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[ { "docid": "D312959#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex\nVisual cortex", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Visual cortex View of the brain from behind. Red = Brodmann area 17 (primary visual cortex); orange = area 18; yellow = area 19Brain shown from the side, facing left. Above: view from outside, below: cut through the middle. Orange = Brodmann area 17 (primary visual cortex)Details Identifiers Latin Cortex visualis Me SH D014793Neuro Lex ID nlx_143552FMA 242644Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]The visual cortex of the brain is a part of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe in the back of the head. Visual information coming from the eye goes through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus and then reaches the visual cortex. The part of the visual cortex that receives the sensory inputs from the thalamus is the primary visual cortex, also known as visual area 1 (V1), and the striate cortex. The extrastriate areas consist of visual areas 2 (V2), 3 (V3), 4 (V4), and 5 (V5). [ 1]Both hemispheres of the brain contain a visual cortex; the visual cortex in the left hemisphere receives signals from the right visual field, and the visual cortex in the right hemisphere receives signals from the left visual field. Contents [ hide ]1 Introduction2 Psychological model of the neural processing of visual information2.1 Ventral-dorsal model3 Primary visual cortex (V1)3.1 Function4 V25 Third visual cortex, including area V36 V47 Middle temporal visual area (V5)7.1 Connections7.2 Function7.3 Functional organization8 V68.1 Properties8.2 Pathways9 See also10 References11 External links Introduction [ edit]The primary visual cortex (V1) is located in and around the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe." } ]

[ { "docid": "D374336#0", "title": "http://www.blinn.edu/socialscience/LDThomas/MyNotes/04Central%20Nervous%20System.htm\n.", "text": "Notes Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Spinal cord An extension of the brain, reaching form the base of the brain through the neck and spinal column, that transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system Protected by bone and spinal fluid Brain structures Hindbrain (Brainstem)Midbrain Forebrain Hindbraino Brainstem· The structure that begins at the point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the braino Medulla· The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, and swallowingo Reticular formation· A structure in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in arousal and attention and that screens sensory messages entering the braino Pons· A structure in the brainstem that plays a role in body movement and even exerts an influence on sleep and dreamingo Cerebellum· The brain structure that executes smooth, skilled body movements and regulates muscle tone and postureo Midbraino The structures of this brain region act primarily as relay stations through which the basic physiological functions of the hindbrain are linked to the cognitive functions of the forebrain Substantia nigra The midbrain structure that controls unconscious motor movements Thalamus The structure, located above the brainstem, that acts as a relay station for information flowing into or out of the higher brain centers Regulates sleep cycles Hypothalamus A small but influential brain structure that controls the pituitary gland and regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, body temperature, and a vide variety of emotional behaviors Limbic system A group of structures in the brain, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that are collectively involved in emotion, memory and motivation Amygdala A structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to aversive stimuli Hippocampus A structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in the formation of long-term memories Forebrain Cerebrum The largest structure of the human brain, consisting of the two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and covered by the cerebral cortex Cerebral hemispheres The right and left halves of the cerebrum, covered by the cerebral cortex and connected by the corpus callosum Corpus callosum The thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and make possible the transfer of information and the synchronization of activity between them Cerebral cortex The gray, convoluted covering of the cerebral hemispheres that is responsible for higher mental processes such as language, memory, and thinking Referred to as gray matter Andreason and others Indicated that the amount of gray matter is positively correlated with human intelligence Convolutions The numerous folds or wrinkles in the cortex Three types of areas of the cerebral cortex Sensory input areas: where vision, hearing, tough, pressure, and temperature register Motor areas: which control voluntary movement Association areas: which house memories and are involved in though, perception, and language Four Lobes of Cerebrum Frontal lobes The lobes that control voluntary body movements, speech production, and such functions as thinking, motivation, planning for the future, impulse control, and emotional responses Contains the motor cortex, Broca’s area, and the frontal association areas Motor Cortex The strip of tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary body movement Discovered by Fritsch and Hitzig Wilder Penfield Applied electrical stimulation to the motor cortex of conscious human patients undergoing neurosurgery Mapped the primary motor cortex in humans Plasticity is maintained throughout life The capacity of the brain to adapt to changes such as brain damage Broca’s area The area in the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that controls the production of speech sounds Paul Broca Among the first scientists to demonstrate the existence of localized functions in the cerebral cortex and concluded that the site of damage was the part of the brain responsible for speech production Broca’s aphasia An impairment in the physical ability to produce speech sounds, or in extreme cases an inability to speak at all Aphasia A loss or impairment of the ability to understand or communicate through the written or spoken word, which results from damage to the brain Frontal Association Areas Consists of association areas involved in thinking, motivation, planning for the future, impulse control, and emotional responses Parietal lobes The lobes that contain the somatosensory cortex and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial orientation Somatosensory cortex The strip of tissue at the front of the parietal lobe where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register in the cerebral cortex Occipital lobes The lobes that contain the primary visual cortex and association areas involved in the interpretation of visual information Primary visual cortex The area at the rear of the occipital lobes where vision registers in the cerebral cortex Each eye is connected the primary visual cortex in both right and left occipital lobes Temporal lobes The lobes that contain the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, and association areas for interpreting auditory information Primary auditory cortex The part of the temporal lobes where hearing registers in the cerebral cortex Wernicke’s area The language area in the temporal lobe involved in comprehension of the spoken work and in formulation of coherent speech and written language Wernicke’s aphasia Aphasia that results from damage to Wernicke’s area and in which the person’s spoken language is fluent, but the content is either vague or incomprehensible to the listener Another kind of aphasia is auditory aphasia Word deafness Temporal association areas House memories and are involved in the interpretation of auditory stimuli There is a special association area where familiar melodies are stored Cerebral Hemisphereso Left hemisphere· The hemisphere that controls the right side of the body, coordinates complex movements, and in 95% of right-handers and 62% of left-handers, controls most functions of speech and written languageo Right hemisphere· The hemisphere that controls the left side of the body and that, in most people, is specialized for visual-spatial perception and for interpreting nonverbal behavioro Unilateral neglect· Patients with right hemisphere damage that may have attention deficits and be unaware of objects in the left visual field Right hemisphere’s role in emotion The right hemisphere is involved in our expression of emotion through tone of voice and facial expressions Controls the left side of the face and usually conveys stronger emotion than the right side of the face Lawrence Miller Describes the facial expressions and the voice inflection of people with right hemisphere damage as “often strangely blank –almost robotic”Split brain Split-brain operation An operation in which the corpus callosum is cut, separating the cerebral hemispheres and usually lessening the severity and frequency of grand mal seizures Joseph Bogen and Philip Vogel Found that patients with severe epilepsy could be helped by surgery that severed their corpus callosum rendering communication between the two hemispheres impossible Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga and Jerre Levy Their research with split-brain patients has expanded knowledge of the unique capabilities of the individual hemispheres Roger Sperry Found that when the brain was surgically separated, each hemisphere continued to have individual and private experiences, sensations, thoughts, and perceptions Roger Sperry 1981 Nobel Prize research The right hemisphere knows and remembers what it sees just as well as the left, but unlike the left hemisphere, the right cannot name what it has seen Handedness Corpus callosum of left-handers is 11% larger and contains up to 2.5 million more nerve fibers than that of right-handers In general, the two sides of the brain are less specialized in left-handers Left-handers tend to experience less language loss following an injury to either hemisphere Left-handers tend to have higher rates of learning disabilities and mental disorders than right-handers Studies of ancient populations show that the proportions of left- and right-handers in the human population has been about the same for several thousand years Hepper and others Of the human fetuses they observed, 94.6%were sucking their right thumb and only 5.4% were sucking their left thumb Created with Microsoft Office One Note 2003 One place for all your notes" }, { "docid": "D1367410#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight\nBlindsight", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the neurological phenomenon. For other uses, see Blindsight (disambiguation). Blindsight is the ability of people who are cortically blind due to lesions in their striate cortex, also known as primary visual cortex or V1, to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see. [ 1] The majority of studies on blindsight are conducted on patients who have the conscious blindness on only one side of their visual field. Following the destruction of the striate cortex, patients are asked to detect, localize, and discriminate amongst visual stimuli that are presented to their blind side, often in a forced-response or guessing situation, even though they do not consciously recognize the visual stimulus. Research shows that blind patients achieve a higher accuracy than would be expected from chance alone. Type 1 blindsight is the term given to this ability to guess—at levels significantly above chance—aspects of a visual stimulus (such as location or type of movement) without any conscious awareness of any stimuli. Type 2 blindsight occurs when patients claim to have a feeling that there has been a change within their blind area—e.g. movement—but that it was not a visual percept. [ 2] Blindsight challenges the common belief that perceptions must enter consciousness to affect our behavior; showing that our behavior can be guided by sensory information of which we have no conscious awareness. [" }, { "docid": "D1896572#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/44879141/anatomy-chapter-14-the-brain-and-cranial-nerves-flash-cards/\nAnatomy Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves", "text": "\"279 terms aprilterry82Anatomy Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Six major regions of the brain Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla The seat of neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses Gray matter Gray matter forms a surface layer called the ________ over the cerebrum and cerebellum, and deeper masses called ______ surrounded by white matter. cortex; nuclei Three examples of middle white matter 1. association fibers 2. commissural fibers 3. projection fibers White matter is composed of ______, or bundles of axons, which here connect one part of the brain to another and to the spinal cord. tractscorpus callosum is a commissual tract/fiber in the middle white matter of the brain that hold the hemispheres together and sends (calls) nerve impulses from 1 hemisphere to anotherwhat are the meninges? The three connective tissue membranes that envelop the brain which lie between the nervous tissue and bone. * protects the brain from cranial trauma Three layers of the meninges Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater Two layers of dura mater 1. periosteal layer - outer layer - attaches to inner surface of skull 2. meningeal layer - inner layer - true covering of brain & cont around spinal cord as the spinal dura mater Dural sinuses Spaces between the two layers of the dura (periosteal and meningeal) which collect venous blood from brain and CSF from \"\"arachnoid vili\"\" and then directs the blood and CSF into the internal jugular of neck." }, { "docid": "D61711#0", "title": "http://www.mybrainnotes.com/memory-language-brain.html\nThe Brain's Cerebral Cortex (Neocortex)", "text": "\"Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson make a good point in Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior (2005). If you damage any part of your brain in an accident or a stroke, they explain, it may appear that you have damage to your frontal lobes, even when your frontal lobes remain perfectly intact. \"\" People always thought this was because the last structure to evolve is the most delicate, while the older structures have been around so long they've become incredibly robust. But a neuropsychologist named Elkhonon Goldberg at New York University School of Medicine, who wrote a fantastic book about frontal lobe functions called The Executive Brain, has a different theory. He thinks that while the frontal lobes may be more fragile, there is another factor involved, which is that every other part of the brain is connected to them. When you damage any part of the brain, you change input to the frontal lobes, and when you change input, you change output. If the frontal lobes aren't getting the right input, they don't produce the right output even though structurally they're fine. So all brain damage ends up looking like frontal lobe damage, whether the frontal lobes were injured or not. \"\" The orbital-frontal cortex and Phineas Gage: Updated 7/9/2011\"\"In primates, the frontal lobe has an important role in establishing priorities and planning,\"\" writes Allman in Evolving Brains. \"\" In particular, the lower surface of the frontal lobe, termed the orbital-frontal cortex, is especially important for these functions, as has been shown by an extraordinary series of clinical observations of brain-damaged patients by Antonio Damasio and his team in the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa College of Medicine. \"\"" }, { "docid": "D2866198#0", "title": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wsu-sandbox/chapter/the-brain-and-spinal-cord/\nThe Brain and Spinal Cord", "text": "The Brain and Spinal Cord Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Explain the functions of the spinal cord Identify the hemispheres and lobes of the brain Describe the types of techniques available to clinicians and researchers to image or scan the brain The brain is a remarkably complex organ comprised of billions of interconnected neurons and glia. It is a bilateral, or two-sided, structure that can be separated into distinct lobes. Each lobe is associated with certain types of functions, but, ultimately, all of the areas of the brain interact with one another to provide the foundation for our thoughts and behaviors. In this section, we discuss the overall organization of the brain and the functions associated with different brain areas, beginning with what can be seen as an extension of the brain, the spinal cord. The Spinal Cord It can be said that the spinal cord is what connects the brain to the outside world. Because of it, the brain can act. The spinal cord is like a relay station, but a very smart one. It not only routes messages to and from the brain, but it also has its own system of automatic processes, called reflexes. The top of the spinal cord merges with the brain stem, where the basic processes of life are controlled, such as breathing and digestion. In the opposite direction, the spinal cord ends just below the ribs—contrary to what we might expect, it does not extend all the way to the base of the spine." }, { "docid": "D408705#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cortex\nCerebral cortex", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Primary cortex)navigation search For the scientific journal, see Cerebral