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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | emotional | healthcare | forward | short | A child gets a vaccine. | A child cries after getting a vaccine. | A child smiles after getting a vaccine. | Usually, vaccines can cause discomfort, and children tend to cry more easily due to the pain. | null |
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2 | emotional | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A disgusting meal is served in a fancy restaurant. | A young woman in a green dress looks disgusted at her meal. | A young woman in a green dress looks excited about her meal. | Because unappealing meals usually make the diner feel disgusted. | The context shows a fine dining restaurant so the person will act modest and have good table manner. |
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3 | emotional | sports & arts | forward | short | A basketball team in purple uniforms wins the game. | A child with a purple scarf cheers. . | A child with a purple scarf cries. . | Because the child is a fan of the team, they should be happy when the team scores. | null |
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4 | emotional | transportation | forward | short | A driver looks out the car window at a traffic jam. | A driver looks frustrated. | A driver looks relaxed and smiles. | Traffic jams are usually considered a waste of time and boring. | null |
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5 | emotional | science & technology | forward | short | A biology researcher accidentally spills a petri dish. | A biology researcher looks frustrated at the spilled petri dish. | A biology researcher looks proud of the spilled petri dish. | Mistakenly ruining a lab product usually means needing to prepare it from scratch and having to clean up, which usually causes frustration. | It looks like the scientist is trying to figure out a problem, as he's still thinking. |
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6 | emotional | administration | forward | short | A nervous politician looks at his notes before a press conference. | A politician stumbles over his words and looks embarrassed during a press conference. | A politician delivers a speech confidently during a press conference. | Being nervous before a conference usually implies unpreparedness, which can lead to a bad conference experience. | The man in the context is in distress so after that, he might want to give a press conference to clear things up. |
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7 | emotional | business & work | forward | short | A firefighter watches a house burn. | A firefighter rushes towards a burning house. | A firefighter sits crying, afraid of a burning house. | Because the role of the firefighter is to act bravely, extinguish the fire, and save people.
. | null |
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8 | emotional | education | forward | short | A test paper has an a+ grade. | A student holds a test paper and smiles. | A student holds a test and frowns. | Since an A+ is a high score, it usually makes the student happy.
. | null |
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9 | emotional | administration | backward | short | A government office has a "closed: 18:30" sign. a man looks at his watch, disappointed. | A man's watch reads '18:35'. | A man's watch reads '15:05'. | The man was late to the office hours and missed the chance to attend.
. | null |
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10 | emotional | sports & arts | forward | short | A bowling ball hitting the pins at the moment of a strike. | A bowling player stands in front of the bowling lane, looking happy. | A bowling player stands in front of the bowling lane, looking dissapointed. | A strike in bowling is usually the best shot a player can make, so the bowler is usually happy with their accomplishment. | null |
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11 | emotional | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A dog owner offers her dog a treat. | A happy dog looks up at its owner, tail wagging, open mouth. | A sad dog looks up at its owner, tail lowered. | Because an uplifted tail and an open mouth usually imply happiness in dogs, this is a common response to a treat. | null |
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12 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A father cries out in pain, holding a lego piece. | A father walks in the kids room, barefoot. | A father walks in the kids room, wearing boots. | Something hurts when walking on it with exposed feet and not with boots. | null |
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13 | logical | sports & arts | forward | short | A professional soccer player stands nervously. | A soccer ball next to the net in an official soccer game. | A soccer ball next to the net in an unofficial soccer game. | Professional soccer players usually play in a formal professional stadium and not in a street game. | null |
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14 | emotional | healthcare | forward | short | A man smiles excitedly at the hospital entrance. | A man visits the hospital's maternity ward. | A man visits the hospital's intensive care department. | Because a hospital is generally a sad place, except during events like discharge or labor, it’s likely that the man, who appears happy and not ill, is visiting the maternity ward, as suggested by the pink walls and baby imagery. | null |
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15 | emotional | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A baby stroller with a pacifier lying on the floor next to it. | A crying baby sits in a stroller. | A happy baby sits in a stroller. | The calming pacifier fell from the baby's mouth. | null |
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16 | emotional | sports & arts | backward | short | A chess player sitting by the white pieces looks happy. | The black king chess piece lies on its side. | The white king chess piece lies on its side. | Because of smiling, it usually indicates victory, and the opponent’s king (opposite color) is down in chess. | null |
