Brownian motion indexed by $\gamma \geq 0$, then by Duncan’s theorem we know that $$\label{eqn.duncanimply}
I(X; Y_\gamma) = \frac{1}{2}\int_0^\gamma \bE (X - \bE[X|Y_\alpha])^2 d\alpha,$$ where we have used the fact that $Y_\gamma$ is the sufficient statistic for parameter $X$ given $\{Y_\alpha\}_{0\leq \alpha \leq \gamma}$. Taking derivative with respect to $\gamma$ on both sides of (\[eqn.duncanimply\]), we arrive at the I-MMSE relationship. Analogously, results paralleling I-MMSE in the Poisson channel settings appear in [@Guo--Shamai--Verdu2008], [@Atar--Weissman2012], where again they can be shown to be corollaries of the (more general) results for the continuous-time Poisson channel.
### Extensions to mismatched estimation and relative entropy
Recall that the relative entropy $D(P \| Q)$, is defined between two probability measures $P \ll Q$, as follows $$D(P \| Q) = \bE_P \log \frac{dP}{dQ}.$$
We emphasize that the I-MMSE relations can be recovered from the results of mismatched estimation. Indeed, we have $$\begin{aligned}
I(X;Y) & = \mathbb{E} D (P_{Y|X} \| P_Y),\end{aligned}$$ and $P_{Y|X}$ can be viewed as the output distribution of a channel with deterministic input $X$, and $P_Y$ can be viewed as the marginal output distribution.
Weissman [@Weissman2010] presented a representation formula for relative entropy in continuous-time white Gaussian channels with feedback. Let $P$ and $Q$ denote two probability measures on the input process $X^T$, and the channel model is the same as in (\[eqn.awgn\]). Under mild conditions, the main result of [@Weissman2010] shows that $$D(P_{Y_\gamma^T} \| Q_{Y_\gamma^T}) = \frac{\gamma}{2} \left( \mathsf{cmse}_{P,Q}(\gamma) - \mathsf{cmse}_{P,P}(\gamma) \right),$$ where $\mathsf{cmse}_{P,Q}(\gamma) = \int_0^T \bE_P(X_t - \bE_Q[X_t|Y^t])^2 dt$ denotes the mismatched filtering error under squared error loss. The paralleling mismatched estimation interpretations of relative entropy in the Poisson channel settings was demonstrated in [@Atar--Weissman2012].
### Pointwise extensions
[@Venkat--Weissman2012] and [@Jiao--Venkat--Weissman2013] showed a pointwise analog of the relations above in the Gaussian and Poisson settings, respectively. One particular feature of these results is the Doob–Meyer decomposition of a class of sub-martingales, i.e. the $P$-sub-martingales $$\label{eqn.density}
\log \frac{dP_{Y^t}}{dQ_{Y^t}}, \log \frac{dP_{Y^t|\alpha}}{dP_{Y^t}}$$ where $Y_t$ is the output process of a continuous-time white Gaussian channel or a Poisson channel. Conceivably, the predictable non-decreasing part of their Doob–Meyer decomposition corresponds to an estimation error term, and the local martingale part corresponds to a stochastic integral. The results corresponding to relative entropy can be obtained by taking expectations of these sub-martingales.
Having revisited the rich historical results in continuous-time channels, a natural question arises: do Gaussian and Poisson models capture the whole picture relations between information and estimation? Do there exist natural extensions of the results above beyond Gaussian and Poisson models which preserve the estimation-theoretic interpretations for important information measures? The authors answered this question affirmatively for scalar transformations by defining the general class of discrete-time Lévy channels [@Jiao--Venkat--Weissman_ISIT2014; @Jiao--Venkat--Weissman_TIT2014]. In this paper, we show that the answer is affirmative for continuous-time channels. Concretely, our contributions in this spirit span the following aspects:
1. We propose a general definition of *semi-martingale* channels, which includes as special cases, the white Gaussian channel, and the Poisson point process channel.
2. For semi-martingale channels, we obtain the input-output mutual information as the minimum causal estimation error under a natural loss function, thereby extending the findings for Gaussian and Poisson channels in continuous-time.
3. We also extend the above result to the setting of mismatched estimation and obtain a new representation for the relative entropy as the cost of mismatch in estimation under the same loss function for semi-martingale channels.
4. We also obtain pointwise extensions for these identities via expressions for sub-martingales in (\[eqn.density\]) when $Y_t$ is the output of a general semi-martingale channel;
We note that this work can be viewed as the continuous-time analog of [@Jiao--Venkat--Weissman_TIT2014], where the authors introduce discrete-time Lévy channels. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section \[sec: SMG prelim\] will review some preliminaries. We will present the main results on continuous-time semi-martingale channels in Section \[sec: SMG channels\]. We then discuss the main proof elements in Section \[sec: SMG proofs\], and present our conclusions in Section \[sec: SMG summary\].
Preliminaries {#sec: SMG prelim}
=============
Semi-martingales
----------------
We assume as given a complete probability space $(\Omega,\cF,P)$. In addition we are given a filtration $(\cF_t)_{0\leq t\leq \infty}$. By a filtration we mean a family of $\sigma$-algebras $(\cF_t)_{0\leq t\leq \infty}$ that is increasing, i.e., $\cF_s \subset \cF_t$ if $s\leq t$. For convenience, we will usually write $\bF$ for the filtration $(\cF_t)_{0\leq t\leq \infty}$. We denote $\cF_t^Y = \sigma\{Y_s: s\leq t\}$ to be the natural filtration generated by stochastic process $Y$, and $\sigma\{X_\zeta, \zeta \in \mathcal{Z}\}$ denotes the smallest $\sigma$-algebra with respect to which $X_\zeta$ is measurable. We have $\mathcal{F}_{t-} = \sigma \left( \bigcup_{s<t} \mathcal{F}_s \right)$.
By $D[0,T]$ we denote the space of real-valued functions $y(t)$ defined on $[0,T]$ which are cadlag, i.e., right-continuous with left limits. We also denote the space of real-valued continuous functions $y(t)$ on $[0,T]$ by $C[0,T]$. Note that here $T$ could be taken to be $\infty$, in that case, the interval $[0,T]$ should be interpreted as $[0,\infty)$. We equip the space $D[0,T]$ with Skorokhod topology, and the space $C[0,T]$ with sup-norm topology. We define the Borel $\sigma$-algebras $\cB_t(C) = \sigma\{y_s, s\leq t, y \in C[0,T]\}$ and $\cB_t(D) =\sigma\{y_s, s\leq t, y \in D[0,T]\}$.
For simplicity, throughout this paper, we only deal with one-dimensional real-valued stochastic processes. However it is worth noting that our results can be easily generalized to higher dimensions.
There exist various version of definitions for semi-martingales, and we adopt the following version.
[@medvegyev2007stochastic Def. 2.17]\[def.semimartingale\] An adapted process $X$ is called a semi-martingale if $X$ has a decomposition $$\begin{aligned}
X = X_0 + V + H,\end{aligned}$$ where $V$ is a right-continuous, adapted processes with finite variation, $H$ is locally square integrable, and $V_0 = H_0 = 0$.
The class of semi-martingales is a very broad one. Indeed, it consists of every local martingale, and every integrable sub-martingale and super-martingales. For continuous semi-martingales the decomposition in Definition \[def.semimartingale\] is unique [@medvegyev2007stochastic Prop. 2.19].
It is well known [@Liptser--Shiryaev1989 Chap. 4.1] that any cadlag semi-martingale $Y_t$ can be represented as $$Y_t = Y_0 + B_t + Y_t^c + \int_0^t \int_{|z|\leq 1} z d(\mu - \nu) + \int_0^t \int_{|z|>1} z d\mu,$$ where $B$ is a predictable process of locally bounded variation, $B_0 = 0$; $Y^c$ is the continuous local martingale component of the semi-martingale $Y$; $\mu$ is the jump measure of $Y$, and $\nu$ is its compensator. The jump measure $\mu = \mu(dt, dz)$ has two arguments, which satisfies the following relation: $$\mu((0,t]\times \Gamma) = \sum_{0<s\leq t} I(\Delta Y_s \in \Gamma), \Gamma \in \cB(\bR_0), \bR_0 = \bR \backslash \{0\},$$ where $\cB(\bR_0)$ is the Borel $\sigma$-algebra on $\bR_0$. Informally, $\mu(dt,dz)$ counts the number of jumps of size $z$ at time $t$, and its compensator $\nu(dt,dz)$ characterizes the intensity of jumps of size $z$ at time $t$.
For simplicity, we assume $\nu(\{t\} \times \bR_0) = 0, \forall t \geq 0$. That is to say, $\nu((0,t]\times \bR_0)$ is a continuous function of $t$. Let $C = [Y^c, Y^c]_t$ be the quadratic variation process of $Y^c$. The quadratic variation process of the continuous stochastic process $Y^c$ is defined as $$\begin{aligned}
[Y^c, Y^c]_t & =\lim _{\Vert m\Vert \rightarrow 0}\sum _{k=1}^{n}(Y^c_{t_{k}}-Y^c_{t_{k-1}})^{2},\end{aligned}$$ where $m$ ranges over partitions of the interval $[0,t]$ and the norm of the partition $m$ is the mesh $\max\{(t_i - t_{i-1}): i = 1,2,\ldots,n\}$. The limit, if it exists, is defined using convergence in probability. We call collection $(B,C,\nu)$ the *triplet of predictable characteristics* of a semi-martingale $Y$. The triplet is uniquely determined by the process $Y$.
In general, unfortunately, the triplet does *not* fully specify the distribution of the semi-martingale $Y$ (cf. Example 1.9 of [@Rao1999]). Hence, to avoid some unnecessary technical difficulties, throughout this paper, we assume all semi-martingales satisfy the property of $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness (also called *local uniqueness* in the literature [@Jacod--Shiryaev1987 Pg. 159]), which is defined as follows:
[@Kabanov--Liptser--Shiryaev1978-2 Sec. 11] \[def.taununiqueness\] The measure $P$ of a semi-martingale $Y$ is said to have the property of $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness if the triplets $(B^{\tau_n}, C^{\tau_n}, \nu^{\tau_n})$ of process $Y_{t\wedge \tau_n}$ uniquely determine the restrictions $P_{\tau_n}$ of the measure $P$ to the $\sigma$-algebras $\cF_{\tau_n}$. Here $\tau_n$ is any sequence of $\cF_t$-stopping times such that $\tau_n \uparrow \infty, P$-a.s.
The $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness property was first introduced in [@Jacod--Memin1976], and has been established so far for semi-martingales with independent increments, diffusion type processes, multivariate point processes in [@Jacod--Shiryaev1987], and for Markov processes in [@Skorokhod1982] and [@Kabanov--Liptser--Shiryaev1980].
Lévy processes and Infinitely divisible distributions
-----------------------------------------------------
A general one-dimensional Lévy process is defined as follows.
A process $Y = \{Y_t: t\geq 0\}$ defined on a probability space $(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P})$ is said to be a Lévy process if it possesses the following properties:
1. The paths of $Y$ are $\mathbb{P}$-almost surely right continuous with left limits.
2. $\mathbb{P}(Y_0 = 0) = 1$.
3. For $0\leq s\leq t$, $Y_t - Y_s$ is equal in distribution to $Y_{t-s}$.
4. For $0\leq s\leq t, Y_t - Y_s$ is independent of $\{Y_u: u\leq s\}$.
Lévy processes belong to the class of semi-martingales, where its predictable characteristics are non-random and the $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness property is satisfied. Important examples of Lévy processes include include Brownian motion and Poisson processes. We refer the reader to Sato [@Sato1999] for a comprehensive treatment of Lévy processes.
The infinitely divisible distribution is defined as follows:
We say that a real-valued random variable $T$ has an infinitely divisible distribution if for each $n \in \mathbb{N}, n\geq 1$, there exists a sequence of i.i.d. random variables $T_{1,n}, T_{2,n},\ldots, T_{n,n}$ such that $$\begin{aligned}
T \stackrel{d}{=} T_{1,n} + T_{2,n} + \ldots + T_{n,n},\end{aligned}$$ where $\stackrel{d}{=}$ is equality in distribution.
The Gaussian, Poisson, negative binomial, gamma and Cauchy distributions are all infinitely divisible distributions on $\Re$.
From the definition of a Lévy process we see that for any $t>0$, $Y_t$ is a random variable belonging to the class of infinitely divisible distributions. Indeed, it follows from the fact that for any $n = 1,2,\ldots$, $$\begin{aligned}
Y_t = Y_{t/n} + (Y_{2t/n} - Y_{t/n}) + \ldots + (Y_t - Y_{(n-1)t/n})\end{aligned}$$ together with the fact that $\{Y_t\}$ has stationary independent increments.
The following lemma relates the characteristic exponent of $Y_t$ with that of $Y_1$.
[@Kuchler--Sorensen1997 Chap. 2.1.]\[lemma.levycumulant\] For a Lévy process $Y_t$, if $\mathbb{E} e^{i\theta Y_t} = e^{ \Psi_t(\theta)}$, then $\Psi_t(\theta) = t \Psi_1(\theta)$.
Indeed, for two positive integers we have $$\begin{aligned}
m \Psi_1(\theta) = \Psi_m(\theta) = n \Psi_{m/n}(\theta),\end{aligned}$$ which proves the statement for all rational $t>0$. The irrational cases follows from taking a limit and applying the right continuity of $X_t$ and the dominated convergence theorem.
The full extent to which we may characterize infinitely divisible distributions is described by the Lévy–Khintchine formula.
[@Sato1999]\[lemma.lemmakhintchine\] A real-valued random variable $Y$ is infinitely divisible with characteristic function represented as $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbb{E} e^{i \theta Y} & = e^{\Psi(\theta)},\quad \theta \in \mathbb{R},\end{aligned}$$ if and only if there exists a triple $(a, \sigma, \nu)$, where $a\in \mathbb{R}, \sigma\geq 0$, and $\nu(\cdot)$ is a measure concentrated on $\mathbb{R} \backslash \{0\}$ satisfying $\int_{\mathbb{R}} (1 \wedge x^2) \nu(dx) <\infty$, such that $$\begin{aligned}
\Psi(\theta) & = i a \theta - \frac{1}{2} \sigma^2 \theta^2 + \int_{\mathbb{R}} (e^{ i \theta z}-1 - i\theta z \mathbbm{1}_{|z|<1})\nu(dz). \end{aligned}$$
We call the tuple $(a,\sigma,\nu(dz))$ *Lévy characteristics* of the Lévy process $\{Y_t\}$ if the characteristic function of $Y_1$ follows the Lévy–Khintchine formula with triplet $(a,\sigma,\nu(dz))$. Particularly, we call the number $\sigma$ *diffusion coefficient*, and the measure $\nu(dz)$ the *Lévy measure* of the Lévy process $\{Y_t\}$.
We have seen so far, that every Lévy process can be associated with the law of an infinitely divisible distribution. The opposite, i.e. that given any random variable $X$, whose law of infinitely divisible, we can construct a Lévy process $\{Y_t\}$ such that $Y_1 \stackrel{d}{=}X$. This is the subject of the Lévy–It$\hat{\mathrm{o}}$ decomposition.
[@Sato1999 Chap. 4]\[Lévy–It$\hat{\mathrm{o}}$ decomposition\]\[lemma.levyitodecomposition\] Consider a triplet $(a,\sigma,\nu)$ where $a\in \mathbb{R}, \sigma\geq 0$ and $\nu$ is a measure satisfying $\nu(\{0\}) = 0$ and $\int_{\mathbb{R}} (1 \wedge x^2) \nu(dx)<\infty$. Then, there exists a probability space $(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P})$ on which a Lévy process $\{Y_t\}$ exists and decomposes as four independent processes as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqn.levyito}
Y_t = at + \sigma W_t + \int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} z (\mu(ds,dz) - \nu(dz)ds) + \int_0^t \int_{|z| \geq 1} z \mu(ds,dz),\end{aligned}$$ where $W_t$ is a standard Brownian motion, $\int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} z (\mu(ds,dz) - \nu(dz)ds)$ is a square integrable pure jump martingale with an almost surely countable number of jumps of magnitude less than one on each finite time interval, and $\int_0^t \int_{|z| \geq 1} z \mu(ds,dz)$ is a compound Poisson process. The $\mu(dt,dz)$ is a jump measure defined to satisfy the following relations: $\forall \, \Gamma\in \mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R} \backslash \{0\})$, $$\label{eqn.jumpmeasuredef}
\mu((0,t] \times \Gamma) = \sum_{0<s\leq t} \mathbb{I}(\Delta Y_s \in \Gamma),$$ where $ \Delta Y_s = Y_s - Y_{s-}, Y_{s-} = \lim_{u\to s-} Y_u$. The measure $\nu(dz)$ is defined such that $$\int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} z (d\mu - \nu(dz)ds)$$ is a martingale indexed by $t$. The measure $\nu(dz)ds$ is called the compensator for the multivariate point process $\mu(ds,dz)$.
Semi-Martingale Channels
------------------------
We assume, when there is no input signal, the channel output is a Lévy process. We assume the SNR level is $\gamma$. By the Lévy-It$\hat{\mathrm{o}}$ decomposition in Lemma \[lemma.levyitodecomposition\], given any Lévy process $Y_t$, there exist constants $a \in \bR,\sigma\geq 0$, a non-negative measure $\nu(\cdot)$ on $\cB(\bR_0)$ s.t. $\int_{\bR_0} \min(1,z^2)\nu(dz)<\infty$, such that the predictable characteristics of $Y$ satisfy $$B_t = at, C_t = \sigma t, \nu(dt,dz) = \gamma \nu(dz)dt.$$
In order to be consistent with results for Gaussian and Poisson channels, without loss of generality in this section we take $a = 0, \sigma = 1$. That is to say, in the absence of input signal, the output process $(Y_t, \bF, P_0)$ of a semi-martingale channel at SNR $\gamma$ is a Lévy process with the following representation: $$\label{eqn.levyitoSMG}
Y_t = W_t + \int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} z (d\mu - \gamma \nu(dz)ds) + \int_0^t \int_{|z|\geq 1} zd \mu,$$ where $W_t$ is a standard Brownian motion, $\mu(dt,dz)$ is a Poisson random measure on $[0,T]\times \bR_0$, independent of $W^T$.
Now we specify the output given message $\alpha$. We assume the message $\alpha$ takes values in a measurable space $(A, \mathcal{A})$. For any $s\geq 0$, let $\beta_s = \beta_s(\alpha, Y^{s-})$ be a $\mathcal{A} \otimes \cB_{s-}(D)$-measurable function. For any $s\geq 0, z\in \bR_0$, let $\lambda_{s,z} = \lambda_{s,z}(\alpha,Y^{s-})\geq 0$ also be a $\mathcal{A} \otimes \cB_{s-}(D)$-measurable function. The functions $\beta_s(\alpha, Y^{s-}), \lambda_{s,z}(\alpha,Y^{s-})$ are called *encodings* of $\alpha$ for transmission over the semi-martingale channel. At SNR level $\gamma$, the output $(Y, \bF, P)$ corresponding to a semi-martingale channel with encodings $\beta_s(\alpha, Y^{s-}), \lambda_{s,z}(\alpha,Y^{s-})$ satisfies the following representation: $$\begin{aligned}
Y_t & = \sqrt{\gamma}\int_0^t \beta_s ds + W_t + \gamma \int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} z (\lambda_{s,z}-1) \nu(dz)ds \nonumber \\
& \quad + \int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} z (d\mu - \gamma \lambda_{s,z}\nu(dz)ds) + \int_0^t \int_{|z|\geq 1} z d\mu,\end{aligned}$$ where $W_t$ is a standard Brownian motion under $P$. In other words, the predictable characteristics of the output process $Y$ has changed from $(0,t,\gamma \nu(dz)dt)$ to $$\label{eqn.pcnew}
(\sqrt{\gamma}\int_0^t \beta_s ds + \int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} \gamma z (\lambda_{s,z}-1)\nu(dz)ds, t, \gamma \lambda_{t,z} \nu(dz)dt).$$ The $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness property guarantees that the distribution of the output process $Y_t$ is uniquely determined by the input signals $\beta_s(\alpha, Y^{s-})$ and $\lambda_{s,z}(\alpha, Y^{s-})$.
Note that the definition of the semi-martingale channel generalizes those of the white Gaussian and Poisson channels. Indeed, the semi-martingale channel degenerates to the white Gaussian channel when $\nu(dz) \equiv 0$, and it degenerates to the Poisson channel when $\nu(dz) = \delta_{z = 1}$, $\beta_s \equiv 0$ and the Brownian motion part disappear.
Throughout this paper, we assume the following conditions.
\[ass.inputdefinition\] We assume the following throughout this paper:
1. Any filtered complete probability space $(\Omega,\cF, \bF, P)$ satisfies the *usual hypotheses*, i.e.
1. $\cF_0$ contains all the $P$-null sets of $\cF$;
2. $\cF_t = \bigcap_{u>t} \cF_u, \forall t, 0\leq t<\infty$; that is, the filtration $\cF$ is right-continuous.
2. All the processes satisfy the $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness property as defined in Definition \[def.taununiqueness\].
3. There exists a constant $V>0$ such that with probability one, $$\begin{aligned}
\int_0^T \beta_s^2 ds + \int_0^T \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} (1-\sqrt{\lambda_{s,z}})^2 \nu(dz) ds \leq V. \end{aligned}$$
4. $ \int_0^T \mathbb{E}|\beta_s|ds < \infty$, $\int_0^T \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} \mathbb{E}|\lambda_{s,z}| \nu(dz) ds< \infty$.
5. For any $0\leq s\leq T$, $\mathbb{E}|\beta_s| <\infty$, $ \mathbb{E} \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} \lambda_{s,z} \nu(dz) < \infty$.
We emphasize that the conditions in Assumption \[ass.inputdefinition\] allows us to avoid messy and delicate measure theoretic details related to the definition of predictable projections and predictable $\sigma$-algebras.
Main results {#sec: SMG channels}
============
Calculation of the Mutual Information
-------------------------------------
Now we state a theorem on representation of the mutual information $I(\alpha; Y^T)$ in the semi-martingale channel, which is the main result of this paper.
\[thm.mutual\] Under Assumption \[ass.inputdefinition\], if $$\begin{aligned}
\int_0^T \mathbb{E} \beta_s^2 ds + \int_0^T \mathbb{E} \lambda_{s,z} \left|\ln \frac{\lambda_{s,z}}{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)} \right | \nu(dz) ds <\infty,\end{aligned}$$ then, $$\label{eqn.thm1}
I(\alpha;Y^T) = \gamma \left [ \int_0^T \bE \ell_{{\cal G}}(\beta_s ,\hat{\beta}_{s}^{P,C}(\gamma))ds + \int_0^T \int_{\bR_0} \bE \ell_{{\cal P}}(\lambda_{s,z}, \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)) \nu(dz)ds \right],$$ where $\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\beta_s|\cF_{s-}^Y]$, $\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\lambda_{s,z}| \cF_{s-}^Y]$. The loss functions $\ell_{{\cal G}}(x,y) = \frac{1}{2}(x-y)^2$, $\ell_{{\cal P}}(x,y) = x\ln(x/y)-x + y$.
Here we need to explain the notation a little. The superscripts $P$ and $C$ in notations $\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma)$ and $\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)$ mark the fact that the conditional expectation is taken under probability law $P$ *Causally* on the history of $Y$. We emphasize that both the loss functions $\ell_{{\cal G}}$ and $\ell_{{\cal P}}$ are Bregman divergences. We introduce the notion of the Bregman divergence below.
\[def.bregmandivergence\] Let $f: \Omega \mapsto \mathbb{R}$ be a convex, continuously differentiable function, the domain $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^d$. Then, the Bregman divergence associated with $f$, denoted as $d_f(x,y)$, is defined as $$\begin{aligned}
d_f(x,y) = f(x) - f(y) - \langle \nabla f(y), x-y \rangle,\end{aligned}$$ where $\langle x,y \rangle$ denotes the inner product of $x$ and $y$.
It follows from Jensen’s inequality that $d_f(x,y)\geq 0$. It is clear that $\ell_{\mathcal{G}}(x,y) = d_f(x,y)$ when $f = \frac{1}{2} x^2$, and $\ell_{\mathcal{P}}(x,y) = d_f(x,y)$ when $f = x\ln x$. The Bregman divergence satisfies the following property when used as a loss function in Bayesian decision theory:
\[lemma.meanpropertybregman\] Suppose $X$ is a random variable taking values in $\Omega$. Then, for any non-random element $u\in \Omega$, $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbb{E}[d_f(X,u)] & = \mathbb{E}[d_f(X, \mathbb{E}[X])] + d_f(\mathbb{E}[X],u),\end{aligned}$$ where the expectations are taken with respect to the distribution of $X$.
It follows from straightforward algebra that $$\begin{aligned}
d_f(X,u) & = d_f(X, \mathbb{E}[X]) + d_f(\mathbb{E}[X],u) + \langle f'(\mathbb{E}[X]) - f'(u), X - \mathbb{E}[X] \rangle. \end{aligned}$$ Taking expectations on both sides finishes the proof.
It follows from Lemma \[lemma.meanpropertybregman\] that $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbb{E}[X] & = {\mathop{\mbox{{\rm argmin}}}\limits}_{u\in \Omega} \mathbb{E}[d_f(X,u)]. \end{aligned}$$ Further, if $f$ is strictly convex, then $\mathbb{E}[X]$ uniquely solves $\min_u \mathbb{E}[d_f(X,u)]$. It is sometimes called the *orthogonality principle*.
Relative entropy representations
--------------------------------
Assume $P$ and $Q$ are two probability measures on the inputs $(\beta_, \lambda_{s,z})$ to the semi-martingale channel. We denote the *mismatched causal estimation error* at SNR $\gamma$ as $$\mathsf{cmle}_{P,Q}(\gamma) = \int_0^T \bE_P \ell_{{\cal G}}(\beta_s , \hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma)) ds + \int_0^T \int_{\bR_0} \bE_P \ell_{{\cal P}}(\lambda_{s,z}, \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}) \nu(dz)ds,$$ where $\hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma) = \bE_Q[\beta_s|\cF_{s-}^Y], \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C} = \bE_Q[\lambda_{s,z}|\cF_{s-}^Y]$.