Cortex (journal). Cerebral cortex Tissue slice from the brain of an adult macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta). The cerebral cortex is the outer layer depicted in dark violet. Source: Brain Maps.org Golgi-stained neurons in the cortex Details Part of Cerebrum Identifiers Latin Cortex cerebri Me SH D002540Neuro Names 39Neuro Lex ID birnlex_1494TA A14.1.09.003A14.1.09.301FMA 61830Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the cerebrum in the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. [ 1] The cerebral cortex is the most anterior (rostral) brain region and consists of an outer zone of neural tissue called gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies. It is also divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure, but the two hemispheres are joined at the midline by the corpus callosum. [ 1]At the cellular and circuit level, the cerebral cortex is characterized by two primary organizational features:across its surface it is divided into functional areas that serve various sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, andit is subdivided into several layers that organize the input and output connectivity of resident neurons. These two fundamental properties provide modular functionality. [ 1]In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is usually folded, providing a greater surface area in the confined volume of the cranium. Increased surface area is thought to be important because it allows for the addition and evolution of a greater diversity of functional modules, or areas. [" }, { "docid": "D174327#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/6903522/ap-psychology-chapter-3-flash-cards/\nAP Psychology: Chapter 3", "text": "\"67 terms kyleewhite AP Psychology: Chapter 3Communication in the Nervous Sytem Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Dendrite, Soma, Axon What order does information pass through a neuron? Dopamine What Neurotransmitter is believed to be associated with Schizophrenia? Resemble Opiates in structure and effect Endorphins are neurotransmitters that Neurotransmitters The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are Excitatory; Inhibitory While ____ postsynaptic potentials increase the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing an action potention, ____ postsynaptic potentials decrease the likelihood Receive Information The main function of dendrites is to Neurotransmitter What is NOT one of the main parts of a neuron? Acetylcholine The neurotransmitter released by motor neurons that results in movement of the voluntary muscles is Away From Efferent nerve fibers transmit messages ____ the brain and spinal cord Afferent Handyman Bob just hit his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the central nervous system by ______ nerve fibers Central; Peripheral The nervous system consists of two major divisions the ____ and ____ nervous systems Somatic The _____ nervous system carries information from the voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory recpetors to the central nervous system and also carries commands from the central nervous system to the muscles Autonomic Nervous System The heart, glands, and smooth muscles are controlled by the Synaptic Cleft The microscopic gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the cell membran if another is the A neuron transmits an impulse of the same strength each time it fires an action potential The \"\"all-or-none law\"\" refers to the fact that An Action Potential When a neuron;s electrical charge becomes positive and travels along the axon, the neuron is said to be firing Inhibitory PSPs GABA is a neurotransmitter that produces Agonist; Antagonist While a chemical that mimcs a neurotransmitter and can bind to receptor sites and cause postsynaptic potentials is a (n)____, a chemical that can bind to receptor sites and block the action of neurotransmitters is a (n)____Myelin Sheath The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the At the end of axons Terminal buttones are locatedis the largest and most complex part of the human brain The cerebrum MRI Scan Which procedure results in a high-quality three-dimensional picture of the brain? Planning, paying attention. and getting organized If a patient has severe damage to the prefrontal cortex, you would predict that he might also have difficulty Limbic system A loosely connected network of brain structures involved in memory and emotion experiences such as fear and pleasure is theright; left Following split-brain surgery an individual would have difficulty naming an object that he briefly saw in the left visual field because while the ____ hemisphere \"\"saw\"\" the object, naming tasks are under the control of the ____ hemispherecontrolling essential functions such as breathing, regulating circulation, and maintaining muscle tone The medulla is involved inpituitary gland The \"\"master gland\"\" of the endocrine system is the Corpus Callosum The thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the Frontal Lobe The primary motor cortext is located in the Somatosensory Cortex The parietal lobe contains the primary Sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate or activate the structure ESB involvesis greatly reduced Following split-brain surgery, communication between the cerebral hemispheresright side An elderly person has a stroke that leaves her unable to talk an dpart of her body paralyzed. Which part of her body is most likely to be paralyzed? TMS A painless technique that allows reaserachers to create in human subjects \"\"virtual lesions\"\" for short periods of time is Thalamus Sensory information from the eyes is relayed to the primary visual coretex by the Occipital Lobes The primary visual cortext is located in the Cerebellum A gunshot wound in the back of the head would case the victim to be permanently unable to maintain bodily coordination." }, { "docid": "D1196795#0", "title": "http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46574.html\nMotor Responses", "text": "\"Motor Responses The defining characteristic of the somatic nervous system is that it controls skeletal muscles. Somatic senses inform the nervous system about the external environment, but the response to that is through voluntary muscle movement. The term “voluntary” suggests that there is a conscious decision to make a movement. However, some aspects of the somatic system use voluntary muscles without conscious control. One example is the ability of our breathing to switch to unconscious control while we are focused on another task. However, the muscles that are responsible for the basic process of breathing are also utilized for speech, which is entirely voluntary. Cortical Responses Let’s start with sensory stimuli that have been registered through receptor cells and the information relayed to the CNS along ascending pathways. In the cerebral cortex, the initial processing of sensory perception progresses to associative processing and then integration in multimodal areas of cortex. These levels of processing can lead to the incorporation of sensory perceptions into memory, but more importantly, they lead to a response. The completion of cortical processing through the primary, associative, and integrative sensory areas initiates a similar progression of motor processing, usually in different cortical areas." }, { "docid": "D133100#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cortex\nMotor cortex", "text": "\"Motor cortex From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Motor Cortex Topography of human motor cortex Details Identifiers Latin cortex motorius Me SH D009044Neuro Names 2332Neuro Lex ID oen_0001104Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]The motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements. Classically the motor cortex is an area of the frontal lobe located in the posterior precentral gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus. Contents [ hide ]1 Components of the motor cortex1.1 The premotor cortex1.2 The supplementary motor cortex2 History3 The motor cortex map4 Evolution of the motor cortex5 See also6 References7 Further reading8 External links Components of the motor cortex [ edit]The motor cortex can be divided into three areas:1. the primary motor cortex is the main contributor to generating neural impulses that pass down to the spinal cord and control the execution of movement. However, some of the other motor areas in the brain also play a role in this function. It is located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface2. the premotor cortex is responsible for some aspects of motor control, possibly including the preparation for movement, the sensory guidance of movement, the spatial guidance of reaching, or the direct control of some movements with an emphasis on control of proximal and trunk muscles of the body. Located anterior to the primary motor cortex3. the supplementary motor area (or SMA), has many proposed functions including the internally generated planning of movement, the planning of sequences of movement, and the coordination of the two sides of the body such as in bi-manual coordination. Located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex The posterior parietal cortex is sometimes also considered to be part of the group of motor cortical areas; however it is best to regard it as an association cortex rather than motor." }, { "docid": "D1166491#0", "title": "http://nobaproject.com/modules/the-nervous-system\nThe Nervous System", "text": "The Nervous System By Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University The mammalian nervous system is a complex biological organ, which enables many animals including humans to function in a coordinated fashion. The original design of this system is preserved across many animals through evolution; thus, adaptive physiological and behavioral functions are similar across many animal species. Comparative study of physiological functioning in the nervous systems of different animals lend insights to their behavior and their mental processing and make it easier for us to understand the human brain and behavior. In addition, studying the development of the nervous system in a growing human provides a wealth of information about the change in its form and behaviors that result from this change. The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral nervous systems, and the two heavily interact with one another. The peripheral nervous system controls volitional (somatic nervous system) and nonvolitional (autonomic nervous system) behaviors using cranial and spinal nerves. The central nervous system is divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, and each division performs a variety of tasks; for example, the cerebral cortex in the forebrain houses sensory, motor, and associative areas that gather sensory information, process information for perception and memory, and produce responses based on incoming and inherent information. To study the nervous system, a number of methods have evolved over time; these methods include examining brain lesions, microscopy, electrophysiology, electroencephalography, and many scanning technologies. Brain-imaging techniques Central nervous system Development Evolution Nervous system Peripheral nervous system Learning Objectives Describe and understand the development of the nervous system. Learn and understand the two important parts of the nervous system." }, { "docid": "D1577490#0", "title": "http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Visual_cortex\nVisual cortex", "text": "\"Visual cortexnavigation search Brain: Visual cortex Brodmann area 17 (primary visual cortex) is shown in red in this image which also shows area 18 (orange) and 19 (yellow)Dorlands/Elsevier c_57/12261838The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or V1) and extrastriate visual cortical areas such as V2, V3, V4, and V5. The primary visual cortex is anatomically equivalent to Brodmann area 17, or BA17. Introduction The primary visual cortex, V1, is the koniocortex (sensory type) located in and around the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe. It receives information directly from the lateral geniculate nucleus . The dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. They originate from primary visual cortex. V1 transmits information to two primary pathways, called the dorsal stream and the ventral stream: The dorsal stream begins with V1, goes through Visual area V2, then to the dorsomedial area and Visual area MT (also known as V5) and to the posterior parietal cortex. The dorsal stream, sometimes called the \"\"Where Pathway\"\", is associated with motion, representation of object locations, and control of the eyes and arms, especially when visual information is used to guide saccades or reaching. [ 1]The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through Visual area V2, then through Visual area V4, and to the inferior temporal cortex. The ventral stream, sometimes called the \"\"What Pathway\"\", is associated with form recognition and object representation." }, { "docid": "D2466442#0", "title": "http://www.flashcardmachine.com/chapters-9-and101.html\nFlashcard Machine -create, study and share online flash cards", "text": "Flashcard Machine -create, study and share online flash cards My Flashcards Flashcard Library About Contribute Help Sign In Create Account Search Home Flashcards Physiology Chapters 9 and 10Shared Flashcard Set Details Title Chapters 9 and 10Description Exam 2Total Cards 34Subject Physiology Level Undergraduate 3Created 10/18/2008Click here to study/print these flashcards . Create your own flash cards! Sign up here . Additional Physiology Flashcards Cards Term The human brain weighs about and is made up of _______________. Definition1.4 kg (~3 lbs) ; 10^12 neurons Term It is ___ with different regions having _________. The glial cell type involved in barriers and compartmentalization. Definitioncompartmentalized; different functions; ependymal Term What is the largest region of the brain? It is the ____________. Definition Cerebrum; center of higher brain functions Term The three parts of the brain that play a part in embryonic development of the CNS. Name the parts of each." }, { "docid": "D1205917#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100309155941AA8Jbq1\nWhat are the differences between the primary and association areas of the cortex?", "text": "\"Science & Mathematics Biology What are the differences between the primary and association areas of the cortex? Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: The cerebral cortex is connected to various subcortical structures such as the thalamus and the basal ganglia, sending information to them along efferent connections and receiving information from them via afferent connections. Most sensory information is routed to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus. Olfactory information, however, passes through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex (piriform cortex). The vast majority of connections are from one area of the cortex to another rather than to subcortical areas; Braitenberg and Schüz (1991) put the figure as high as 99%. [ 15] The cortex is commonly described as comprising three parts: sensory, motor, and association areas. Sensory areas The sensory areas are the areas that receive and process information from the senses. Parts of the cortex that receive sensory inputs from the thalamus are called primary sensory areas. The senses of vision, audition, and touch are served by the primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex and primary somatosensory cortex. In general, the two hemispheres receive information from the opposite (contralateral) side of the body." }, { "docid": "D2236511#0", "title": "https://prezi.com/tjkwovec8x3o/center-for-hjerneskade/\nCenter for Hjerneskade", "text": "\"Public & reusable Create your own Make a copy Share Embed Like Center for Hjerneskade No descriptionby Carsten Bonderupon 27 November 2012Tweet Comments ( 0)Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Center for Hjerneskade Master Watermark Image: http://williamcalvin.com/Brain For All Seasons/img/bonobo LH-human LH-via TWD.gif The Human Brain Suggested Assessments: Class/individual questioning throughout (especially at the conclusion of) the presentation. Homework worksheets - discussed or collected in class. Students will take a test on the nervous system in which they will be responsible for the structures, lobes, regions, functions, etc. Suggested Supplementary Materials: Skeleton Outline for note-taking. Multiple Diagrams of the Human Brain. * Students will label features/lobes * Students will color-code cortical regions 3. Worksheets (matching, short answer, etc. ), centered around the functions of the lobes and regions of the cerebrum. 