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17 | emotional | administration | backward | short | A client hugs their lawyer in relief. | An accused relived client sits next to their lawyer. | An accused nervous client sits next to their lawyer. | Typically, a positive legal sentence makes the client emotional, usually leading to happiness and a hug for their lawyer. | null |
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18 | logical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | Broken eggs fall towards a pan. | Fried eggs sizzle in a pan. | Scrambled eggs sit in a pan. | Because of not scrambling or stirring the egg, it typically results in a fried egg. | null |
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19 | functional | science & technology | backward | short | A text-filled document is displayed on a computer screen. | A keyboard sits connected to a computer. | A broken keyboard with missing keys is connected to the computer. | Typically, only a functional keyboard enables typing an entire document. | null |
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20 | logical | business & work | backward | long | The worker is hospitalized and in bed. | A worker climbs a ladder. | A worker sits calmly next to a ladder. | Usually, climbing a ladder is considered risky and might lead to broken body parts. | null |
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21 | logical | transportation | backward | short | An adult man drives a car while wearing tight-fitting cycling gear with bicycle sign. | An adult man rides a bicycle. | An adult man runs. | Typically, athletes or people who enjoy sports wear sportswear that indicates their activity. | null |
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22 | functional | daily life & hospitality | backward | short | City buildings are lit up at night. | A power switch is in the 'on' position. | A power switch is in the 'off' position. | Because of electricity, the power should be turned on to enable city lights. | null |
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23 | functional | healthcare | forward | short | A man has a dirty, muddy face. | A man washes his face with soap and water. | A man brushes his teeth with toothpaste. | Typically, washing the face with soap is the best way to remove dirt, while brushing teeth is meant for mouth hygiene. | null |
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24 | functional | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A young man drinks coffee in his living room. | A man looks energized while working on his computer in the living room. | A man sleeps on the couch in his living room. | Typically, coffee energizes people and helps them get their work done. | null |
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25 | logical | sports & arts | forward | short | A painter sits in front of an empty canvas with only black paint on the palette. | A painter sits in front of a canvas with a black painting. | A painter sits in front of a canvas with a colorful painting. | Because of the color palette, the artist is usually limited to those colors and their combinations in the final painting. | null |
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26 | functional | sports & arts | forward | short | The tattoo is scrubed with soap. | A young teenage boy still has a tattoo on his back. | A young teenage boy has no longer a tattoo on his back. | Typically, permanent tattoos cannot be removed with soap due to their sub-skin location. | null |
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27 | logical | education | forward | long | A student writes with pens in both hands on a paper on his desk. | A student plays drums. | A student plays soccer. | Usually, strong control with both hands implies hobbies like playing drums rather than leg sports like soccer. | after long hours of study one can take a break by having fun, the kid decides to play some band as it can be done indoor, football is played outdoor. |
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28 | logical | healthcare | forward | long | A pregnant woman stands in the kitchen. | A woman stands in the kitchen, holding a baby. | A woman stands in the kitchen, holding a watermelon. | Typically, a pregnant woman gives birth to a baby in the long term, which is more likely to be held than a watermelon. | null |
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29 | functional | administration | backward | short | Stapled papers lie on a meeting desk. | A stapler sits full of staples. | A stapler sits empty, without staples. | Typically, staples are needed in order to have stapled papers. | null |
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30 | logical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A bowl of soup is served to the table. | The man picks up a spoon, ready to eat. | The man picks up a fork, ready to eat. | A spoon is typically used to grasp liquids, mainly soup. | null |
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31 | physical | sports & arts | forward | short | A small pair of bowling shoes and a large pair sit on a reception desk. | A father and son bowl, wearing their bowling shoes. | An adult and their friend bowl, wearing their bowling shoes. | Usually, shoe sizes can indicate their owner's age range—small for a child, large for an adult. | null |
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32 | logical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A chef chops broccoli in the kitchen. | A chef removes a vegetable pie from the oven. | A chef removes chocolate chip cookies from the oven. | Usually, broccoli is cut for salty dishes like pie, not dessert. | null |
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33 | logical | sports & arts | backward | short | A regular living room has little creatures jumping on the sofa and sitting on the table. | A young adult wears a vr/ar headset, facing the living room. | A young adult wears glasses, facing the living room. | AR headsets typically integrate unrealistic creatures into regular spaces, while regular glasses are meant for vision correction or sun protection. | null |