According to Theorem \[thm.mutual\], we know $$I(\alpha; Y^T) = \gamma \cdot \mathsf{cmle}_{P,P}(\gamma).$$
A natural interpretation of the quantity $$\mathsf{cmle}_{P,Q}(\gamma) - \mathsf{cmle}_{P,P}(\gamma)$$ is the *penalty of mismatch* in estimation under probability measure $P$. In other words, it is the *excessive* estimation error caused by the fact that the decoder takes the distribution of the inputs as $Q$ while the true distribution is $P$. By the orthogonality principle of $\ell_{{\cal G}}$ and $\ell_{{\cal P}}$, we know it is never negative, and intuitively it could serve as a measure quantifying the distance between probability measures $P$ and $Q$. This intuition is rigorized by the following theorem.
\[thm.relative\] Under Assumption \[ass.inputdefinition\], if $$\begin{aligned}
\int_0^T \mathbb{E}\left( \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) - \hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma)\right)^2 ds + \int_0^T \mathbb{E} \lambda_{s,z} \left| \ln \frac{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)}{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma)} \right | \nu(dz) ds <\infty,\end{aligned}$$ then $$D(P_{Y^T_\gamma} \| Q_{Y^T_\gamma}) = \gamma \cdot \left( \mathsf{cmle}_{P,Q}(\gamma) - \mathsf{cmle}_{P,P}(\gamma) \right),$$ where $\hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma) = \bE_Q[\beta_s|\cF_{s-}^Y], \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C} = \bE_Q[\lambda_{s,z}|\cF_{s-}^Y]$.
Special Cases: White Gaussian Channels and Multivariate Point Process Channels {#sec.special}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We emphasize that for special classes of the semi-martingale channel, such as the AWGN channel and the multivariate point process channel, we can obtain similar results under much weaker conditions on the input processes.
### White Gaussian Channel
First we deal with the white Gaussian channel. As proved in [@Jacod--Shiryaev1987], the $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness property is satisfied in this case. In fact in this case we can considerably weaken the assumptions to [@Liptser--Shiryaev2000 Chap. 16.3] $$\label{eqn.condg}
\int_0^T \bE \beta_s^2 ds<\infty,$$ which has the natural interpretation of restricting the total power of input signals. Under (\[eqn.condg\]), we have the classic result by [@Kadota--Zakai--Ziv1971]:
\[cor.kzz\] Under channel model $$d Y_t = \sqrt{\gamma} \beta_t dt + dW_t,$$ where $\beta_s = \beta_t(\alpha,Y^t)$ is a $\mathcal{A}\otimes \cB_{s-}(C)$ measurable function such that $\int_0^T \bE \beta_s^2 ds <\infty$, we have $$I(\alpha; Y^T) = \int_0^T \bE \ell_{{\cal G}}(\beta_s, \hat{\beta}^{P,C}_s(\gamma))ds.$$
### Multivariate Point Process Channel
The multivariate point process channel model is a generalization of the Poisson channel model, where the the output process may have various jump sizes. The $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness property is also satisfied in this situation [@Jacod--Shiryaev1987]. To be precise, under SNR $\gamma$, the output process $(Y_t, \bF, P)$ in the absence of input is a Lévy process with the following representation: $$Y_t = \int_0^t \int_{|z|<1} z (d\mu - \gamma \nu(dz)ds) + \int_0^t \int_{|z|\geq 1} z d\mu.$$
For encodings $\lambda_{s,z} = \lambda_{s,z}(\alpha, Y^{s-}) \geq 0$, the new output process $(Y_t, \bF, P)$ could be represented as $$\label{eqn.mppmodel}
Y_t = \int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} \gamma z (\lambda_{s,z}-1)\nu(dz)ds + \int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} z (d\mu - \gamma \lambda_{s,z} \nu(dz)ds) + \int_0^t \int_{|z|\geq 1} z d\mu.$$
We have the following representation for the mutual information $I(\alpha; Y^T)$ for the multivariate point process channel [@Liptser--Shiryaev2001 Thm. 19.11].
\[cor.mppmodel\] Under channel model (\[eqn.mppmodel\]), if $$\begin{aligned}
\int_0^T \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} \mathbb{E} \left[ \ell_{\mathcal{P}}(\lambda_{s,z},\hat{\lambda}^{P,C}_{s,z}(\gamma) ) + 2 \lambda_{s,z} \right]\nu(dz)ds <\infty, \end{aligned}$$ then, $$I(\alpha;Y^T) = \int_0^T \int_{\bR_0} \bE \ell_{{\cal P}}(\lambda_{s,z}, \hat{\lambda}^{P,C}_{s,z}(\gamma))\nu(dz)ds,$$ where $\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\lambda_{s,z}| \cF_{s-}^Y]$, $\ell_{\mathcal{P}}(x,y) = x\ln \frac{x}{y}-x+y$.
Doob–Meyer decomposition of a class of sub-martingales
------------------------------------------------------
Since $-\log(\cdot)$ is a convex function, it is clear that that $$\label{eqn.ratiopoint}
\log \frac{dP_{Y^t}}{dQ_{Y^t}}$$ is a $P$-sub-martingale. Since we know under mild conditions, any sub-martingale can be decomposed uniquely into the sum of a predictable non-decreasing process and a local martingale [@medvegyev2007stochastic Chap. 5], i.e., the Doob–Meyer decomposition, it arises as a natural question to find the Doob–Meyer decomposition of (\[eqn.ratiopoint\]). Although in general it is a hard task to obtain explicit expressions for the Doob–Meyer decomposition of sub-martingales, we show in this case it has an elegant answer, with implications for relations between information and estimation. In particular, we observe that the expectation of the predictable non-decreasing process is precisely the filtering error.
\[thm. SMG relative information\] Under Assumption \[ass.inputdefinition\], we have $$\log \frac{dP_{Y^t}}{dQ_{Y^t}} = A_t + M_t,$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
A_t & = \gamma \int_0^t \ell_{\mathcal{G}}(\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma),\hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma))ds
+ \gamma \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \ell_{{\cal P}}(\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma),\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma)) \nu(dz)ds, \\
M_t & = \sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t \left( \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) - \hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma)\right)(dW_s - \sqrt{\gamma} \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) ds) \nonumber \\
& \quad + \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \ln \frac{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)}{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma)} (d\mu - \gamma \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) \nu(dz)ds),\end{aligned}$$ where $\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\beta_s|\cF_{s-}^Y]$, $\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\lambda_{s,z}| \cF_{s-}^Y]$, $\ell_{\mathcal{G}}(x,y) = \frac{1}{2}(x-y)^2, \ell_{\mathcal{P}}(x,y) = x\ln \frac{x}{y}-x+y$. Here the process $A_t$ is the predictable non-decreasing process, and $M_t$ is the local martingale process.
Specializing Theorem \[thm. SMG relative information\] to the case of $P$ being deterministic and $Q = P$, we obtain the following Doob–Meyer decomposition for the information density process $$\log \frac{dP_{Y^t|\alpha}}{dP_{Y^t}}.$$
\[thm. SMG information density\] Under Assumption \[ass.inputdefinition\], we have $$\log \frac{dP_{Y^t|\alpha}}{dP_{Y^t}} = A_t + M_t,$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
A_t & = \gamma \int_0^t \ell_{\mathcal{G}}(\beta_s ,\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma)) ds + \gamma \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \ell_{{\cal P}}(\lambda_{s,z}, \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)) \nu(dz)ds, \\
M_t & = \sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t (\beta_s - \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma))(dW_s - \sqrt{\gamma} \beta_s ds) + \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \ln \frac{\lambda_{s,z}}{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma))} (d\mu - \gamma \lambda_{s,z} \nu(dz)ds),\end{aligned}$$ where $\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\beta_s|\cF_{s-}^Y]$, $\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\lambda_{s,z}| \cF_{s-}^Y]$, $\ell_{\mathcal{G}}(x,y) = \frac{1}{2}(x-y)^2, \ell_{\mathcal{P}}(x,y) = x\ln \frac{x}{y}-x+y$. Here the process $A_t$ is the predictable non-decreasing process, and $M_t$ is the local martingale process.
Proofs {#sec: SMG proofs}
======
Our focus would be to establish the Doob–Meyer decomposition for the $P$-sub-martingale $\log \frac{dP_{Y^t}}{dQ_{Y^t}}$ (Theorem \[thm. SMG relative information\]), from which the rest of our results will follow. Recall that at SNR level $\gamma$, in the absence of input signal, the output process $(Y_t, \bF, P_0)$ of a semi-martingale channel at SNR $\gamma$ is a Lévy process with the following representation: $$\label{eqn.levyitoSMG}
Y_t = W_t + \int_0^t \int_{|z|< 1} z (d\mu - \gamma \nu(dz)ds) + \int_0^t \int_{|z|\geq 1} zd \mu,$$ where $W_t$ is a standard Brownian motion, $\mu(dt,dz)$ is a Poisson random measure on $[0,T]\times \bR_0$, independent of $W^T$.
Introduce the non-negative process $(L_t, \bF, P)$, where $\mathbb{R}_0 = \mathbb{R} \backslash \{0\}$, as $$\label{eqn.ratioprocess}
L_t = e^{\sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t \beta_s dW_s - \frac{\gamma}{2} \int_0^t \beta_s^2 ds + \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \left [ \ln \lambda_{s,z} d\mu - \gamma (\lambda_{s,z}-1)\nu(dz)ds \right]}.$$
We have the following It$\hat{\mathrm{o}}$’s formula for general semimartingales:
[@medvegyev2007stochastic Thm. 6.46]\[lemma.itosemimg\] If $\{Z(t):t\geq 0\}$ is a semimartingale and $f(x) \in C^2(\mathbb{R})$, then $$\begin{aligned}
f(Z(t)) - f(Z(0)) & = \int_0^t f'(Z_{-})dZ + \frac{1}{2} \int_0^t f''(Z_{-}) d[Z]^c + \sum_{0<s\leq t} \left( f(Z(s)) -f(Z(s-)) - f'(Z(s-))\Delta Z(s) \right),\end{aligned}$$ where the process $[Z]^c_t$ is the quadratic variation process of the continuous part of the semimartingale $Z(t)$, $\Delta Z(s) = Z(s) - Z(s-)$, and $Z(s-) = \lim_{u\to s-} Z(u)$.
Applying Lemma \[lemma.itosemimg\] with $f(t) = e^t$, defining $D_t = \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \left [ \ln \lambda_{s,z} d\mu - \gamma (\lambda_{s,z}-1)\nu(dz)ds \right]$, we get the following representation of the stochastic process $L_t$: $$\begin{aligned}
L_t & = 1 + \int_0^t L_{s-} dZ(t) + \frac{1}{2} \int_0^t L_{s-} \gamma \beta_s^2 ds + \sum_{0<s\leq t} f(Z(s-)) \left( \frac{f(Z(s))}{f(Z(s-))} - 1 - \Delta Z(s) \right) \\
& = 1 + \int_0^t \sqrt{\gamma} \beta_s L_{s-} dW_s + \int_0^t L_{s-} dD_s + \sum_{0<s\leq t} L_{s-} \left( e^{\Delta Z(s)} - 1 - \Delta Z(s) \right) \\
& = 1 + \int_0^t \sqrt{\gamma} \beta_s L_{s-} dW_s + \int_0^t L_{s-} dD_s + \sum_{0<s\leq t} \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} L_{s-} \left( e^{\ln \lambda_{s,z}} - 1 - \ln \lambda_{s,z} \right) \nu(ds,dz) \\
& = 1 + \int_{0}^t L_{s-}dM_s,\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
M_t & = \int_0^t \sqrt{\gamma} \beta_s dW_s + \int_0^t \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} \left( \ln \lambda_{s,z} \mu(ds,dz) - \gamma(\lambda_{s,z}-1) \nu(dz)ds + (\lambda_{s,z} - 1 - \ln \lambda_{s,z} )\mu(ds,dz) \right) \\
& = \int_0^t \sqrt{\gamma} \beta_s dW_s + \int_0^t \int_{\mathbb{R}_0}
(\lambda_{s,z}-1) (\mu(ds,dz) - \gamma \nu(dz)ds). \end{aligned}$$
It follows from [@Kabanov--Liptser--Shiryaev1978-1 Thm. 12] that if there exists a constant $V>0$ such that $$\int_0^T \beta_s^2 ds + \int_0^T \int_{\bR_0} (1-\sqrt{\lambda_{s,z}})^2 \nu(dz)ds \leq V\quad P-a.s.$$ then, $\{L_t: 0\leq t\leq T\}$ is a uniformly integrable martingale. It is guaranteed by Assumption \[ass.inputdefinition\]. Construct another probability measure $P$ on $\mathbb{F}$ defined as $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{d P_{|\mathcal{F}_t}}{dP_{0|\mathcal{F}_t}} & = L_t,\end{aligned}$$
It follows from [@Kabanov--Liptser--Shiryaev1978-1 Corollary, pg. 663] that under measure $P$, the process $Y_t$ is still a semi-martingale with predictable characteristics $$(\sqrt{\gamma}\int_0^t \beta_s ds + \int_0^t \int_{|z|\leq 1} \gamma z (\lambda_{s,z}-1)\nu(dz)ds, t, \gamma \lambda_{t,z} \nu(dz)dt),$$ which is exactly what we specified in the definition of the semi-martingale channel in (\[eqn.pcnew\]). Since we have assumed that the measure $P$ has $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness property, if we take $\tau_n \equiv T$, we know that $P$ is the probability measure governing the output of the semi-martingale channel with input signals $\beta_s$ and $\lambda_{s,z}$.
It follows from [@Liptser--Shiryaev1989 Chap. 4, Sec. 6, Thm. 5] that the semi-martingale $(Y_t, \bF, P)$ is still a semi-martingale under the reduced filtration $\cF_t^Y = \sigma\{Y_s: s\leq t\}$. Under the filtration $\mathcal{F}_t^Y$, combining with Assumption \[ass.inputdefinition\] the predictable characteristics of process $Y_t$ would change to $$(\sqrt{\gamma}\int_0^t \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) ds + \int_0^t \int_{|z|\leq 1} \gamma z (\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)-1)\nu(dz)ds, t, \gamma \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)\nu(dz)dt),$$ where $\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\beta_s|\cF_{s-}^Y]$, $\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) = \mathbb{E}_P[\lambda_{s,z}| \cF_{s-}^Y]$.
It follows from the convexity of $x^2$ and $(1-\sqrt{x})^2$ on $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{R}_+$, respectively, that $$\begin{aligned}
\int_0^T [\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma)]^2 ds + \int_0^T \int_{\bR_0} \left (1-\sqrt{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)} \right )^2 \nu(dz)ds & \leq \mathbb{E}_P \left[ \int_0^T \beta_s^2 ds + \int_0^T \int_{\bR_0} \left( 1-\sqrt{\lambda_{s,z}} \right)^2 \nu(dz)ds \Bigg | \mathcal{F}_s^Y \right]. \end{aligned}$$ It then follows from the fact that for any random variable $X$ and constant $V$, $X\leq V$ almost surely implies that $\mathbb{E}[X|\mathcal{F}]\leq V$ almost surely, that $$\int_0^T [\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma)]^2 ds + \int_0^T \int_{\bR_0} \left (1-\sqrt{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)} \right )^2 \nu(dz)ds \leq V, \quad P-a.s.$$
Hence, $$\bar{L}_t^P = e^{\sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) dW_s - \frac{\gamma}{2} \int_0^t [\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma)]^2 ds + \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \left [ \ln \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) d\mu - \gamma (\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)-1)\nu(dz)ds \right]}$$ is a uniformly integrable martingale [@Kabanov--Liptser--Shiryaev1978-1 Thm. 12]. Using similar arguments as above and applying the $(\tau_n)$-uniqueness property, we know that $$\begin{aligned}
\bar{L}_t^P & = \frac{dP_{|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}}{dP_{0|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}}. \end{aligned}$$
Analogously, if the input signals follow distribution $Q$, we can use similar arguments to construct the likelihood ratio process $\bar{L}_t^Q$. Hence, $$\begin{aligned}
\log \frac{dP_{|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}}{dQ_{|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}} & = \log \frac{dP_{|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}}{dP_{0|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}} - \log \frac{dQ_{|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}}{dP_{0|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}} \\
& = \sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) dW_s - \frac{\gamma}{2} \int_0^t [\hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma)]^2 ds + \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \left [ \ln \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) d\mu - \gamma (\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)-1)\nu(dz)ds \right] \nonumber \\
& \quad - \left( \sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t\hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma) dW_s - \frac{\gamma}{2} \int_0^t [\hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma)]^2 ds + \int_0^t \int_{\bR_0} \left [ \ln \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma) d\mu - \gamma (\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma)-1)\nu(dz)ds \right] \right) \\
& = \sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t ( \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) - \hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma) ) (dW_s - \sqrt{\gamma} \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) ds) + \frac{\gamma}{2}\int_0^t \left( \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) - \hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma) \right)^2 ds \nonumber \\
& \quad + \int_0^t \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} \ln \frac{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)}{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma)} (d\mu - \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) \nu(dz)ds) + \gamma \int_0^t \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} \ell_{\mathcal{P}} (\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma), \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma) )\nu(dz)ds. \end{aligned}$$
The proof of Theorem \[thm. SMG relative information\] is now complete. To obtain the representations of relative entropy, it suffices to take expectations of $\log \frac{dP_{|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}}{dQ_{|\mathcal{F}_t^Y}}$ with respect to the measure induced by $P$. Indeed, it follows from the results of [@Liptser--Shiryaev1989 Chap. 4, Sec. 6, Thm. 5] that $W_t - \sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) ds$ is a standard Brownian motion under filtration $\cF_t^Y$ with probability measure $P$. Since we have assumed $\int_0^T \mathbb{E} \left( \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) - \hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma) \right)^2 ds < \infty$, it follows from [@Liptser--Shiryaev2000 Chap. 5.4] that $$\bE \left[ \sqrt{\gamma} \int_0^t ( \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) - \hat{\beta}_s^{Q,C}(\gamma) ) (dW_s - \sqrt{\gamma} \hat{\beta}_s^{P,C}(\gamma) ds) \right ] = 0.$$ Since we have assumed $$\begin{aligned}
\int_0^t \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} \mathbb{E} \lambda_{s,z} \left| \ln \frac{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)}{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma)} \right | \nu(dz)ds < \infty,\end{aligned}$$ it follows from [@Liptser--Shiryaev2001 Thm. 18.7] that $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbb{E} \left[ \int_0^t \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} \ln \frac{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma)}{\hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{Q,C}(\gamma)} (d\mu - \hat{\lambda}_{s,z}^{P,C}(\gamma) \nu(dz)ds) \right] = 0. \end{aligned}$$ Theorem \[thm.relative\] is proved. Theorem \[thm.mutual\] can be proved in a similar fashion.
We now provide a proof sketch for Corollary \[cor.mppmodel\]. It was shown in [@Kabanov--Liptser--Shiryaev1978-2 Sec. 12] that $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbb{E} \int_0^T \int_{\mathbb{R}_0} ( 1- \sqrt{\lambda_{s,z}})^2 \nu(dz) ds < \infty\end{aligned}$$ implies that $P \ll P_0$, where $P_0$ is the probability measure on the output process without inputs, and $P$ is the measure corresponding to inputs $\lambda_{s,z}$. Following similar arguments as in [@Liptser--Shiryaev2001 Thm. 19.11] and noting that $x|\ln x/y| \leq \ell_{\mathcal{P}}(x,y) + x + y$, and $(1-\sqrt{x})^2 \leq C \ell_{\mathcal{P}}(x,1)$ for some constant $C>0$, Corollary \[cor.mppmodel\] is proved.
Concluding remarks {#sec: SMG summary}
==================
At the face of it, the output stochastic process of the semi-martingale channel seems to be a simple combination of a ‘continuous’ process and a ‘pure jump’ process. Indeed, one can separate these two processes at the receiver perfectly. However, it is important to note that the inputs may causally depend on past outputs of both the continuous part and the pure jump part! As the careful reader will note, the conditional expectations in Theorem \[thm.mutual\] are taken with respect to the entire history (including the continuous part and discontinuous part) of $Y$, which is not the same as treating the continuous and discontinuous outputs separately.
Relations between information and estimation are, at their core intimately related to absolute continuity and singularity of probability measures in functional spaces, which enables explicit calculations of the most basic likelihood ratios, such as the information density and the relative information. Shiryaev [@Shiryaev1978absolute] presented a framework of the general theory of absolute continuity and singularity of probability measures, which gives us a good understanding of the representation of likelihood ratios for random sequences, processes with independent increments, semi-martingales with a Gaussian martingale component, multivariate point processes, Markov processes and processes with a countable number of states, and the general semi-martingales [@Kabanov--Liptser--Shiryaev1978-2]. This rich theory essentially implies that if the output of a channel is of the types above, and a natural SNR parameter can be defined, one may hope to get a general and meaningful relationship between measures of information and estimation. These two constraints essentially make the semi-martingale channels the largest class of channels that admit information-estimation relationships fully paralleling what exist for the Gaussian and Poisson channels. However, we note that the likelihood ratio characterization for semi-martingales is challenging, and much stronger conditions are needed to represent these likelihood ratios. This is precisely the reason why Theorems \[thm.mutual\],\[thm.relative\] require strong (bounded a.s.) conditions, and special cases of semi-martingale channels can be dealt with under much weaker conditions on the channel input, as evident in Section \[sec.special\].
[^1]: Jiantao Jiao, Kartik Venkat, and Tsachy Weissman are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA. Email: {jiantao, kvenkat, tsachy}@stanford.edu. This work was supported in part by the Center for Science of Information (CSoI), an NSF Science and Technology Center, under grant agreement CCF-0939370. The material in this paper was presented in part at the 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Barcelona, Spain.
|
GlitchedBat:
xtremethegamer
: and it was fun to do. Maybe I'll do some more involving PMD we'll see.
Typo: its Phatmon'17 17 meaning the year sorry about that
Pokemon © by Nintendo ©2017 GameFreak and Creatures Inc.
is no way associated with those respective companies as this is a design project purely for entertainment and creativity.
Art by
©2017
I had to use a reference for dialga so credit to :iconfor the pose I mean dialga is kind of hard to visualize at times being intimidating and hard to draw at times. anyways I drew this for :icon |
Q:
cakePHP paginate with left join causes incorrect number of pages
I'm having an issue with cakePHP pagination, specifically when I do a left join. There are 6 rows returned, and with a pagination limit of 3, it should calculate 2 pages, but it calculates 3 pages, with the last page being blank. Here is the options array I'm passing to paginate:
Array
(
[fields] => Array
(
[0] => DISTINCT Video.id, Video.thumbnail_img, Video.title,
Video.description, Video.tags, Video.views, Video.date,
((
SELECT COUNT(Rating.id)
FROM ratings AS Rating
WHERE Rating.rating = 1 AND Rating.video_id = Video.id
) -
(
SELECT COUNT(Rating.id)
FROM ratings AS Rating
WHERE Rating.rating = 0 AND Rating.video_id = Video.id
)
) AS avgRating
)
[joins] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[table] => ratings
[alias] => Rating
[type] => LEFT
[conditions] => Array
(
[0] => Rating.video_id = Video.id
)
)
)
[order] => Array
(
[avgRating] => DESC
)
)
Any ideas why this is happening? I'm not sure of any other way to get the results I want without using the join, but I'm betting that's what's causing the problem.
Any suggestions would be appreciated. Thanks!
A:
Foolish problem - in this case the join isn't even necessary. The same results are achieved without the join, since the sub-queries can be evaluated on their own. For this example, it's ok, but there may be further examples where a join is necessary and the count error does persist. Either way, my problem is solved!
|
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Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the major life-threatening diseases globally, accounting for 4.2 million deaths worldwide in 2019 as assessed by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) consortium^[@CR1],[@CR2]^. According to the IDF report, among 20 countries belongs to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, Iran is ranked third with the highest number of adults (5.4 million) who suffered from diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in Iran\'s adult population was 11.4% in 2014, estimating 9.2 million Iranian individuals will have diabetes by the year 2030^[@CR3]^.
Type 2 diabetes is a common multifactorial metabolic disease, resulting from both genetic and non-genetic (environmental) factors. The heritability of T2D ranges from 20 to 80%, suggesting the considerable role of genetic factors in the development of T2D; the heritable component of the disease is polygenic where many genes and their variants contribute to an enhanced risk of T2D development^[@CR4]^. The advent of high-throughput genotyping technologies has created a significant breakthrough in understanding the underlying genetic components of complex diseases, including T2D. A large number of common and low-frequency T2D susceptibility variants have been characterized by the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the whole-genome sequencing^[@CR5]--[@CR9]^. Most of these variants are located near genes that were previously known to be involved in diabetes pathogenesis, such as *TCF7L2, CDKAL1, CDKN1C,* and *IGF2BP2*^[@CR10]^. Among them, *TCF7L2* is responsible for the largest proportion of the T2D-associated variance in the various ethnic groups^[@CR11]^. *TCF7L2* encodes a transcription factor played a central role in the Wnt signaling pathway to regulate glucose homeostasis^[@CR12]^. Since not all individuals are equally affected by type 2 diabetes through the unhealthy lifestyle and some are more sensitive than others, the corresponding genetic variants can lead to the population disparities in the T2D prevalence^[@CR12],[@CR13]^.
According to the examination of 16 SNPs, Corona et al. proposed that genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes is lower for East Asia and American populations than Africa and Europe populations^[@CR14]^. Similarly, the population differentiation in the obesity-associated variants and the consequent obesity prevalence was reported^[@CR15]^. Nowadays, the availability of population-scale disease-related genetic variants has enabled the researchers to survey the variant frequencies across different populations and estimate the genetic burden of disease. A recent study demonstrated that the high number of deleterious variants attributed to the cardiovascular diseases in Pakistan population can cause the increased mutation load of this disease in the population^[@CR16]^. Considering the complex diseases influenced by many common genetic variants with the small effect size, the meaningful risk assessment requires inspecting the cumulative effect of multiple variants, acquiring with calculating the polygenetic risk score (PRS). Merino et al. computed the polygenic risk score for a large number of diabetic and non-diabetic participants using 68 risk T2D SNPs and indicated that the corresponding genetic burden and the dietary fat quality are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes^[@CR17]^. Recognizing and targeting the individuals at the highest genetic risk can increase the cost-effectiveness of lifestyle and other interventions to prevent or delay the T2D incidence^[@CR12],[@CR18]^. The critical importance of the issue in society public health and the early-mentioned statistics regarding the T2D status in Iran motivated us to estimate the genetic burden of this disease in the Iranian population for the first time.