4." }, { "docid": "D3045062#0", "title": "https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/ce/understanding-cerebral-vision-loss\nUnderstanding Cerebral Vision Loss", "text": "Understanding Cerebral Vision Loss Many terms are used to describe this devastating condition. Learn the nuances of each, as well the potential causes, symptoms, treatments and prognoses. By Michael N. Block, O. D. Release Date: October 2010 Expiration Date: October 31, 2013Goal Statement: Cortical vision loss in adults has a devastating visual outcome unlike the often partial, and occasionally reversible, changes seen in children. Cortical blindness refers to profound, bilateral vision loss in adults. Cortical visual impairment, a relatively new term, is more applicable to neurological loss seen in children. Visual recovery has ben shown to be variable and related to chronological age of hypoxic insult, severity and etiology. Faculty/Editorial Board: Michael N. Block, O. D. Credit Statement: This course is COPE approved for 2 hours of CE credit. COPE ID is 29710-LV. Please check your state licensing board to see if this counts toward your CE requirement for relicensure. Joint-Sponsorship Statement: This continuing education course is joint-sponsored by the Pennsylvania College of Optometry." }, { "docid": "D1330958#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/15112994/brocas-areas-flash-cards/\nBroca's Areas", "text": "6 terms lauren_zealear Broca's Areas Scorebuilder's Chapter 5Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Broca's areas responsible for motor in numerical order by area (name): location Area 4 (primary motor/MI): Precentral Gyrus Area 6 (premotor and supplementary motor, MII aka premotor areas): Posterior aspect of superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyrus Area 8 (premotor); Frontal eye fields): Superior and middle gyrus Areas 44 and 45 (Broca's motor speech area): inferior frontal gyrus Broca's areas responsible for somatosensory in numerical order by area (name/function): location Area 1 (Primary sensory, SI: Size, shape, position, density), Area 2 (primary sensory, SI: differentiates size and shape), Area 3 (primary sensory, SI: size, shape, and texture), 3a (proproceptive information from joints and muscles), 3b (cutaneous receptors): post central gyrus Areas 5 and 7 (stereognosis, sensory association, object recognition, area 5 projects to 4, visually guided tasks, goal directed movement, body position in space): lateral parietal lobe (superior parietal lobule) Area 40 (sensory association multimodal association, spatial awareness, reading and writing): supramarginal gyrus Area 43 (taste, vestibular system, secondary sensory, touch, position, pressure, pain):inferior post central gyrus Broca's areas responsible for vision in numerical order by area (name/function): location Area 17 (primary visual/striate cortex; V1): Occipital lobe (paracalcarine gyri) Area 18 (secondary visual; V2, V3, V4), Area 19 (visual association cortex): occipital lobe Area 39 angular gyrus Areas 37, 20, 21 (visual object recognition): middle and inferior temporal Area 8 (frontal eye fields): superior and middle frontal gyri Area 7 (visual/spatial perceptions): Posterior parietal lobe Broca's areas responsible for audition in numerical order by area (name/function): location Area 41 (primary auditory cortex; Hescl's gyrus): superior temporal gyrus Area 42 (secondary auditory): superior temporal gyrus Area 21 (auditory association): middle temporal gyrus, 22 (posterior 22-Wernicke's area for language interpretation): superior temporal gyrus Area 39 (auditory information of sounds and words from auditory cortex, reading and writing, Damage=dyslexia, R 39= see images from words, L 39=interpreting letters/lexical letters into words): Angular gyrus Broca's areas responsible for olfaction in numerical order by area (name): location Areas 12 and 32 (Olfactory, strategy and emotion): orbitofrontal cortex Area 38 (olfactory and learning): anterior temporal pole, Entorhinal cortex Area 34 (olfactory and hippocampal input): uncus Broca's areas responsible for the limbic system in numerical order by area (function): location Area 9, 10, 11 (emotions and problem solving): prefrontal Areas 12 and 32 (Olfactory, strategy and emotion): orbitofrontal cortex Areas 23, 24 (motivation, coordinating input into limbic): cingulate gyrus Area 25 (pleasure seeking behaviors): septal area Area 27, 28 (Connections: limbic and cortex) → parahypocampal gyrus Area 34 (olfactory and hippocampal input) → uncus Area 38 (olfactory and learning) → anterior temporal pole, Entorhinal cortex" }, { "docid": "D1651091#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/36740514/physiological-psych-2200-flash-cards/\nPhysiological Psych 2200", "text": "\"59 terms rusowiczally Physiological Psych 2200Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort What is neocortical pyramidal neuron? Pyramidal neurons (90%) that use Glutamate as neurotransmitter Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex What is a GABA neuron? GABAergic neurons (10%) that use GABA as neurotransmitter. chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. What neurotransmitter do most neocortical release when they fire action potentials? Glutamate How many times action potentials can your average neocortical neuron discharge in a second? Many types of neurons emit action potentials constantly at rates of up to 10-100 per second Can you name 12 kinds of neurons? Neocortical Pyramidal Neuron GABAergic Neuron Motor Neuron Spindle Neuron Purkinje Cell Granule Cell Tripolar Neuron Afferent Neurons Efferent Neurons Interneurons Dopaminergic Serotonergic What would you find in neuron's cell body? Axon, dendrite Inside cell: nucleus, ER, ribosomes, mitochondria, etc." }, { "docid": "D1685854#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_cortex\nOccipital lobe", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Occipital cortex)navigation search Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Lobes of the human brain (the occipital lobe is shown in red)Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. ( cuneus and lingual gyrus are at left. ) Details Part of cerebrum Artery posterior cerebral artery Identifiers Latin lobus occipitalis Me SH D009778Neuro Names 140Neuro Lex ID birnlex_1136TA A14.1.09.132FMA 67325Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]The occipital lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. [ 1] The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 (visual one). Human V1 is located on the medial side of the occipital lobe within the calcarine sulcus; the full extent of V1 often continues onto the posterior pole of the occipital lobe. V1 is often also called striate cortex because it can be identified by a large stripe of myelin, the Stria of Gennari. Visually driven regions outside V1 are called extrastriate cortex. There are many extrastriate regions, and these are specialized for different visual tasks, such as visuospatial processing, color differentiation, and motion perception. The name derives from the overlying occipital bone, which is named from the Latin ob, behind, and caput, the head." }, { "docid": "D536431#0", "title": "http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/book/b23.htm\n.", "text": "5THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE VISUAL CORTEXThe primary visual, or striate, cortex is a far more complex and elaborate structure than either the lateral geniculate body or the retina. We have already seen that the sudden increase in structural complexity is accompanied by a dramatic increase in physiological complexity. In the cortex we find a greater variety of physiologically defined cell types, and the cells respond to more elaborate stimuli, especially to a greater number of stimulus parameters that have to be properly specified. We are concerned not only with stimulus position and spot size, as we are in the retina and geniculate, but now suddenly with line orientation, eye dominance, movement direction, line length, and curvature. What if anything is the relation between these variables and the structural organization of the cortex? To address this question, I will need to begin by saying something about the structure of the striate cortex. ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL CORTEX The cerebral cortex, which almost entirely covers the cerebral hemispheres, has the general form of a plate whose thickness is about 2 millimeters and whose surface area in humans is over i square foot. The total area of the macaque monkey's cortex is much less, probably about one-tenth that of the human. We have known for over a century that this plate is subdivided into a patchwork of many different cortical areas; of these, the primary visual cortex was the first to be distinguished from the rest by its layered or striped appearance in cross section—hence its classical name, striate cortex. At one time the entire careers of neuroanatomists consisted of separating off large numbers of cortical areas on the basis of sometimes subtle histological distinctions, and in one popular numbering system the striate cortex was assigned the number 17." }, { "docid": "D1593258#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/area\narea", "text": "area Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to area: surface area, Area codesarea [ a´re-ah] (pl. a´reae, areas) ( L.) a limited space or plane surface.acoustic a's auditory areas.association a's areas of the cerebral cortex (excluding primary areas) connected with eachother and with the neothalamus; they are responsible for higher mental and emotional processes,including memory, learning, speech, and the interpretation of sensations. Area. Functional areas and lobes of the cerebrum.auditory a's two contiguous areas of the temporal lobe in the region of the anterior transversetemporal gyrus, known as the primary and secondary auditory areas. Called also acousticareas. Broca's motor speech area an area comprising parts of the opercular and triangular portions of the inferior frontal gyrus; injury to this area may result in motor aphasia. Broca's parolfactory area a small area of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebralhemisphere, between the anterior and posterior parolfactory sulci. Called also area subcallosa. Brodmann's a's specific occipital and preoccipital areas of the cerebral cortex, distinguished by differences in the arrangement of their six cellular layers, and identified by numbering eacharea." } ]

[ { "docid": "D140227#0", "title": "http://www.webmd.com/depression/electroconvulsive-therapy-ect\nElectroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)", "text": "Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)Treatment Overview Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure used to treat severe depression. It may be used in people who have symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or suicidal thoughts or when other treatments such as psychotherapy and antidepressant medicines have not worked. It is also used for other psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Before ECT, you are given anesthesia to put you in a sleepy state, and you are given medicines to relax your muscles. Then an electrical current is briefly sent to the brain through electrodes placed on the temples or elsewhere on the head, depending on the condition and type of ECT. The electrical stimulation, which lasts up to 8 seconds, produces a short seizure. Because of anesthesia, the seizure activity related to ECT does not cause the body to convulse. It is not known exactly how this brain stimulation helps treat depression. ECT probably works by altering brain chemicals (similarly to medicines), including neurotransmitters like serotonin, natural pain relievers called endorphins, and catecholamines such as adrenaline. ECT treatments are usually done 2 to 3 times a week for 2 to 3 weeks." } ]

[ { "docid": "D1697811#0", "title": "http://www.ect.org/resources/apa.html\n.", "text": "\"note: I have put this article on the ect.org web site, rather than a link to the APA site, after many complaints that the APA site is difficult to access (i.e. busy and slow). However, it is from the APA's site. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)This article provided by the American Psychiatric Association Electroconvulsive Therapy, more commonly known as \"\"ECT,\"\" is a medical treatment performed only by highly skilled health professionalsincluding doctors and nursesunder the direct supervision of a psychiatrist, who is a medical doctor trained in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses. Its effectiveness in treating severe mental illnesses is recognized by the American Psychiatric Association, the American Medical Association, the National Institute of Mental Health and similar organizations in Canada, Great Britain and many other countries. A course of treatment with ECT usually consists of six to twelve treatments given three times a week for a month or less. The patient is given general anesthesia and a muscle relaxant. When these have taken full effect, the patient's brain is stimulated, using electrodes placed at precise locations on the patient's head, with a brief controlled series of electrical pulses. This stimulus causes a seizure within the brain which lasts for approximately a minute. Because of the muscle relaxants and anesthesia, the patient's body does not convulse and the patient feels no pain. The patient awakens after five to ten minutes, much as he or she would from minor surgery." }, { "docid": "D3436245#0", "title": "http://www.healingwell.com/community/default.aspx?f=9&m=1983056\nECT/depression/panic disorder", "text": "\"ECT/depression/panic disorder Forum Rules | Moderators | Password Help Home | Log In | Register | Calendar | Chat | Search | Help Healing Well.com Forum > Diseases & Conditions > Anxiety - Panic Disorders > ECT/depression/panic disorder [ << Previous Thread | Next Thread >> ]opaqueblues New Member Date Joined Dec 2010 Total Posts : 8Posted 12/23/2010 9:24 PM (GMT -6)Hello, I am new to this site and I have a question. I have also posted this in the depression forum. I have taken every medication from A to Z for this condition and nothing has worked. My doctor is pushing for me to have electric shock treatments as I am feeling at the point of nothing,... no medication has helped after almost 2 years of trying every medication known to man for these combined disorders. If anyone has had ECT could you please tell me what it is like to go through and what the after effects are and if it helped. I have been told that I will experience short term memory loss but that is all my doctor will say about it. I need to know more that just that and if anyone out there can help me please reply to my urgent messege. I am sorry, I had to edit this post, as per rule #1Post Edited By Moderator (Scaredy Cat) : 12/23/2010 10:58:08 PM (GMT-7)Back to Topthe HTreturns... Elite Member Date Joined Mar 2009 Total Posts : 20134Posted 12/23/2010 10:50 PM (GMT -6)POSTED 2 YOU ON THE DEPRESSION FORUM. JAMIE. SCHIZO-AFFECTIVE DISORDER, EMOTIONALLY UNSTABLE PERSONALITY DISORDER, BORDERLINE TYPE -AXIS 2 , BI-POLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER AXIS 1 REMEMBER TO LOVE YOU." }, { "docid": "D2775414#0", "title": "http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20460332,00.html\n10 Myths and Facts About Shock Therapy", "text": "\"1 of 11 Getty Images A controversial treatment When most people think of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, they imagine a strapped-down patient writhing in pain. ( Probably thanks to the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest .) And many regard it as an outdated, barbaric treatment no longer in use. In fact, ECT is still in use, and why and how it's used may surprise you. Here are some common myths and facts about the procedure. Advertisement2 of 11 Getty Images It causes seizures Fact During ECT, a person is given a seizure-inducing electrical shock that can lift depression—although no one knows exactly why it works. \"\" It reboots the system,\"\" says Gary Kennedy, MD, director of geriatric psychiatry at Montefiore Medical Center in New York. \"\" Like turning a computer off and when it comes back on they are not as depressed.\"\" The seizure may restore some neuroconnections or reconnect nerves that are \"\"short-circuited.\"\" The procedure also may change the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, which play a role in depression.3 of 11 Getty Images It's only for depression Myth ECT is most commonly used for people with severe depression, particularly those who are delusional or at risk of suicide." }, { "docid": "D1561557#0", "title": "http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/filmmore/ps_ict.html\n.", "text": "\"Introduction Insulin coma therapy (ICT) came to the U. S. from central Europe at the end of the 1930s. It was introduced at the same time as convulsive therapy (ECT, electroshock). These were the first successful treatments for schizophrenia ( dementia praecox) at a time when that diagnosis was associated with persistent psychosis, prolonged asylum incarceration, aggressive outbursts, suicide, and dementia. The treatments were unpleasant and dangerous. They were given without anesthesia. The ICT mortality rate varied from 1% to 10% of patients treated. Prolonged coma, in which the patient did not respond to the administration of glucose, was a constant threat. ECT was safer, with lower mortality rates, but patients suffered fractures, severe memory loss, and spontaneous seizures. Why did patients and families allow these dangerous treatments to be administered? Indeed, why did families plead for family members to be enrolled in the treatment, even impoverishing themselves to assure ICT at a prestigious hospital?" }, { "docid": "D2575448#0", "title": "https://www.healthyplace.com/depression/articles/shock-therapyits-back/anecdotal-miracles-about-shock-therapy/\nShock Therapy...IT'S BACK", "text": "\"Shock Therapy... IT'S BACKSANDRA G. BOODMAN The Washington Post Print Email Page 2 of 9Anecdotal Miracles Because of the stigma of psychiatric illness in general and of shock treatment in particular, most patients do not openly discuss their experiences. Among the few who have is talk show host Dick Cavett, who underwent ECT in 1980. In a 1992 account of his treatment Cavett told People magazine that he had suffered from periodic, debilitating depressions since 1959 when he graduated from Yale. In 1975 a psychiatrist prescribed an antidepressant that worked so well that once Cavett felt better, he simply stopped taking it. His worst depression occurred in May 1980 when he became so agitated that he was taken off a London-bound Concorde jet and driven to Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital. There he was treated with ECT. \"\" I was so disoriented I couldn't figure out what they were asking me to sign, but I signed [the release for treatment] anyway,\"\" he wrote. \"\" In my case ECT was miraculous,\"\" he continued. \"\" My wife was dubious, but when she came into my room afterward, I sat up and said, `Look who's back among the living.' It was like a magic wand.