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34 | functional | sports & arts | forward | short | A man looks at a picture that has fallen from the wall. | The man picks up a hammer. | The man picks up a drill. | To hang a fallen picture, a hammer is usually needed to hit the nail, not a drill to make a hole. | null |
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35 | logical | sports & arts | forward | short | A player is fouled badly. | The referee shows the offending player a red card. | The referee signals for play to continue. | In soccer, a foul is usually responded to with a red card as part of the game rules. | null |
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36 | logical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | it's raining outside. | The man puts on a coat and hat. | The man puts on sandals to go out. | Raining typically indicates cold weather, which can be warmer if planned ahead with a coat and hat instead of getting wet in sandals. | null |
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37 | logical | healthcare | forward | short | A man cuts bread in the kitchen. | The man has a bandage on his finger. | The man has a bandage on his elbow. | Kitchen cooking and cutting usually lead to hand injuries, often fingers, rather than the elbow, which is more protected from knives. | null |
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38 | functional | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A barber uses scissors to cut a customer's afro. | The customer looks in the mirror and sees their shorter afro. | The customer looks in the mirror and sees their longer afro. | Scissors typically indicate shortening hair, not making it longer. | The hair looks like it has been worked on and is neater. |
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39 | logical | healthcare | backward | short | A woman sits in bed, clutching her stomach and experiencing cramps. | A phone displays a period tracker calendar with a red drop notification. | A phone displays an email notification. | Likely, the woman is suffering from period cramps, which correlates with period tracker app notifications. | The pregnant lady is in pain or unwell so after that, she might need something to check her blood level. |
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40 | logical | transportation | forward | short | A sign of cancelled flights in the airport. | An airplane stands on the airstrip. | An airplane taxis forward on the airstrip, takes off. | Red flight signs at the airport usually imply that all flights are canceled, meaning no take-offs, only arrivals. | null |
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41 | logical | administration | forward | short | Many passengers stand in line with suitcases. one passenger looks suspicious, holding a rusty blue suitcase. | A police dog sniffs the suspicious passenger's blue suitcase. | A police dog sniffs a little girl's suitcase. | Police dogs are typically trained to find suspicious substances or personas at airports, which are less likely to be found in a girl's suitcase. | null |
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42 | functional | healthcare | forward | long | A mouth shows crooked teeth with braces. | A mouth shows straight teeth. | A mouth shows crooked teeth (without braces). | After wearing braces for a long time, the teeth are usually straightened. | null |
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43 | functional | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A man enters a toilet stall and presses the flush button. | The toilet flushes. | The toilet's light turns off. | The button next to the toilet is usually responsible for flushing the toilet water. | null |
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44 | logical | business & work | forward | short | A toilet with a padded seat and toilet paper nearby. dirty and messy. | A man in a suit washes his hands. | A man in pajamas washes his hands. | A messy, unclean toilet usually indicates public restrooms, which correlate more with a suit than pajamas. | null |
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45 | functional | education | backward | short | A redheaded girl wearing thick glasses (from a child's perspective). | A blurred classroom whiteboard with the letters 'abc'. | A clear classroom whiteboard with the letters 'abc' (from a child's perspective). | Seeing blurry in the classroom usually indicates the child should wear glasses. | null |
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46 | functional | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | An elderly man shivers, feeling cold. | An elderly man presses the 'sun' button on an air conditioner remote. | An elderly man presses the 'snowflake' button on an air conditioner remote. | Feeling cold can typically be solved by increasing the temperature on the AC, usually marked by a sun symbol. | null |
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47 | functional | healthcare | backward | short | A woman takes a pill. | A woman clutches her head in pain. | A woman trips over the edge of the sofa. | Pills might help with internal pain, like a headache, not physical injuries from falling. | The sadness on the person's face is a logical prelude to the context image where she takes a pill to feel better. |
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48 | logical | sports & arts | backward | short | A skier speeds down a snowy hill. | An open ski gondola ascends the mountain with a seated skier. | An open ski gondola descends the mountain with a seated skier. | The only way to enjoy speeding down while skiing is typically by using a gondola to reach a mountain peak. | null |
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49 | logical | transportation | parallel | parallel | An elevator enterance with the 7 floor sign. | An elevator with at least 7 floors buttons. | An elevator with 2 floors buttons. | Elevators reaching floor 7 typically indicate the elevator reaches at least seven floors, not just two.