The present study aims to assess the genetic burden of type 2 diabetes in the Iranian population. To this end, (1) we collected a comprehensive list of T2D-associated SNPs and examined their allele frequencies differences between the Iranian population and each of 1,000 Genome Project populations, African (AFR), American (AMR), East Asian (EAS), European (EUR), and South Asian (SAS); (2) we identified the enriched or depleted risk alleles of T2D-associated SNPs in the Iranian and each of the 1,000 Genome Project populations compared to the global population; (3) finally, we calculated the polygenic risk score (PRS) for the enriched risk alleles within the Iranian population and tested the PRS correlation with T2D prevalence and incidence in this population.
Results {#Sec2}
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A total of 2,302 T2D-associated SNPs with the genome-wide p-value threshold of 5 × 10^--8^ was selected from NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog^[@CR19]^ and Type 2 Diabetes Knowledge Portal^[@CR20]^ (Supplementary File [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). The collected SNPs resulted from 21 GWA studies, which two studies conducted in African populations, three in East Asian populations, 12 in European, two in South Asians, and three in American populations. According to the annotation results obtained from the VEP tool, 2,032 of 2,302 SNPs distributed on 163 genes, which 61% of them located in intronic regions (Supplementary File [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}); therefore, they most likely affect the transcription regulation of T2D-related genes rather than the gene function.
We then acquired the effect allele frequency of selected SNPs in each of five populations of the 1,000 Genomes Project as well as the IR population (whole-genome sequencing data of TCGS cohort) (Supplementary File [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). The effect allele frequency spectrum of all T2D-related SNPs in the Iranian population revealed the distribution of SNPs is skewed toward the higher allele frequencies (AF \> 5%). Although the proportion of rare and low-frequent variants were found to be 211 out of 2,302 variants in our population (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}), the more low-frequent and rarer variants may be detected within the larger sample size. The effect allele frequencies of all SNPs were compared between Iranian and each of five 1,000 Genome Project populations as illustrated in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}; based on this comparative analysis, a large number of SNPs have a higher effect allele frequency in the Iranian population than the 1,000 genome populations. The maximum difference of effect allele frequency with AMR, EUR, and SAS populations were 3.7, 2.9, and 22.3 times higher in IR, respectively. However, the largest differences in effect allele frequency were detected between IR and EAS as well as between IR and AFR populations where the maximum effect allele frequency difference with these populations was 315 and 79 times higher in IR (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} and Supplementary File [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}), all of these variants were risk variant. Moreover, the average frequency of T2D risk variants was 0.39 in the Iranian population, consistent with the general population and the natural selection impact to keep fitness-reducing alleles at low frequency^[@CR4],[@CR21]^.Figure 1Effect allele frequency spectrum of type 2 diabetes-associated SNPs in Iranian population.Figure 2The comparative distribution of effect allele frequencies in Iranian population versus all five populations of 1,000 Genomes Project.
Genetic population differentiation {#Sec3}
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In the present study, the population differentiation of all SNPs was also determined through calculating the Weir and Cockerham Fst for the IR population versus each of five populations in the 1,000 Genomes Project. The mean Fst value for IR population against SAS and EUR populations were 0.018509 and 0.01134, respectively while it was found to be 0.02529 against AMR population; interestingly, the EAS and AFR populations displayed the largest differentiation where the means Fst value of 0.091127 and 0.086663 were computed for these populations, respectively, against the IR population. Additionally, there are 109 SNPs with high Fst value (Fst \> 0.05) out of 2,302 T2D-associated SNPs, ranking above the top 1% across all populations (AFR, AMR, EAS, EUR, IR, and SAS). As the SNP with the high Fst value can specify the positive selection and/or population expansion, we also performed the same Fst analysis for the randomly selected SNPs between IR and each of five populations of 1,000 Genome Project and recognized 120 out of 2,302 random SNPs ranked above top 1% among all populations. This frequency difference was not significant (Chi^2^ = 0.178, p-value = 0.67), suggesting there is no clue of positive selection at T2D-linked SNPs compared with the random SNPs in the genome. The observed differences in allele frequencies and the Fst value of SNPs of interest provided a sign of global population stratification based on the T2D-related SNPs. Therefore, the principal component analysis was also conducted for the variants within the populations under study. As Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} illustrated, all populations clustered together except for African and East Asian locating at the distinct groups, consistent with the high mean Fst values compared with other populations (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Further details on PCA analysis can be available at the Supplementary File [3](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}.Figure 3Principal Components Analysis (PCA) based on type 2 diabetes-related SNPs.
Enrichment analysis of T2D-associated SNPs {#Sec4}
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With the above information in mind, we examined which risk allele of T2D-associated SNPs is enriched or depleted in each population (AFR, AMR, EAS, EUR, SAS, and IR) in comparison with the global population. Based on our results, 197 out of 212 risk SNPs were significantly depleted or enriched at the FDR threshold of 0.05 in at least one of six populations. The significantly altered SNPs were distributed on 15 genes. We further investigated the top four genes with the highest number of enriched or depleted risk SNPs in the various populations (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}), which *TCF7L2* harbors the highest number of enriched risk SNPs in Iran (62 SNPs), African (77 SNPs), and European (63 SNPs) populations while this gene was ranked as one the top four genes carrying the largest number of both enriched and depleted SNPs in AMR and SAS populations. Interestingly, the EAS population revealed a different pattern where no *TCF7L2* SNP significantly enriched in this population; instead, we found 75 significantly depleted risk SNPs of this gene in the individuals with EAS ancestry. Correspondingly, *CDKAL1* was found to be the gene with the highest number of enriched and the lowest number of depleted risk variants in the EAS population whereas a large number of risk SNPs of *CDKAL1* was significantly both enriched and depleted in AFR, AMR and SAS populations. However, IR and EUR populations presented a distinct pattern where *CDKAL1* was ranked as one of the top genes with the highest number of depleted risk variants in these populations (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}).Table 1Top four genes carrying the highest number of enriched and depleted T2D-associated SNPs in various populations.IRAFRAMREURSASEASGeneCountGeneCountGeneCountGeneCountGeneCountGeneCountEnriched*TCF7L2*62*TCF7L2*77*TCF7L2*24*TCF7L2*63*TCF7L2*28*CDKAL1*30*CDKAL1*4*CDKAL1*33*SLC16A11*19*CDKN1C*4*IGF2BP2*14*SLC16A11*13*CDKN1C*4*IGF2BP2*31*SLC16A13*3*CDKAL1*1*CDKN1C*4*CDKN2B*2*TECRL*1*SLC16A11*19*HLA-DQA2*1*TECRL*1*CDKAL1*1*SLC16A13*2Depleted*IGF2BP2*30*TCF7L2*30*IGF2BP2*30*IGF2BP2*31*TCF7L2*32*TCF7L2*75*SLC16A11*18*CDKAL1*18*TCF7L2*30*CDKAL1*26*SLC16A11*19*IGF2BP2*30*CDKAL1*16*SLC16A11*12*CDKAL1*29*SLC16A11*17*CDKAL1*17*CDKN1C*4*TCF7L2*3*CDKN1C*2*CDKN1C*3*SLC16A13*3*SLC16A13*3*SLC16A11*4
*TCF7L2* SNPs {#Sec5}
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The prominent contribution of *TCF7L2* variants in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes as well as a large number of significantly enriched SNPs of this gene in the Iranian population compared to the global population motivated us to further interrogate the *TCF7L2* variants enrichment/depletion pattern in all populations. The heatmap illustrated how significantly the risk alleles of *TCF7L2* SNPs were depleted or enriched across populations (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Based on our enrichment analysis, a total of 77 risk alleles of *TCF7L2* were enriched or depleted in at least one of the populations of interest. As Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} displayed, these 77 SNPs were clustered into two major groups, one group consisting of 48 SNPs and other group consisting of 29 SNPs, which exhibit discrete allele enrichment/depletion patterns. In the 48-member group, the risk allele of all *TCF7L2* SNPs, except for one or two SNPs, was enriched in AMR, EUR, IR, and SAS populations while except for 10 enriched risk alleles in AFR population, these risk alleles were depleted in individuals with EAS and AFR ancestries. Similarly, in the 29-member group, the risk alleles of *TCF7L2* SNPs were enriched in AFR, IR, and EUR populations, but depleted in individuals with EAS, SAS, and AMR ancestries (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}).Figure 4Heatmap illustrates the significantly enriched or depleted risk alleles of *TCF7L2* SNPs in each population. Each row and each column represent the SNP and the population, respectively.
Polygenic risk score analysis and its association with prevalent T2D {#Sec6}
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In addition to genotype data, the phenotype data including the T2D status and some blood biochemical parameters were available for the Iranian population (TCGS cohort); it is worth to note that we used the unrelated individuals with the available phenotype data and genotype data obtained by chip-typing or imputing for this part of the study. Here, we surveyed if there is any correlation between the enriched T2D-associated risk SNPs and the type 2 diabetes incidence in Iran. To this end, the cumulative effect of enriched risk SNPs on T2D disease was examined by calculating the polygenic risk score, which combined the individual genetic effects into a single measure. The weighted PRS was computed based on the enriched risk SNPs for 4,722 individuals aged 20 and older (1,867 diabetic and 2,855 non-diabetic individuals) using the PRSice tool. Due to the relatively high prevalence of T2D in the population, the robust Poisson regression analysis was utilized to assess the association of computed polygenic risk score with the prevalent T2D^[@CR22]^. Based on our results, there is a significant association between the PRS and the observed T2D prevalence. As Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} indicates, interestingly, the estimated prevalence ratio (PR) was increased with increasing the PRS quintiles in both unadjusted and adjusted models for age, sex, and BMI; however, the statistically significant association (p-value \< 0.05) was observed between the top PRS quintile (4th and 5th quintiles) and prevalent T2D. So that, the PR for the genetically high-risk individuals who located in the 4th and 5th quintiles were 1.44 (95% CI 1.2--1.7) and 1.34 (95% CI 1.14--1.6), respectively, compared to the genetically low-risk individuals who located in the bottom PRS quintiles in the age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted model (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}).Table 2The association of PRS with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.QuintileSample sizePR (95% CI)p-value2 (20--40%)7130.9 (0.76, 1.1)0.533 (40--60%)6381.05 (0.86, 1.2)0.64 (60--80%)8261.34 (1.1, 1.6)0.0015 (\> 80%)6311.44 (1.2, 1.7)0.00006Prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) from robust Poisson regression analysis. The model is adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. The first quintile (\< 20%) containing 766 individuals were considered as reference. The whole sample size was 3,574 individuals.
Validation of the PRS with incident T2D analysis {#Sec7}
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As the TCGS data resulted from a prospective cohort study, we took advantage of the Cox regression analysis to evaluate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of developing T2D in each PRS quintile. As indicated in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}, PRS had a significant effect on the risk of T2D development during the follow-up; both, T2D risk development and PRS quintile followed a similar pattern so that the increased risk of developing T2D was noticed with the increased PRS quintile. The risk difference between the lowest and highest PRS quintiles was about twofold (HR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.4--2.5, p-value = 0.00001) in the adjusted model for age, sex, BMI (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Interestingly, when the effect of PRS on T2D incidence was determined with additionally adjusting the model for fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, the estimated HR in the highest PRS quintile compared to the lowest quintile was 1.72 (95% CI 1.4--2.3; p-value = 0.001) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Besides, the cumulative incidence graph illustrates the difference in the cumulative T2D incidence among the individuals classified as "low", "moderate", and "high" genetic risk category (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}).Table 3The PRS effect on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.QuintileSample sizeAge, sex and BMI-adjusted modelFull modelHR (95% CI)p-valueHR (95% CI)p-value2 (20--40%)7670.9 (0.6, 1.2)0.530.93 (0.6, 1.3)0.73 (40--60%)7261.35 (1, 1.8)0.041.32 (0.96, 1.8)0.084 (60--80%)9021.5 (1.1, 2)0.0031.45 (1.07, 1.9)0.015 (\> 80%)8251.96 (1.4, 2.5)0.000011.72 (1.2, 2.3)0. 001Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) from Cox regression analysis. The full model is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The first quintile (\< 20%) containing 783 individuals were considered as reference. The whole sample size was 4,003 individuals.Figure 5The cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes in 4,003 genotyped individuals free of T2D at baseline. Cumulative incidence presented separately in three low, moderate and high genetically risk categories.
Association of PRS with known biochemical T2D risk factors {#Sec8}
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In individuals without the prevalent T2D, the effect of PRS on known biochemical risk factors of type 2 diabetes, including fasting blood glucose, 2-h glucose, and cholesterol, triglyceride, and BMI levels was evaluated using the linear regression analysis adjusted for age and sex. Our findings revealed that there is no significant association between the computed PRS and each of these biochemical parameters, except for the fasting plasma glucose level. The fasting plasma glucose content was enhanced with raising the PRS quintile, however, the statistically significant association was observed between the top PRS quintile (fifth) and this T2D biomarker (Supplementary Table [1](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}).
Discussion {#Sec9}
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Part of the variability in T2D prevalence across populations can be attributed to the corresponding genetic differences. In the current study, we observed the effect allele frequency of a large number of SNPs varied between Iranian and each of five 1,000 Genome Project populations (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Natural selection or population expansion can modify the allele frequencies among different populations, which can result in the local adaption as well as susceptibility to disease^[@CR23]^. To further quantify the population differentiation for the T2D-related SNPs, we calculated the pairwise Fst value for all SNPs and noted the highest mean Fst value for IR vs. AFR as well as for IR vs. EAS. However, the mean Fst value and the Fst distribution for the randomly selected SNPs were not significantly different from the T2D-associated SNPs. Accordingly, there is no evidence of positive selection for the T2D-related SNPs, consistent with the previous studies on SNPs linked to obesity and T2D^[@CR24],[@CR25]^. Ayub et al. investigated 65 T2D-associated SNPs in the individuals with various ancestries and reported the positive selection cannot account for the T2D allele frequency differences and the prevalence of the disease in the current populations^[@CR24]^. However, the signatures of positive selection can be traced using further analyses that are beyond the scope of present study.
The evaluation of significantly enriched or depleted SNPs in a given population through the enrichment analysis is a simple, but powerful approach to visualize the worldwide effect allele frequencies distribution^[@CR15]^. Our enrichment analysis carried out on the comprehensive set of 212 T2D-associated risk SNPs revealed that the highest number of significantly enriched risk alleles belonged to *TCF7L2* almost in all populations except for the EAS, where this gene harbors the maximum number of significantly depleted risk alleles across populations; several depleted *TCF7L2* risk alleles have also been identified in AFR, AMR, and SAS populations, but only three risk alleles in IR and no risk allele of this gene in EUR populations were depleted. Therefore, the T2D risk allele enrichment/depletion pattern in various populations, specifically in African and East Asian populations is discrete. Analysis of a small set of T2D risk alleles (12 risk alleles) among 11 HapMap populations showed the decreasing allele frequency when humans migrate from Africa to East Asia regions^[@CR26]^, consistent with the observed pattern of SNPs within the second cluster (29 members) in the current study. Adaptation to the distinct climate and agriculture development across continents during human migration from Africa may give rise to such a difference in T2D risk allele frequency and subsequent genetic predisposition to diabetes^[@CR26]^. However, the risk alleles of this SNP cluster (the second cluster) enriched in EUR as well as in the IR population, in addition to AFR. Here, a similar genetic pattern appears to be shaped by the corresponding geographic locations. Iran is a substantial resource for human genetic variations in Western Asia^[@CR27],[@CR28]^, where the corresponding genomic variations were shown to have the most similarity to the European variations. Likewise, there is a shared Western Asian ancestry for the Western Asian peoples and early European farmers^[@CR28],[@CR29]^, which may account for the detected similar genetic variations pattern between IR and EUR populations in our study. The risk allele enrichment/depletion patterns of T2D-related SNPs among populations might be beneficial for implementing the population-based interventions and treatments for type 2 diabetes. For instance, with a pharmacogenetics clinical trial, the researchers discovered that the response to both glipizide and metformin (glucose-lowering drugs) in individuals with the risk factors for type 2 diabetes and treatment-naive individuals with the disease has been influenced by T2D-associated *TCF7L2* variants^[@CR30]^. Considering the significant enrichment of a large number of T2D-associated *TCF7L2* variants in IR or EUR populations, but their depletion in the populations with East Asian ancestry, the drug response and the subsequent treatment efficiency may vary among the different populations.
Here, the significant association of polygenic risk score with T2D incidence can propose the high genetic burden of the enriched risk T2D-related SNPs in the Iranian population as specified by both the robust Poisson regression and the Cox regression analyses. Interestingly, we found that the hazard of T2D incidence differs between the top and bottom PRS quintiles about 2 times and the influence of PRS on the risk of developing T2D is independent of well-known biochemical risk factors including, fasting blood glucose, 2-h glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride content. Among the biochemical parameters, the observed significant positive association of PRS with only FPG in the individuals with no prevalent T2D can imply that some individuals at high genetic risk might previously show the fasting hyperglycemia and even be pre-diabetic or undiagnosed type 2 diabetic. Furthermore, no significant association of PRS with cholesterol, triglyceride, and BMI levels in these individuals suggested the influence of calculated PRS in the present study on the T2D risk cannot be via its possible effect on the lipid-related traits and obesity. In line with our results, Stancakova et al. reported the significant association of the PRS with FPG and the incidence of type 2 diabetes^[@CR31]^. Considering the attendance of individuals from the main Iranian ethnic groups living in Iran, including Persians, Azeris, Kurds, Lors, Arabs, Baluchs, Turkmans, Mazanis, and Gilaks at the TCGS cohort, this cohort can be representative of the Iranian population and our obtained results can be attributed to the general Iranian population.
In conclusion, this population-based study indicates the considerable worldwide population differentiation in the risk allele frequencies of type 2 diabetes-related SNPs, which can affect the drug response and the subsequent treatment efficiency in cases with different ancestries. We found that part of the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Iranian population can refer to the high genetic burden of this disease among Iranians as the significant association was detected between the polygenic risk score derived from the enriched risk alleles and the type 2 diabetes incidence in our longitudinal cohort study. Furthermore, we demonstrated the high hazard of T2D development in the genetically high-risk individuals compared to the genetically low-risk individuals when the model adjusted for the well-known predictors, like age, sex, BMI, and other biochemical T2D risk factors. It also implies the appropriate predictive ability of the calculated PRS, which might be useful in the clinical implications.
Methods {#Sec10}
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Subjects and measurements {#Sec11}
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In this study, Iranian subjects were selected from the TCGS project^[@CR32]^ that is a part of an ongoing Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) cohort, in which subjects have been genotyped and followed up for cardio-metabolic risk factors every three years since 1999 (1999--2017)^[@CR33]^. At each visit, written consent was obtained from each subject and referred to trained physicians and laboratories for clinical examinations and blood sampling; in summary, weight and height were recorded using the standard protocols. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured according to the standard protocols^[@CR34]^. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed based on the fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or 2-h plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test^[@CR35]^. The first occurrence of type 2 diabetes in individuals during the follow-up period was considered as diabetic condition^[@CR36]^. The baseline characteristics of the participants were shown in Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}.Table 4Baseline characteristics of the TCGS cohort (1999--2017) participants used for the present study.VariablesPrevalent T2D casesIncident T2D casesNon-progress cases to T2DSex (Male/Female, number)295/424515/6331,163/1692Age (mean ± SD)53 ± 1145.5 ± 1235 ± 12Body mass index (mean ± SD)29 ± 4.528.97 ± 4.825 ± 4.3Fasting plasma glucose (mean ± SD)163.57 ± 6096.95 ± 11.1384.7 ± 6.52-h plasma glucose (mean ± SD)269.8 ± 89.23127.38 ± 32.891.9 ± 19.5Cholesterol (mean ± SD)227.5 ± 48219.23 ± 44189 ± 41High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean ± SD)40.52 ± 1040 ± 9.542.56 ± 10.5Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean ± SD)141.5 ± 38137.4 ± 34.5119 ± 33.5Triglyceride (mean ± SD)226 ± 111.5180 ± 75125 ± 65Follow-up year (median, IQR)14 (10--17)
Moreover, 2,504 individuals from five populations of the 1,000 Genome Project (AFR, AMR, EAS, EUR, and SAS) were utilized^[@CR37]^. All procedures performed in this study approved by the ethics committee on human subject research at Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (code of "IR.SBMU.ENDOCRINE.REC.1395.366"), which were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Genotype data {#Sec12}
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For Iranian subjects, the whole genome of 1,162 participants at the TCGS cohort was sequenced using Illumina Hiseq platform with the average coverage of 30 × and the multi-sample VCF files were generated using GATK pipeline (unpublished data, available upon request). Additionally, the DNA samples of 13,399 TCGS participants were genotyped with Illumina Human OmniExpress-24-v1-0 bead chip containing 649,932 SNP loci at the deCODE genetics company (Iceland) according to manufacturer's specifications (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA)^[@CR32]^. Furthermore, the imputation based on the available whole-genome sequencing data was performed to fill the missing (un-genotyped) variants in the SNP array. The relevant quality control steps were considered for producing high-quality variants at each stage. For the current study, two different datasets were applied. (1) The genotype data of 842 unrelated and non-diabetic individuals derived from whole-genome sequencing was used as VCF format for the comparative effect allele frequency of T2D-related SNPs and enrichment analysis. (2) The genotype data of 4,722 individuals, aged from 20 to 80 years, diabetic (1,867 individuals) and non-diabetic (2,855 individuals) acquired by chip-typing or imputing was used as PLINK format for calculating the polygenic risk score and inspecting its association with T2D incidence in the Iranian population. The pre-diabetic individuals were not considered in this study.
Phase 3 genotype data of the 1,000 Genome Project (VCF files) was downloaded from 1,000 Genome Project website^[@CR37].^ The variant coordinates were based on the human genome assembly GRCh38.
Preparation of SNP list {#Sec13}
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The T2D-associated SNPs were obtained from NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog^[@CR38]^ as well as the comprehensive T2D Knowledge Portal^[@CR20]^ with the genome-wide p-value threshold of 5e-8. The type 2 diabetes risk alleles of selected SNPs were determined by examining the sign of odds ratio (OR); here, the OR of equal to or greater than 1.2 was considered as the risk allele. Additionally, the orientation of effect (risk) alleles (forward or reverse strand) was checked and the effect (risk) alleles converted to its complement in the case of reporting on the reverse strand.
Annotation of the selected SNPs {#Sec14}
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The Variant Effect Predictor (VEP, release 96) tool was used to annotate the selected SNPs^[@CR39]^ through Ensembl/GENCODE and RefSeq transcripts database.
Comparison of the variants across worldwide populations {#Sec15}
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The effect allele frequencies of selected T2D-associated SNPs were obtained from the corresponding VCF files using bcftools (1.9.1). The effect allele frequencies of the variants in the Iranian population were compared with all five major populations of the 1,000 Genome Project. Further, to specify the population-wise genetic differentiation for type 2 diabetes, the pairwise Weir and Cockerham Fst^[@CR40]^ values were calculated for the available genotype data using VCFtools (v.0.1.15)^[@CR41]^. To examine if the Fst values of selected T2D-related SNPs were significantly different from that of random SNPs, we selected 2,302 random SNPs with similar allele frequency to the T2D-associated SNPs and calculated the pairwise Fst for these random SNPs. The Fst distribution SNP with high Fst value (Fst \> 0.05) of the random SNPs and the T2D-associated SNPs was compared via Chi-Square test^[@CR25]^. Additionally, the Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to infer the population structure based on the T2D-associated SNPs using R Package SNPRelate^[@CR42]^.
Enrichment analysis of T2D-associated variants {#Sec16}
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The Fisher's exact test (implemented in R statistical package) was used to test whether the risk allele of T2D-associated SNPs is significantly enriched or depleted in each of six populations (AFR, AMR, EAS, IR, EUR, and SAS) compared to the global population, which encompasses all six populations together. The false discovery rate (FDR) cutoff of 0.05 was considered significant. For drawing heatmap to visualize the pattern of the allele enrichment/depletion across populations, the obtained FDR was transformed to log~10~. The negative of log~10~ of FDR (a positive number) was used in the case of allele enrichment in a population to show the related SNP in that population in the heatmap. Similarly, if the risk allele of a SNP is depleted in a population, the log~10~ of FDR (a negative number) was applied to display the SNP in that population in the heatmap. The heatmap was generated using R (v.3.6)^[@CR43]^.
Polygenic risk score calculation and its association with the prevalence of T2D in Iranian population {#Sec17}
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We computed the polygenic risk score for all participants in the TCGS cohort aged 20 and older (20--80 years old), composing of 1867 diabetic and 2,855 non-diabetic individuals using PRSice software (v.2.1.6)^[@CR44]^; the pre-diabetic individuals were excluded from the analysis. PRSice calculated the risk score by summing the disease-related alleles, weighted by the odds ratio derived from an independent GWAS. Here, GWAS summary statistics of the enriched T2D risk alleles derived from the selected initial SNP list used as the discovery dataset. An r^2^ threshold of 0.1 and a window size of 250 kb were utilized for clumping the SNPs in linkage disequilibrium. Since the PRS is a continuous measure, we considered the quintiles of calculated PRS to categorize individuals as being at "low", "moderate", or "high" genetic risk groups. Next, the effect of the computed PRS on the T2D prevalence in the Iranian population was assessed by the robust Poisson regression analysis adjusted for the baseline BMI, sex, and age.
Validation of the polygenic risk score with T2D incident analysis in Iranian population {#Sec18}
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The impact of the calculated PRS on T2D incidence was assessed in the individuals without the prevalent T2D at the baseline using Cox regression analysis. Time-to-event was calculated from the date of the baseline examination to the date of the first follow-up examination meeting our criteria for the T2D incidence; the date of the last examination was considered for each censored participant. The model is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level at baseline.
Association of the polygenic risk score with known biochemical T2D risk factors in Iranian population {#Sec19}
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The effect of PRS on fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, was investigated in the individuals without prevalent T2D via the linear regression analysis. For each analysis, the model was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and other biochemical T2D risk factors except for the dependent variable of interest under analysis.
Supplementary information
=========================
{#Sec20}
Supplementary file1Supplementary file2Supplementary file3Supplementary file4
**Publisher\'s note**
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
=========================
is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41598-020-70725-4.
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the participants in the TCGS project. Also special thanks for the scientific and financial support of the deCODE genetic company (Reykjavik, Iceland). The present study was funded by the RIES, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran), and recognizes the scientific support of deCODE (Reykjavik, Iceland). The Iranian Molecular Medicine Network supported the genomic bank (Grant no. 93017278).