\"\"" }, { "docid": "D3003988#0", "title": "http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/psychotic-depression\nMajor Depression with Psychotic Features (Psychotic Depression)", "text": "\"Major Depression with Psychotic Features (Psychotic Depression)Symptoms Suicide prevention Causes Diagnosis Treatment Outlook Prevention What Is Psychotic Depression? Psychotic depression, also known as major depressive disorder with psychotic features, is a serious condition that requires immediate treatment and close monitoring by a medical or mental health professional. Major depressive disorder is a common mental disorder that can negatively affect many areas of someone’s life. It impacts mood and behavior as well as various physical functions, including appetite and sleep. People with major depression often lose interest in activities they once enjoyed and have trouble performing everyday activities. Occasionally, they may even feel as if life isn’t worth living. It’s estimated that about 20 percent of people with major depression also have symptoms of psychosis. This combination is sometimes referred to as psychotic depression. In psychiatry, however, the more technical term is major depressive disorder with psychotic features. The condition causes people to see, hear, or believe things that aren’t real." }, { "docid": "D1697809#0", "title": "http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/ect-appropriate-old-old-patients\nIs ECT Appropriate in Old-Old Patients?", "text": "\"David T. Manly, MD Stanley P. Oakley, MDJan 1, 2001Volume: 18Issue: 1Schizoaffective, Schizophrenia, Geriatric Psychiatry, Mania, Major Depressive Disorder, Addiction, Alcohol Abuse, Electroconvulsive Therapy As the population in the United States continues to age, the use and safety of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in elderly patients will become an increasingly important clinical issue. This is especially true in the \"\"old-old,\"\" who are generally defined as 75 years of age and older. Although ECT is generally considered a low-risk procedure (Abrams, 1992), its use and safety in the very old and medically ill are still considered controversial by some clinicians and in the general population. Fortunately, recent studies have begun to address these important issues. A small number of retrospective studies (Casey and Davis, 1996; Cattan et al., 1990; Gormley et al., 1998) including our own (Manly et al., 2000) have shown that ECT is effective and reasonably safe in the old-old. In addition, a prospective study by Tew et al. ( 1999) came to the same conclusion." }, { "docid": "D657869#0", "title": "https://www.britannica.com/science/mental-disorder/Treatment-of-mental-disorders\nTreatment of mental disorders", "text": "Treatment of mental disorders Historical overview Early history References to mental disorders in early Egyptian, Indian, Greek, and Roman writings show that the physicians and philosophers who contemplated problems of human behaviour regarded mental illnesses as a reflection of the displeasure of the gods or as evidence of demoniac possession. Only a few realized that individuals with mental illnesses should be treated humanely rather than exorcised, punished, or banished. Certain Greek medical writers, however, notably Hippocrates (flourished 400 bce ), regarded mental disorders as diseases to be understood in terms of disturbed physiology. He and his followers emphasized natural causes, clinical observation, and brain pathology. Later Greek medical writers, including those who practiced in imperial Rome, prescribed treatments for mental illness, including a quiet environment, work, and the use of drugs such as the purgative hellebore. It is probable that most people with psychoses during ancient times were cared for by their families and that those who were thought to be dangerous to themselves or others were detained at home by relatives or by hired keepers. Hippocrates, Roman bust copied from a Greek original, c. 3rd century bce; in the collection of the Antichità di Ostia, Italy. Courtesy of the Soprintendenza alle Antichità di Ostia, Italy During the early Middle Ages in Europe, primitive thinking about mental illness reemerged, and witchcraft and demonology were invoked to account for the symptoms and behaviour of people with psychoses. At least some of those who were deemed insane were looked after by the religious orders, who offered care for the sick generally. The empirical and quasi-scientific Greek tradition in medicine was maintained not by the Europeans but by the Muslim Arabs, who are usually credited with the establishment of asylums for the mentally ill in the Middle East as early as the 8th century." }, { "docid": "D495700#0", "title": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/electroconvulsive-therapy/basics/definition/PRC-20014161\nOverview", "text": "Overview Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses. ECT often works when other treatments are unsuccessful and when the full course of treatment is completed, but it may not work for everyone. Much of the stigma attached to ECT is based on early treatments in which high doses of electricity were administered without anesthesia, leading to memory loss, fractured bones and other serious side effects. ECT is much safer today. Although ECT still causes some side effects, it now uses electric currents given in a controlled setting to achieve the most benefit with the fewest possible risks. Why it's done Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can provide rapid, significant improvements in severe symptoms of several mental health conditions. ECT is used to treat: Severe depression, particularly when accompanied by detachment from reality (psychosis), a desire to commit suicide or refusal to eat. Treatment-resistant depression, a severe depression that doesn't improve with medications or other treatments. Severe mania, a state of intense euphoria, agitation or hyperactivity that occurs as part of bipolar disorder." }, { "docid": "D2575449#0", "title": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1996/09/24/shock-therapy-its-back/35a22683-a87d-4946-81a6-cabf1bb5a37b/\nSHOCK THERAPY: IT'S BACK", "text": "\"It is unlike any other treatment in psychiatry, a therapy that still arouses such passionate controversy after 60 years that supporters and opponents cannot even agree on its name. Proponents call it electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT. They say it is an unfairly maligned, poorly understood and remarkably effective treatment for intractable depression. Critics call it by its old name: electroshock. They claim that it temporarily \"\"lifts\"\" depression by causing transient personality changes similar to those seen in head injury patients: euphoria, confusion and memory loss. Both camps agree that ECT, which is administered annually to an estimated 100,000 Americans, most of them women, is a simple procedure -- so simple that an ad for the most widely used shock machine tells doctors they need only set a dial to a patient's age and press a button. Electrodes connected to an ECT machine, which resembles a stereo receiver, are attached to the scalp of a patient who has received general anesthesia and a muscle relaxant. With the flip of a switch the machine delivers enough electricity to power a light bulb for a fraction of a second. The current causes a brief convulsion, reflected in the involuntary twitching of the patient's toe. A few minutes later the patient wakes up severely confused and without any memory of events surrounding the treatment, which is typically repeated three times a week for about a month." }, { "docid": "D2086714#0", "title": "http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/brain-and-behavior/articles/2009/07/15/brain-stimulation-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation\nBrain Stimulation: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation", "text": "\"Patients who struggle to beat back the demons of depression have another option that is creating serious interest among clinicians and researchers. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a form of brain stimulation, which reorganizes a brain's dysfunctional neural circuitry to the benefit of the patient. It's currently being used for people suffering from depression that is treatment-resistant—meaning it doesn't respond to the first-line approaches including lifestyle changes, psychotherapy, and antidepressant medications, but it is being studied for other uses, too. One big appeal: Unlike medications, it specifically hits the brain instead of the whole body So it is also offers an intriguing possible treatment for postpartum depression in women, say, who are breastfeeding and don't want their babies to be exposed to drugs. To deliver TMS, a clinician presses a device to the patient's head to deliver magnetic pulses that reach about an inch deep inside the skull, causing electrical changes in targeted neurons. Typically, a TMS patient goes through a series of about half-hour treatments, usually several times per week over the course of a few weeks or maybe a month. But the results are temporary and may only last weeks or months; patients may need to return for an additional series of treatments if symptoms return. Side effects include headache, scalp discomfort, twitchy facial muscles, feeling light-headed, and being bothered by the loud noise of the machine. Less commonly, people can suffer seizures, mania, or hearing problems. Any long-term side effects are not yet known." }, { "docid": "D3158721#0", "title": "https://psychcentral.com/lib/what-to-expect-from-an-electroconvulsive-therapy-ect-treatment/\nWhat to Expect from an Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Treatment", "text": "What to Expect from an Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Treatment By John Hauser, M. D. ~ 2 min read Electroconvulsive Therapy — or ECT as it’s commonly known — is a brief medical procedure that involves applying short electrical bursts to the brain through external electrode pads on your head. These electrical bursts create a seizure, which has been shown to help relieve symptoms associated with severe depression. The entire procedure lasts about 15 minutes, although you may be in the hospital for about an hour to include time for prep and recovery from the treatment. ECT treatments are usually grouped together in 6 to 12 treatments at a time, generally given three times a week for 2 to 4 weeks. The number of treatments you will need depends on the severity of your symptoms and how rapidly they improve. Before your first ECT treatment, your doctor needs to make sure the procedure is safe for you. Your psychiatrist will likely refer you to a physician for a physical examination, an electrocardiogram (ECG) to check your heart’s health, and laboratory tests (basic blood tests), to ensure there are no medical conditions that would preclude you from receiving ECT treatment. You may also be referred to an anesthesiologist to go over the risks associated with having anesthesia. Modern electroconvulsive therapy is administered under general anesthesia, to ensure it is a safe and pain-free experience. You will therefore be unconscious during the treatment." }, { "docid": "D556284#0", "title": "http://www.webmd.com/depression/news/20030619/memory-loss-common-complaint-with-ect\nMemory Loss Common Complaint With ECT", "text": "\"Memory Loss Common Complaint With ECTBut Defenders Say Electroconvulsive Therapy Still the Best Option for Some Depression By Salynn Boyles From the Web MD Archives June 19, 2003 -- Supporters say the controversial treatment called electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) helps severely depressed patients who have few other medical options, but new research concludes that this help may come at a high price. One third of the surveyed patients who had ECT, better known as \"\"shock therapy,\"\" reported persistent memory loss as a result. Many patients had very conflicted feelings about ECT, lead researcher Diana Rose, Ph D, tells Web MD. \"\" There is no doubt that some people thought that ECT was very beneficial for them, but we found that this group was much smaller than the professionals think,\"\" Rose says. Two years ago, the U. K.'s Department of Health (DOH) commissioned two reviews evaluating past studies of ECT. The first report, made public in March, found electroconvulsive therapy to be an effective treatment for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drug treatments. Continue Reading Belowyou might like In the latest review, published in the June 21 issue of the British Medical Journal, Rose and colleagues compiled data from seven separate studies. At least one-third of patients complained of persistent memory loss after ECT. Patients reported memory loss and dissatisfaction with electroconvulsive therapy more often in surveys conducted by consumer groups than in those conducted by their doctors. Rose says patients may not feel comfortable complaining about electroconvulsive therapy to their doctors." }, { "docid": "D3436243#0", "title": "http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/826168\nECT a Potential Lifesaver in Comorbid PTSD, Major Depression", "text": "\"News > Medscape Medical News > Conference News > American Psychiatric Association's 2014 Annual Meeting ECT a Potential Lifesaver in Comorbid PTSD, Major Depression Caroline Cassels June 04, 2014NEW YORK ― The use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid major depression may substantially reduce the risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and suicide in this patient population, new research suggests. A retrospective study conducted by investigators at Captain James Lovell Federal Health Care Center (FHCC) – Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in North Chicago, Illinois, showed that among patients with PTSD and major depressive disorder (MDD), the death rate among those who did not receive ECT was significantly greater than that of their counterparts who received ECT. In addition, at 8-year follow-up, ECT was associated with a significant reduction in relative risk (RR) in all-cause mortality and suicidal behaviors among patients with PTSD and MDD. \"\" The finding that all-cause mortality was almost double ― 18% vs 9.7% ― in those with PTSD and major depression who did not receive ECT was very much a surprise to us,\"\" lead investigator Naser Ahmadi, MD, Ph D, told Medscape Medical News. The study was presented here at the American Psychiatric Association's 2014 Annual Meeting. Frequent Bedfellows According to the investigators, PTSD and MDD frequently coexist, with up to 48% of patients with PTSD having comorbid MDD. PTSD is associated with poor outcomes as well as other comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions. Although numerous studies have shown that ECT is the most effective treatment for refractory depression, its long-term effect on PTSD and MDD is unclear. Dr. Naser Ahmadi The investigators' initial hypothesis was that the mortality rate in patients with PTSD and MDD who received ECT would be no different from the mortality rate in patients with major depression who received ECT. \"\" So basically, we wanted to make sure that ECT wasn't contraindicated in patients with comorbid PTSD and major depression,\"\" said Dr. Ahmadi." }, { "docid": "D1325478#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-is-inpatient-ECT-like\nWhat is inpatient ECT like?", "text": "\"Tina D, GP, wannabe muso Answered Mar 29, 2015 · Author has 78 answers and 143.9k answer views I've witnessed ECT as a medical student and psychiatry intern a few years ago. It's a fairly routine kind of procedure like a day surgery, patient goes up to operating theatre, anaesthetised, electrodes attached to their head, the dose administered, response monitored, patient wheeled out. The seizure it induces is fairly unexciting, looks like a twitch. I didn't work closely with people after ECT but I'm told the improvement in symptoms, eg in severe depression, can be dramatic and rapid.672 Views · View Upvoters Related Questions More Answers Below What really happens in ECT? Have you had ECT? Can ECT be used to treat the mania of bipolar? What differences are there in examining outpatient vs. inpatients? Why is ECT so effective? Ask New Question Dee Hiatt Answered Mar 31, 2015I just spent a week inpatient for the beginning of my ECT treatments and I'm finishing the rest outpatient. To briefly answer your second question: no, you're not allowed to have electronic devices." }, { "docid": "D1218577#0", "title": "http://www.healthyplace.com/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-treatment/bipolar-treatment-treatment-of-bipolar-disorder/\nBipolar Disorder Treatment", "text": "Bipolar Disorder Treatment Natasha Tracy Print Email Treatment for bipolar disorder generally occurs when a person is in either a major depressive episode or a degree of a manic episode. This acute episode is the focus of initial treatment. Depending on the severity, bipolar treatment options may include hospitalization, particularly if harm to the patient or those around him or her is a concern. The goal of acute bipolar disorder treatment is to rapidly stabilize the condition enough to get the patient out of danger and move forward into a long-term bipolar treatment plan. Typically this means treating the episode with the appropriate bipolar medication and scheduling follow-up sessions with a psychiatrist, psychotherapist and/or case manager. Medication Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Both acute manic or depressive episodes, as well as long-term bipolar treatment, typically require the use of medications. Medications for bipolar disorder vary depending on the phase of the illness: acute mania, acute depression or long-term treatment. 