. | null |
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50 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A child sits on the floor, holding a wrapped present in the shape of a rectangular box. | A child sits on the floor, holding an unwrapped rectangular present. | A child sits on the floor, holding an unwrapped ball-shaped present with gift wrap nearby. | Unwrapping a rectangular-shaped present is more likely to reveal a rectangular shape than a rounded one (which would have been placed in a box). | It's very unlikely someone would give a child a rubber band ball as a gift. |
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51 | physical | education | forward | short | A green book is about to fall from the shelf edge. | A green book lies on the floor, below the shelf. | A green book stands securely on the floor. | When an object falls, it is more likely to land with its center of mass closer to the ground rather than in a stable position. | null |
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52 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A kettle boils with water inside. | A kettle whistles, releasing steam. | A kettle releases ice cubes. | After a kettle boils, the water turns into steam, not ice cubes. | null |
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53 | physical | science & technology | forward | long | A baby girl's face. | An old woman's face. | An old woman's face with a different eyes color. | Eye color does not significantly change naturally over the years. | the grandma of the little girl sharing the same gene of blue eyes |
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54 | physical | daily life & hospitality | backward | long | A man in a swimsuit, with very tanned and sunburned skin, rests on the sofa. | A man in a swimsuit rests on the beach. | A man covered in sunscreen, wearing sunglasses and a towel, rests on the beach. | Tan is usually caused by long exposure to the sun without sunscreen or clothing protection. | null |
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55 | physical | administration | forward | short | A folded pink piece of paper lies on a desk next to a hand. | A crumpled pink piece of paper lies on a desk. | A flat pink piece of paper lies on a desk. | Origami folded paper is likely to result in crumpled paper with fold marks. | null |
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56 | physical | transportation | forward | short | A car is on fire in the garage. | A charred, burnt car sits in the garage. | A shiny car sits in the garage. | Fire typically leads to black and charred surfaces, not shiny and clean ones. | null |
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57 | physical | transportation | forward | short | A bicycle wheel has a stick stuck in it. | A bicycle wheel has a flat tire. | A bicycle wheel is fully inflated. | A bicycle wheel encountering a sharp stick is likely to result in a flat tire. | null |
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58 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A kitten sits in a sink full of water and bubbles. | A wet kitten sits outside the sink. | A dry kitten sits outside the sink. | Right after getting wet, a cat's fur will still be wet. | null |
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59 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A yellow rubber duck with a small anchor sign glued to its side falls into a full bathtub. | A yellow rubber duck floats in a full bathtub. | A yellow rubber duck sits at the bottom of a full bathtub. | Rubber objects usually float on water, even if their shape includes an anchor. | null |
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60 | logical | administration | forward | short | An office worker efficiently takes a file from a stack on their desk. | An office worker efficiently takes a file from a lower stack on their desk. | An office worker takes a file from a higher stack on their desk. | By the end of the day, work is done, making the stack of files lower. | null |
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61 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | long | A banana sits on a kitchen table with a printed calendar showing february. | A rotten banana sits on a kitchen table with a printed calendar showing april. | A banana sits on a kitchen table with a printed calendar showing april. | Bananas naturally rot, especially after about a month, turning brown or black. | null |
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62 | physical | daily life & hospitality | parallel | parallel | An open door has a star-shaped lock. | A star-shaped key lies next to an apartment door. | A regular key lies next to an apartment door. | The key shape must match the lock shape to open the door. | null |
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63 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A glass cup contains hot water. | A glass cup contains brown-yellow tea with a tea bag inside. | A glass cup contains hot water and a tea bag. | Tea bag contents diffuse through hot water, coloring the water. | null |
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64 | physical | daily life & hospitality | parallel | parallel | Light beams enter the room from a window with blinds. | A light with strips of shadow illuminates the table. | A light illuminates the table. | Window blinds break the light beam, creating a striped light and shadow pattern. | The direction of light from the sun comes from a lower angle as the sun sinks towards the horizon at the end of the day. |