M.M.J, L.N.H.B, A.Z, and M.S.D conceived and designed the study. M.M.J and L.N.H.B analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. M.S.D supervised the project and edited the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
The data analyzed during the current study for the Iranian population are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The 1,000 Genome Project data used in the present study is publicly available at <ftp://ftp.1000genomes.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/ftp/release/20130502/supporting/GRCh38_positions>.
The authors declare no competing interests.
|
The Congo: How High Tech Business Finances Genocide
In mass media coverage, the economic roots of the conflict that has plagued the Democratic Republic of Congo for over a decade is frequently eclipsed by the emotive images and stories of the worst atrocities committed against civilians in recent times. The United Nations has declared it “the deadliest conflict since World War II”, in which six million people, half of them children, have died since 1996. The mass rapes used as a military tactic in ethnic cleansing have been reported in the hundreds of thousands and confirm to the world that the DRC is by far the worst place on Earth to be a woman.
The conflict is frequently perceived as a territorial war between rival militia factions whilst the corporate dimension that supports it is poorly understood by the potential consumers of products which rely on materials sourced from this region. Coltan, the Congo’s most sought after mineral, is the industrial term for the metallic ore columbite tantalite that is used in the manufacture of electronic capacitators which power computers, mobile phones, DVD players, and video game systems. Its high impact strength and unique ability to conduct heat and electricity makes it sought after by the manufacturers of high tech components. Once it is processed and manufactured into capacitators, it is used in goods produced by companies such as Nokia, Motorola, Compaq, Alcatel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard , IBM, Lucent, Ericsson and Sony. The DRC holds an estimated 64 to 80% of the world’s reserve of coltan which was has seen a drop in value over the past decade as the conflict has provided a black market for supplies controlled by militia groups. The demand for the debut of the Sony Playstation 2 alone is reported to have increased the market value for coltan powder from $49 per pound to a $275 per pound in the year 2000, providing support to warring factions and enabling armed groups to engage in genocide.
The Congo is also rich in other mineral resources such as gold; wolframite, which used in the vibrate function of cell phones; and pyrochlore, a rare mineral used in steel production and casserite, which is used in the production of tin. But despite the vast wealth the DRC generates for multi-national corporations, its citizens are amongst the poorest in the world. The nation has the second lowest nominal GDP due to the lack of transparency in most of its economic activity, and there is no system of corporate accountability for the supply chain of conflict minerals sourced by using licensed exporters who deal with middlemen that obtain the minerals from militia leaders and criminal gangs. International governments fail to hold the companies to account and the low risk of prosecution combined with high profitability make business in the DRC appealing to both multi-national companies and organized crime. Richard Durbin, US Senate majority whip stated, “Without knowing it, tens of millions of people in the United States may be putting money in the pockets of some of the worst human rights violators in the world simply by using a cell phone or laptop computer”.
Currently, the main consumer of minerals sourced from the Congo is China, which has recently sealed a $9 billion resource deal and has virtually no accountability in the way they conduct business in the DRC. Western companies are legally bound to comply with Congo’s mining code, but no such restrictions will apply to China, which is providing roads, rail lines, hospitals, and new mining facilities in exchange for loans which may leave the nation in debt into the next century. As many militas have transformed into political parties and graduated into positions in national institutions and the military, some of the individuals who are responsible for overseeing and perpetrating the worst human rights abuses will now benefit from Chinese investment.
Due to pressure from human rights organizations some capacitator manufacturers and tantalum processing companies are in the process of developing methods to identify coltan before it becomes processed and untraceable, thereby keeping it out of the market. The cycle of consumption is what ultimately fuels the violence in the DRC, calls for corporate accountability are the first step in a complex process which must involve individual responsibility on the part of consumers and broader responsibility on the part of governments that currently allow the distribution and sale of goods which have been produced by facilitating human rights violations.
Patrick Alley, director of Global Witness said, “Breaking the link between minerals and violence must be an integral part of the solution – not something that is looked into once the peace is achieved.”
About the Author
Naomi Pattirane is an Indonesian American human rights journalist and activist. She is the founder and editor of the online magazine World Women International, a film maker and an author of slipstream fiction. Her work has been featured on the United Nations sites Peacewomen and Stoprapenow.com to promote action against sexual violence in conflict zones. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for accessing a metadata, and more particularly, to an apparatus and a method for consistently accessing the same contents that are being asynchronously copied to several computers.
2. Description of the Related Art
The storage system, in which many computers are connected in a network, and then some computers among them store a metadata, while the rest of the computers store data, can be used for mass data storage under the Internet environment.
Under the storage system environment, a client acquires actual data by firstly finding a particular data server storing data that is required through the metadata server check, in which the metadata server stores the metadata, and then accesses the data server.
When one of metadata servers is operated in the storage system that store mass data, requests from many clients is concentrated in one of the metadata servers. As a result, there is a bottleneck phenomenon, such that performance of operation is degraded.
Therefore, operating clusters of many metadata servers in the large-scale storage system has processed the clients' requests to have scalability.
Each of the metadata servers configuring the metadata servers' clusters stores the same metadata. Even if a client accesses any metadata server, the client can acquire the metadata related to the required data.
However, there is a synchronizing problem of metadata servers for maintaining the metadata servers that store the same metadata. Specifically, the contents that are stored by each of the metadata servers become show a disagreement within a certain period until identically storing newly generated metadata into all the metadata servers.
In this case, if a client accesses the metadata server that is randomly selected in order to increase the scalability of the metadata processing, the case, in which the client cannot find a desired metadata, can be caused. In other words, it can be possible that the data just generated cannot be found. Meanwhile, on the contrary of this, it can be possible that a client misjudges that the data just deleted exists.
U.S.A. Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2007/0078809 A1 discloses a method for managing and using data storage that is dispersed. The patent application discloses using a peer-to-peer way in order to secure high serviceability for supplying data to a user. If a client asks a file, the system calculates the location that stores the file, and then finds the closest source for acquiring the file. After a client receives the file from the relevant source, the client copies the file to himself or herself. As a result, a client can immediately use the file for a further quick search, and the copied file also functions as a source that can be supplied to other clients. The patent application discloses a method for increasing data serviceability. However, there is not a specific process for supplying the consistent results to a client in a circumstance that the same contents are asynchronously copied to many servers.
U.S.A. Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2009/0210640 A1 discloses a method for eliminating data duplication and increasing efficiency of a reading operation in a circumstance when a plurality of storages exist. The patent application discloses a file configuring a plurality of blocks. In a circumstance when a plurality of files is stored, when the blocks having the same contents with an already existing block are stored, it may be attempted that the data duplication can be solved by maintaining point information indicating that the existing blocks having the same contents instead of delicately storing the same file. In addition, when searching the desired file from the data storage, the search order should be selected based on the physical location between the blocks configuring the file, and then if the same block with the block to be now read is already loaded in a buffer, it should not be read. The patent application discloses a method for efficiently reading when existing in the same blocks, but does not disclose a method for supplying consistent results to a client in a circumstance that the blocks having the same contents are copied. |
I built a delta 3d printer (like a mini Kossel) and now I'm trying to calibrate it. I made all the horizontal and vertical bars myself with wood and I bought angle joints (between bars) made with 3D printed ABS.
It passes all tests in Z correction tools calibration. I used a z-probe (with manual deploying) to calibrate it with G32 and G33 commands.
Now I'm trying to calibrate the distortion that takes place on the x and y axes.
Basically what happens is that in a test cube of 10x10x10mm it is translated on x and y axes at some points in the corners.
Below an explanatory image:
The dimensions are good (less than half of a mm) but got this bad visible distortion (about 1 mm or less).
There is a tool or a command in Repetier-host/firmware that corrects this issues?
$\begingroup$i myself find same problem with my machine after searching i found out my frame of printer is bend at 2 degree angle at x axis so my all printed object are printed at that angle of 2 degree in x axis. so we need to straight our frame but it is impossible to do for me. So if you found something please inform me as well.$\endgroup$
– Akshay RautSep 10 '18 at 7:24
$\begingroup$Not an answer as specifically requested to use Repetier, but please note that Marlin Firmware has skewness compensation implemented. This is implemented in the configuration file, and found under header Bed Skew Compensation. You basically print a square and measure the diagonals and insert these measurements into the configuration file. This should be used as a last resort, it is better to fix the geometry of the hardware.$\endgroup$
– 0scar♦Sep 10 '18 at 8:05
1 Answer
1
Skew distortion in deltas means there is something physically wrong with your printer build, such as the towers not being evenly spaced or being tilted. The first thing you should do is confirm the mechanical build -- measure the distance between towers, angles between towers, parallelism of all three towers, and perpendicularity of all three towers to the bed. If you post photos of your build, we might be able to provide more specific advice.
If you can't get the mechanical issue sorted, it's possible to calibrate out some specific build errors (like skew due to uneven tower angle), but that's nearly impossible to do "by hand." You really need to use a Z probe and auto-calibration sequence such as in Rich Cattell's Marlin fork or dc42 RepRapFirmware.
$\begingroup$Hello, i update the question with more info. I know that there is something wrong in my build (nothing is perfect) but what i'm trying to do is to correct this imperfections in some way (preferably via software).$\endgroup$
– xxxJul 7 '16 at 18:36
$\begingroup$The way you describe your build, it might not even be possible to get all the errors calibrated out. Deltas require fairly high fabrication precision to produce dimensionally accurate output -- auto-calibration can fix moderate errors but not big ones. This is simply the reality of the deltabot architecture. Cartesian printers are much more tolerant of low-precision construction.$\endgroup$
– Ryan CarlyleJul 7 '16 at 19:49
2
$\begingroup$And to answer your main question, Repetier doesn't currently have a full-fledged delta auto-calibration technique that can fix skew distortion. It can only do bed tilt and bed grid mapping to my knowledge. You'll need to switch firmware or use David Crocker's manual calibration tool. See my answer to this question: 3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/1460/…$\endgroup$
– Ryan CarlyleJul 7 '16 at 19:52 |
Three illegal aliens with fake ID’s are on the run after they allegedly kidnapped and raped 13 and 14-yr-old sisters who were staying with their family at a Days Inn hotel. Two of them were in the area doing a drywalling job, the other one worked for a grocery store. According to Democrats, illegal aliens are here, in America, doing the jobs Americans won’t do. The median annual Drywall Installer salary is $46,331, as of June 29, 2018, with a range usually between $38,387–$55,991. According to the 2017 US poverty guidelines, a person with an income at or below $12,060 is considered to be living in poverty. The purpose for addressing this issue is to show how these illegal alien criminals have not only destroyed the lives of two innocent young girls but have also stolen decent paying jobs from American citizens.
Meanwhile, according to WISTV, a nationwide manhunt is underway for three men who allegedly raped and kidnapped two teenagers in Bowling Green.
Bowling Green Police say four men are accused of sexually assaulting and holding 13- and 14-year-old sisters against their will on June 28 at the Days Inn off Wooster Street. One man is in custody.
Police say that the girls got away from their captors at the Days Inn, which is where the men also were staying. Their mother and stepfather rushed the girls to Wood County Hospital to be examined, and that’s when emergency room personnel contacted the Bowling Green Police Division.
Search warrants were served at the Days Inn and based on evidence uncovered, they were able to identify four suspects in the alleged attack.
Simon Juan Thomas, 24, of Guatemala, has been arrested and charged with unlawful sexual conduct with a minor and is being held on $50,000 bond, with 100 percent required. His three alleged accomplices are on the loose and Bowling Green Police believe they left the Bowling Green area.
Nationwide warrants are out for the arrest of David Ramos Contreras, Arnulfo Ramos, and Juan Adiel.
Complicating the investigation is that the men are not U.S. citizens and police say they all had fake ID cards and documentation. Police are asking the public to take a look at their pictures, as they are not 100 percent certain these are the men’s legal names.
Contreras, 27, is reported to be from Mexico. Police say Adiel had a U.S. Permanent Resident ID card out of Fellsmere, Florida, with a listed date of birth as Sept. 13, 1998, but the card was later determined to be fake.
The men were in the area working; two worked as drywallers and one worked at Greenline Foods on Dixie Highway. They were said to be staying at the same Days Inn on Wooster as the mother and girls.
wistv.com – Columbia, South Carolina
Nationwide arrest warrants have been issued for the three men on two counts of kidnapping and rape.
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Anyone with information, including the whereabouts of the three suspects, should contact either:
The Bowling Green Police Division – 419-352-1131
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Your local law enforcement agency
Callers can remain anonymous and could receive a reward of up to $1,000 if your information results in the arrest and conviction of a suspect. |
= g - 22778. Is g composite?
True
Suppose -2*r + 3 = -1. Suppose 4 = r*h - 18. Suppose -2*b + h = -15. Is b composite?
False
Let v = -321 + 815. Suppose 126 = y - 5*l + 4*l, 4*y = 2*l + v. Is y prime?
False
Let n be (-158607)/(-36) + 1/4. Suppose -2*t - 4*y = -n, y = -5*t + 7241 + 3819. Is t composite?
False
Let s(a) = -a**3 - 15*a**2 + 4*a + 29. Let j be s(-21). Suppose 4*m = 1037 + j. Is m composite?
False
Let f(z) = -z**3 - 6*z**2 + z + 9. Let x be f(-6). Suppose -120 = x*p - 1578. Let s = -307 + p. Is s prime?
True
Suppose -3*r - 19 + 0 = 4*x, -4*r - 4*x = 20. Is ((-879)/(-6))/(r/2*-1) a composite number?
False
Suppose l = 9*l - 26440. Is l a prime number?
False
Suppose -3*m - 2*m = -90. Suppose -3*x = -4*q + m, 5*x + 0*x + 7 = -q. Suppose j + q*j - 1060 = 0. Is j a prime number?
False
Suppose -360262 = -4*z - 10*z. Is z a prime number?
True
Let y(r) be the second derivative of r**4/6 - 8*r**3/3 + 19*r**2/2 - r. Let z be (-3 - -1)/((-22)/154). Is y(z) composite?
True
Let i(w) be the second derivative of -398*w**3/3 + 19*w**2/2 - 17*w. Is i(-4) a composite number?
False
Let d(p) = 101*p**2 - 31*p - 101. Is d(-21) composite?
True
Let r(v) = -2*v**3 - 11*v**2 + 8*v + 11. Let y be r(-12). Suppose 0 = -5*u + y + 118. Is u a prime number?
False
Let f(s) = 255*s**3 - s**2 - s. Is f(1) a prime number?
False
Suppose 4*m + 41 = 2*w + 3*w, -2*w + 17 = -m. Let q be (-2)/w - 5350/(-18). Suppose q - 2 = h. Is h composite?
True
Suppose -69*a = -78*a + 172089. Is a a prime number?
True
Let a(t) = 122*t**3 + 3*t**2 - 13*t + 137. Is a(6) prime?
False
Suppose -3*d + m = -28, -3*m = 3*d - 0*d - 36. Suppose -5*a - 45 = -d*a. Is 6668/36 + (-2)/a a prime number?
False
Suppose 0 = z - 168 - 30. Let r = 611 - z. Suppose -r = -4*v + 623. Is v prime?
False
Let k = -68 + 100. Suppose 3219 = -k*n + 35*n. Is n prime?
False
Is 1/((12/(-6))/(-14698)) composite?
False
Suppose -5*g = -4*u + 70, -2*g = 1 + 3. Suppose 5*b = u + 5. Suppose 0 = -2*m + x + 448, -b*x - 257 = 2*m - 725. Is m prime?
False
Let j(z) = -1348*z + 4. Let g be j(-3). Suppose -u + 5*u = g. Suppose -3*x - u = -7*x. Is x prime?
False
Let g(x) = -4*x**3 + 2*x + 5*x**3 - 18 + 0 - 12*x**2. Let s be g(12). Is 190/s + (-18)/27 a composite number?
False
Let d(z) = 314*z**2 + 3*z - 3. Let h be d(-3). Suppose -1646 = -4*i + h. Is i a composite number?
True
Let u(x) = 15128*x - 27. Is u(4) a prime number?
False
Let z(f) = -f**2 - 10*f - 11. Let y be z(-8). Suppose 216 = -0*a + 3*a + y*g, -5*a - g + 338 = 0. Is a a prime number?
True
Suppose 1 = -3*o + 7. Suppose -o = -4*u + 6. Suppose -6*h + u*h = -88. Is h a composite number?
True
Let x(u) = 391*u - 321. Is x(10) composite?
True
Let r = 19 - 19. Suppose -2 = -n + l - r, 3*l = -6. Suppose n*g + 2*g - j - 1309 = 0, 4*j = 4*g - 2624. Is g a composite number?
False
Let z(u) = 2381*u - 31. Is z(6) a composite number?
True
Let i(v) = -v**3 - 5*v**2 - 2*v - 14. Is i(-11) a prime number?
False
Let l = -263 - -6856. Is l a composite number?
True
Let i be (3 - 0)/(3/4). Suppose m + 4*f - 10 = -f, 2*m + 2*f = i. Suppose 7*r - 91 - 560 = m. Is r prime?
False
Suppose -5*s - 2*j + 371005 = 0, 2*s - 2*j - 223071 + 74683 = 0. Is s a composite number?
True
Let i(m) = 60*m + 4. Let n(z) = -3 + 7 + 60*z + 1. Let y(u) = -4*i(u) + 3*n(u). Is y(-2) prime?
False
Suppose -38 = 3*s + 5*q, -3*q = 2*s - s + 18. Let r(z) be the second derivative of -5*z**3/6 + 7*z**2/2 + z. Is r(s) prime?
True
Suppose 0 = 23*g - 5*g - 107658. Is g a composite number?
False
Let p(g) = g**2 + 3*g + 15. Let j = 22 - 4. Suppose 3*u + j = 2*i - 23, 0 = 5*u - 2*i + 63. Is p(u) prime?
True
Let v(w) = 5587*w**2 + 4*w - 13. Is v(2) prime?
True
Suppose 31*w = 32*w - 399. Suppose 0*u = 3*u - w. Is u composite?
True
Let z(o) = -2*o**3 - 2*o**2 - 5*o - 4. Suppose -5*x + 3*x - 1 = 3*u, 0 = 4*u + 2*x - 2. Suppose 3 = -u*c - 6. Is z(c) a prime number?
True
Let l(u) = -1 - 28*u + 0 - 16. Suppose -3*n - 11 = 5*y, -n = y - 0 + 5. Is l(n) a composite number?
False
Let i be (91/(-1))/(1/(-29)). Suppose -g + 0*g - 3*u + i = 0, -g + u + 2631 = 0. Is g a prime number?
True
Let p(y) = 2*y**2 - 3*y + 2. Let q be p(2). Suppose -271 = -5*x - 2*i, q*x - 4*i - 94 = 2*x. Is x prime?
True
Let v(b) = -b**2 + 21*b + 4. Let s be v(21). Let p(t) = 25*t**3 - 2*t**2 - 8*t + 1. Is p(s) prime?
False
Suppose 0 = -3*g + 3*c + 351, -2*g + 0*g + 249 = 3*c. Suppose 5*k - k - g = 0. Let w = k - -9. Is w a composite number?
True
Suppose 4*x = 2*x - 1256. Let a = 1491 + x. Is a a prime number?
True
Let x = -632 - -1419. Is x a prime number?
True
Let u = 10771 - -4386. Is u composite?
True
Let c(a) = 4*a**2 + 9*a**2 + a**3 + 2*a**3 - 13*a - 7 - 2*a**3. Is c(-12) a prime number?
True
Let a(q) = 11*q + 193*q - 485*q - 788*q. Is a(-1) prime?
True
Suppose 5*c - 127204 = -3*a, 2*c + 25436 = 3*c - a. Is c composite?
False
Let x be (-18)/(-12)*10/(-3). Let v(n) = -2*n**3 - 2*n**2 - 9*n - 12. Is v(x) a prime number?
True
Let f be (-3 - 3)/((-12)/(-8)). Let t = f + 6. Is (-882)/(-27) + t/6 a composite number?
True
Suppose -4*m + 11302 = -18918. Is m a prime number?
False
Let m(o) = 20921*o**2 - 23*o - 23. Is m(-1) a prime number?
True
Let r(d) = -29*d**2 - 3*d + 6. Let z(v) be the third derivative of -43*v**5/30 - v**4/3 + 17*v**3/6 + v**2. Let a(w) = 8*r(w) - 3*z(w). Is a(4) prime?
False
Is (2*12/16)/(6/47604) a prime number?
False
Let f(b) = b**3 + 42*b**2 - 40*b - 104. Is f(-35) prime?
True
Let a(j) = 7*j**2 + 48*j + 31. Is a(-16) prime?
False
Suppose -x = -n + 8075, 0 = -3*n - 5*x + 24982 - 789. Is n a prime number?
False
Suppose -2765 = 7*d - 2*d - 2*t, -5*d + 4*t - 2755 = 0. Let g = d + 1874. Is g prime?
True
Suppose -16706 - 13471 = -9*s. Suppose 14*y + s = 15*y. Is y composite?
True
Suppose 0 = -440*v + 450*v - 307570. Is v prime?
True
Suppose 34*h - 214895 = 188447. Is h a prime number?
True
Let w be 22/(-3)*(-24)/16. Let i = w - 4. Let t(c) = c**3 + 3*c**2 - 2*c - 7. Is t(i) prime?
False
Let w(c) = -2*c**2 - 8*c + 3453. Is w(0) composite?
True
Let x = 1 + -6. Let b be (-4)/(-10) - (-2)/x. Suppose b = -2*f + f + 445. Is f a composite number?
True
Suppose 7*m = -1025 + 2957. Let o = m + -22. Is o a prime number?
False
Let r = -3470 + 4972. Suppose -2035 = 4*w - x, -5*x - r + 501 = 2*w. Is (w/(-6))/(16/24) a prime number?
True
Suppose 3*d = -2*z + 4658 + 6123, 5*d = -2*z + 10787. Is z a composite number?
True
Let o = 2387 + -1337. Let y = 1771 - o. Is y a composite number?
True
Suppose c - 3*p + 12 = 0, -5*c - 3*p = -0*c - 30. Suppose 0 = y + c*y + 4*b - 1532, 375 = y - b. Is y a composite number?
False
Let p be 5/(-5) + 1031 + -1. Suppose 5*f = p + 236. Is f prime?
False
Let t(j) = 1. Let i(a) = 59*a**2 - a + 4. Let w(h) = i(h) - 3*t(h). Let o be (2/(-10) - (-2)/(-40))*-4. Is w(o) a prime number?
True
Let r = 30 - 16. Is ((-51)/(-6) + 3)*r a composite number?
True
Let t = 5 + 5. Let z be (t/(-6))/(3/207). Let y = -48 - z. Is y prime?
True
Let q be 6 - 9 - (1 + -127). Let a = q + 103. Is a prime?
False
Let w(i) = -7*i**3 + i**2 - i + 1. Let k be w(1). Let b be 0 + 4 + (k - -10). Suppose -7*v + b*v = 1149. Is v composite?
True
Suppose 958 = q - 5*c, -4*c + 9*c - 1871 = -2*q. Let t = q + -200. Is t prime?
True
Let l = 19 - -7974. Is l composite?
False
Let y(w) = 56*w - 7. Suppose 2*c - 7*c + 3*u = -33, 5*c + 4*u - 26 = 0. Is y(c) composite?
True
Suppose -2*h + 2329 = -5*d, 429 = -3*h - 2*d + 3932. Let o = 1730 - h. Is o prime?
True
Let k(b) = -3*b**3 + 4*b**2 + b + 5. Suppose -2*t + 4 = 2*n, -5*n = 2*t + 1 + 1. Let v be k(t). Let i = v + 277. Is i composite?
True
Suppose -48*n - 274074 = -51*n - 3*s, 0 = -3*n + 5*s + 274114. Is n a prime number?
False
Suppose 0 = -17*l + 351706 - 135041. Is l a prime number?
False
Let f(c) = c**3 - 27*c**2 + 247*c + 69. Is f(32) prime?
True
Let f(n) = -2760*n + 377. Is f(-16) a prime number?
True
Let f = -2 + 2. Suppose 2*o - 71 - 7 = f. Is o prime?
False
Let a be (12 - -1)*-1*-1. Let v = a + -11. Is (222/12)/(v/4) a composite number?
False
Suppose -4*o = 4*n + 5 + 27, o + 3*n = -16. Is 19434/18 + o/6 a prime number?
False
Let t be -1 + 200 - (9 + -5). Let s = 374 - t. Is s a prime number?
True
Let m(o) = -145*o**3 + 4*o**2 + 5*o + 7. Is m(-3) a prime number?
True
Suppose -121*o - 74170 = -123*o. Is o composite?
True
Let |
History Main / FriendlessBackground
* From what we see of Hans's life before coming to Arendelle in ''A Frozen Heart'', he didn't seem to have anyone except his family. Within his own clan, he was the proverbial BlackSheep and ExtremeDoormat -- his father and eleven of his older brothers saw him as a "weakling" and an incompetent coward who couldn't stand up and fight back at the abuse they throw at him, and would either shun him or bully him. In fact, three of his brothers even pretended he was nonexistent for ''two years'', not to mention throwing ''glass'' at him just for daydreaming, being the victim of countless pranks, losing countless fistfights against his brothers, being shoved in the mud or tossed off moving carts. And by the time he's an adult, Hans has chosen to give up fighting, but this only worsened their abuse. The closest to support he had were Lars and his mother, but neither of them were close enough to help him get through life. [[FreudianExcuse Being neglected all his life]], [[WellDoneSonGuy combined with the fact that he wanted to be recognized as a good son despite being ignored and belittled by his family]], [[FreudianExcuse wound up becoming the source of his issues.]]
Added DiffLines:
* From what we see of Hans's life before coming to Arendelle in ''Literature/AFrozenHeart'', he didn't seem to have anyone except his family. Within his own clan, he was the proverbial BlackSheep and ExtremeDoormat -- his father and eleven of his older brothers saw him as a "weakling" and an incompetent coward who couldn't stand up and fight back at the abuse they throw at him, and would either shun him or bully him. In fact, three of his brothers even pretended he was nonexistent for ''two years'', not to mention throwing ''glass'' at him just for daydreaming, being the victim of countless pranks, losing countless fistfights against his brothers, being shoved in the mud or tossed off moving carts. And by the time he's an adult, Hans has chosen to give up fighting, but this only worsened their abuse. The closest to support he had were Lars and his mother, but neither of them were close enough to help him get through life. [[FreudianExcuse Being neglected all his life]], [[WellDoneSonGuy combined with the fact that he wanted to be recognized as a good son despite being ignored and belittled by his family]], [[FreudianExcuse wound up becoming the source of his issues.]]