1 Medication selection is also based on specific symptoms and severity. Common medications used in the treatment of bipolar disorder include: Antipsychotics such as haloperidol (Haldol), ziprasidone (Geodon), quetiapine (Seroquel) and risperidon (Risperdal)Lithium Anticonvulsants (often called mood stabilizers) like Valproate (Depakote) and lamotrigine (Lamictal)Benzodiazepines such as clonazepam (Klonopin) and lorazepam (Ativan)Antidepressants may be prescribed, but only with additional mood stabilizing medication. Most doctors agree, antidepressants should be used with caution in the treatment of bipolar disorder due to the possibility of inducing mania or rapid-cycling. (" }, { "docid": "D2575447#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-side-effects-of-shock-therapy-ECT\nWhat are the side effects of shock therapy (ECT)?", "text": "\"Shritica Joshi, works at Masters in Counseling Psychology Answered Feb 13, 2016 · Author has 85 answers and 45.2k answer viewshi , Thanks for A2A, ECT is often seen as malicious because of its nature and side effects. ECT is basically used with patients suffering from schizophrenia to eliminate the psychotic symptoms and the memories associated with, also used with psychotic depression, mania and bipolar mostly and patients with severe depression esp with suicidal ideation and medication seems to fail, but ECT is as dangerous as it can be effective with side effects on the memory. common side effects is sense of disintegration and loss of memory preceding the treatment,it remains for few hours sometimes as long as few weeks and sometimes patients have problem building new memories or recalling past events, now with older patients its even expensive with high rise in amnesia and they are the most vulnerable to its side effects. ECT is used with great precautions , given the side effects and its nature.279 Views · View Upvoters · Answer requested by Vijaya Vaishnavi Narayan Related Questions More Answers Below What are the side effects of ECT? How is electric shock therapy performed on patients these days? Have you tried ECT (Electro-Convulsive Therapy) for depression? Did it work, and did you experience any side effects? What are the long-term effects on the brain and my consciousness after electroshock therapy (ECT) treatment? Does ECT make your life go faster... Are there any risks associated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Ask New Question Mitchell Ginsberg, I have done psychotherapy since 1968, and am licensed in Calif. since 1981." }, { "docid": "D318123#0", "title": "https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies.shtml\nBrain Stimulation Therapies", "text": "\"Brain Stimulation Therapies Overview Brain stimulation therapies can play a role in treating certain mental disorders. Brain stimulation therapies involve activating or inhibiting the brain directly with electricity. The electricity can be given directly by electrodes implanted in the brain, or noninvasively through electrodes placed on the scalp. The electricity can also be induced by using magnetic fields applied to the head. While these types of therapies are less frequently used than medication and psychotherapies, they hold promise for treating certain mental disorders that do not respond to other treatments. Electroconvulsive therapy is the best studied brain stimulation therapy and has the longest history of use. Other stimulation therapies discussed here are newer, and in some cases still experimental methods. These include:vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (r TMS)magnetic seizure therapy (MST)deep brain stimulation (DBS)A treatment plan may also include medication and psychotherapy. Choosing the right treatment plan should be based on a person's individual needs and medical situation, and under a doctor's care. Electroconvulsive Therapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) uses an electric current to treat serious mental disorders." }, { "docid": "D2425895#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/electroconvulsive+therapy\nelectroconvulsive therapy", "text": "\"electroconvulsive therapy Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia . Electroconvulsive Therapy Definition Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment for severe mental illness in which a small, carefully controlled amount of electricity is introduced into the brain. This electricalstimulation, used in conjunction with anesthesia and muscle relaxant medications, produces a mild generalized seizure or convulsion. While used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders, it is most effective in the treatment of severe depression, and provides the most rapid relief currentlyavailable for this illness. Purpose The purpose of electroconvulsive therapy is to provide relief from the signs and symptoms of mental illnesses such as severe depression, mania, and schizophrenia. ECT is indicated whenpatients need rapid improvement because they are suicidal, self-injurious, refuse to eat or drink,cannot or will not take medication as prescribed, or present some other danger to themselves. Antidepressant medications, while effective in many cases, may take two-six weeks to produce a therapeutic effect. Antipsychotic medications used to treat mania and schizophrenia havemany uncomfortable and sometimes dangerous side effects, limiting their use. In addition, somepatients develop allergies and therefore are unable to take their medicine. Precautions The most common risks associated with ECT are disturbances in heart rhythm." }, { "docid": "D906530#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Bipolar+Disorder\nbipolar disorder", "text": "\"bipolar disorder Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia . Bipolar disorder Definition Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is a mood disorder that causes radicalemotional changes and mood swings, from manic, restless highs to depressive, listless lows. Mostbipolar individuals experience alternating episodes of mania and depression. Description Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating manic episodes in which the individual feelsabnormally euphoric, optimistic, and energetic and depressive periods in which the individual feelssad, hopeless, guilty, and sometimes suicidal. Manic or depressive periods may last for days,weeks, or months and run the spectrum from mild to severe. These episodes may be separated by periods of emotional stability in which the individual functions normally. Bipolar I disorder is characterized by at least one manic episode without a major depressiveepisode. Manic episodes are the \"\"high\"\" of the manic-depressive cycle. A person experiencing a manic episode often has feelings of self-importance, elation, talkativeness, increased sociability,and a desire to embark on goal-oriented activities, coupled with the characteristics of irritability,impatience, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and a decreased need for sleep. Usually this manic period is followed by a period of severe depression, although a few individuals may not experience a majordepressive episode." } ]

[ { "docid": "D213890#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera\nCholera", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the bacterial disease. For the dish, see Cholera (food). Cholera A person with severe dehydration due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin. Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Large amounts of watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps [1] [2]Complications Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance [1]Usual onset 2 hours to 5 days after exposure [2]Duration Few days [1]Causes Vibrio cholerae spread by fecal-oral route [3] [1]Risk factors Poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, poverty [1]Diagnostic method Stool test [1]Prevention Improved sanitation, clean water, cholera vaccines [4] [1]Treatment Oral rehydration therapy, zinc supplementation, intravenous fluids, antibiotics [1] [5]Frequency 3–5 million people a year [1]Deaths 28,800 (2015) [6]Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. [ 3] [2] Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. [ 2] The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. [ 1] Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. [ 2] Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. [ 1] This may result in sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet. [ 4] Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish. [" } ]

[ { "docid": "D3263451#0", "title": "https://bembu.com/foods-that-make-you-poop/\n17 Foods That Make You Poop (For Constipation Relief)", "text": "Keeping yourself regular is the cornerstone of a healthy life. It rids the body of toxic waste and keeps the digestive tract moving smoothly. Did you know healthy digestion has been linked to better mood, weight management, a clear complexion, and a better overall wellbeing? While nearly all bodily functions are linked to digestive health, around 70 million Americans are affected by digestive diseases. That’s partly because today many people eat poor diets and live a high-stress lifestyle. To help relieve constipation, ditch the dangerous laxatives and eat these 17 foods that make you poop!1) Berries Pick a berry, any berry, and chances are it will help get things moving in no time. That’s because most berries are a good source of fiber. For example, one cup of fresh strawberries provides 2.9 grams of fiber. The same size serving of blueberries will provide you with 3.6 grams, blackberries have 8 grams, and raspberries also have 8 grams. Fiber is essential for healthy digestion because it adds bulk to your stool, helping waste pass through the intestines and eventually exit the body." }, { "docid": "D2821516#0", "title": "https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs-children\nIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Children", "text": "Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Children What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, meaning it is a problem caused by changes in how the GI tract works. Children with a functional GI disorder have frequent symptoms, but the GI tract does not become damaged. IBS is not a disease; it is a group of symptoms that occur together. The most common symptoms of IBS are abdominal pain or discomfort, often reported as cramping, along with diarrhea, constipation, or both. In the past, IBS was called colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, nervous colon, and spastic bowel. The name was changed to reflect the understanding that the disorder has both physical and mental causes and is not a product of a person’s imagination. IBS is diagnosed when a child who is growing as expected has abdominal pain or discomfort once per week for at least 2 months without other disease or injury that could explain the pain. The pain or discomfort of IBS may occur with a change in stool frequency or consistency or may be relieved by a bowel movement. What is the GI tract?" }, { "docid": "D2505945#0", "title": "http://www.medicinenet.com/diarrhea/page8.htm\nDiarrhea Causes, Medicine, Remedies, and Treatment", "text": "\"Diarrhea Causes, Medicine, Remedies, and Treatment Center Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Boost Digestive Health Digestive Distress Slideshow: Problem Foods to Avoid Patient Comments: Diarrhea - Effective Treatments Patient Comments: Diarrhea - Causes Patient Comments: Diarrhea - Antibiotics Patient Comments: Diarrhea - Share Your Experience Patient Comments: Diarrhea - Food Poisoning Find a local Gastroenterologist in your town Diarrhea definition and facts What is diarrhea? What is considered diarrhea? What symptoms are associated with diarrhea? What are common causes of acute diarrhea? Traveler's diarrhea Viral gastroenteritis Bacterial enterocolitis Food poisoning Parasites Medicines that causes diarrhea What are common causes of chronic diarrhea? When should you call a doctor for diarrhea? How is the cause of diarrhea diagnosed? What is the treatment of diarrhea in infants and children? What is the treatment for diarrhea in older children and adults? What home remedies help the symptoms of diarrhea?" }, { "docid": "D3161548#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheal_diseases\nDiarrhea", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Diarrheal diseases)navigation search For other uses, see Diarrhea (disambiguation). Diarrhea An electron micrograph of rotavirus, the cause of nearly 40% of hospitalizations from diarrhea in children under five. [ 1]Specialty Infectious disease, gastroenterology Symptoms Loose frequent bowel movements, dehydration [2]Causes Usually infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) [2]Risk factors Contaminated food or water [2]Prevention Handwashing, rotavirus vaccination, breastfeeding [2]Treatment Oral rehydration solution, zinc supplementation [2]Frequency ~2.4 billion (2015) [3]Deaths 1.3 million (2015) [4]Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. [ 2] It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. [ 2] Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. [ 2] This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. [ 2] Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are exclusively breastfed, however, are normal. [ 2]The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite - a condition also known as gastroenteritis. [ 2] These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by feces, or directly from another person who is infected. [ 2] The three types of diarrhea are: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea (lasting more than two weeks). [" }, { "docid": "D582438#0", "title": "http://www.thrombocyte.com/causes-of-blood-in-stool-pooping-blood/\n10 Causes of Blood in Stool (Pooping Blood)", "text": "10 Causes of Blood in Stool (Pooping Blood)TELL FRIENDS164SHARESFacebook Twitter Blood in Stool : The Ultimate Guide Plus Treatment Methods You Can Learn Today To Get Rid of Blood in Stool Medicallyand/or Naturally Blood in stool (often described as pooping blood) happens for a number of reasons. The occurrence may either indicate a serious medical condition or not at all. ( 1)There are several causes that can result to blood in stool or pooping blood. It can be due to your medical condition, diet or genetics. The amount of blood will vary from person to person which is usually influenced by the core causative factor involved. In extreme cases, some people experience large amounts of blood in stool which would indicate the need for immediate medical consultation. Hematochezia, the medical term for fresh blood in stool , is a common occurrence where up to 15% of adults within the last six months already have noticed presence of blood on toilet paper after passing stools. Studies have shown that a person mostly becomes aware of the bleeding only upon seeing spots on toilet paper or toilet bowl after a bowel movement. It’s a common initial fear for an individual to wonder, “Why is there blood in my stool? Do I have cancer?" }, { "docid": "D3373222#0", "title": "http://www.milkandhoneyhealthfoods.com/treating-intestinal-problems-naturally\nMILK 'N HONEY HEALTH FOODS", "text": "DEALING WITH INTESTINAL PROBLEMS NUTRITIONALLYMedications for treatment of intestinal disorders have become a multi-billion dollar industry. Millions of people regularly take prescription and non-prescription drugs to deal with these problems. While these drugs will often provide some relief, they most often treat only symptoms while ignoring the cause of the problem. Then there are the negative side effects. A recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that people taking prescription heartburn drugs such as Prilosec and Prevacid are much more susceptible to becoming infected with the bacteria C. difficle. This bacterium causes diarrhea and can lead to acute stomach pain and inflammation of the colon. This study showed taking heartburn drugs such as Tagamet, Zantac and Pepcid also increased the risk of acquiring C. difficle. GAS, BLOATING AND ABDOMINAL PAIN: Common digestive problems such as gas, bloating and abdominal pain are frequently associated with lack of sufficient hydrochloric acid (HCL) and/or digestive enzymes. When you eat a meal, digestion of carbohydrates from that meal begin in the mouth with the secretion of salivary amylase, a carbohydrate digesting enzyme. As your meal passes into the stomach, HCL and an enzyme called pepsin begins to break down protein and minerals." }, { "docid": "D2263594#0", "title": "https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htm\nManaging Acute Gastroenteritis Among Children", "text": "\"Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: [email protected]. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Managing Acute Gastroenteritis Among Children Oral Rehydration, Maintenance, and Nutritional Therapy Prepared by Caleb K. King, M. D. 1 Roger Glass, M. D., Ph. D. 2 Joseph S. Bresee, M. D. 2 Christopher Duggan, M. D. 3 1 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina 2 Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC 3 Children's Hospital Boston Boston, Massachusetts The material for this report originated in the National Center for Infectious Diseases, James M. Hughes, M. D., Director, and the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, James Le Duc, Ph. D., Director. Summary Acute gastroenteritis remains a common illness among infants and children throughout the world. Among children in the United States, acute diarrhea accounts for >1.5 million outpatient visits, 200,000 hospitalizations, and approximately 300 deaths/year. In developing countries, diarrhea is a common cause of mortality among children aged <5 years, with an estimated 2 million deaths annually. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) includes rehydration and maintenance fluids with oral rehydration solutions (ORS), combined with continued age-appropriate nutrition." }, { "docid": "D1433924#0", "title": "https://thebark.com/content/vet-advice-treating-your-dogs-diarrhea\nVet Advice: Treating Your Dog's Diarrhea", "text": "\"Healthy Living Vet Advice: Treating Your Dog's Diarrhea Common canine ailment responds to home care and familiar remedies By Robert J. Silver, November 2008Question: Help! my dog has diarrhea—is there anything in my medicine cabinet or on my kitchen shelf that could be used to save both of us a visit to the vet? Answer: As a veterinarian, this author sees many patients with minor problems (such as the dog in this story) who could be treated at home safely and effectively. At the same time, there are dogs whose problems, if not addressed early enough by a veterinary professional, suffer more than they need to. Probably the most common complaint received by veterinarians is that of diarrhea. It’s such an easy condition to identify: The smell is unmistakable, as is its chocolate-pudding appearance. Most of the time, diarrhea is caused by a dietary indiscretion or stressful circumstances, and is self-limiting. Diarrhea is not a disease; rather, it is a symptom of a dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). When associated with bad food or food-borne pathogens, diarrhea serves to rapidly remove pathogens from the GIT before they have a chance to be absorbed and cause more damage. Warning Signs That Diarrhea Needs Medical Attention • Black, tarry stool, or stool with copious amounts of fresh blood (bright red)• Loss of appetite• Marked lethargy• Frequent vomiting• Signs of abdominal pain ( bloating, groaning, panting rapidly or avoidance response when belly is touched)• Lasts longer than 48 hours (Since it can rapidly weaken puppies and geriatrics, or dogs with chronic diseases, they may need veterinary attention sooner. )" }, { "docid": "D1948726#0", "title": "http://beingstray.com/canine-stools-diarrhea/\nWhat Canine Stools Tell You About Diarrhea", "text": "What Canine Stools Tell You About Diarrhea By isak, June 10, 2009Diarrhea is the passage of loose, unformed stools generally occurring in more frequent bowel movements. It is the most common sign of an intestinal disease. Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic, depending on its duration. Acute diarrhea comes on suddenly and is finished in a short period. Chronic diarrhea often comes on gradually and persists for three weeks or longer, or has an episodic pattern of recurrence. Chronic diarrhea requires veterinary investigation. Food in the small intestine takes about 8 hours to reach the colon. During that time, the bulk of the food and 80 percent of the water is absorbed. The colon concentrates the remainder. In the end, a well-formed stool is evacuated." }, { "docid": "D735701#0", "title": "http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2010/09/common-foodborne-pathogens-and-toxins-in-the-us/\nA Primer on Symptoms of Foodborne Illness", "text": "A Primer on Symptoms of Foodborne Illness By Marijke Schwarz Smith | September 28, 2010The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than 76 million incidents of foodborne illness occur in the United States each year. Many of these cases are slight enough to not merit a visit to the doctor and go unreported. However, about 5,000 deaths per year are associated with contaminated food. Knowing the symptoms of foodborne illness can help save your life; it can also keep you from spreading diseases to others. Many foodborne pathogens are easily transferred from person-to-person via contaminated surfaces and foods. This following list is not intended to diagnose foodborne illnesses. If you believe something you ate or drank has made you sick, seek medical help. That important step can shorten the duration of your symptoms and may keep you from suffering potentially long-term complications associated with enteric (intestinal) diseases. Severe infections of the intestine, especially by strong toxins and tissue-invading pathogens, can lead to chronic gastrointestinal problems such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). And some foodborne illnesses begin with gastrointestinal distress but can advance to systemic infections and become fatal." }, { "docid": "D3158982#0", "title": "http://www.aboutkidsgi.org/lower-gi/diarrhea.html\nDiarrhea", "text": "Diarrhea Home Lower GI Diarrhea Lower GI Last Updated: 10 February 2016Tweet What is diarrhea Diarrhea – loose, watery stools occurring more than three times in one day - is a common problem that usually lasts a day or two and goes away on its own without any special treatment. However, prolonged diarrhea can be a sign of other problems. People with diarrhea may pass more than a quart of stool a day. Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and the elderly, and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems. People of all ages can get diarrhea. The average adult has a bout of diarrhea about four times a year. What causes diarrhea Diarrhea may be caused by a temporary problem, like an infection; or a chronic problem, like an intestinal disease. A few of the more common causes of diarrhea are: Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria, consumed through contaminated food or water, can cause diarrhea." }, { "docid": "D582440#0", "title": "http://ddc.musc.edu/public/diseases/small-intestine/infections.html\nInfections of the Small Intestine", "text": "\"Infections of the Small Intestine The major function of the small intestine is to digest, absorb and propel food along its length. Most clinically important infections of the small intestine will interfere with these functions. Diarrhea is common; other symptoms include bleeding, bloating, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and even features of complete abdominal obstruction. Some infections have characteristic features. Infections of the small bowel Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:52Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing Salmonella Typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells. Salmonella Infections Salmonella appears in many forms. The so called non-typhoidal Salmonella species is the most common cause of food poisoning outbreaks in the United States. These organisms are extremely common in meat products, but have also been traced to pet turtles and iguanas. Chickens and eggs are probably the most common cause of infection." }, { "docid": "D2005023#0", "title": "https://www.healthtap.com/topics/does-broccoli-cause-constipation\nTop 30 Doctor insights on: Does Broccoli Cause Constipation", "text": "Top 30 Doctor insights on: Does Broccoli Cause Constipation Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Rebecca Gliksman1 doctor agreed:1 Have morning nausea belch8ing. Ate broccoli/rice yesterday and mini wheat cereal last night cause had constipation. Due to have colonospony soon. AMm nausea. Bleching: Could be from reflux ( GERD ), constipation, or ovarian pathology as well. Consider OTC ranitidine for reflux and see if helps. For constipation try high fiber 1 cup oats, brown rice (not white), barley, lentils a day and avocados, strawberries, kale, sweet potatoes. And plenty of fluid 2-3 liters of water/ ... Read more Dr. Eric Kaplan2,517 Doctors shared insights Constipation (Definition)Constipation is difficulty passing ... Read more Dr. Andrew Seibert Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology28 years in practice Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Heidi Fowler2 doctors agreed:2 Does risotto cause constipation? Risotto: Is an italian rice dish. If you have a diet that is high in this type of carbs and is lacking in vegetables, fruits, whole grains and other sources of fiber - constipation is more likely." }, { "docid": "D2987645#0", "title": "http://www.aboutkidsgi.org/site/lower-gi-disorders/diarrhea\nDiarrhea", "text": "Diarrhea Home Lower GI Diarrhea Lower GI Last Updated: 10 February 2016Tweet What is diarrhea Diarrhea – loose, watery stools occurring more than three times in one day - is a common problem that usually lasts a day or two and goes away on its own without any special treatment. However, prolonged diarrhea can be a sign of other problems. People with diarrhea may pass more than a quart of stool a day. Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and the elderly, and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems. People of all ages can get diarrhea. The average adult has a bout of diarrhea about four times a year. What causes diarrhea Diarrhea may be caused by a temporary problem, like an infection; or a chronic problem, like an intestinal disease. A few of the more common causes of diarrhea are: Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria, consumed through contaminated food or water, can cause diarrhea." }, { "docid": "D2261288#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/environmental+constipation\nconstipation", "text": "\"constipation (redirected from environmental constipation) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia . Constipation Definition Constipation is an acute or chronic condition in which bowel movements occur less often thanusual or consist of hard, dry stools that are painful or difficult to pass. Bowel habits vary, but an adult who has not had a bowel movement in three days or a child who has not had a bowelmovement in four days is considered constipated. Description Constipation is one of the most common medical complaints in the United States. Constipationcan occur at any age, and is more common among individuals who resist the urge to move theirbowels at their body's signal. This often happens when children start school or enter daycare andfeel shy about asking permission to use the bathroom. Constipation is more common in women than in men and is especially apt to occur duringpregnancy. Age alone does not increase the frequency of constipation, but elderly people (especially women) are more likely to suffer from constipation. Although this condition is rarely serious, it can lead to:bowel obstructionchronic constipationhemorrhoids (a mass of dilated veins in swollen tissue around the anus)hernia (a protrusion of an organ through a tear in the muscle wall)spastic colitis ( irritable bowel syndrome, a condition characterized by alternating periods of diarrhea and constipation)laxative dependency Chronic constipation may be a symptom of colorectal cancer, depression, diabetes,diverticulosis (small pouches in the muscles of the large intestine), lead poisoning, or Parkinson's disease. In someone who is elderly or disabled, constipation may be a symptom of bowel impaction, a more serious condition in which feces are trapped in the lower part of the large intestine." }, { "docid": "D1305938#0", "title": "http://www.emedicinehealth.com/giardiasis/page2_em.htm\nGiardiasis", "text": "\"Giardia: What Is Giardiasis? Giardia: What Causes Giardiasis? Giardia: What Are the Symptoms of Giardiasis? Giardia: When to Seek Medical Care Giardia: How Is Giardiasis Diagnosed? Giardia: Giardiasis Self-Care at Home Giardia: Giardiasis Medications and Treatment Giardia: Giardiasis Follow-up Giardia: How Can You Prevent Giardiasis? Giardia: What Is the Prognosis for Giardiasis? Giardia: What Is Giardiasis? Readers Comments 3 Share Your Story Giardiasis is the name of the disease caused by Giardia lamblia parasites that infect the small bowel. Giardiasis is caused by Giardialamblia parasites that damage the small intestine; Giardia lamblia forms cysts are transmitted to humans in contaminated water or food and by person-to-person contact. Symptoms of giardiasis are variable; some people have no symptoms but still pass cysts in the stool and are considered carriers of the parasite while others may develop acute or chronic diarrheal illnesses that begin to show symptoms in one to two weeks after swallowing cysts." }, { "docid": "D1971502#0", "title": "http://www.ifitjams.com/stomach.htm\nIntestinal and stomach problems self diagnosis", "text": "\"Diamond symbols linked to decision text. I'm not a doctor, these are my observations on troubleshooting my own digestive problems. Digestive system gas and diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating symptoms D o you have constant cramping or pain? If constant means 24 hours a day, seven days a week, it bee some serious physical damage, and it's not even necessarily your digestive system. Spasms or pains that goes on for hours at a time could be though of as constant, but I have another section for occasional pain. Here's the background on the the problem that inspired me to start on this self diagnosis chart. Around a year ago, a week or so my usual \"\"going downhill\"\" symptoms were followed by an intestinal blockage and the worst abdominal pain I ever had in my life. I woke up around 4:00 AM with my stomach making noises so loud I couldn't believe it, and then realized I had a gas pain as well. By the time I was sitting on the toilet, the gas pain was so bad I couldn't move, didn't dare try to massage it out, which might have been the smart thing to do. And for a half an hour, it got worse and worse until I felt that my internal organs were being torn from their places and all I could do was try not to scream like in a horror movie star." }, { "docid": "D141795#0", "title": "http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Cholera\nCholera", "text": "\"Choleranavigation search This is a curated page. Report corrections to Microbewiki. University of Oklahoma Study Abroad Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy [1]V. cholerae with flagellum. From: Uaidintl.org [2]Contents [ hide ]1 Etiology/Bacteriology1.1 Taxonomy1.2 Description2 Pathogenesis2.1 Transmission2.2 Infectious dose, incubation, and colonization2.3 Epidemiology2.4 Virulence factors2.4.1 Motility2.4.2 Adherence2.4.3 Toxin Mechanism3 Clinical features3.1 Symptoms3.2 Morbidity and Mortality4 Diagnosis5 Treatment6 Prevention7 Immune Response7.1 Host Response7.2 Bacterial Evasion8 References Etiology/Bacteriology Taxonomy Domain: Bacteria | Phylum: Proteobacteria | Class: Gamma Proteobacteria | Family: Vibrionaceae | Order: Vibrionales | Genus: Vibrio | Species: Vibrio cholerae NCBI: Taxonomy Genome: Vibrio cholerae Description Cholera is a water and food borne disease caused by enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae. It is most prevalent in underdeveloped countries with poor or no water sanitation techniques. It affects 3-5 million people per year and kills about 100,000 to 120,000 people among those affected. Cholera is only detrimental if left untreated, with the ability to kill an infected person within hours. It has a short incubation period ranging from a couple of hours to 5 days. It works by using an A-B toxin mechanism to invade host cells and replicate. Symptoms include dehydration from diarrhea and vomiting." }, { "docid": "D3172300#0", "title": "http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/outreach/Pet-Health-Topics/categories/common-problems/diarrhea\nDiarrhea", "text": "Diarrhea This information is not meant to be a substitute for veterinary care. Always follow the instructions provided by your veterinarian. Diarrhea is the passing of loose or liquid stool, more often than normal. Diarrhea can be caused by diseases of the small intestine, large intestine or by diseases of organs other than the intestinal tract. Your ability to answer questions about your pet's diet, habits, environment and specific details about the diarrhea can help the veterinarian narrow the list of possible causes, and to plan for specific tests to determine the cause of diarrhea. ( Anatomy of the digestive system: dog / cat)Small intestinal and large intestinal diarrhea have different causes, require different tests to diagnose and are treated differently. Small intestinal diseases result in a larger amount of stool passed with a mild increase in frequency; about 3 to 5 bowel movements per day. The pet doesn't strain or have difficulty passing stool. Animals with small intestinal disease may also vomit and lose weight. Excess gas production is sometimes seen and you may hear the rumbling of gas in the belly." }, { "docid": "D2617434#0", "title": "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Gastroenteritis%2c+noninfectious%2c+unspec.\ngastroenteritis", "text": "\"gastroenteritis (redirected from Gastroenteritis, noninfectious, unspec.) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia . Gastroenteritis Definition Gastroenteritis is a catchall term for infection or irritation of the digestive tract, particularly thestomach and intestine. It is frequently referred to as the stomach or intestinal flu, although theinfluenza virus is not associated with this illness. Major symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. These symptoms are sometimes also accompanied by fever andoverall weakness. Gastroenteritis typically lasts about three days. Adults usually recover withoutproblem, but children, the elderly, and anyone with an underlying disease are more vulnerable to complications such as dehydration. Description Gastroenteritis is an uncomfortable and inconvenient ailment, but it is rarely life-threatening in the United States and other developed nations. However, an estimated 220,000 children younger thanage five are hospitalized with gastroenteritis symptoms in the United States annually." } ]