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65 | physical | sports & arts | forward | short | A snooker player aims at the white ball to hit the red ball on the table, which is almost in the hole. | Both the white and red balls have disappeared. | The red ball moved a little closer to the hole, while the white ball is still in place. | Snooker relies on physics—it is possible to move a ball by hitting it with the white ball, possibly resulting in both entering the hole. | null |
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66 | physical | sports & arts | forward | short | A golf ball sits right next to the golf hole. | A golfer gently swings to hit the ball into the hole. | A golfer strongly swings, sending the ball away from the hole. | When the ball is closer to the golf hole, a gentle swing is required for small movements. | null |
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67 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | long | A small seedling grows in a pot with a small white sign depicting a lemon. | A large lemon tree grows in a pot with a small white sign depicting a lemon. | A large orange tree grows in a pot with a small white sign depicting a lemon. | Seeding a lemon seedling indicates that lemons will grow, not other fruits. | null |
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68 | physical | daily life & hospitality | parallel | parallel | A woman with long hair while her hair leaning due to the wind in the field. | Tree leaves blowing in the wind in the field. | Tree stands still in the field. | Hair movement indicates wind, which correlates with tree leaves blowing. | null |
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69 | physical | healthcare | forward | short | A man in athletic clothes stands in the park and has a severe allergic reaction with bees and bugs around. | A hand holds an epipen injector, pointing it at the man's thigh. | A hand holds an epipen injector, pointing it at the man's finger. | Flying bugs indicate an allergic reaction that may require an epipen injection to the thigh. | null |
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70 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | long | A newspaper with white pages sits on a bench in the hot summer sun. | A newspaper with yellowed pages sits on a bench in the hot summer sun. | A newspaper with green pages sits on a bench in the hot summer sun. | Paper turns yellow over time, accelerated by exposure to the sun or heat. | null |
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71 | physical | science & technology | forward | long | A plastic bag and a banana peel sit in a field. | A weathered plastic bag sits in a field. | A weathered plastic bag and a yellow banana peel sit in a field. | A plastic bag takes many years to decompose, unlike a banana. | null |
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72 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A pot on the stove with boiling water and a bowl of raw potatoes on the countertop. | A bowl of mashed potatoes on the countertop. | A bowl of freshly fried potato chips on the countertop. | Cooking potatoes in hot water makes them soft, suitable for mashed potatoes, not crispy chips (which require deep frying). | null |
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73 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A woman in her wedding dress, with makeup and nice hair. | A woman sitting while someone is doing her hair. | A woman brushing her hair, preparing to go out. | Usually, wedding hair is a special event for which people hire professionals. | null |
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74 | physical | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A child pokes a balloon with a fork. | Pieces of a burst balloon lie on a fork. | A fork bends as it pokes a balloon. | A fork's sharp edges are likely to tear a tense balloon surface, causing it to burst. | null |
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75 | physical | healthcare | backward | long | A lungs surgery room. | A full ashtray. | An empty ashtray. | Lung health issues are likely caused by smoking cigarettes. | As people wait for a surgery, they might feel stressful so some are more likely to smoke in a smoking area. |
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76 | physical | science & technology | backward | short | A burnt chemistry lab. | A chemistry student mixes two solutions, looking worried. | A chemistry student confidently solves homework problems. | Wet lab work may lead to explosions, unlike solving equations. | null |
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77 | social | daily life & hospitality | backward | long | A groom and bride hold hands in the aisle, looking happy. | Two phones (one belonging to a man, one to a woman) display the tinder app with a match. | Two phones (one belonging to a man, one to a woman) display the tinder app with a no-match. | Typically, couples who meet on a dating app and get married started with a match, indicating mutual positive feedback. | null |
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78 | social | business & work | forward | short | A businessman extends his hand to a businesswoman after a meeting. the businesswoman stands still. | The businessman and businesswoman shake hands. | The businesswoman offers a high-five. | Socially, it's more common to start or end a professional meeting with a handshake; a high-five is more casual, not professional. | null |
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79 | social | administration | forward | short | The judge sits nervously while a noisy crowd talks. | The judge bangs a gavel to get the crowd's attention. | The judge is angry, squeezing his fists. | Usually, judges have a calm, stable demeanor, handle tense situations calmly, and use a gavel if needed. | null |