* ''Film/GuardiansOfTheGalaxy'' has Starlord [[LampshadeHanging lampshade]] this when he's chewing out Drax and Rocket for starting a bar fight, citing their AxCrazy {{Jerkass}} mentalities as the reason they're friendless (and by extension, the rest of the group as well). [[OnlySaneMan Starlord doesn't exactly have what would traditionally be considered friends either, but is still the most socially adjusted of the group.]]--> '''Starlord:''' (after Rocket as threatened to kill them ''again'') You see!? That's exactly why none of you have any friends!
** From what we see of Hans's life before coming to Arendelle in ''Fanfic/A Frozen Heart'', he didn't seem to have anyone except his family. Within his own clan, he was the proverbial BlackSheep and ExtremeDoormat -- his father and eleven of his older brothers saw him as a "weakling" and an incompetent coward who couldn't stand up and fight back at the abuse they throw at him, and would either shun him or bully him. In fact, three of his brothers even pretended he was nonexistent for ''two years'', not to mention throwing ''glass'' at him just for daydreaming, being the victim of countless pranks, losing countless fistfights against his brothers, being shoved in the mud or tossed off moving carts. And by the time he's an adult, Hans has chosen to give up fighting, but this only worsened their abuse. The closest to support he had were Lars and his mother, but neither of them were close enough to help him get through life. [[FreudianExcuse Being neglected all his life]], [[WellDoneSonGuy combined with the fact that he wanted to be recognized as a good son despite being ignored and belittled by his family]], [[FreudianExcuse wound up becoming the source of his issues.]]
to:
** * From what we see of Hans's life before coming to Arendelle in ''Fanfic/A ''A Frozen Heart'', he didn't seem to have anyone except his family. Within his own clan, he was the proverbial BlackSheep and ExtremeDoormat -- his father and eleven of his older brothers saw him as a "weakling" and an incompetent coward who couldn't stand up and fight back at the abuse they throw at him, and would either shun him or bully him. In fact, three of his brothers even pretended he was nonexistent for ''two years'', not to mention throwing ''glass'' at him just for daydreaming, being the victim of countless pranks, losing countless fistfights against his brothers, being shoved in the mud or tossed off moving carts. And by the time he's an adult, Hans has chosen to give up fighting, but this only worsened their abuse. The closest to support he had were Lars and his mother, but neither of them were close enough to help him get through life. [[FreudianExcuse Being neglected all his life]], [[WellDoneSonGuy combined with the fact that he wanted to be recognized as a good son despite being ignored and belittled by his family]], [[FreudianExcuse wound up becoming the source of his issues.]]
** [[spoiler:From what we see of Hans's life before coming to Arendelle in ''Fanfic/A Frozen Heart'', he didn't seem to have anyone except his family. Within his own clan, he was the proverbial BlackSheep and ExtremeDoormat -- his father and eleven of his older brothers saw him as a "weakling" and an incompetent coward who couldn't stand up and fight back at the abuse they throw at him, and would either shun him or bully him. In fact, three of his brothers even pretended he was nonexistent for ''two years'', not to mention throwing ''glass'' at him just for daydreaming, being the victim of countless pranks, losing countless fistfights against his brothers, being shoved in the mud or tossed off moving carts. And by the time he's an adult, Hans has chosen to give up fighting, but this only worsened their abuse. The closest to support he had were Lars and his mother, but neither of them were close enough to help him get through life. [[FreudianExcuse Being neglected all his life]], [[WellDoneSonGuy combined with the fact that he wanted to be recognized as a good son despite being ignored and belittled by his family]], [[FreudianExcuse wound up becoming the source of his issues.]]]]
to:
** [[spoiler:From From what we see of Hans's life before coming to Arendelle in ''Fanfic/A Frozen Heart'', he didn't seem to have anyone except his family. Within his own clan, he was the proverbial BlackSheep and ExtremeDoormat -- his father and eleven of his older brothers saw him as a "weakling" and an incompetent coward who couldn't stand up and fight back at the abuse they throw at him, and would either shun him or bully him. In fact, three of his brothers even pretended he was nonexistent for ''two years'', not to mention throwing ''glass'' at him just for daydreaming, being the victim of countless pranks, losing countless fistfights against his brothers, being shoved in the mud or tossed off moving carts. And by the time he's an adult, Hans has chosen to give up fighting, but this only worsened their abuse. The closest to support he had were Lars and his mother, but neither of them were close enough to help him get through life. [[FreudianExcuse Being neglected all his life]], [[WellDoneSonGuy combined with the fact that he wanted to be recognized as a good son despite being ignored and belittled by his family]], [[FreudianExcuse wound up becoming the source of his issues.]]]]]]
** [[spoiler:From what we see of Hans's life before coming to Arendelle in ''Fanfic/A Frozen Heart'', he didn't seem to have anyone except his family. Within his own clan, he was the proverbial BlackSheep and ExtremeDoormat -- his father and eleven of his older brothers saw him as a "weakling" and an incompetent coward who couldn't stand up and fight back at the abuse they throw at him, and would either shun him or bully him. In fact, three of his brothers even pretended he was nonexistent for ''two years'', not to mention throwing ''glass'' at him just for daydreaming, being the victim of countless pranks, losing countless fistfights against his brothers, being shoved in the mud or tossed off moving carts. And by the time he's an adult, Hans has chosen to give up fighting, but this only worsened their abuse. The closest to support he had were Lars and his mother, but neither of them were close enough to help him get through life. [[FreudianExcuse Being neglected all his life]], [[WellDoneSonGuy combined with the fact that he wanted to be recognized as a good son despite being ignored and belittled by his family]], [[FreudianExcuse wound up becoming the source of his issues.]]]]
** [[spoiler:From what we see of Hans's life before coming to Arendelle in ''A Frozen Heart'', he didn't seem to have anyone except his family. Within his own clan, he was the proverbial BlackSheep and ExtremeDoormat -- his father and eleven of his older brothers saw him as a "weakling" and an incompetent coward who couldn't stand up and fight back at the abuse they throw at him, and would either shun him or bully him. In fact, three of his brothers even pretended he was nonexistent for ''two years'', not to mention throwing ''glass'' at him just for daydreaming, being the victim of countless pranks, losing countless fistfights against his brothers, being shoved in the mud or tossed off moving carts. And by the time he's an adult, Hans has chosen to give up fighting, but this only worsened their abuse. The closest to support he had were Lars and his mother, but neither of them were close enough to help him get through life. [[FreudianExcuse Being neglected all his life]], [[WellDoneSonGuy combined with the fact that he wanted to be recognized as a good son despite being ignored and belittled by his family]], [[FreudianExcuse wound up becoming the source of his issues.]]]]
** Carol's only two close friends are Jean-Paul and Lex, the latter of whom is a self appointed KnightTemplarBigBrother for whom she is occasionally required to act as a MoralityChain. It's implied that the rest of her football team likes her, but they aren't what you'd call close. As for her family life, her father has a StayInTheKitchen attitude and her mother is doormat. She's close to her CoolUncle, [[Series/StargateSG1 Jack O'Neill]], but he's a Brigadier General and thus busy most of the time.
to:
** Carol's only two close friends are Jean-Paul and Lex, the latter of whom is a self appointed KnightTemplarBigBrother for whom she is occasionally required to act as a MoralityChain. It's implied that the rest of her football team likes her, but they aren't what you'd call close. As for her family life, her father has a StayInTheKitchen attitude and her mother is a doormat. She's close to her CoolUncle, [[Series/StargateSG1 Jack O'Neill]], but he's a Brigadier General and thus busy most of the time.
* Averted in ''Manga/{{Fullmapla}}''. One would think that Makoto's [[TalkingWithSigns bizarre method of communication]] would mean that she's never had any friends, but it's stated that she did have friends in middle school (they just all went to different high schools).
to:
* Averted in ''Manga/{{Fullmapla}}''. One would think Kyou initially thought that Makoto's [[TalkingWithSigns bizarre method of communication]] and standoff personality would mean meant that she's she never had any friends, but it's stated that she did have friends in middle school (they just all went to different high schools).
* Haru from ''Manga/{{Ojojojo}}'' spent over a decade of her childhood isolated from her peers due to her RichBitch personality (which resulted in a viscous cycle of her becoming even more self centered as a coping mechanism only for it to isolate her even further). It's only by sheer chance that she ends up in the same class as a boy who is desperate enough for conversation and patient enough to put up with her self centered ramblings that she manages to make friends, shed her arrogant persona, and find love (not necessarily in that order).
* An example of the second sort: if Franchise/{{Tintin}} had any friends at all besides Snowy prior to the start of his adventures, they are never mentioned. However, it does not seem to be from a preference to be alone, a lack of social skills or somesuch as a whole lot of characters Tintin encounters during his adventures become his friends, and some very close ones indeed (Haddock, Chang, Calculus) with no problem. One could theorize that Tintin's schoolmates etc. all got prosaic bourgeois jobs in Brussels which meant that there weren't any real chances of encountering them in Tintin's exciting world of adventure (most of which are set outside Belgium).
to:
* An example of the second sort: if Franchise/{{Tintin}} had any friends at all besides Snowy prior to the start of his adventures, they are never mentioned. However, it does not seem to be from a preference to be alone, a lack of social skills or somesuch some such as a whole lot of characters Tintin encounters during his adventures become his friends, and some very close ones indeed (Haddock, Chang, Calculus) with no problem. One could theorize that Tintin's schoolmates etc. all got prosaic bourgeois jobs in Brussels which meant that there weren't any real chances of encountering them in Tintin's exciting world of adventure (most of which are set outside Belgium).
* '''Newcomer:''' Be they a NewTransferStudent in a new school, an employee at a new work place, or having escaped their DoomedHometown as a refugee.* '''The Loner:''' Might be because of preference or ostracism. [[LonersAreFreaks Freakishness]] [[FreakyFashionMildMind optional.]] {{Jerkass}}-ness [[SugarAndIcePersonality optional.]]* '''Homeschooled:''' Similar to Newcomer, the character has grown up or lived away from others. May or may not come with interesting psychological quirks.* '''Trauma:''' Some sadness like parental abuse (often seen in {{Dark Magical Girl}}s) or other kind of angst may keep the character from letting anyone close to them, can result in TheWoobie.* '''[[ShrinkingViolet Shyness]]:''' Some characters (like in real life) are insecure of themselves for whatever reason and are not even able to talk to other people (sometimes temporary).* '''Lack of self confidence:''' Similar to the one above, the character may believe he is not worthy of other people's friendship while [[IJustWantToBeNormal craving acceptance.]] Or possibly [[IJustWantToBeSpecial they want to feel like they're important, but don't]]. Many ShrinkingViolet characters are prone to this. *'''Incompetence:''' A character may simply [[NoSocialSkills lack the social intuition]] required to connect with others, regardless of how willing or confident they are.* '''Unattractiveness:''' The character is [[TheGrotesque physically repulsive]] and avoided or mistreated because of that.
to:
* '''Newcomer:''' '''Newcomer''': Be they a NewTransferStudent in a new school, an employee at a new work place, or having escaped their DoomedHometown as a refugee.* '''The Loner:''' Loner''': Might be because of preference or ostracism. [[LonersAreFreaks Freakishness]] [[FreakyFashionMildMind optional.]] {{Jerkass}}-ness [[SugarAndIcePersonality optional.]]* '''Homeschooled:''' '''Homeschooled''': Similar to Newcomer, the character has grown up or lived away from others. May or may not come with interesting psychological quirks.* '''Trauma:''' '''Trauma''': Some sadness like parental abuse (often seen in {{Dark Magical Girl}}s) or other kind of angst may keep the character from letting anyone close to them, can result in TheWoobie.* '''[[ShrinkingViolet Shyness]]:''' Shyness]]''': Some characters (like in real life) are insecure of themselves for whatever reason and are not even able to talk to other people (sometimes temporary).* '''Lack of self confidence:''' self-confidence''': Similar to the one above, the character may believe he is not worthy of other people's friendship while [[IJustWantToBeNormal craving acceptance.]] Or possibly [[IJustWantToBeSpecial they want to feel like they're important, but don't]]. Many ShrinkingViolet characters are prone to this. *'''Incompetence:''' *'''Incompetence''': A character may simply [[NoSocialSkills lack the social intuition]] required to connect with others, regardless of how willing or confident they are.* '''Unattractiveness:''' '''Unattractiveness''': The character is [[TheGrotesque physically repulsive]] and avoided or mistreated because of that.
** In ''Discworld/{{Thud}}'' when Vimes learns Mr A.E. Pessimal's initials don't actually stand for anything, he asks the government inspector what his friends call him. Mr Pessimal looks like this question involves a pretty huge assumption, so Vimes decides to back down on the confrontation a bit.
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Q:
Webpack using wrong node_modules folder
I have a vue client project that uses a vue library project (the vue library project is also using some 3rd party packages like vue-material).
They are linked via the client project's Package.json like this "lib": "file:../lib" and I am importing components in the client project using import Comp from "lib/src/components/Comp";
The problem is that when I build the client project using Webpack, the files in my library use lib/node_modules/vue instead of node_modules/vue which causes double vue instancing.
Anyone has any idea why when I am using webpack build from the client folder, it looks for vue package in my library folder? and is there a way to get around that?
My webpack.config
"use strict";
const path = require("path");
const utils = require("./utils");
const config = require("../config");
const vueLoaderConfig = require("./vue-loader.conf");
function resolve(dir) {
return path.join(__dirname, "..", dir);
}
module.exports = {
entry: {
app: ["babel-polyfill", "./src/main.js"]
},
output: {
path: config.build.assetsRoot,
filename: "[name].js",
publicPath: process.env.NODE_ENV === "production" ? config.build.assetsPublicPath : config.dev.assetsPublicPath
},
resolve: {
extensions: [".js", ".vue", ".json"],
alias: {
vue$: "vue/dist/vue.esm.js",
"@": resolve("src"),
src: resolve("src"),
assets: resolve("src/assets"),
components: resolve("src/components"),
utilities: resolve("src/utilities"),
directives: resolve("src/directives"),
plugins: resolve("src/plugins"),
data: resolve("src/data"),
"vuex-store": resolve("src/store"),
"lib": resolve("node_modules/lib")
}
},
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.(js|vue)$/,
loader: "eslint-loader",
enforce: "pre",
include: [resolve("src")],
options: {
formatter: require("eslint-friendly-formatter")
}
},
{
test: /\.vue$/,
loader: "vue-loader",
options: vueLoaderConfig
},
{
test: /\.js$/,
loader: "babel-loader",
include: [resolve("src"), resolve("../lib/src")]
},
{
test: /\.(png|jpe?g|gif|svg)(\?.*)?$/,
loader: "url-loader",
options: {
limit: 10000,
name: utils.assetsPath("img/[name].[hash:7].[ext]")
}
},
{
test: /\.(mp4|webm|ogg|mp3|wav|flac|aac)(\?.*)?$/,
loader: "url-loader",
options: {
limit: 10000,
name: utils.assetsPath("media/[name].[hash:7].[ext]")
}
},
{
test: /\.(woff2?|eot|ttf|otf)(\?.*)?$/,
loader: "base64-font-loader",
options: {
limit: 10000,
name: utils.assetsPath("fonts/[name].[hash:7].[ext]")
}
},
{
test: /\.ico$/,
loader: "file-loader?name=[name].[ext]"
}
]
}
};
My client's main entry
// The Vue build version to load with the `import` command
// (runtime-only or standalone) has been set in webpack.base.conf with an alias.
// Core Imports
import Vue from 'vue'
import App from './App'
// Plugins
import { ComponentsPlugin } from "lib/src/components";
/* eslint-disable no-new */
new Vue({
el: '#app',
router,
store,
template: '<App/>',
components: { App }
})
A:
As I ran out of solutions to this problem I decided to debug webpack's compiler.
It seems webpack uses a library called 'enhanced-resolve' (We actually send parameters to that library in our webpack's resolve:{} section). And using the resolve.alias property we can redirect any require to any folder we want.
So to redirect any require("vue") to my own vue.esm.js, all I need is to add an entry like this (I originally had that line but it was pointing to a relative path rather than an absolute path):
resolve: {
alias: {
vue$: resolve("node_modules/vue/dist/vue.esm.js"),
}
}
Note the $ at the end of the library name, It signals enhanced-resolve that the package only has 1 module so any require whos name is "vue" or a sub-directory of "vue" should be parsed using the alias.
Enhanced-Resolve - ResolverFactory.js
if(/\$$/.test(alias)) {
onlyModule = true;
....
}
Enhanced-Resolve - AliasPlugin.js
// InnerRequest is the path (vue/dist/vue.esm.js)
// name is the alias name without the $ (vue)
if(innerRequest === name || (!onlyModule && startsWith(innerRequest, name + "/"))) {
continue resolving....
}
|
The West African nation of Ghana has experienced a decade of sustained growth, outpacing that of nations such as Taiwan and South Korea. Its education expenditure relative to income is double the average for Africa, yet as in many developing nations, challenges remain. Today ICEF Monitor takes a close look at those challenges and needs, as well as the nation’s education sector as a whole.
Ghana’s education sector
Children in Ghana attend primary school for six years. The official language of instruction is English, however, students are exposed to French and local languages from an early age.
The vast majority of Ghanaian students attend public boarding schools, many of which are highly competitive; there are only six international private secondary schools in the country, collectively graduating about 300 students a year and offering the International Baccalaureate or A-level curricula.
Junior Secondary/High School lasts three years, as does Senior Secondary School. The latter was introduced in 2007, expanding the system to four years but not otherwise changing the curriculum. This policy was reversed after three years. In 2010 there were no graduates, and in 2013 two cohorts graduated.
Ghana’s higher education system is comprised of polytechnics, universities, university colleges, academies, and tutorial colleges. In all, there are 140 accredited institutions, according to the National Accreditation Board. These schools offer four-year Bachelor’s degrees, as well as two- and three-year diplomas. The latter are not equivalent to Bachelor’s degrees, but undergraduate transfer credit can be awarded.
Admission to Ghanaian universities is competitive, especially in the fields of medicine, engineering, mining, law, business and pharmacy. According to the National Council for Tertiary Education (NCTE), during the 2012/13 academic year:
109,298 students were enrolled in public universities;
47,294 in polytechnics;
26,159 in private universities;
27,580 in colleges of education;
5,048 in other public specialised institutions.
These numbers represent an increase from previous years, but facilities are struggling to meet the demand, a situation made even more dire thanks to last year’s double cohort. Otherwise qualified candidates sometimes must take supplementary admissions tests, or are turned down completely. Competition from students who apply from neighboring Nigeria adds pressure for locals seeking places.
Despite the lack of slots for students, only about 5% of Ghana’s age-eligible population actually moves into higher education, a very low percentage compared to developed nations. And while local universities bestow Bachelor’s, Master’s and PhDs, those degrees are not universally recognised in other countries.
There is also concern among academic observers within Ghana that the education system – considered one of the best in the region – falls short of meeting the highest international standards, and may not completely equip students to function in a global economy.
As for its research and science and technology institutions, it has been said the system is “stretched thin and overburdened in relation to available resources, leaving many of the country’s important science institutions unable to carry out their mandates effectively.”
Emmanuel Amoah-Darkwah, Vice President of the Economic Business Group Africa, has been critical as well, recently writing of graduates in agriculture working as bankers, and citing other degree/career mismatches. He describes business and liberal arts graduates as being produced in excess, and STEM fields as neglected.
The UK NARIC (National Recognition Information Centre) partly echoes those sentiments, pointing out that Ghana most needs graduates in geology, geophysics, and engineering. They also note that existing workers are in need of qualifications from professional bodies such as the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), and others.
A 2011 British Council study suggested that Ghanaian students need access courses or A-levels that facilitate progression to the undergraduate level, and that polytechnic graduates often require one-or two-year undergraduate degree top-up courses. At the postgraduate level, affordability concerns mean that students gravitate toward one-year Master’s programmes.
The arrival of international branch campuses may help Ghanaians meet more of their academic needs. Last year Missouri-based Webster University, which is accredited by the United States Higher Learning Commission, opened a campus in Accra, and Britain’s Lancaster University has also opened a branch in Ghana.
Student mobility
More middle class Ghanaian families are investing in their children’s higher education, a fact reflected in higher numbers of students attending schools overseas. Most students are self-funded, but there are a number of scholarships for African students to support their study abroad dreams.
A distinct advantage Ghanaian students have in terms of international study is that, though there are over 70 different tribal groups in the country, each with its own distinct language, the official language of instruction and lingua franca is English, which can ease qualified students’ transitions into overseas academic environments.
As of 2012, 7,845 students went abroad for their studies. According to the US Embassy website, more than 2,800 Ghanaians are enrolled in over 600 US institutions in all 50 states. The website describes their influence as “significant,” as each year’s new cohort is awarded over US$5 million in financial assistance, and Ghanaian students at both secondary and university level routinely gain admission to the most competitive universities in the United States.
Given the prevalence of French in schools, tertiary study in France is not uncommon, but numbers are small. In 2012/13, 268 Ghanaians studied in France.
On the inbound side, all Ghanaian universities operate on a modular semester system as a means of attracting international students. Nigerians make up the largest percentage of foreigners in Ghanaian universities, and number anywhere from 75,000 to more than 77,000, according to some estimates. They contribute approximately US$1 billion to the Ghanaian system, and numbers are expected to rise in coming years.
International students in Ghana come from 62 other countries, but the numbers are small; only 906 according to 2011 NCTE data.
Many universities have committed to drawing more internationals, for example the University of Ghana, which already attracts American and European students, has a goal of building a 10% international student population.
In addition, nine public universities in Ghana and 25 in France recently signed an agreement to cooperate in research in various fields and to exchange findings. Ghanaian and French students will also collaborate on studies and visits with the goal of increasing student and lecturer mobility.
Financial challenges
Ghana’s Ministry of Education and the Ghana Education Service have enacted numerous policies in recent years aimed at supporting education, including pushing for free primary and secondary education by 2015, building new schools, improving infrastructure, raising teacher quality, and increasing the affordability of tertiary education.
Other moves over the last twenty years have included upgrading polytechnics into higher education institutions, establishing the University of Development Studies, creating the Ghana Education Trust Fund (GETFund), revamping the regulatory system, expanding distance education programmes, and modifying the student loan system.
However, the country faces finance problems that may hinder its ability to pay for planned projects. Acceptance of a proposed US$156 million loan from the World Bank’s International Development Association may go some way toward achieving the government’s goals, but the budget situation remains dire. Ghana is poised to become a World Bank middle-income country by 2015, which means the questions concern spending, rather than economic growth.
The Senchi Report, produced by a group of Ghanaian economists, criticises President John Dramani Mahama and his National Democratic Congress for depleting public finances and undermining a government commitment to tackle the economic challenges still facing the country. President Mahama has accepted the report’s conclusions and vowed to use it as a blueprint for economic management.
On education, the report makes several suggestions, among them:
forming liaisons between educational institutions and industry in order to make training programmes more relevant;
set up a body to monitor, evaluate, and reform the use of funds transferred to public sector institutions such as the GETFund.
The report notes that Ghana’s finances are constrained by structural inefficiencies. Specifically, the 2013 budget contained expenditures on two items – a wage bill and interest costs on the public debt – that together used 82% of total government revenue, leaving a mere 18% for all other expenditures.
However, observers such as Convention People’s Party official Nii Armah Akomfrah have called the Senchi Report’s recommendations nothing more than “a regurgitation of the same old failed policies,” and said they won’t change Ghana’s situation even if all the recommendations are implemented.
These domestic challenges combined with the increase in the number of families willing to spend on higher education means the country is expected to be a strong sender of international students for the foreseeable future. |
Uniformity and diversity of calcium metabolism in hypertension. A conceptual framework.
Calcium metabolism plays an important role in blood pressure homeostasis, although it remains unclear to what extent calcium contributes to or, alternatively, protects against clinical hypertension. To resolve this confusion, hypertensive subgroups were first defined by plasma renin activity, dietary salt sensitivity, sensitivity to calcium channel blockade, and calcium metabolic indices. Using these classification schemes, different patterns of calcium metabolism emerged, each predictive of divergent clinical responses. Patients with low plasma renin activity, low serum ionized calcium levels, and dietary salt sensitivity, such as black and elderly hypertensive patients, may preferentially benefit from calcium supplementation. It is postulated that calcium-regulating hormones and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system coordinately monitor dietary mineral intake, and transduce these environmental signals at the cellular level by altering cellular calcium uptake and disposition. Analysis of these hormonal systems is useful diagnostically in defining those patients who would most benefit from non-pharmacologic dietary forms of treatment. |
Determination of serum unconjugated estrone, estradiol-17 beta and estriol during pregnancy by selected ion monitoring.
A simple, rapid and highly specific method by selected ion monitoring (SIM), using 9 alpha, 11 alpha-[2H2]estrone, [2,4-2H2]estradiol-17 beta and 2,4-[2H2]estriol as internal standards, was developed for the determination of serum estrogens during pregnancy. Serum samples were submitted to a simple extraction procedure and were analysed after formation of the trifluoroacetic anhydride derivative. The inter-assay coefficients of variation for estrone, estradiol-17 beta and estriol were 3.73%, 3.42% and 3.49%, respectively. The results obtained by SIM were compared with analysis performed using radioimmunoassay. |
Evaluation of antibodies to human papillomavirus as prognostic markers in cervical cancer patients.
We wished to evaluate whether the presence of antibodies to HPV or to the HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 or type of HPV DNA is related to prognosis among cervical cancer patients. Blood samples were drawn from 313 patients with incident, untreated cervical cancer on admission to two hospitals in Sweden. Patients were followed from enrollment in 1984-1991 until death or up to June 1999. Clinical information was obtained from a review of medical records. Survival and cause of death were ascertained from both medical records and population-based cancer registries. The correlation of survival with antibodies to HPV16, to oncoproteins E6 and E7, and to type of HPV DNA was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression analysis, including stage, age, histology, and hospital in the model. Stage was the only significant prognostic factor influencing cervical cancer patient survival (OR = 3.62, 95% CI = 2.71-4.83). Age over 50 was associated with increased death rate among stage I-IIa patients (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.12-4.68). Presence of antibodies to the oncoproteins E6 and E7 or to the HPV16 capsid or type of HPV DNA did not associate significantly with disease prognosis. Antibodies to HPV16 capsids and to oncoproteins E6 and E7 or type of HPV DNA do not appear to be useful as indicators of cervical cancer prognosis. |
Report: God The Father Has Been Telling Everyone Dad Jokes For All Eternity
HEAVEN—According to sources from on high, God the Father continues to insist on telling everyone in heaven dad jokes for all eternity.
"Hey, do you know how you can tell that I like baseball?" He reportedly asked God the Son shortly after creating the universe.
Jesus sighed. "How, Father?"
"In the big inning! Get it? Ha!"
Nobody laughed. But the Father was just getting started. "Hey Jesus, remember when we created everything under there?”
The only begotten Son replied “Under where?” causing the angels to burst out in laughter.
When Cain committed humanity's first murder, the Trinity was watching from on high. "Hey guys," the Father said. "Why couldn't Cain please God? Because he wasn't Abel!"
He also made a joke about how Abraham and Isaac built a computer together and God provided the RAM.
“Hey, guys, who else besides me doesn’t have any parents?” the Father asked at one point during the conquest of Canaan.
Michael the archangel rolled his eyes: “Who?”
“Joshua Son of Nun! Classic!" The Father also confirmed He named Joshua Son of Nun specifically so he could tell that joke.
This has been going on for all eternity, according to sources, and reportedly will continue for all eternity future.
Get Free Access To Our Brand New Site: Not the Bee After creating The Babylon Bee in six literal days, Adam Ford rested. But he rests no longer. Introducing Not the Bee — a brand new humor-based news site run by Adam himself. It's loaded with funny content and all the best features of a social network. And the best part? Everyone with a subscription to The Bee gets full access at no extra cost. Get FREE Access *with premium subscription to The Babylon Bee |
Q:
For how many natural numbers(<=100) is $1111^n +2222^n+3333^n+4444^n$ divisible by 10?
For how many natural numbers (0 not included) $n \leq 100$ is $1111^n +2222^n+3333^n+4444^n$ divisible by 10?
I factored out $1111^n$ and got $1111^n(1+2^n+3^n+4^n)$. So $1+2^n+3^n+4^n$ must be divisible by 10. I figured out that this is divisible by 10 for all odd n, but I don't know how to find the other solutions, if any.
A:
If you divide $1^n$, $2^n$, $3^n$, and $4^n$ by 10, each goes through a cycle of remainders:
$1: 1, 1, 1, 1$
$2: 2, 4, 8, 6$
$3: 3, 9, 7, 1$
$4: 4, 6, 4, 6$
So $1^n+2^n +3^n + 4^n$ goes through the cycle of remainders $0, 0, 0, 4$, and thus will be divisible by $10$ whenever $n$ is not divisible by $4$.
|
New 'The Punisher' trailer delivers blood and a release date
"The US military turned you into a hit man, Frank," tech specialist Micro says in the new trailer for "Marvel's The Punisher." While the footage drops more details on Frank Castle's violent past, perhaps the biggest bit of news is the reveal of a premiere date: Nov. 17 on Netflix.
The Punisher, played by Jon Bernthal, isn't the only one slinging bullets. He's also a hunted man thanks to his participation in a covert military operation that's alluded to early in the trailer. The trailer positions Rawlins (played by Paul Schulze), a CIA operative from the comics, as a bad dude on multiple levels.
More on 'The Punisher'
This latest trailer confirms one thing we already knew: "The Punisher" will be dark, dark, dark. There's gunfire, blood, a reference to Castle losing his family and a whole lot of anguish on display in just over two minutes worth of video.
One of the final snippets of footage shows Castle sporting a shirt with the famous Punisher skull symbol. The trailer finishes out with this line: "The truth must be taken." At least we now know the truth will be taken on Nov. 17. |
Immunochemical studies on a nephritis-associated ubiquitous tissue antigen.
A ubiquitous tissue antigen (UTA), associated with chronic renal diseases was partially purified and characterized. The antigen was extracted by solubilization in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate (DOC) of various organs of human and animal origin. UTA was soluble in ammonium sulfate at 50% concentration and precipitable in 71% ethanol. Considerable purification of UTA was achieved by fractional ammunium sulfate precipitation, zone electrophoresis and gel filtration. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and velocity gradient centrifugation through 10-40% sucrose gradients suggested that the main antigenic component is a macromolecule, although aggregability of DOC-extracted proteins upon removal of the solubilizer prevented more accurate determinations. UTA appeared to be a heat-stable glycoprotein which did not contain lipids detectable by Sudan black B staining. The yield of purest UTA preparations, which did not contain components of homologous serum as tested by double diffusion gel precipitation or immunoelectrophoresis, was 0.1-0.2 mg/100 g of starting tissue. Immunization of rabbits with homologous UTA-containing preparations resulted in anti-UTA antibody formation. |
Luxembourg taking major stake in Planetary Resources’ European business
The Luxembourg government is expected to announce it is purchasing up to 49 percent of the equity in Planetary Resources' Luxembourg operation. The space-mining company's first business will be the Ceres constellation of hyperspectral Earth imaging satellites. Bayer of Germany is an early supporter. Credit: Planetary Resources
PARIS — The Luxembourg government has agreed to purchase up to 49 percent of the equity in asteroid-mining company Planetary Resources’ Luxembourg operations as part of the effort to make Luxembourg the nexus of space-based resource exploitation, an industry official said.
An announcement of the agreement was scheduled for June 13 in Luxembourg, the official said.
It was not immediately clear what the initial investment level would be beyond taking part in Redmond, Washington-based Planetary Resources’ creation of a Luxembourg operation. Initial costs are likely to be modest, including administrative fees associated with incorporating in Luxembourg.
The Luxembourg government has stressed it wanted to move quickly to tie down commitments from space-mining companies, starting with memoranda of understanding and continuing with a new pro-development space-mining law and financial incentives for research and development.
In addition, the government announced on June 3 that it had set aside an initial 200 million euros ($225 million) to be spent on its spaceresources.lu venture. Luxembourg Deputy Prime Minister Etienne Schneider said the money would be used for technology-demonstration spacecraft and the purchase of ownership in companies that set up operations in Luxembourg. He said the 200 million euros should be seen as just the start.
“The program has the full support of the Luxembourg government and what is clear so far is how fast it is moving forward,” said the industry official.
Schneider and Luxembourg Prime Minister Xavier Bettel said the government would adapt for space-based mining many of the investment techniques it used for commercial telecommunications satellite fleet operator SES, which in 25 years has grown into the largest commercial fleet operator. The government retains a 33 percent equity owner of SES.
Deep Space Industries of Mountain View, California, was the first to sign the memorandum of understanding leading to a formal Luxembourg corporate presence and will receive financial support for its Prospector-X nanosatellite to test mining-relevant technologies. The satellite will be built in Luxembourg.
Now comes Planetary Resources. The industry official said this company offers investment-savvy Luxembourg the possibility of an early revenue stream – Earth observation – on the way to its long-term goal of asteroid mining.
The company completed a $21.1 million in Series A financing in June from several venture capital funds and from Google co-founder Larry Page, an early supporter, to develop a 10-satellite constellation for hyperspectral and infrared Earth imaging.
The Luxembourg government investment adds a powerful incentive to relocate some of this development to Luxembourg before Ceres satellite production is too solidly anchored on the U.S. West Coast.
In May, health-care and agricultural research giant Bayer of Monheim, Germany, and Planetary Resources announced they had signed a memorandum of understanding under which Bayer “intends to purchase data from Planetary Resources to create new agricultural products and improve existing ones. The collaboration will be part of the Digital Farming Initiative at Bayer.”
Schneider has said the spaceresources.lu program would distinguish itself from U.S.-based efforts by being more international. Companies setting up shop in Luxembourg need not prove Luxembourg-based majority ownership to receive the full suite of regulatory advantages.
The government has said it wants a European, an American and a Chinese national on the space-mining program’s board. Jean-Jacques Dordain, former director-general of the 22-nation European Space Agency; and Simon Pete Worden, former director of NASA’s Ames Research Center, have joined the board.
UPDATE: Planetary Resources said June 13 that it had signed an MoU with the Luxembourg government and that the government was “considering a direct capital investment in Planetary Resources Luxembourg. This public equity position will be taken by the SNCI [banking institution Société Nationale de Crédit et d’Investissement] to become a minority shareholder. Planetary Resources Luxembourg plans to conduct key research and development activities.” |
DE 25 28 008 A1 shows a printing press for use in a direct printing process, and having forme cylinders which can be equipped with six printing plates in the axial direction and with two printing plates in the circumferential direction, and also having counter-pressure cylinders, on which three printing blankets can be arranged in the axial direction and one printing blanket can be arranged in the circumferential direction. Both the printing plates, which are arranged side-by-side, as well as the printing blankets, which are also arranged side-by-side, are each offset, with respect to each other, in the circumferential direction.
DE 24 22 696 C2 shows a satellite printing unit of a width of six plates with offset printing groups, and having nine or ten cylinders. The two center ones of six printing formes, which are arranged side-by-side in the axial direction, are arranged offset, in the circumferential direction, with respect to the outer ones of the printing formes on the forme cylinder.
A triple-wide web-fed rotary printing press, with two formers arranged on two different levels placed on top of each other, is known from DE 41 28 797 A1.
A folding structure is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,501. Two formers are arranged on top of each other, in which formers, following their passage through winding rollers, the webs are longitudinally cut upstream of a third former. The partial webs are turned by 90° by a third former and, after having been combined into two continuous webs, are subsequently fed to the two formers which are arranged on top of each other.
A folding structure with two groups of three formers each, which two groups of formers are vertically offset with respect to each other, is known from EP 1 072 551 A2.
A folding structure is known from WO 97/17 200 A2, in which cut partial webs, which are transversely offset with respect to each other, are fed to different formers. The formers, which are arranged horizontally side-by-side, are arranged partially offset with respect to each other.
A longitudinal cutting arrangement for variably cut widths is known from EP 1 238 395 A2. This cutting arrangement has upper cutters which are movable in the axial direction, and a lower cutter shaft with a number of grooves exceeding the number of the upper cutters.
DE 42 04 254 A1 discloses a folding structure of a printing press which is four newspaper pages wide. Two formers, which can be shifted transversely with respect to the web running direction, are arranged on a lower former level, and a single stationary former is arranged on a level above the lower former level. In one mode of operation, a newspaper with four pages is produced using the two lower formers. In another mode of operation six pages of a telephone directory are provided side-by-side by the three formers. In the latter case, the two lower formers are moved apart.
EP 1 072 551 A2 shows a former arrangement with two groups of three cylinders each. The formers of one group are located on one level and overlap each other, at least viewed in their horizontal direction, in the vertical extension.
It is known from DE 196 28 647 A1 to imprint a web with panorama printed pages, which panorama printed pages have printing extending over two adjacent newspaper pages, without interruption.
In connection with double-width printing groups, DE 100 16 409 A1 discloses a transfer cylinder having two printing blankets situated side-by-side. Triple-width cylinders are also mentioned, in addition to single-width and double-width cylinders. |
Q:
String.split(String regex) Symbol avoidance
I have
String text2 = "Samaras did something by Papandreou's government.";
When I use
String[] w2 = text2.split("\\s+");
it takes the "Papandreou's" as a whole word (as its supposed to do). But how can I avoid the 's after the word?
A:
text2.split("(\\'s)?\\s+");
This regular expression splits the 's as optional, so it means either "Split 's follow with spaces" or "Split only spaces".
|
Effects of distortion of metal-oxygen octahedra on photocatalytic water-splitting performance of RuO2-loaded niobium and tantalum phosphate bronzes.
Sodium, niobium, and tantalum phosphate bronzes Na(4)M(8)P(4)O(32) (M=Nb, Ta) are employed as photocatalysts for water splitting to reveal the effects of the distortion of metal-oxygen octahedra on the photocatalytic performance. Addition of RuO(2) as a co-catalyst leads to high, stable activity in the stoichiometric production of H(2) and O(2) under UV irradiation. The combination of highly crystallized phosphates and a high dispersion of RuO(2) particles result in high photocatalytic activity. The sodium niobium phosphate bronze Na(2)Nb(8)P(4)O(32), consisting of a framework built up from slabs of corner-sharing NbO(6) octahedra connected through isolated PO(4) tetrahedra, provide heavily distorted NbO(6) octahedra with large internal dipole moments. The results support the existing view that the activity correlates with the magnitude of the dipole moment. The heavy distortion of NbO(6) octahedra is shown to play a significant role in photocatalytic water splitting. |
News Releases
JEFFERSON CITY – For decades, governors have awarded Missouri’s 183 license offices based on political patronage. Implementing a new competitive system that emphasizes efficient office operations and customer service is a top priority for Gov. Jay Nixon.
“Although some offices in the past have been awarded to local governments or not-for-profit groups, most were awarded through a patronage system to political supporters,” Gov. Nixon said. “Now, each interested person or group competes to operate an office, and they submit detailed plans that show how they will run their office. This new process is a vast improvement over the old system.”
The governor also noted that he recently signed legislation that permanently puts his new competitive bidding process into state law.
“Republicans and Democrats both recognized that a change had to be made,” he said. “Legislators saw the need for reform and followed my lead by passing this much-needed and long-awaited legislation.”
The six offices put up for bid this week are in Hartville, Kahoka, Linn, Louisiana, Vienna and Warsaw. Bidders will have five weeks (or until August 25) to respond to bid proposals overseen by the Office of Administration (OA). Teams from the Missouri Department of Revenue will evaluate the bids.
Alana M. Barragán-Scott, acting director of the Department of Revenue, noted the benefits of the new competitive process.
“New bidders will bring fresh ideas to the table and current agents will now have an incentive to review their operations and make improvements,” she said. “The department asks bidders to submit information about their past experience, plans for hours of operation, the office location, and other office operations. Office customers will be the ultimate beneficiaries of this new and more rigorous competition.”
Common transactions that take place at local license offices include renewing or applying for a driver license, renewing or applying for registration on motor vehicles, boats and outboard motors, and applying for titles and paying sales taxes on these units.
Copies of the Request for Proposals (RFPs) that bidders will use to develop their bids can be viewed at https://www.moolb.mo.gov/. To review an RFP, select “Guest” on the home page, click on “Open Bids By Agency,” then scroll through the list of bids until the appropriate bid is located. (Bid numbers for this week’s offices are located below.) Additional information regarding the bidding process can be obtained at http://oa.mo.gov/purch/vendorinfo/DORoffices.pdf or by calling OA at (573) 751-2387. |
// Automatically generated from ../Source/JavaScriptCore/runtime/DatePrototype.cpp using /Source/JavaScriptCore/create_hash_table. DO NOT EDIT!
#include "Lookup.h"
namespace JSC {
#if ENABLE(JIT)
#define THUNK_GENERATOR(generator) , generator
#else
#define THUNK_GENERATOR(generator)
#endif
static const struct HashTableValue dateTableValues[47] = {
{ "toString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toISOString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToISOString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toUTCString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToUTCString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toDateString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToDateString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toTimeString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToTimeString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toLocaleString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToLocaleString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toLocaleDateString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToLocaleDateString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toLocaleTimeString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToLocaleTimeString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "valueOf", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetTime), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getTime", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetTime), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getFullYear", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetFullYear), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getUTCFullYear", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetUTCFullYear), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toGMTString", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToGMTString), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getMonth", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetMonth), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getUTCMonth", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetUTCMonth), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getDate", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetDate), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getUTCDate", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetUTCDate), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getDay", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetDay), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getUTCDay", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetUTCDay), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getHours", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetHours), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getUTCHours", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetUTCHours), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getMinutes", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetMinutes), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getUTCMinutes", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetUTCMinutes), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getSeconds", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetSeconds), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getUTCSeconds", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetUTCSeconds), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getMilliseconds", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetMilliSeconds), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getUTCMilliseconds", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetUTCMilliseconds), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getTimezoneOffset", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetTimezoneOffset), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setTime", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetTime), (intptr_t)1 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setMilliseconds", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetMilliSeconds), (intptr_t)1 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setUTCMilliseconds", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetUTCMilliseconds), (intptr_t)1 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setSeconds", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetSeconds), (intptr_t)2 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setUTCSeconds", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetUTCSeconds), (intptr_t)2 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setMinutes", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetMinutes), (intptr_t)3 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setUTCMinutes", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetUTCMinutes), (intptr_t)3 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setHours", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetHours), (intptr_t)4 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setUTCHours", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetUTCHours), (intptr_t)4 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setDate", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetDate), (intptr_t)1 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setUTCDate", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetUTCDate), (intptr_t)1 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setMonth", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetMonth), (intptr_t)2 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setUTCMonth", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetUTCMonth), (intptr_t)2 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setFullYear", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetFullYear), (intptr_t)3 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setUTCFullYear", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetUTCFullYear), (intptr_t)3 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "setYear", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncSetYear), (intptr_t)1 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "getYear", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncGetYear), (intptr_t)0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ "toJSON", DontEnum|Function, (intptr_t)static_cast<NativeFunction>(dateProtoFuncToJSON), (intptr_t)1 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0 THUNK_GENERATOR(0) }
};
#undef THUNK_GENERATOR
extern JSC_CONST_HASHTABLE HashTable dateTable =
{ 134, 127, dateTableValues, 0 };
} // namespace
|
A Look at Some of the Different Nursing Specialties
If you are a nursing student, or even already an RN, there are different specialties you can consider. Nursing is a great career path, as it offers so many different areas in which you can work. Also, no decision has to be final. You could quite easily change specialty during your career with just a little further training or education. Here are some of the options you could consider.
Pediatrics
Working with children is one of the most challenging, and yet most rewarding, branches of medicine. It can be truly horrific watching children suffer, and not all nurses are cut out for this kind of role. However, knowing you can help, even if it’s in small ways, to make their lives better, is a wonderful feeling. If you are wondering, how do I become a pediatric nurse practitioner? Look at an online pediatric nurse practitioner degree to help you get started, and find out more about this fantastic career path.
Geriatrics
Working with the elderly again brings its own set of challenges. There are options to work outside of hospitals, in old people’s homes, or as part of a community nursing team. With the population ever increasing in age, more and more healthcare professionals with these specialist skills are required, so you would never be short on options.
Research
If you don’t feel like working with patients day to day is the right path for you, becoming a research nurse would be a great option. You would be at the forefront of medical science, helping to make discoveries, and change medicine today, to save countless lives in the future.
Practice
Working as a nurse in a GP practice is a great choice for those looking for some flexibility of work. GP practices offer a range of work, and no two days would be the same. However, the hours are a lot more flexible than in some other roles, and you could even work part time.
Management
Nursing experience and qualifications could help you go into management, either as a nursing manager, leading a team of nurses in a hospital, or community team, or as a manager of a healthcare practice. Either of these options would require fantastic management and organization skills, as well as great healthcare knowledge.
Mental Health
Mental health nursing is a different role again. Mental health is often not talked about, or not seen in the same light as physical health. Working as a mental health nurse, you would not only be looking after patients, but also helping to educate and promote mental health issues and treatments, to help break down these barriers.
Midwifery
Midwifery is about much more than simply delivering babies. You look after mothers, and families, throughout pregnancy, as well as being the first point of call in those all-important, and special first few weeks. Many women never forget their midwife and the help they were given.
These are just a few options, the full list is incredibly long. Nursing offers many options, and a nursing degree can lead to a bright and rewarding future. |
NORRISTOWN, Pa. (CBS) — Pennsylvania’s former top prosecutor found herself on the receiving end of a judge’s sentence today.
Kathleen Kane was sentenced to 10 to 23 months in prison after being convicted of leaking grand jury documents and lying under oath.
BREAKING: Former PA AG #KathleenKane sentenced to 10-23 months in county prison, 8 years probation. @KYWNewsradio — Jim Melwert (@JMelwert) October 24, 2016
Former AG Kane Hopes To Avoid Jail For Perjury
She also got eight years probation.
BREAKING: Kathleen Kane sentenced to 10-23 months in jail; is being taken to jail shortly @CBSPhilly — Joe Holden (@JoeHoldenCBS3) October 24, 2016
Kane was lead from the courtroom in handcuffs, taken to Montgomery County prison after she was sentenced. She was later released pending her appeal, after posting $75,000 cash bail.
Kane tearfully pleaded for a sentence without prison time. She had requested probation or house arrest so that she could be home to raise her two teenage sons. She argued that the loss of her career, her law license, and her reputation was punishment enough. But Montgomery County Judge Wendy Demchick told Kane, “when perjury is committed, it is the ultimate assault on the judicial system. Without the oath we have nothing.”
Prosecutors called Kane’s crimes ‘egregious’ and pushed for jail time.
During her trial, prosecutors laid out a calculated scheme Kane concocted. She had a campaign consultant pass confidential grand jury
documents to a reporter to make a rival prosecutor look bad. She then tried to frame someone else for the leak.
.@MontcoDA says ppl are expected to take stand and tell truth. “If the chief law enf officer can’t do that that we have a big problem” — Jim Melwert (@JMelwert) October 24, 2016
“What she did and what she put the citizens of the commonwealth through during this period of time was significant,” said prosecutor Michelle Henry. “That’s why her being led out in handcuffs was so important.”
There was little reaction from Kane as her sentence was handed down. The judge told her she’s sorry her children have to go through this but “it’s a decision you made and when you put your hand on the bible. You weren’t thinking about them, you were thinking about yourself.”
Former AG Kane ‘Humbled’ By Conviction, Seeks Probation
#KathleenKane recounts having to tell her two sons she’d been convicted. Says it’s been “downward spiral” since. @KYWNewsradio — Jim Melwert (@JMelwert) October 24, 2016
Attorney General Bruce Beemer released the following statement after the sentencing of Kane:
“Today is another sad day for the Commonwealth and its citizens. The Office of Attorney General is moving forward with steps to restore the public’s confidence in the work that we do and the way that we do it.
The men and women of the OAG are dedicated public servants who do their jobs with integrity on a daily basis. That is what the public expects and deserves.” |
In shower units, the water from the pipe where the mixer and/or closure valve is positioned, is conveyed to a rose at the end of the unit. The rose is often bell-shaped, closed at the bottom by the nozzle where a mass of very small holes are distributed, through which water, in the form of many minute jets, is sprayed like rain on the user.
The nozzle is usually made of plastic and has a cylindrical trunk shape with a hole in the middle via which it is screwed onto the rose or metallic supporting structure.
With another alternative, the edge of the nozzle is rolled over and held together with the rose by a threaded ring. Lastly there are other technical alternatives wherein the nozzle is attached to the rose which feeds it with the water to be sprayed.
Regardless of the type of anchorage and its particular shape, the nozzle is equipped with many minuscule holes which perforate it, in some cases having a cylindrical shape, in others having a shape that is initially a truncated cone and then cylindrical at the extreme that starts inside the rose.
A nozzle structure with spray perforations made in this way facilitates the formation and accumulation of lime scale therein, and therefore the blockage of these perforations so that the unit becomes unusable.
What, in fact, happens with the shower unit is, when the regulator for the water flow housed inside the pipes before the rose is turned off, not all the water comes out. A portion of the water remains in the rose due to depression in the pipe. Due to capillary and surface tension effects, the minuscule spray perforations retain water inside where it slowly evaporates due to the relatively high temperature that the rose reaches during the downflow of water which is normally heated.
Lime scale and solid substances dissolved in the water and incrustations, build up particularly around the fine spray holes until they cause them to clog up.
Following this, it is necessary to disassemble the nozzle and, remove it from the rose, clean it with liquid solvents capable of dissolving the lime scale or with fine needles which, when pushed into the perforations with the intention of freeing them of the lime scale, cause them to be widened and so, over time, the nozzle undergoes damage. |
The limited evidence available suggests that most human cancers are likely the result of genetic transpositions. Through various rearrangements and accumulated mutations, which are now believed to occur commonly in human somatic cells, changes in activation and repression of specific genes, reflected in expression of enzymes, their isozymes and structural proteins, are considered to be the fundamental mechanisms by which the development and progression of a carcinoma are controlled. In this study, I intend to establish systematically the enzyme and isozyme differences and the differences in cell surface proteins between normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells; the effect of mammotropic hormones on these differential expressions of isozymes and cell surface proteins; and whether this expression is useful in diagnosis and prognosis of human breast cancers. The studies are currently being carried out using a defined system to culture normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. Work in progress suggest that normal and malignant human mammary epithelium exhibit differences in expression of certain specific enzymes and isozymes. Cell surface reactivities with specific plant lectins have also been found to distinguish normal from malignant breast tumor cells. Efforts are being made to characterize these cellular-biochemical properties unique to neoplastic human breast cells and to identify additional isozymes and cell surface proteins unique in type or amount in malignant human breast tumor cells. The possibility of using these characters as diagnostic and prognostic markers for breast cancer will be assessed. |
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EXCLUSIVE: He shall fight on the beaches. Gary Oldman is in talks to play Winston Churchill in Brit production powerhouse Working Title’s Darkest Hour. Joe Wright is directing the epic drama, which takes place in 1940 as Churchill becomes Prime Minister in the midst of World War II and faces a moment of truth. Anthony McCarten, who wrote Working Title’s award-winning The Theory Of Everything, writes and produces here alongside Lisa Bruce and Working Title co-chiefs Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner.
The heavyweight filmmaking talent assembling here puts this Churchill project at the very top of the tree. Oldman seems an inspired choice to play Britain’s greatest wartime leader. The actor has a string of memorable performances in his illustrious career, not least as John Le Carre’s iconic intelligence agent George Smiley in Working Title’s big screen adaptation of classic novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. While Oldman’s Smiley was a masterpiece of subtlety and hidden emotions, the actor can do explosive too. Just witness his unhinged NY cop in Luc Besson’s Leon or his memorably baroque, romantic performance in Dracula for Francis Ford Coppola.
Production is set to start in July.
Days into his new job as Prime Minister as Britain was getting pounded and on the verge of losing to Germany, Churchill was under pressure to make a deal with Hitler that would have established Britain as a puppet state of the Third Reich. His army stranded in Dunkirk, Churchill instead summoned the courage to fight on. The film is about his decisions, and the actions and immortal speeches in those critical days that defined his place in history and changed the destiny of the world. The prospect of having an actor the calibre of Oldman recreating Churchill’s iconic speeches, when he galvanized a country in the face of appeasement of Nazi Germany, is tantalizing.
The pic has been a passion project for McCarten, whose The Theory Of Everything grossed $125 million worldwide on a $15 million budget and won numerous awards, including the Best Actor Oscar for Eddie Redmayne.
As ever, Oldman has a number of films in the can and the pipelines. Ariel Vromen’s Criminal, where he stars opposite Ryan Reynolds and Kevin Costner comes out this weekend domestically via Lionsgate. Oldman has also completed Peter Chelsom’s The Space Between Us with Carla Gugino and Asa Butterfield.