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80 | social | business & work | forward | short | Fast food branch. | A waitress serving french fried. | A waitress serving sushi. | Typically, fast food branches serve fries as they are quick to make, unlike sushi, which takes time to prepare. | null |
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81 | social | education | forward | short | A student in class asks the teacher a question. | The teacher answers the student while writing on the board. | The teacher raises her hand to answer the student's question. | Permission to speak in class is usually granted by raising a hand, while teachers can speak without asking. | null |
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82 | social | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A couple stands at a new year's party; the clock shows 11:59 pm. | A couple kisses at a new year's party; the clock shows 12:00 am. | A couple plays beer pong at a new year's party; the clock shows 12:00 am. | New Year's Eve at midnight is usually marked by a kiss, not a game of beer pong. | null |
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83 | social | transportation | forward | short | A motorcycle driver sees a cow crossing part of the road. | A motorcycle driver passes the cow from the other side of the road. | A motorcycle driver waits patiently for a cow to cross the road. | Motorcycles are narrower than cars or trucks, allowing them to cross around animals without waiting. | null |
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84 | social | science & technology | forward | short | A programmer is sitting next to the computer. a rubber duck sits next to the computer screen. | The programmer talks to the rubber duck, explaining the code. | The programmer pets the rubber duck. | A rubber duck is commonly used by programmers to solve bugs by explaining the issue, not by petting the duck. | null |
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85 | social | transportation | forward | short | An elderly woman enters the bus, looking tired and weak. | An elderly woman sits on the bus, surrounded by standing young people. | An elderly woman stands on the bus. young people sit around her, indifferent. | Elderly women are likely to sit on the bus due to instability while standing and social norms of helping the elderly. | null |
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86 | social | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A close-up of a man wearing a headset, sitting in a gaming chair. | A man wearing a headset sits in a gaming chair, looking at a game on the screen. | A man wearing a headset sits in a gaming chair, looking at a document on the screen. | A gaming chair typically indicates playing computer games, not writing or working. | As the context image has the man in headphones, he is probably relaxing and not working |
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87 | social | sports & arts | forward | short | A baseball flies through the air during a game. | A player catches the baseball in their glove. | A player catches the baseball with their legs. | Baseball is a game that typically requires catching the ball with the hands. | null |
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88 | social | transportation | forward | short | A traffic light displays a yellow signal. | A car stops at the traffic light with a yellow signal. | A car drives through the intersection while the traffic light displays a yellow signal. | A yellow traffic signal usually means it's time to slow down before stopping at an intersection. | null |
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89 | social | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A man kneels in front of a woman. | A man kneels in front of a woman, holding an open red ring box. | A man kneels in front of a woman, tying his shoelace. | Kneeling usually implies traditional respect, often seen in proposals where a man proposes to a woman. | null |
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90 | social | sports & arts | forward | short | A plate holds a grilled medium-rare steak. | A chef sprinkles salt onto the steak. | A chef sprinkles colorful sprinkles onto the steak. | Steak is typically salty and seasoned with salt, not treated as a dessert. | null |
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91 | social | transportation | forward | short | A woman pedestrian is standing at a crosswalk, waiting for the red light to change. | A woman pedestrian is waiting, looking at her phone.. | A woman pedestrian is crossing the road. | When waiting at a red light, pedestrians usually pass the time on their phones rather than crossing. | null |
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92 | social | science & technology | forward | short | A man holds a smartphone in front of him, making a funny face with his tongue out. | A smartphone screen displays a video call with a young girl talking. | A smartphone screen displays a video call with an elderly man talking. | A common way to communicate with children is through funny faces and voices, less common in adult conversations. | null |
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93 | social | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A group of young adults enters a dance club. | A group of young adults dances and parties in the dance club. | A group of young adults solves math problems in the dance club. | Young adults typically hang out at clubs by dancing as a fun activity, not doing homework or solving problems. | null |