Oldman is repped by longtime partner Douglas Urbanski’s Douglas Management Group, Agency for the Performing Arts and Special Artists Agency. |
Uptake and exudation of phenolic compounds by wheat and antimicrobial components of the root exudate.
In the course of our study, it was found that phenyl propenoic acid derivatives were readily taken up by wheat. Leaf leachate components were chosen for the feeding experiments and p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid were found to be quickly taken up into the plants via the roots. The analytical study revealed that the exudate contained potent antimicrobial compounds together with amino acids and sugars. Besides the primary metabolites, 4-hydroxystyrene, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyrene and 3-methoxy-4-acetoxystyrene were identified as exudate components from wheat roots in sterile hydroponic culture. This indicates that these antimicrobial components may play a significant role in the defense system as allelochemicals for the rhizosphere. |
Growers shipping their products to distant places encountered the difficulty of having the live plants arrive both alive and without damage. Damage occurs when the plants, and/or the growing medium, becomes dislodged from the containers. This is especially a problem when the shipping container becomes inverted during transportation. When inverted, the weight of the containers crushes the plants so that upon arrival the plants are no longer usable.
The present solution is to offer credits and rebates for the plants damaged during shipping. Previous attempts at shipping live products have included the use of plastic overwrap. This approach has the drawback that live plants need exposure to air and sealing them with plastic does not allow respiration necessary for live plants. Another approach has been to use a plastic netting to hold the plants within their containers. Netting has proved insufficient in that plants are still able to fit within holes in the netting and become damaged.
There is a need in the art for a system for shipping live plants that protects plants from becoming dislodged from their containers and prevents crushing of the plants if the container becomes inverted during shipping.
It is an object of the invention to provide a system for shipping live plants.
It is another object of the invention to provide a covering for plants within containers maintaining the plant within the container but allowing for respiration.
It is another object of the invention to provide a shipping system preventing crushing of plants when the shipping container is inverted.
It is another object of the invention to provide a shipping system for live plants minimizing the loss of plants during shipping.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a shipping system which is simple and inexpensive to use.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a shipping system for live plants that safely ships a multitude of plants simultaneously.
These and other objects of the invention will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reviewing the disclosure of the invention. |
'No guarantee'
"After my consultations in the last hours I have to state frankly: there is still no guarantee that we will reach an agreement.
"We differ on some political issues and I am fully aware that it will be difficult to overcome them. Therefore I urge you to remain constructive."
He said the negotiations were at a "very advanced" stage and failure now "would be a defeat both for the UK and the European Union, but a geopolitical victory for those who seek to divide us".
Analysis
Image copyrightAP
By Laura Kuenssberg, BBC political editor
How on earth did the man who once accused the Conservatives of being out of touch for "banging on about Europe", get himself into a position where he has already been "banging on about Europe" for months and months, and will spend the next four months still doing precisely that?
Most simply, as the years have passed, his party has changed.
As the EU expanded, and generations of MPs came and went, a soft scepticism towards the European project, neither full-throated support, nor hardcore opposition, became more common, and sympathy for the idea of a referendum spread from the margins.
The eurozone financial crisis, and the EU's stumbling approach to sorting it out, gave a fresh energy to eurosceptic MPs who wanted to campaign to leave.
In part that apathy, if not downright dislike, towards the EU spread because of the enormous rise in the numbers of people from around the Union who came to live and work in the UK.
Numbers that took the political establishment completely by surprise began to arrive from the moment new countries like Poland joined the EU in 2004.
It was that steep rise in EU immigration that gave David Cameron his most pressing political reason for - in the end - promising a referendum.
Mr Cameron is working on a separate plan to boost UK sovereignty aimed at getting sceptical Tories, including Boris Johnson, to get behind his reform deal.
Mr Johnson - who is being touted as a possible leader of the out campaign - has met Mr Cameron at Downing Street.
"I'll be back," he told reporters as he left Number 10, adding: "No deal, as far as I know."
BBC assistant political editor Norman Smith said the London mayor, who is "pivotal" to Mr Cameron's plans, would keep the PM waiting until he had returned from the summit before announcing which camp he would support, although his "no deal" comment was not thought to be a reference to his own concerns about sovereignty.
'Finely balanced'
Sources close to Mr Johnson say his decision on whether to back remaining in or leaving the EU is "very finely balanced".
They say the decision by Mr Cameron to try to sell his proposed deal to Mr Johnson underlines how crucial he is likely to be if the prime minister is to win the referendum.
"They are pretty determined to get him on board," the source added.
They have strongly rejected suggestions that Mr Johnson's decision is tied to his ambitions to lead the Conservative Party when Mr Cameron steps down.
"His decision is in no way predicated on any leadership question. It's based on what he thinks will be in the best interests of the country," the source said.
Mr Cameron's sovereignty plan is expected to suggest extra powers for the UK Supreme Court to protect UK law from challenges from the European Court of Justice, to assert the primacy of UK law over Brussels.
What happens next?
Thursday:
15:00 GMT: EU leaders begin arriving for their regular summit at the European Council headquarters in Brussels
16:45: First working session on the UK proposed reforms
19:00: Working dinner on the migration crisis
Talks on the UK deal could resume after dinner and continue late into the night, if there is still no deal
Friday:
08:00: Discussions will continue over an "English Breakfast" if no agreement on the UK demands has been reached on Thursday
If David Cameron gets a deal, he will hold an emergency cabinet meeting on Friday evening to reach an agreed position on remaining in the EU, although ministers will be free to campaign against that in a personal capacity
Mr Cameron may then announce the date of the UK's referendum, although he does not have to do so
17 March:
The next scheduled EU summit - Mr Cameron has another chance to get a deal here. There has also been talk of a special summit at the end of February
Thursday 23 June:
Still seen as the most likely date of a UK referendum if Mr Cameron gets a deal in February or March, but he has until the end of 2017 to hold one
European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said he expected proposed benefit changes to be at the heart of debate this week.
Czech Europe minister Tomas Prouza told the BBC he expected benefit curbs would apply only to new applicants, and not affect the existing 34,000 migrants in the UK who were recipients.
And Slovakia's Europe minister, Ivan Korcok, said "movement from the United Kingdom" would be needed for a deal to be agreed.
Mr Korcok said it would be "difficult to sell a deal" that would restrict benefits for migrants who are already in the UK.
Downing Street has so far refused to say whether the changes extend to existing claimants or not.
BBC Europe correspondent Chris Morris said France was one of several member states anxious to ensure nothing in the deal would allow financial institutions in the City of London to benefit from lighter regulation than their continental counterparts.
Mr Cameron is seeking key changes on European integration, business competiveness, benefits restrictions and the operation of the eurozone. |
[Relation between the frequency of self stimulation and stimulus duration and its correlation with the duration preferred by the animal].
The effect of duration of stimulus addressed to the lateral hypothalamus on self-stimulation (SS) frequency was studied in rabbits. In the first experimental series, durations preferred by the animals were determined. Histograms of pression durations were obtained, and modal (Tm) and mean (T mean) durations were assessed. In the second series, stimuli were used of fixed duration equal to Tm, T mean and multiples to them--longer and shorter impulse bursts. Three types of distribution histograms of pression durations were obtained, which differed from each other by the form of the envelop as well as by variation coefficients of deviation of self regulated durations from the mean (T mean). These parameters were of a character of individual differences independently from localization of the stimulating electrodes tips. SS frequency was maximal when stimulation durations were 2 Tm and 1/2-1/4 T mean. Prolongation or shortening of the stimulation led to weakening of its reinforcing effect. The concept is discussed of two-component mechanism of reaction to stimulation of the SS hypothalamic zones: motivational excitation against the background of current action and positive reinforcement in post-stimulation period. |
This invention relates to the preparation of optical grade tantalum oxide which is of high purity.
High purity tantalum and/or niobium compounds can be produced by ion exchange or solvent extraction processes. Said ion exchange or solvent extraction processes require large outlays of equipment and raw materials. Such methods are described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 3,107,976, 2,895,793, 2,880,060, 2,819,945, 4,182,744, 4,069,268, 4,065,405, 3,972,710. |
Wild Eyes Found Floating Off Australia’s Coast
In 2010, Abby Sunderland vied to become the youngest sailor to attempt to circumnavigate the globe. She sailed Wild Eyes, a 40 foot sloop, leaving from California, making it to the Indian Ocean.
As NPR points out, Sunderland’s solo attempt set off spirited debates over whether minors should be allowed to try to set perilous records. Questions also arose about the expense and risks of finding and rescuing her. Read More |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an infrared absorbent for use in a thermal type infrared sensor, wherein the temperature of the temperature sensing part having a thermally insulated structure rises by the incidence of an infrared ray, and relates to a method for forming the absorbent.
2. Description of the Related Art
Among the infrared sensors, those classified as thermal type have a mechanism that the temperature of the temperature sensing part comprising a thermally insulated structure rises by the incidence of an infrared ray, and the temperature rise is converted into an electric signal by utilizing the pyroelectric effect, the thermoelectric effect, or the temperature coefficient of a resistor. With such a thermal type infrared sensor, it is necessary for realizing an increased sensor sensitivity to increase the temperature rise of the temperature sensing part by effectively absorbing the incident infrared ray, converting it into heat, and transferring it to the temperature sensing part. For this purpose, an infrared absorbent is placed over the temperature sensing part, where the incident infrared ray is converted into heat. Generally, a vapor deposition film of a metal such as Au black or NiCr, or a printed film of a material such as a polymer with a high infrared absorption coefficient is used as this absorbent. Regarding the patterning of this infrared absorbent, the metal mask method, the lift-off method or the like is used. For example, infrared absorbents (blackbodies) described in Japanese Unexamined Utility Model Application Publication No. 3-117739 and Japanese Unexamined Utility Model Application Publication No. 4-59427 were obtained by patterning according to such a method.
However, when deposition/patterning of an infrared absorbent is performed according to the above-described method, an absorbent pattern with a uniform film thickness results, and the following undesirable problem occurs: when an infrared absorbent formed with a metal having a good thermal conduction such as Au has a uniform film thickness, the heat transfer route through which heat flows into an external part (heat sink) from the central region and its neighborhood of the absorbent pattern via the edge region of the absorbent pattern has a large heat conductance, resulting in a large heat loss in this portion so that the temperature rise of the temperature sensing part becomes small. FIG. 3 shows the heat transfer route in this case. In this figure, the numerals 1, 2, and 3 represent a temperature sensing part, an infrared absorbent (blackbody), and a heat sink, respectively. Heat diffuses along route A from the central region and its neighborhood of the infrared absorbent 2. However, regarding the route A, the route passing through the infrared absorbent 2 has a good thermal conduction, with a result that the heat conductance of this portion becomes large, restricting temperature rise of the temperature sensing part 1.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to reduce the heat loss in order to realize an efficient temperature rise of the temperature sensing part, by devising the form of a deposited infrared absorbent film.
According to an infrared absorbent of the present invention, the film thickness of the edge region of the infrared absorbent pattern formed on the surface of a temperature sensing part is smaller than that of the central region of the pattern. With this form of the infrared absorbent, the heat conductance of the heat transfer path through which heat flows into a heat sink from the central region and its neighborhood of the absorbent via the edge region of the absorbent becomes smaller, thus making it possible to have a temperature sensing part with a larger temperature rise by virtue of a smaller heat loss from the temperature sensing part. The film thickness in this case is preferably varied by forming an inclination from the central region and its neighborhood of the pattern toward the edge region of the pattern. However, the film may decrease its level step by step, or it may have some steps. It is noted that the central region of the pattern refers to a region including at least the center of the pattern, and may be limited to the center, or may include its peripheral portion.
With this configuration of the infrared absorbent, a heat loss from the edge region of the infrared absorbent is reduced, and it follows that it is possible to increase the area of the infrared absorbent. Subsequently, a further temperature rise of the temperature sensing part can be achieved as a result of the increased amount of the incident infrared ray in proportion to the increased area.
Mask vapor deposition method can be applied for the deposition of the above-described infrared absorbent. A metal mask is usually used for the mask. The mask is formed so that the part of the mask facing the central region and its peripheral region of an infrared absorbent pattern to be formed on the surface of a temperature sensing part has an opening, and the mask has a form having a slope inclined from the edge of the opening toward the edge region of the pattern. This mask is placed over the temperature sensing part for depositing an infrared absorbent on the temperature sensing part by vapor deposition or sputtering.
Another type of mask is formed so that the part of the mask facing the central region and its peripheral region of an infrared absorbent pattern to be formed on the surface of a temperature sensing part has an opening, the mask has a substantially plate shape extending from the edge of the opening toward the edge region of the pattern, and the mask is arranged over and spaced from the temperature sensing part. Thus, an infrared absorbent is deposited on the temperature sensing part by vapor deposition or sputtering. According to the deposition method described first, the absorbent is deposited along the slope of the metal mask, with a result that the film thickness of the completed absorbent is inclined from the central region and its neighborhood of the pattern toward the edge region of the pattern. According to the latter method, deposition occurs also at the edge region of the pattern by the wraparound effect at the time of deposition. As a result, an absorbent is formed, the absorbent having a form wherein the film thickness of the edge region of the pattern is smaller than that of the central region of the pattern.
According to the present invention, by making the edge of an infrared absorbent pattern thinner, the heat conductance of the heat transfer route through which heat flows into the exterior part from the central region and its neighborhood of the absorbent via the edge region of the absorbent becomes smaller, thus making it possible to have a temperature sensing part with a larger temperature rise by virtue of a smaller heat loss from the temperature sensing part. Also since the heat loss from the edge region of the above-described absorbent becomes smaller, it is possible to increase the area of the absorbent. Therefore, further temperature rise of the temperature sensing part can be achieved by the increased amount of the incident infrared ray in proportion to the increased area. |
LOCK ON The New World LOCK ON The New World
Have confidence and jump into the new world Jump into
LOCK ON The New World LOCK ON The New World
Lets sow creative and fantastic seeds
Go! Go! To the unknown world Give a provocative sideways glance
Get rid of the brakes and And double the speed you're moving at
The more dangerous impulses you know No one can stop you
Every time you learn about the self you didn't know Scared scared scared mummy
LOCK ON The New World LOCK ON The New World
Pioneering in my own way Pioneering
LOCK ON The New World LOCK ON The New World
Carrying on my back the missle of shining miracles
LOCK ON LOCK ON LOCK ON The New World
The encounters rain down And pile up one by one
That seed becomes a flower becomes
Even if I'm doubted I'll believe in my
Missile and destroy everything
LOCK ON The New World LOCK ON The New World
Have confidence and jump into the new world Jump into
LOCK ON The New World LOCK ON The New World
Lets sow creative and fantastic seeds |
Rampant injury bug spreads to Eric Reid, Aldon Smith ... and more
The 49ers’ season of attrition continued to take its toll as they lost another key defender, Eric Reid, Saturday against the Chargers.
Reid left the game in the first half with a concussion and was replaced by veteran Craig Dahl as the Chargers and quarterback Philip Rivers mounted a second-half comeback. Reid suffered two concussions as a rookie last season but did not miss a start.
Aldon Smith left the game in the fourth quarter with a head injury but returned in the overtime period. After being suspended for the first nine games of the season, he had two sacks in his second game back, Nov. 23 against Washington, but has not had any since.
The injury bug also bit further into the offense. One play, in fact, seemed to symbolize the 49ers’ rotten season.
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When Colin Kaepernick fumbled late in the third quarter – and the ball was recovered in the end zone by San Diego – both of the team’s starting guards, Mike Iupati and Alex Boone, were left lying on the grass and had to be helped to the sideline. Both later returned to the field.
Receiver Michael Crabtree, meanwhile, started the contest but left in the first half due to a knee injury he had been nursing in the run-up to the contest. Crabtree, however, had to return late because fellow receiver Brandon Lloyd suffered a groin injury and Bruce Ellington pulled his hamstring.
The 49ers went into the game without receiver Stevie Johnson, who has missed the last two contests with a knee injury. The team has 20 players on injured reserve and other injury lists this year.
Davis returns – Right tackle Anthony Davis was in uniform for the first time since the Nov. 16 concussion he suffered against the Giants. Davis, who suffered the injury when his head hit the ground at the end of the Giants game, had been experiencing symptoms as recently as last week.
After starting every game since his rookie season in 2010, Davis dealt with a wave of issues this year beginning with a shoulder problem that required offseason surgery. He’s also suffered a hamstring strain, knee injury, ankle sprain and the concussion. Jonathan Martin has started nine games this season in Davis’ absence.
Draft dud – Joe Looney, who started at center last week and got an uncharacteristic rough review from offensive coordinator Greg Roman on Thursday, was inactive for Saturday’s game, the first time he has not been in uniform this season. Marcus Martin started the game at center.
Looney’s demotion is yet another blow to the 49ers’ infamous 2012 draft class, which began with receiver A.J. Jenkins and running back LaMichael James.
After James was released earlier this year, Looney became the lone remaining member of the 2012 class.
“He had a tough game,” Roman, who like Jim Harbaugh never criticizes a player, said of Looney’s performance against Seattle. “There were some things there that fundamentally he could have done better. You know, first start as a center, in that environment, against that crew which is pretty good, that’s tough duty. But I think he could have played better.”
Borland’s year ends – Chris Borland, who put himself into consideration to be the NFL’s defensive rookie of the year with a brilliant month of of November, became the 49ers’ third inside linebacker to go on injured reserve.
He suffered a severe ankle injury against the Seahawks last week and joins Patrick Willis (toe) and NaVorro Bowman (ACL) on the injury list.
No NFL player had more tackles than Borland since he took over Willis’ starting role in Week 7, and he was named the NFC’s rookie of the month of November. Second-year player Nick Moody made his first career start at inside linebacker.
Et cetera – Cornerback Perrish Cox grabbed his team-leading fifth interception of the season in the first quarter while Chris Culliver had his third of the year in the third quarter. Both starting cornerbacks are scheduled to become free agents in March.
▪ The 49ers filled Borland’s roster spot by promoting Chase Thomas from the practice squad, the eighth player the 49ers have called up from their developmental squad.
▪ With Ahmad Brooks out with a thumb injury, rookie Aaron Lynch started at left outside linebacker. The 49ers finished the game with two sacks, which were delivered by Dan Skuta and Quinton Dial.
About This Blog
Matt Barrows was born in Blacksburg, Va., and attended the University of Virginia. He graduated in 1995, went to Northwestern for a journalism degree a year later, and got his first job at a South Carolina daily in 1997. He joined The Sacramento Bee as a Metro reporter in 1999 and started covering the San Francisco 49ers in 2003. His favorite player of all time is Darrell Green. Reach Barrows at [email protected].
Twitter: @mattbarrows |
H.— The Story of Heathcliff's Journey Back to Wuthering Heights is filled with surprises. The identity of Heathcliff’s mentor/teacher will surprise you. The depths of Heathcliff’s revenge will shock you. The ending might bring satisfaction to those who wish Heathcliff and Cathy had not been doomed lovers. Fans of Emily and Charlotte Brontë will not be disappointed. More info → |
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Court of Appeals
United States
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
September 20, 2007
No. 05-10895
Summary Calendar
Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
DAVID MICHAEL SHEID
Defendant-Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 4:03-CR-336-2
Before REAVLEY, SMITH and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
David Michael Sheid, Texas prisoner No. 60673, appeals the summary
dismissal of a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion, filed under penalty of perjury,
challenging Sheid’s 180-month sentence for conspiracy to manufacture and
distribute methamphetamine. At sentencing, without objection, the district
court ordered that Sheid serve his federal sentence consecutively to future Texas
sentences that might be imposed on revocation of Sheid’s probation in Palo Pinto
County case No. 09355 and in Parker County case No. 10954. Sheid’s appointed
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion
should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
No. 05-10895
trial attorney did not file a direct appeal or a motion to withdraw pursuant to
Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967).
Sheid argued in the district court (1) that his appointed counsel was
ineffective for failing to argue at sentencing for a concurrent or partially
concurrent sentence pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c) and (2) that counsel was
ineffective for failing to appeal the consecutive sentence. The district court
summarily dismissed the motion on the ground that § 5G1.3(c) did not apply to
Sheid’s sentence; thus, the court concluded that counsel could not have been
ineffective for failing to make a frivolous objection. The court did not address
Sheid’s claim that appointed counsel failed to file a direct appeal.
We granted Sheid a certificate of appealability on the issue whether the
district court erred in summarily dismissing his claims that counsel was
ineffective for failing to argue at sentencing for a concurrent or partially
concurrent sentence and for failing to challenge the consecutive federal sentence
on direct appeal. United States v. Sheid, No. 1105-10895 (5th Cir. Dec. 12,
2006).
A § 2255 motion should be dismissed “if it plainly appears from the motion,
any attached exhibits, and the record of prior proceedings that the moving party
is not entitled to relief.” Rule 4(b), Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings.
We review for abuse of discretion the denial of an evidentiary hearing to
evaluate a §2255 movant’s claims of ineffective counsel. United States v.
Cervantes, 132 F.3d 1106, 1109-10 (5th Cir. 1998). A hearing is required on
§ 2255 review unless the “motions, files, and records of the case conclusively
show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.” United States v. Bartholomew,
974 F.2d 39, 41 (5th Cir. 1992).
Section 5G1.3(c) addresses whether a consecutive or concurrent sentence
should be imposed in certain situations when the defendant being sentenced is
subject to a prior undischarged term of imprisonment. § 5G1.3(c). The
Sentencing Guidelines were amended effective November 1, 2003, to give the
2
No. 05-10895
district court the discretion whether to impose a consecutive or concurrent
sentence pursuant to § 5G1.3(c). United States v. Huff, 370 F.3d 454, 464-66
(5th Cir. 2004); see also United States v. Perez, 225 F. App’x 241 (5th Cir. 2007).
Although Sheid was sentenced in July 2004, it is not clear from the record that
the district court was aware that the recent amendments to § 5G1.3(c) made
Sheid eligible for a concurrent or partially concurrent sentence.
The district court held that summary dismissal was proper because Huff
dictates that § 5G1.3(c) applies only “where the defendant was on parole when
the federal offense occurred and his parole was revoked prior to the federal
sentencing.” (emphasis in original). To the contrary, Huff does not hold that
§ 5G1.3(c) applies only in cases where a defendant’s parole has been revoked
prior to his federal sentencing. See Huff, 370 F.3d at 463-66. Section 5G1.3(c),
by its terms, applies “[i]n any other case involving an undischarged term of
imprisonment,” not only to cases in which parole has been previously revoked.
Accordingly, the district court erred in holding that § 5G1.3(c) is inapplicable
because Sheid’s state parole had not been revoked at the time of his federal
sentencing. Furthermore, the district court’s stated basis for denying § 2255
relief is inconsistent with the judgment of conviction. The district court denied
§ 2255 relief on the ground that, because § 5G1.3(c) did not apply to Sheid’s
sentence, counsel could not have been ineffective for having failed to make a
frivolous objection; however, the judgment of conviction imposing the consecutive
federal sentence specifically cites § 5G1.3(c).
Sheid also argues that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to appeal the consecutive sentence as requested. A failure to file a
requested notice of appeal is ineffective assistance of counsel even without a
showing that the appeal would have merit. Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470,
477, 486 (2000); see also United States v. Tapp, 491 F.3d 263, 266 (5th Cir.
2007)(“[I]f the petitioner is able to demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence that he requested an appeal, prejudice will be presumed and the
3
No. 05-10895
petitioner will be entitled to file an out-of-time appeal, regardless of whether he
is able to identify any arguably meritorious grounds for appeal.”). Because the
record in the instant case does not conclusively show whether and when Sheid
requested that his counsel file an appeal, an evidentiary hearing is necessary.
See Tapp, 491 F.3d at 266.
The summary dismissal of Sheid’s § 2255 motion is vacated and the case
is remanded for an evidentiary hearing on the issues whether counsel was
ineffective for failing to argue at sentencing for a concurrent or partially
concurrent sentence pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c) and for failing to challenge
the sentence on direct appeal.
VACATED AND REMANDED FOR AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING.
4
|
Iontophoresis Device Comparison Table Name/Image:Brand:Rating: Prescription Required:Money Back Guarantee:Additional Adapters for Special Body Parts:Type of Current:FDA Approved:Price:Coupon Codes: Drag
Here Drag
Here Drag
Here Iontocure iD-100Iontocure iD-100
Idromed 5 PSIdromed 5 PS
Electro Antiperspirant EliteElectro Antiperspirant Elite
Hidrex PSP1000Hidrex PSP1000
Fischer MD-1aFischer MD-1a
Iontoderma_iD-1000Iontoderma_iD-1000 Iontocure iD-100 Iontocure4 Star Average Rating No60 daysMade for hands and feet onlyDirect CurrentNo$24910% off, code: FORIONTO Idromed 5 PS Idromed4.5 Star Average Rating No8 weeksYou can purchase extra adapters for face, arpits, chest, the back, the stomach etc.Pulsed CurrentNo$749No Electro Antiperspirant Elite Electro Antiperspirant4.5 Star Average Rating No50 daysYou can purchase extra adapters for scalp, face, armpits, back, chest, abdomen, thighs, buttocks and foreheadVariable Pulsed Current (the efficiency of DC with comfort of PC)Yes$999 (Electro Antiperspirant $499, Electro Antiperspirant Sensitive $549,Kit for simultaneous treatment of limbs $599) 5% off, code: 100%DRY Hidrex PSP1000 Hidrex5 Star Average Rating No8 weeksYou can purchase extra adapters for face, back, chest, neck and underarmsDirect Current (DC), Pulsed Current (PC), Variable Pulsed Current (the efficiency of DC with comfort of PC)Yes$850 No Fischer MD-1a Fischer3.5 Star Average Rating Yes45 days (less shipping, customs fees)You can purchase sponge pads for armpitsDirect CurrentYes$675No Iontoderma_iD-1000 Iontoderma 1.5 Star Average Rating No45 daysMade for hands and feet onlyDirect CurrentNo$399No Iontocure4 Star Average RatingNo60 daysMade for hands and feet onlyDirect CurrentNo$24910% off, code: FORIONTO go to website full review Idromed4.5 Star Average RatingNo8 weeksYou can purchase extra adapters for face, arpits, chest, the back, the stomach etc.Pulsed CurrentNo$749No go to website full review Electro Antiperspirant4.5 Star Average RatingNo50 daysYou can purchase extra adapters for scalp, face, armpits, back, chest, abdomen, thighs, buttocks and foreheadVariable Pulsed Current (the efficiency of DC with comfort of PC)Yes$999 (Electro Antiperspirant $499, Electro Antiperspirant Sensitive $549,Kit for simultaneous treatment of limbs $599) 5% off, code: 100%DRY go to website full review Hidrex5 Star Average RatingNo8 weeksYou can purchase extra adapters for face, back, chest, neck and underarmsDirect Current (DC), Pulsed Current (PC), Variable Pulsed Current (the efficiency of DC with comfort of PC)Yes$850 No go to website full review Fischer3.5 Star Average RatingYes45 days (less shipping, customs fees)You can purchase sponge pads for armpitsDirect CurrentYes$675No go to website full review Iontoderma 1.5 Star Average RatingNo45 daysMade for hands and feet onlyDirect CurrentNo$399No go to website full review
Best Iontophoresis Machines for Hyperhidrosis treatment
Rank Photo Iontophoresis-Machine Price Rating Action 1 Hidrex PSP1000 Hidrex PSP1000 - Our #1 recommended iontophoresis machine... Read Review $850 Rated 5 stars Website 2 Idromed 5 PS Idromed 5 PS iontophoresis machine... Read Review $749 Rated 4.5 stars Website 3 Electro Antiperspirant Elite Electro Antiperspirant Elite Iontothoresis Machine reviewed... Read Review $999 Rated 4.5 stars Website 4 Fischer MD-1a Fischer MD-1a iontophoresis device... Read Review $675 Rated 3 stars Website 5 Iontocure iD-100 Iontocure iD-100 review and coupon codes... Read Review $249 Rated 3 stars Website 6 Iontoderma iD-1000 Review of Iontoderma iD-1000 + coupon code... Read Review $399 Rated 1.5 stars Website
Iontophoresis FAQ
Iontophoresis is a word that most people haven’t even heard. For those that suffer from excessive sweat though, it can be a godsend. That being said, the first time you hear of tap water iontophoresis treatment, you might be left with several questions. The process is pretty simple, but it isn’t something that is commonly discussed.
Here we have answered some of the most frequently asked questions about iontophoresis.
What is the Process of Iontophoretic Drug Delivery?
Iontophoresis is a treatment for a number of medical conditions, most notably excessive sweating. A mild electrical current is applied to a basin of water or wet electrodes in order to stimulate sweat glands in various parts of the body. This process is also known as iontophoretic drug delivery. These devices were originally designed for use in a doctor’s office but are now widely available for at home use.
What Areas can be Treated with Tap Water Iontophoresis?
A number of areas can be treated with a tap water iontophoresis unit. The most common areas that at home equipment can treat are: feet, armpits, hands, and neck. Some tapwater devices are able to treat multiple areas either out of the box or with separate attachments. Other machines are specifically designed for one area of the body. The most researched tap water iontophoresis treatments are for the feet and hands (palmar hyperhidrosis and pedal hyperhidrosis). The rest are more experimental.
Is Iontophoresis Treatment Permanent?
Iontophoresis is an ongoing treatment process. To start, you will require testing of multiple different currents and settings on your machine in order to find the proper setting to alleviate your excessive sweating (or other medical condition). After you have found the proper level for your treatments, you will require a treatment session about once a week. This is why at home iontophoresis devices are so desirable.
Does Iontophoresis Treatment Work for Everyone?
In almost all cases, people are able to see a reduction in their excessive sweating. The current success rate for tap water iontophoresis is about 95%. Correct use is required for the hyperhidrosis treatment to work, so ensure you read the manual and follow your doctor’s instructions.
Is Iontophoresis Right for Everyone?
Tap water iontophoresis is an excellent option for many people. Before beginning, you need to know that you are embarking on a commitment. It will take up to 12 treatments with your machine before noticing the maximum effect. You will also have to continue treatments every week or so depending on your specific response to iontophoresis. That in mind, iontophoresis leaves almost all users with a marked improvement in their quality of life. However, those who are pregnant, have a pacemaker, metal implants, skin problems, or heart problems need to consult with a doctor before beginning tap water iontophoresis treatment.
What does Iontophoresis Feel like?
Iontophoresis is a painless treatment for most patients. Some patients might notice a minor painful sensation. For most people who use iontophoresis only feel a small tingling. The tingling may be local or continue through your whole body.
Is Iontophoresis Safe?
We have always been taught that water and electricity don’t mix. However, the process is relatively safe for almost all people. Please refer to “is iontophoresis right for everyone” to see people who should talk to a doctor before using an iontophoresis machine.
Make sure that you have a quality device. Inferior quality machines may not have the most reliability. Good quality machines, on the other hand, are well-built but also include safety redundancies.
Will I get Shocked by the Iontophoresis Unit?
You have probably wondered whether or not you will be shocked when using an iontophoresis machine. Most people only experience a minor tingling during treatment. To prevent shock these machines come with safety redundancies and regulators. By reading the manual for your iontophoresis machine and removing any metal from your body you can significantly reduce your chance of being shocked.
Are there Side Effects of Iontophoresis?
In most cases, patients don’t experience side effects from iontophoresis. Those who do have side effects often only have minor side effects. Itching and dry skin are the most common side effects and can be treated with a moisturizer.
More serious side effects include blistering, irritation, and peeling. These can be alleviated and treated by working with your doctor to moderate your treatment settings.
What if I have Cuts or Wounds?
For small cuts and wounds, you can cover the area with Vaseline. This will prevent damage or pain. Those with long term injuries or significant cuts should speak to their doctor before using the machine or wait for the wounds to heal.
Is Iontophoresis Simple?
Iontophoresis machines have become very user-friendly. At first, it may be slightly challenging to find the right setting for your needs, but most users find iontophoresis an easy process. Especially when they work with a doctor to find the correct settings and machine.
What is the Price of an Iontophoresis Device?
Iontophoresis machines come at a variety of costs. However, the average cost for a consumer machine is between $500 and $700. Lower cost machines are available around $250. These machines are of lower quality and you should be careful when choosing these.
What is the cost of Iontophoresis Treatments at a Doctor’s Office?
The cost of iontophoresis treatments at a doctor’s office or specialist depend on: the location, the doctor, and the length of treatment. An “in office treatment” can cost you upwards of $200 but can be less if you browse around to find a good price.
Will my Insurance Plan cover Iontophoresis?
Most people want to know if insurance will cover their iontophoresis treatment or their iontophoresis units. The answer is that it depends highly on your insurer and your specific plan. Unfortunately, a number of insurance plans will not cover iontophoresis due to treatment being investigational or unproven. We recommend calling your insurance company to verify your coverage.
How do I Pick an Iontophoresis Machine?
There are a lot of different options out there. Several different factors will affect your choice.
Take into mind the size of the machine. For those that travel you will need to have a smaller device.
Safety should always be a consideration so ensure that the machine you choose has the appropriate redundancies.
A built-in timer can make it easier to track your treatments. That said, it is just as easy to set a timer on your phone.
Choosing whether you want a wall powered iontophoresis machine, a battery powered one, or a rechargeable machine is important. For most people a wall powered machine or a battery powered machine is the most common choice.
Reliability is an essential factor in any purchase. Read reviews of any machine you might choose before you pick an iontophoresis unit.
Cost shouldn’t be your first factor when choosing a device but it will usually play a role in most people’s decision.
What are the Pros and Cons of Iontophoresis?
* because of this 95% success rate most iontophoresis devices sellers offer a money back guarantee in case you are among the 5% that don’t react to tap water iontophoresis treatment.
Conclusion
Let’s face it excessive sweating is embarrassing, especially in odd places. With any of these iontophoresis machines you can help get your body to stop sweating. While the devices may seem expensive at first, think about the fact that most of them will operate for life. You will be able to continue treatment as often as you need it. One treatment session can last up to three months.
Good luck on getting rid of your sweat!
Related Articles:
Best Socks for Sweaty Feet
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontophoresis
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007293.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15019750
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hyperhidrosis2#1
https://www.sweathelp.org/home/types-of-hyperhidrosis.html |
Usefulness of Postnatal Echocardiography in Patients with Down Syndrome with Normal Fetal Echocardiograms.
The objective of this study is to evaluate if the diagnosis of a complex congenital heart disease (CHD) was missed in a patient with Down syndrome (DS) who had a fetal echocardiogram that was read as normal. Secondary goal of this study was to determine if any CHD was missed postnatally when a fetal echocardiogram was read as normal. A retrospective chart review of children with DS at Nationwide Children's Hospital whose birthdates were between 1/1/2010 and 12/31/2017 was performed. Patients were included if they had a fetal echocardiogram that was read as normal and also had a postnatal echocardiogram performed. One hundred twenty fetal echocardiograms on patients with DS were performed, of which 45 patients met the inclusion criteria. No patient was diagnosed with a complex CHD postnatally, with a negative predictive value = 100%. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with CHD postnatally, with a negative predictive value of 71.1%. All 13 patients had either a murmur (11) or an abnormal EKG (9). One patient died at 8 days of life due to pulmonary hypertension complications. Five patients had resolution of their CHD, 2 patients have near resolution, 2 patients are being followed for their atrial septal defects and 3 underwent intervention (septum primum surgical repair = 1, PDA catheter occlusion = 2). Complex CHD was not missed on any fetal echocardiograms performed on patients with DS. All the other patients who had CHD diagnosed postnatally had an abnormal finding on evaluation. Further studies evaluating echocardiographic imaging recommendations are needed to maximize care in this patient population. |
Technology vs. Nature – Why Outdoor Activities are Vital For Teens
Guest post by Hilary Smith.
What new technology do you believe is the most important contribution to our modern lives?
This question is fun to ponder, because within the last few decades and century we have seen our world revolutionized by inventive minds and products. A strong majority of people might answer the question with electricity, air conditioning, automobiles, or modern medicine. Mothers might nod in agreement, but add washing machines or automatic dishwashers to the list. And, we all know what our sons and daughters would say: the Internet or their beloved devices.
A recent study revealed that the average teen spends a surprising 9 hours consuming media everyday. For parents, this realization can be disheartening. Every week our kids are spending a total of 63 hours plugged into a device, swiping screens, or watching a monitor. Most people don’t spend that amount of time at a full time job! The lure of glowing screens, games, and social media is a major factor that is keeping many of our boys and girls cooped up inside, instead of exploring nature or enjoying green spaces.
The Problem with Too Much Technology
It’s not surprising our kids love technology and media. Social media and devices have revolutionized the ways we communicate, providing new and exciting mediums that promote authentic communication. With a screen tap, we can instantly watch our favorite shows or movies while streaming music and kids can interact on a variety of platforms or gaming systems without ever leaving the house! This is the perfect recipe for technology overload and when paired with online dangers like cyberbullying, identity theft, and inappropriate content we have cause to be concerned.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommend we limit the amount of screen time for kids and teens. Listed below is just a small sampling of why we should reduce a child’s technology consumption:
Devices can limit opportunities for face-to-face contact with peers and others.
The Importance of Nature
We know that technology does have a time and place, but it’s important we put down our smartphones and tablets to examine the role nature should be playing in a child’s life. According to findings published by the National Wildlife Federation, today’s children spend half the amount of time outside as their youthful counterparts did 20 years ago. Granted, a lot has changed in two decades, but many people speculate the prime reason for this shift is the prevalence of new technologies, smart devices, and social media.
It’s easy for us to find excuses for why teens are seeking refuge inside. Maybe air conditioning is luring them in or the streets they live on aren’t safe? However, we do know that nature provides children with numerous emotional and health benefits that can’t be downloaded. Scroll through the following perks fresh air and green space can offer our kids:
Increased physical activity reduces the likelihood a child will struggle with obesity, hypertension, or heart disease as they age.
Looking Forward
Technology is here to stay and we can’t realistically completely eliminate it from our kids’ lives. However, we can challenge our family to be more intentional with our choices, strive to balance technology use, and provide opportunities for kids to embrace nature. To release our teens back into the wild, we have compiled 5 suggestions to motivate children to put down devices and go green:
For every hour spent outdoors, reading, or completing chores, allow them to earn a set amount of technology time.
As a family, head outside for one hour everyday to play a game, walk, hike, garden, or just hangout.
Designate technology-free zones in the home and keep devices out of bedrooms and away from the family dinner table.
Implement a “curfew” for devices and require everyone to power down during certain hours every night.
Find free or low cost events at local parks or recreation areas for teens or the family to attend. |
Kate Hudson's shaved head panic
WhatsOnOct 13, 2017
Kate Hudson "panicked" when she had her head shaved.
The 38-year-old actress got a buzz cut for a new project with Sia and admits she suddenly had a huge panic about the shape of her head now her hair wasn't covering it and likened the big reveal to finding out the gender of a baby when its born.
Speaking on Jimmy Kimmel Live, she said: "It's funny, too, because when [the cut] first started, I didn't think about it because it was for the role. It was like, 'Oh, let's do this!'
"I didn't think about it until it started. Oh! What is the shape of my head going to look like? I really started to panic. And all of the sudden it was like a birthing, like, 'It's a boy!' But 'It's round!'"
Meanwhile, Kate previously revealed she loves the ease of having a shaved head compared to her long blonde locks.
She said: "I like the ease of it, you know what I mean? When I looked at the hair when it came off I was like you know this is...I'm so happy this is gone. It was a lot of wear and tear on that."
However, the 'Marshall' star admitted her 13-year-old son Ryder - who she has with ex-husband Chris Robinson - wasn't so keen when she first had her head shaved because it was similar to his own hair style.
Kate - who also has six-year-old son Bingham with her ex Matt Bellamy - added: "I copied Ryder. Ryder had it way before, Ryder's been buzzing his head for a long time. Ryder's like, 'Mom, you're cramping my style.' But when I did it, he was like, 'Oh my God, we actually ...' It was the first time he even could see that we looked, you know, that he looked like his mommy. Now it's starting to grow out, and Ryder's growing his out."
Kate Hudson's shaved head panic
WhatsOnOct 13, 2017
Kate Hudson "panicked" when she had her head shaved.
The 38-year-old actress got a buzz cut for a new project with Sia and admits she suddenly had a huge panic about the shape of her head now her hair wasn't covering it and likened the big reveal to finding out the gender of a baby when its born.
Speaking on Jimmy Kimmel Live, she said: "It's funny, too, because when [the cut] first started, I didn't think about it because it was for the role. It was like, 'Oh, let's do this!'
"I didn't think about it until it started. Oh! What is the shape of my head going to look like? I really started to panic. And all of the sudden it was like a birthing, like, 'It's a boy!' But 'It's round!'"
Meanwhile, Kate previously revealed she loves the ease of having a shaved head compared to her long blonde locks.
She said: "I like the ease of it, you know what I mean? When I looked at the hair when it came off I was like you know this is...I'm so happy this is gone. It was a lot of wear and tear on that."
However, the 'Marshall' star admitted her 13-year-old son Ryder - who she has with ex-husband Chris Robinson - wasn't so keen when she first had her head shaved because it was similar to his own hair style.
Kate - who also has six-year-old son Bingham with her ex Matt Bellamy - added: "I copied Ryder. Ryder had it way before, Ryder's been buzzing his head for a long time. Ryder's like, 'Mom, you're cramping my style.' But when I did it, he was like, 'Oh my God, we actually ...' It was the first time he even could see that we looked, you know, that he looked like his mommy. Now it's starting to grow out, and Ryder's growing his out."
Top Stories
Kate Hudson's shaved head panic
WhatsOnOct 13, 2017
Kate Hudson "panicked" when she had her head shaved.
The 38-year-old actress got a buzz cut for a new project with Sia and admits she suddenly had a huge panic about the shape of her head now her hair wasn't covering it and likened the big reveal to finding out the gender of a baby when its born.
Speaking on Jimmy Kimmel Live, she said: "It's funny, too, because when [the cut] first started, I didn't think about it because it was for the role. It was like, 'Oh, let's do this!'
"I didn't think about it until it started. Oh! What is the shape of my head going to look like? I really started to panic. And all of the sudden it was like a birthing, like, 'It's a boy!' But 'It's round!'"
Meanwhile, Kate previously revealed she loves the ease of having a shaved head compared to her long blonde locks.
She said: "I like the ease of it, you know what I mean? When I looked at the hair when it came off I was like you know this is...I'm so happy this is gone. It was a lot of wear and tear on that."
However, the 'Marshall' star admitted her 13-year-old son Ryder - who she has with ex-husband Chris Robinson - wasn't so keen when she first had her head shaved because it was similar to his own hair style.
Kate - who also has six-year-old son Bingham with her ex Matt Bellamy - added: "I copied Ryder. Ryder had it way before, Ryder's been buzzing his head for a long time. Ryder's like, 'Mom, you're cramping my style.' But when I did it, he was like, 'Oh my God, we actually ...' It was the first time he even could see that we looked, you know, that he looked like his mommy. Now it's starting to grow out, and Ryder's growing his out." |
May 17, 2007
McCain sticks thumb in the eye of conservatives....again
Hugh Hewitt is Sounding the Alarm! concerning the latest McCain grandstanding and selling out of his party. He's calling the current (secret meeting) Immigration reform bill "Amnesty Light."
Will Republicans forget McCain/Feingold, McCain/Kennedy, Abu Ghraib grandstanding, the Gang of 14, voting against the Bush tax cuts, and now the amnesty plan?
Not likely, stick a fork in him, he's done.
John McCain's antics throughout 2005-2006 cost the GOP the majority in the Senate. Now he's going to do for Smith, Sununu, Coleman and others what he did for DeWine, Talent and Santorum.
The Republican Party has to know that this is a huge issue not only for its active base but also for its more casual members. What’s more, the issue has enormous potential for the great silent apolitical majority that thinks border security is a matter of common sense, not politics.You’d have thought the Republican Party would have learned the lesson in 2006 that when you break faith with your fans, some of them will write you off. I guess not.
Of the presidential candidates Mitt Romney is the first to condemn this bill. This would be the best time for Fred Thompson to stand up and join the fight.
SP Approved:
Contributors
Want to contribute? Visit our store for conservative gear for 2008!"A lot of guys yearning for adventure and romance would give their left one to be referred to in print as a man "who identified himself only as 'El Presidente.'" Nobody, for example, is ever going to refer to me as a man who "identified himself only as El Presidente." You bastard."--Drunkablog |
/**
* Copyright © DiamondMVC 2019
* License: MIT (https://github.com/DiamondMVC/Diamond/blob/master/LICENSE)
* Author: Jacob Jensen (bausshf)
*/
module diamond.errors.errorhandler;
import diamond.core.apptype;
static if (isWeb)
{
import vibe.d : HTTPServerRequest, HTTPServerResponse, HTTPServerErrorInfo,
HTTPStatus, HTTPStatusException;
import diamond.core.io;
import diamond.core.webconfig;
import diamond.core.websettings;
/**
* Handles user exceptions.
* Params:
* e = The exception, if any.
* request = The request.
* response = The response.
* error = The error information, if any.
*/
void handleUserException(Exception e, HTTPServerRequest request,
HTTPServerResponse response, HTTPServerErrorInfo error)
{
try
{
response.statusCode = (error ? error.code : 500);
auto httpStatusException = cast(HTTPStatusException)e;
if (httpStatusException)
{
response.statusCode = httpStatusException.status;
if (httpStatusException.status == 404)
{
foreach (headerKey,headerValue; webConfig.defaultHeaders.notFound)
{
response.headers[headerKey] = headerValue;
}
if (webSettings)
{
webSettings.onNotFound(request,response);
}
else
{
response.bodyWriter.write("Not found ...");
}
return;
}
}
foreach (headerKey,headerValue; webConfig.defaultHeaders.error)
{
response.headers[headerKey] = headerValue;
}
if (webSettings)
{
webSettings.onHttpError(e,request,response,error);
}
else
{
response.bodyWriter.write(e.toString);
}
}
catch (Throwable) {}
}
/**
* Handles unhandled exceptions.
* Params:
* e = The unhandled exception.
*/
void handleUnhandledException(Exception e)
{
print("unhandledException: %s", e);
}
/**
* Handles user errors.
* Params:
* t = The throwable error, if any.
* request = The request.
* response = The response.
* error = The error information, if any.
*/
void handleUserError(Throwable t, HTTPServerRequest request, HTTPServerResponse response, HTTPServerErrorInfo error)
{
try
{
response.statusCode = (error ? error.code : 500);
if (error && error.code == 404)
{
response.statusCode = 404;
foreach (headerKey,headerValue; webConfig.defaultHeaders.notFound)
{
response.headers[headerKey] = headerValue;
}
if (webSettings)
{
webSettings.onNotFound(request,response);
}
else
{
response.bodyWriter.write("Not found ...");
}
return;
}
foreach (headerKey,headerValue; webConfig.defaultHeaders.error)
{
response.headers[headerKey] = headerValue;
}
if (response.statusCode != 404 && response.statusCode != 200)
{
// log ...
}
if (webSettings)
{
webSettings.onHttpError(t,request,response,error);
}
else
{
response.bodyWriter.write(t.toString);
}
}
catch (Throwable) {}
}
/**
* Handles unhandled errors.
* Params:
* t = The unhandled throwable error.
*/
void handleUnhandledError(Throwable t)
{
print("unhandledError: %s", t);
}
}
|
Order Michigan Supreme Court
Lansing, Michigan
January 18, 2013 Robert P. Young, Jr.,
Chief Justice
143469 Michael F. Cavanagh
Stephen J. Markman
Diane M. Hathaway
Mary Beth Kelly
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, Brian K. Zahra
Plaintiff-Appellant, Bridget M. McCormack,
Justices
v SC: 143469
COA: 295552
CHRISTOPHER BLAYNE KIYOSHK, Kalamazoo CC: 06-001463-FJ
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________________________/
On October 10, 2012, the Court heard oral argument on the application for leave to
appeal the June 2, 2011 judgment of the Court of Appeals. On order of the Court, the
application is again considered. MCR 7.302(H)(1). In lieu of granting leave to appeal,
we REVERSE the judgment of the Court of Appeals and REMAND this case to that
court for consideration of defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. A circuit
court’s authority to exercise jurisdiction over a defendant charged with a felony
committed as a minor constitutes a question of personal, not subject matter, jurisdiction.
“Subject matter jurisdiction concerns a court’s abstract power to try a case of the kind or
character of the one pending and is not dependent on the particular facts of the case.”
People v Lown, 488 Mich 242, 268 (2011) (emphasis, citations, and internal quotation
marks omitted). The circuit court possessed subject matter jurisdiction here, as
“Michigan circuit courts are courts of general jurisdiction and unquestionably have
[subject matter] jurisdiction over felony cases.” Id. Defendant’s age when the offense
was committed does not pertain to the “kind or character” of the case, but rather
constitutes a defendant-specific, “particular fact[].” Whether defendant was of an age
that made circuit court jurisdiction appropriate is thus a question of personal jurisdiction.
See People v Veling, 443 Mich 23, 31-32 (1993) (noting that statutory procedures which
divested the juvenile court of exclusive jurisdiction over qualifying juveniles who
committed certain offenses operated to give “the circuit courts personal jurisdiction over
those juveniles”) (emphasis added); accord Twyman v State, 459 NE2d 705, 708 (Ind,
1984) (“The age of the [juvenile] offender . . . is merely a restriction on the personal
jurisdiction possessed by a criminal court.”); State v Emery, 636 NW2d 116, 122 (Iowa,
2001), quoting State v Marks, 920 P2d 19, 22 (Ariz App, 1996) (consequence of flawed
transfer proceeding from juvenile to adult court is to “deprive the adult division of
personal jurisdiction”); Sawyers v State, 814 SW2d 725, 729 (Tenn, 1991) (absence of
proper transfer order from juvenile to criminal court “cannot be said to affect the court’s
2
subject matter jurisdiction”); State v Kelley, 537 A2d 483, 488 (Conn, 1988)
(“[Q]uestions relating to the propriety of the transfer of a juvenile from the docket for
Juvenile Matters to the regular criminal docket do not implicate the Superior Court’s
subject matter jurisdiction.”). “[A] party may stipulate to, waive, or implicitly consent to
personal jurisdiction.” Lown, 488 Mich at 268 (citations omitted). Therefore, by
entering a guilty plea in the circuit court, and failing to contest the circuit court’s
jurisdiction, defendant implicitly consented to that court’s exercise of personal
jurisdiction.
HATHAWAY and MCCORMACK, JJ., not participating.
I, Corbin R. Davis, Clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court, certify that the
foregoing is a true and complete copy of the order entered at the direction of the Court.
January 18, 2013 _________________________________________
t0116 Clerk
|
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Sunday, September 8, 2013
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Maitake beta-glucan enhances granulopoiesis and mobilization of granulocytes by increasing G-CSF production and modulating CXCR4/SDF-1 expression.
Previous studies have presented that Maitake beta-glucan (MD-Fraction) extracted from the fruit body of Grifola frondosa has an anti-tumor effect by activating the immune system. Recently, the stimulating effects of beta-glucans on hematopoiesis were identified as new characteristics of polysaccharides, possibly helping to relieve the immunosuppression which results from chemotherapies. We demonstrated that the production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was significantly enhanced by MD-Fraction (8mg/kg, i.p.) in granulocytopenic model induced in mice using cyclophosphamide (200mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, MD-Fraction induced a biphasic increase in the number of granulocytes in the spleen. The mechanism for the increase in granulocytes on the early phase on day 1 might involve the increased mRNA expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), in the splenic cells, thereby recruiting granulocytes into the spleen. Interestingly, a decline of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow and an increase in granulocytes in the peripheral blood were observed on day 5, suggesting a mobilization of granulocytes and their progenitors from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood. We confirmed that a possible mechanism in which MD-Fraction promoted the mobilization of granulocytes and their progenitors from the bone marrow is down-regulating the expression of the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) in the bone marrow microenvironment. These results reveal a novel function of Maitake beta-glucan that enhances the granulopoiesis and mobilization of granulocytes and their progenitors by stimulating G-CSF production. This finding presents opportunities to develop new therapeutic strategies against the immunosuppression caused by chemotherapies in cancer patients. |
Q:
Need suggestions to go with Jenkins master-Slave setup or not?
I have a 4-5 java projects build procedure to be configured as CI using Jenkins. Whether it will be time saving to build some/all projects on different machines(connected as Jenkins slaves)?
Are there some any other benefits of Jenkins Master-Slave configuration?
A:
Offloading work to build agents is a very good idea as it keeps load away from the master. This allows you to build more projects in parallel (esp. with dynamic agents launched in some cloud environment).
Further, it makes the systems easier to maintain, as e.g. the Java version/setup of your build agents required to build and test your application does not interfere with the Jenkins master machine.
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