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94 | social | administration | forward | short | A police officer signals a "phone" gesture with their hands to a colleague. | The other police officer makes a phone call. | The other police officer brings a surfboard. | A raised thumb and pinky gesture can mean "call me" or "surfing," and a police officer is more likely to make a phone call. | null |
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95 | social | business & work | forward | short | A psychologist takes notes while listening to a patient on the couch. | A notebook on the psychologist's desk contains handwritten notes. | A notebook on the psychologist's desk contains doodles. | When psychologists take notes, it is usually to remember important points from the meeting, not due to boredom or artistic interest. | null |
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96 | social | daily life & hospitality | backward | long | A boy sits alone and sad at his decorated birthday party. | The boy's classmates whisper about him behind his back. | The boy's classmates celebrate and cheer for him. | Bullying typically includes social exclusion and spreading rumors. | null |
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97 | logical | transportation | forward | short | A car with 'L' sign on its roof. | The driver looks worried, while the teacher tries to touch the wheel. | The worried driver, while the teacher is focused on his phone. | In driving lessons, the teacher is usually more focused and alert due to the student's inexperience. | the driver is having a driving test and he is taking instruction from his instructor and not from a mobile device |
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98 | social | sports & arts | backward | short | A scuba diver signals danger to their dive buddy. | A shark swims towards the two scuba divers. | A goldfish swims towards the two scuba divers. | A danger sign underwater typically indicates external threats like sharks or oxygen issues. | null |
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99 | social | daily life & hospitality | forward | short | A group of children collects firewood. | A group of children sits around a campfire. | A group of children builds a wooden robot. | Children collecting wood usually implies they are at camp, preparing for a fun evening with a fire and marshmallows, not building something. | null |
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100 | social | education | forward | long | The student received the president's honor for achieving the best grades in the university. | The student has a great job in a luxurious office. | The student is homeless, living on the street. | Acquiring higher education and having excellent grades is a good predictor of a better economic state in the future. | null |
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NL-Eye Benchmark
Will a Visual Language Model (VLM)-based bot warn us about slipping if it detects a wet floor? Recent VLMs have demonstrated impressive capabilities, yet their ability to infer outcomes and causes remains underexplored. To address this, we introduce NL-Eye, a benchmark designed to assess VLMs' visual abductive reasoning skills. NL-Eye adapts the abductive Natural Language Inference (NLI) task to the visual domain, requiring models to evaluate the plausibility of hypothesis images based on a premise image and explain their decisions. The dataset contains 350 carefully curated triplet examples (1,050 images) spanning diverse reasoning categories, temporal categories and domains. NL-Eye represents a crucial step toward developing VLMs capable of robust multimodal reasoning for real-world applications, such as accident-prevention bots and generated video verification.
project page: NL-Eye project page
preprint: NL-Eye arxiv
Dataset Structure
The dataset contains:
- A CSV file with annotations (
test_set.csv). - An images directory with subdirectories for each sample (
images/).
CSV Fields:
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
sample_id |
int |
Unique identifier for each sample. |
reasoning_category |
string |
One of the six reasoning categories (physical, functional, logical, emotional, cultural, or social). |
domain |
string |
One of the ten domain categories (e.g., education, technology). |
time_direction |
string |
One of three directions (e.g., forward, backward, parallel). |
time_duration |
string |
One of three durations (e.g., short, long, parallel). |
premise_description |
string |
Description of the premise. |
plausible_hypothesis_description |
string |
Description of the plausible hypothesis. |
implausible_hypothesis_description |
string |
Description of the implausible hypothesis. |
gold_explanation |
string |
The gold explanation for the sample's plausibility. |
additional_valid_human_explanations |
string (optional) |
Extra human-generated (crowd-workers) explanations for explanation diversity. |
Note: Not all samples contain
additional_valid_human_explanations.
Images Directory Structure:
The images/ directory contains subdirectories named after each sample_id. Each subdirectory includes:
premise.png: Image showing the premise.hypothesis1.png: Plausible hypothesis.hypothesis2.png: Implausible hypothesis.
Usage
This dataset is only for test purposes.
Citation
@misc{ventura2024nleye,
title={NL-Eye: Abductive NLI for Images},
author={Mor Ventura and Michael Toker and Nitay Calderon and Zorik Gekhman and Yonatan Bitton and Roi Reichart},
year={2024},
eprint={2410.02613},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV}
}
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Number of rows:
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