[ { "docid": "D1033338#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111105190200AAqYsrC\nThe ABO blood type system in humans is an example of:?", "text": "Science & Mathematics Biology The ABO blood type system in humans is an example of:? The ABO blood type system in humans is an example of: a) multiple alleles and codominance. b) balanced polymorphism and codominance. c) codominance but not multiple alleles. d) balanced polymorphism but not codominance. e) multiple alleles but not codominance Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: a) multiple alleles and codominance There are 3 alleles, I^O, I^A and I^B. The codominance is exhibited by the AB blood type. Cheers. =)Zanier Life © · 7 years ago2 0 Comment Asker's rating Yes a) multiple alleles and codominancechris b aka minguss · 7 years ago0 0 Commentb. /Ishan26 · 7 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Want to build your own website?" } ]

[ { "docid": "D109196#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele\nAllele", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search An allele ( / ə ˈ l iː l /) [1] [2] is a variant form of a given gene. [ 3] Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation. A notable example of this trait of color variation is Gregor Mendel's discovery that the white and purple flower colors in pea plants were the result of \"\"pure line\"\" traits which could be used as a control for future experiments. However, most genetic variations result in little or no observable variation. The word \"\"allele\"\" is a short form of allelomorph (\"\"other form\"\", a word coined by British geneticists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders ), [4] [5] which was used in the early days of genetics to describe variant forms of a gene detected as different phenotypes. It derives from the Greek prefix ἀλλήλ, allel, meaning \"\"reciprocal\"\", or \"\"each other\"\", which itself is related to the Greek adjective ἄλλος, allos (cognate with Latin alius ), meaning \"\"other\"\". Most multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes; that is, they are diploid. These chromosomes are referred to as homologous chromosomes. If both alleles at a gene (or locus) on the homologous chromosomes are the same, they and the organism are homozygous with respect to that gene (or locus). If the alleles are different, they and the organism are heterozygous with respect to that gene." }, { "docid": "D366580#0", "title": "http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm\n.", "text": "\"ABO Blood Types Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943)The most well-known and medically important blood types are in the ABO group. They were discovered in 1900 and 1901 at the University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner in the process of trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death and at other times save a patient. In 1930, he belatedly received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of blood types. All humans and many other primates can be typed for the ABO blood group. There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O. There are two antigens and two antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types. The specific combination of these four components determines an individual's type in most cases. The table below shows the possible permutations of antigens and antibodies with the corresponding ABO type (\"\"yes\"\" indicates the presence of a component and \"\"no\"\" indicates its absence in the blood of an individual). ABO Blood Type Antigen A Antigen B Antibody anti-A Antibody Anti-BA yes no no yes B no yes yes no O no no yes yes AB yes yes no no For example, people with type A blood will have the A antigen on the surface of their red cells (as shown in the table below). As a result, anti-A antibodies will not be produced by them because they would cause the destruction of their own blood. However, if B type blood is injected into their systems, anti-B antibodies in their plasma will recognize it as alien and burst or agglutinate the introduced red cells in order to cleanse the blood of alien protein." }, { "docid": "D3092798#0", "title": "http://www.austincc.edu/kotrla/BBLab6crossmatchSP04.htm\n.", "text": "\"Exercise 6Crossmatch Textbook: Quinley, Chapter 11Skills: 20 points Objectives: List 4 procedures which must be included in performing the crossmatch test. Describe the type of individuals who should collect samples for compatibility testing. State the principle of the major crossmatch. List the components placed in the tube for the major crossmatch procedure. List 2 things that a compatible crossmatch will ensure. List 6 limitations of the crossmatch procedure. List the 3 requirements, as stated by AABB Standards, which must be included in the crossmatch test. State the maximum age of samples which may be used for the crossmatch. State the primary importance of the immediate spin crossmatch. State the purpose of the 37C incubation and anti-human globulin test in compatibility testing." }, { "docid": "D41321#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/19555611/genetics-chapter-4-flash-cards/\nGenetics: Chapter 4", "text": "\"102 terms nhaynes3Genetics: Chapter 4Exam 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Alleles alternative forms of the same gene The allele that occurs more frequently in a population is sometimes referred to as? the wild-type allelethe wild-type allele is most often dominant or recessive? dominantmutation the sources of allelesa mutant allele contains modified genetic informationa mutant allele often specifies an altered gene productwhat is an SNP and what does it stand for? SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism Definition: genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered; SNPs are usually considered to be point mutations that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a significant proportion of the population of a species New phenotypes (due to mutations) result from changes in? functional activity of the cellular product specified by that gene Name 4 types of general mutations 1. loss-of-function 2. gain-of-function 3. null allele 4." }, { "docid": "D1733887#0", "title": "http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/80\n.", "text": "\"1WHAT IS THE BLOOD VOLUME OF AN AVERAGE MALE?5 - 6 LITERS2WHAT IS THE BLOOD VOLUME OF AN AVERAGE FEMALE?4 - 5 LITERS3WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER BLOOD IS BRIGHT RED OR DULL BRICK RED? CIRCULATING BLOOD IS A RATHER VISCOUS SUBSTANCE THAT VARIES IN COLOR DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN IT IS CARRYING. THE HIGHER THE OXYGEN LEVELS THE BRIGHTER THE COLOR.4MOST NUMEROUS LEUKOCYTENEUTROPHIL5GRANULOCYTES (3)NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL, BASOPHIL6ALSO CALLED AN ERYTHROCYTE; ANUCLEATE FORMED ELEMENTRED BLOOD CELL7ACTIVELY PHAGOCYTIC LEUKOCYTES (2)NEUTROPHIL, MONOCYTE8AGRANULOCYTES (2)LYMPHOCYTE, MONOCYTE9ANCESTRAL CELL OF PLATELETSMEGAKARYOCYTE10RED BLOOD CELL, MEGAKARYOCYTE, EOSINOPHIL, BASOPHIL, MONOCYTE, NEUTROPHIL, AND LYMPHOCYTE ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF? FORMED ELEMENTS11NUMBER RISES DURING PARASITE INFECTIONSEOSINOPHIL12RELEASES HISTAMINE; PROMOTES INFLAMMATIONBASOPHIL13MANY FORMED IN LYMPHOID TISSUELYMPHOCYTE14TRANSPORTS OXYGENRED BLOOD CELL15Ok, so you’re using my notecards which is great. I am glad I could help you out cause I wish I had someone to help me out when I took this course. I know Anatomy is super hard. I only ask that if you find these notecards helpful, you join Easy Notecards and create at least one notecard set to help others out. It can be for any subject or class. Thanks and don’t forget to rate my helpfulness!16PRIMARILY WATER, NONCELLULAR; THE FLUID MATRIX OF BLOODPLASMA17INCREASES IN NUMBER DURING PROLONGED INFECTIONSMONOCYTE18THE FIVE TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLSMEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL, BASOPHIL, LYMPHOCYTE, MONOCYTE19LIST FOUR CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA. AMINO ACIDS, GLUCOSE, FATTY ACIDS AND VITAMINS20NAME TWO GASES NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA." }, { "docid": "D689720#0", "title": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001306.htm\nABO incompatibility", "text": "You Are Here: Home → Medical Encyclopedia → ABO incompatibility ABO incompatibility A, B, AB, and O are the 4 major blood types. The types are based on small substances (molecules) on the surface of the blood cells. When people who have one blood type receive blood from someone with a different blood type, it may cause their immune system to react. This is called ABO incompatibility. Due to modern testing techniques, this problem is very rare. Causes The different blood types are: Type AType BType ABType OPeople who have one blood type may form proteins ( antibodies) that cause their immune system to react against one or more of the other blood types. Being exposed to another type of blood can cause a reaction. This is important when someone needs to receive blood (transfusion) or have an organ transplant. The blood types must be compatible to avoid an ABO incompatibility reaction. For example: People with type A blood will react against type B or type AB blood." }, { "docid": "D978150#0", "title": "http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/34637.aspx\nThe Genetics of the Bombay (h/h) Blood Type", "text": "\"The Genetics of the Bombay (h/h) Blood Typewritten by: J. Sace•edited by: Paul Arnold •updated: 3/6/2017A person of the Bombay blood type is considered a universal donor of blood, and can donate blood to type A, B, AB, and O people. However, an individual with this rare blood phenotype cannot receive blood from these people. Why? There are four blood groups in the ABO system - A, B, AB, and O, and classification is based on the presence or absence of antigenic substances that appear on the surface of blood cells. Both parents contribute to a child's blood type and the alleles that contribute to this are O, A, and B. Knowing the blood phenotypes of a couple, a person is able to predict the blood type of their child using the Punnet square. For example, if a blood type BO woman has a child with a man who is blood type O or at least carries an O allele (AO, BO, or OO genotypes) then they could have a blood type O child. However, there are rare instances when a couple produces a type O child even if they don’t possess any O allele. If this situation occurs, the child possibly carries the Bombay blood type, a blood type first discovered among three unrelated individuals in Bombay (now Mumbai) India in 1952 by Dr. Bhende and his colleagues. The major characteristic of the red blood cells of the Bombay blood group is the absence of the H antigen. Rare Blood Type The H antigen is located on the surface of red blood cells and is the precursor of A and B antigens." }, { "docid": "D176763#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems\nHuman blood group systems", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For a less technical article on the common blood types, see Blood type. [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article needs attention from an expert in Medicine. ( February 2016)This article needs additional citations for verification. ( February 2016)This article may be better presented in list format to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. ( February 2018)The term human blood group systems is defined by International Society of Blood Transfusion as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens —in particular, those on blood cells—are \"\"controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them\"\", [1] and include the common ABO and Rh- (Rhesus) antigen systems, as well as many others; thirty-five major human systems are identified as of November 2014. [ 2]In addition to the ABO and Rh systems, the antigens expressed on blood cell membrane surfaces include 346 red blood cell antigens and 33 platelet antigens, as defined serologically. [ 3] [ better source needed] The genetic basis for most of these antigens lie in 45 red blood cell and 6 platelet genes. [ citation needed] An individual, for example, can be AB Rh D positive, and at the same time M and N positive in the MNS system, K positive in the Kell system, and Le a or Le b positive in the Lewis system, [ citation needed] where these and many of the systems are named for patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were first detected. [" }, { "docid": "D114728#0", "title": "https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070421154121AA8CJgg\nWhat does blood type mean?", "text": "Science & Mathematics Medicine What does blood type mean? I know that the A, B, AB, O are the blood types, and then they can be positive and negative, but what does the positive/negative mean and the letters differentiate between? size?.. something else? thanks :)1 following 8 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: positive/negative indicate if the blood tests positive for containing the antibodies to Rh ( + ) or if it doesn't Rh (- ) Just as A blood has antibodies to both B and AB blood, B has antibodies to A and AB AB blood can receive blood from all blood types and O blood can only be give O blood O is the universal donar meaning all other blood types can receive it AB is the universal receiver meaning it can accept donations from A, B, AB, and O The Rh factor is a different antigen and everyone is either Rh positive or Rh negative. If someone is positive they can receive blood from both positive and negative. If someone is negative they can only safely receive the negative blood type. However, antigens for Rh are dissimilar to that of the normal blood types in that the antibodies for A,B, and AB are something a human develops from the environment at a very young age. Antibodies for Rh are aquired by exposure to Rh + blood type **edited it was antigens but that's what I get for answering stuff in the middle of the night :)Source (s): CLS junior, specializing in immunohematologyeryana_nosowforu · 1 decade ago2 0 Comment Go to the Canadian Blood Services web site, I am sure you can find it on Google. It can be quite helpful." }, { "docid": "D3261037#0", "title": "https://dnacenter.com/history-dna-testing/\nIntroduction to DNA Testing History", "text": "DNA testing is a powerful tool for identification. With today’s technology, DNA tests can now identify individuals with almost 100% certainty. Identification has not always been this conclusive. Before DNA tests, the scientific community used other biological tools to identify people and determine biological relationships. These techniques, which included blood typing, serological testing, and HLA testing, were useful for many different tests (such as matching blood and tissue donors with recipients and reducing the rejection rate for transplant patients), but they were not conclusive for identification and determining biological relationships. With the introduction of DNA testing in the late 1970s and early 1980s, scientists saw the potential for more powerful tests for identification and determination of biological relationships. Thanks to the advent of DNA testing, we can now definitively determine the identity of individuals and their biological relatives. The following sections review the development of DNA testing from the early days of blood typing to the latest technology in DNA testing. Introduction to DNA Testing History1920’s: Blood Typing In the early 1920’s, scientists identified 4 different blood types in humans – A, AB, B, and O – based on the presence of certain proteins called antigens in the blood. The blood typing system, called the ABO system, provided physicians with critical information about their patients, allowing them to safely perform medical procedures like blood transfusions by matching the blood types of donor and recipient." }, { "docid": "D1698154#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2B_(blood_type)\nBlood type", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from A+ (blood type))navigation search For other uses, see Blood type (disambiguation). \"\" Type O\"\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with type 0. Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells. A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system. [ 1] Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). [" }, { "docid": "D583097#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodtype\nBlood type", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bloodtype)navigation search For other uses, see Blood type (disambiguation). \"\" Type O\"\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with type 0. Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells. A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system. [ 1] Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). [" }, { "docid": "D60726#0", "title": "http://www.pregnancy.com.au/resources/topics-of-interest/postnatal/abo-incompatibility-in-newborns.shtml\nABO Incompatibility in Newborns", "text": "\"Home > Resources > Topics of interest > Postnatal > ABO Incompatibility in Newborns ABO Incompatibility in Newborns By Jane Palmer ABO incompatibility is a common and generally mild type of haemolytic disease in babies. The term haemolytic disease means that red blood cells are broken down more quickly than usual which can cause jaundice, anaemia and in very severe cases can cause death. During pregnancy, this breakdown of red blood cells in the baby may occur if the mother and baby’s blood types are incompatible and if these different blood types come into direct contact with each other and antibodies are formed. Significant problems with ABO incompatibility occur mostly with babies whose mothers have O blood type and where the baby is either A or B blood type. Premature babies are much more likely to experience severe problems from ABO incompatibility, while healthy full term babies are generally only mildly effected. Unlike haemolytic disease that can result in subsequent babies when a mother has a negative blood group, ABO incompatibility can occur in first-born babies and does not become more severe in further pregnancies. To help you understand ABO incompatibility, it is helpful to review the different blood groups. The genes you inherit from your parents determine your blood group. There are four blood types; A, B, AB and O. Each blood type has its own individual collection of chemicals on the blood cell surface known as antigens, so type A has the A antigen, B has the B antigen, AB has both antigens and O contains no antigen. If different blood types mix, an immune response occurs and the person will produce antibodies to attack the foreign blood antigen." }, { "docid": "D1493835#0", "title": "http://facstaff.uwa.edu/jmccall/evolution_of_the_human.htm\nThe purpose of this web page is to explain some basic facts about human ABO blood group system and to summarize the research and hypotheses regarding its evolution.", "text": "\"EVOLUTION OF THE HUMANABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMBonnie B. Glass BY-590 Dr. Mc Call Spring 2001________________________________________________________The purpose of this web page is to explain some basic facts about human ABO blood group system and to summarize the research and hypotheses regarding its evolution. BACKGROUNDThe ABO System -- A Polymorphism (http://www.bayerpharma-na.com/children/RON/circu/chrc.0103.asp)Humans can have blood types A, B, AB, or O. This is known as the ABO blood group system, and it is a polymorphism . A polymorphism is defined as a \"\"genetic locus with two or more alleles that occur in appreciable (>1%) frequency in a given population\"\" (http://www.as.ua.edu). The ABO blood group system was the first polymorphism discovered in humans. It is however only one of MANY systems involving the red blood cells. Antibodies and Antigens Understanding the difference between antibodies and antigens is essential to understanding the ABO blood group system and its evolution. Antibodies are substances produced by the body when it is invaded and act to protest it from the foreign substance. Antigens are found in the invading substance and elicit the production of antibodies. The two substances, thus, work in conjunction with each other. ( http://www.uen.org/utahlink/activities/view activity.cgi?activity ld=3037)Typically, the body does not produce antibodies until AFTER it has been introduced to a new substance." }, { "docid": "D2089233#0", "title": "http://livehealthy.chron.com/can-type-o-blood-given-anyone-10193.html\nWhy Can Type O Blood Be Given to Anyone?", "text": "\"Related Articles1 [RH- Blood] | What Happens if a Mother Has an RH- Blood Type & the Fetus Has an RH+ Blood Type?2 [Could Cause] | What Could Cause Blood in the Stool & Sharp Stomach Pains?3 [Wrong Blood] | What Happens When You Give Someone the Wrong Blood Type?4 [Blood Pressure] | What Is Extremely High Blood Pressure? All blood might look the same when it's pouring from a cut. But blood cells contain a number of different genetically determined proteins, or antigens. These antigens can trigger reactions during a blood transfusion. Therefore, blood cell antigens are the primary determinants of what blood type can be safely given to another person for a transfusion. Only O-negative blood is considered compatible with all other blood types, and even this is not always true. ABO Blood Type Your blood is one of four types -- A, B, AB or O. This is called the ABO blood typing system. Blood typing is based on the presence or absence of blood cell antigens A and B. If you have type A blood, you have A antigens. If you have type B blood, you have B antigens. If you have both A and B antigens, you have type AB blood." }, { "docid": "D1494501#0", "title": "http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Genetic-Dominance-Genotype-Phenotype-Relationships-489\nGenetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships", "text": "\"One of Gregor Mendel's greatest contributions to the study of heredity was the concept of dominance. Mendel observed that a heterozygote offspring can show the same phenotype as the parent homozygote, so he concluded that there were some traits that dominated over other inherited traits. However, the relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely as simple as the dominant and recessive patterns described by Mendel. As the study of inheritance expanded beyond the seven traits Mendel initially examined and also included organisms other than pea plants, biologists began to notice a variety of relationships between alleles that code for the same trait. These allelic interactions were not exclusively recessive or dominant, and they greatly enriched our understanding of how genotype leads to phenotype. Complete versus Partial Dominance Figure 1Figure Detail Dominance affects the phenotype derived from an organism 's genes, but it does not affect the way these genes are inherited. Complete dominance occurs when the heterozygote phenotype is indistinguishable from that of the homozygous parent. However, sometimes the heterozygote displays a phenotype that is an intermediate between the phenotypes of both homozygote parents (one of which is homozygous dominant, and the other of which is homozygous recessive). This intermediate phenotype is a demonstration of partial or incomplete dominance. When partial dominance occurs, a range of phenotypes is usually observed among the offspring." }, { "docid": "D2529146#0", "title": "http://www.bloodbook.com/rare.html\nRARE BLOOD TYPESBLOODBOOK.COM", "text": "\"RARE BLOOD TYPESBLOODBOOK. COMRARE BLOOD TYPES AND RARE BLOOD TYPE INFORMATION, CHARTS OF RARE BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS, RARE BLOOD TYPE LINKS AND ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ABOUT TYPING RARE BLOOD TYPES. TO HOME PAGEDon't forget to bookmark Blood Book.com! ( CTRL-D)CLOSE WINDOWView Rare Blood Diseases Detailed Information View Chart of Rare Blood Types Rare Blood types are just like all other Blood types, and may not cause you any problem at all..... unless you need a transfusion! At that moment you will begin to find out the full meaning of the words 'rare Blood.' It is seldom that the Blood type is rare; it is the antigens in the Blood that more often make the Blood rare. This is also the time that you may really regret not having your Blood tested and knowing that information, which should be with you at all times. Blood test results, Blood tests Rare Blood types, blood test. A rare Blood type is any Blood type that is difficult to find in the population where you may need that \"\"rare\"\" type of Blood. One way of defining a Blood type as rare is when more than 200 donors must be screened to find one compatible donor with Blood of that desired type." }, { "docid": "D1293598#0", "title": "https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-AB-negative-blood-so-rare\nWhy is the AB negative blood so rare?", "text": "\"Judi Singleton, This blood type runs in my family. Answered Jun 17, 2016 · Author has 339 answers and 1.3m answer views People with AB Negative (.6% of the population) and AB Positive (3.4%) are potential universal plasma donors. You may not know, but there is a special need for AB Plasma. In addition to being the most rare blood type, AB Plasma is universal and can be used for all patients regardless of their blood type.10 AB Negative Blood Type Facts TELL FRIENDSFacebook Twitter AB Negative Blood Type Facts (AB+)1. The Rarest Blood Type and Universal Plasma Donor The nature of antigens present in the serum determines the blood type. AB negative suggests that an individual has both the antigens A and B. Individuals who are AB blood group are commonly called universal plasma donors because their plasma can be transfused to any person of whatever blood group. The blood type is also the rarest blood types among all the blood group because it is present in only 1 out of 167 individuals. This means an approximately 0.6% of the population has an AB negative blood. Not all of the ethnic groups share the same proportions of the AB negative blood type though. This blood type is present in about 1% in Caucasians, 0.3% in African American, 0.2% in Hispanic, and 0.1% in Asian.2." }, { "docid": "D573587#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_country\nBlood type distribution by country", "text": "\"Blood type distribution by country From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Contents [ hide ]1 ABO and distribution by country2 Maps of allele ABO among native populations3 References4 See also ABO and distribution by country [ edit]This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk: Blood type distribution by country. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. ( April 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country (population averages)Country Population [1] O+ A+ B+ AB+ O− A− B− AB−Argentina 44,270,440 45.4% 34.26% 8.59% 2.64% 8.4% 0.44% 0.21% 0.06%Armenia [2] 2,931,568 29.0% 46.3% 12.0% 5.6% 2.0% 3.7% 1.0% 0.4%Australia [3] 24,642,693 40.0% 31.0% 8.0% 2.0% 9.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%Austria [4] 8,592,470 30.0% 33.0% 12.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 3.0% 1.0%Bahrain 1,418,695 48.48% 19.35% 22.61% 3.67% 3.27% 1.33% 1.04% 0.25%Bangladesh 164,833,667 31.18% 21.44% 34.58% 8.85% 1.39% 0.96% 0.96% 0.64%Belgium [5] 11,444,053 38.0% 34.0% 8.6% 4.1% 7.0% 6.0% 1.5% 0.8%Bolivia 11,053,376 51.53% 29.45% 10.11% 1.15% 4.39% 2.73% 0.54% 0.1%Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,792,730 31.0% 36.0% 12.0% 6.0% 5.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%Brazil [6] 211,248,418 36.0% 34.0% 8.0% 2.5% 9.0% 8.0% 2.0% 0.5%Bulgaria 7,045,097 28.0% 37.0% 13.0% 7.0% 5.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%Cambodia 16,077,172 46.7% 27.2% 18.5% 4.9% 1.3% 0.8% 0.5% 0.1%Cameroon 24,515,533 42.8% 38.8% 12.0% 3.3% 1.4% 1.2% 0.4% 0.1%Canada [7] 36,627,140 39.0% 36.0% 7.6% 2.5% 7.0% 6.0% 1.4% 0.5%Chile 18,314,060 85.5% 8.7% 3.35% 1.0% 1.2% 0.1% 0.05% 0.1%China 1,388,251,023 47.7% 27.8% 18.9% 5.0% 0.28% 0.19% 0.1% 0.03%Colombia 49,069,267 61.3% 26.11% 2.28% 1.47% 5.13% 2.7% 0.7% 0.31%Côte d'Ivoire 23,869,656 46.5% 22.5% 22.5% 4.3% 2.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.2%Croatia 4,207,355 29.0% 36.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%Cuba 11,486,750 45.8% 33.5% 10.2% 2.9% 3.6% 2.8% 1.0% 0.2%Cyprus [8] 1,189,395 35.22% 40.35% 11.11% 4.72% 3.85% 3.48% 0.87% 0.40%Czech Republic [9] 10,555,152 27.0% 36.0% 15.0% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%Denmark [10] 5,711,902 35.0% 37.0% 8.0% 4.0% 6.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%Dominican Republic 10,766,932 46.2% 26.4% 16.9% 3.1% 3.7% 2.1% 1.4% 0.2%Ecuador 16,665,756 75.0% 14.0% 7.1% 0.5% 2.38% 0.7% 0.3% 0.02%Egypt 95,220,838 52.0% 24.0% 12.4% 3.8% 5.0% 2.0% 0.6% 0.2%El Salvador [11] 6,171,483 62.0% 23.0% 11.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3%Estonia [12] 1,305,745 29.5% 30.8% 20.7% 6.3% 4.3% 4.5% 3.0% 0.9%Ethiopia 104,352,727 39.0% 28.0% 21.0% 5.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 1.0%Finland [13] 5,541,328 27.0% 38.0% 15.0% 7.0% 4.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%France [14] 64,939,560 36.0% 37.0% 9.0% 3.0% 6.0% 7.0% 1.0% 1.0%Germany 80,635,980 35.0% 37.0% 9.0% 4.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%Greece 10,892,849 37.4% 32.9% 11.0% 3.7% 7.0% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0%Guinea 13,291,741 46.88% 21.64% 22.86% 4.52% 2.0% 0.9% 1.0% 0.2%Honduras 9,348,898 57.5% 27.0% 7.8% 2.5% 2.7% 1.7% 0.6% 0.2%Hong Kong 7,402,115 41.5% 26.13% 25.34% 6.35% 0.32% 0.17% 0.14% 0.05%Hungary 9,787,801 27.0% 33.0% 16.0% 8.0% 5.0% 7.0% 3.0% 1.0%Iceland [15] 334,311 47.6% 26.4% 9.3% 1.6% 8.4% 4.6% 1.7% 0.4%India [16] 1,342,561,902 27.85% 20.8% 38.14% 8.93% 1.43% 0.57% 1.79% 0.49%Indonesia 263,519,317 36.82% 25.87% 28.85% 7.96% 0.18% 0.13% 0.15% 0.04%Iran 80,982,137 33.5% 27.0% 22.2% 7.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.5% 0.8%Iraq 38,657,787 32.1% 25.0% 25.6% 7.4% 3.6% 2.7% 2.7% 0.9%Ireland [17] 4,749,263 47.0% 26.0% 9.0% 2.0% 8.0% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0%Israel [18] 8,323,659 32.0% 34.0% 17.0% 7.0% 3.0% 4.0% 2.0% 1.0%Italy 59,797,969 39.0% 36.0% 7.5% 2.5% 7.0% 6.0% 1.5% 0.5%Jamaica [19] 2,813,316 47.0% 23.0% 20.0% 3.0% 3.5% 2.0% 1.0% 0.5%Japan [20] 126,044,340 29.9% 39.8% 19.9% 9.9% 0.15% 0.2% 0.1% 0.05%Kenya 48,470,780 45.6% 25.2% 21.28% 4.2% 1.8% 1.0% 0.9% 0.02%Latvia 1,944,122 30.6% 31.0% 17.0% 6.0% 5.4% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%Lebanon 6,039,438 38.4% 32.3% 9.5% 3.2% 7.7% 6.5% 1.7% 0.7%Libya 6,408,990 42.64% 28.86% 11.19% 4.5% 6.26% 4.24% 1.64% 0.67%Lithuania 2,827,573 36.0% 33.0% 11.0% 4.0% 7.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%Luxemburg [21] 587,297 35.0% 37.0% 9.0% 4.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%Macao 606,413 41.5% 26.1% 25.4% 6.3% 0.33% 0.17% 0.15% 0.05%Macedonia 2,083,690 30.0% 34.0% 15.0% 6.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%Malaysia 31,165,480 34.32% 30.35% 27.37% 7.46% 0.17% 0.15% 0.14% 0.04%Mauritania 4,266,765 46.3% 26.68% 17.47% 3.85% 2.8% 1.6% 1.1% 0.2%Mauritius 1,267,303 38.3% 26.0% 25.0% 6.7% 1.7% 1.0% 1.0% 0.3%Mexico 130,227,836 55.79% 29.9% 8.0% 1.63% 2.7% 1.5% 0.4% 0.08%Mongolia 3,052,044 55.4% 27.7% 10.9% 4.96% 0.6% 0.3% 0.1% 0.04%Myanmar 53,507,932 35.7% 23.8% 32.7% 6.95% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.05%Nepal 29,188,100 35.2% 28.3% 27.1% 8.6% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%Netherlands [22] 17,033,012 39.5% 35.0% 6.7% 2.5% 7.5% 7.0% 1.3% 0.5%New Zealand [23] 4,604,996 38.0% 32.0% 9.0% 3.0% 9.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%Nigeria 191,851,411 51.3% 22.4% 20.7% 2.6% 1.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.1%Norway [24] 5,330,986 33.0% 41.5% 6.8% 3.4% 6.0% 7.5% 1.2% 0.6%North Korea 25,432,033 27.15% 31.08% 30.15% 11.32% 0.08% 0.1% 0.1% 0.03%Pakistan 180,440,005 24.63% 20.6% 34.40% 9.52% 4.17% 2.66% 3.57% 0.45%Papua New Guinea 7,952,511 48.0% 37.2% 9.6% 2.8% 1.0% 0.8% 0.4% 0.2%Peru 32,167,717 70.0% 18.4% 7.8% 1.6% 1.4% 0.5% 0.28% 0.02%Philippines [25] 103,801,747 36.9% 28.9% 26.9% 6.97% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.03%Poland [26] 38,563,480 31.0% 32.0% 15.0% 7.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%Portugal [27] 10,264,672 36.3% 40.0% 6.6% 2.9% 6.0% 6.6% 1.1% 0.5%Republic of Moldova [28] 4,043,722 28.5% 31.8% 17.6% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.1%Romania 19,237,087 28.0% 37.0% 14.0% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%Russia 143,374,801 28.0% 30.0% 20.0% 7.0% 4.9% 5.8% 3.2% 1.1%Saudi Arabia [29] 32,744,532 47.8% 23.9% 17.0% 4.0% 4.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.3%Serbia 8,776,827 31.92% 35.28% 12.6% 4.2% 6.08% 6.72% 2.4% 0.8%Singapore 5,784,819 43.6% 23.9% 24.4% 6.0% 0.9% 0.7% 0.4% 0.1%Slovakia [30] 5,432,265 27.2% 35.7% 15.3% 6.8% 4.8% 6.3% 2.7% 1.2%Slovenia 2,071,258 31.0% 33.0% 12.0% 6.0% 7.0% 7.0% 3.0% 1.0%South Africa [31] 55,437,815 39.0% 32.0% 12.0% 3.0% 6.0% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0%South Korea 50,748,307 27.9% 33.87% 26.92% 10.98% 0.1% 0.13% 0.08% 0.02%Spain [32] 46,070,163 36.0% 34.0% 8.0% 2.5% 9.0% 8.0% 2.0% 0.5%Sudan 40,827,975 48.0% 27.7% 15.2% 2.8% 3.5% 1.8% 0.8% 0.2%Sweden [33] 9,920,843 32.0% 37.0% 10.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%Switzerland [34] 8,454,321 35.0% 40.0% 7.0% 3.0% 6.0% 7.0% 1.0% 1.0%Syria 18,920,698 43.0% 30.0% 14.0% 3.7% 5.0% 3.0% 1.0% 0.3%Taiwan 23,234,936 43.9% 25.9% 23.9% 6.0% 0.17% 0.1% 0.01% 0.02%Thailand 68,298,027 40.8% 16.9% 36.8% 4.97% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.03%Turkey [35] 80,420,065 29.8% 37.8% 14.2% 7.2% 3.9% 4.7% 1.6% 0.8%Uganda 43,276,492 43.7% 39.0% 10.7% 3.9% 1.3% 1.0% 0.3% 0.1%Ukraine 44,404,078 32.0% 34.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%United Arab Emirates 3,398,017 44.1% 21.9% 20.9% 4.3% 4.3% 2.1% 2.0% 0.4%United Kingdom [36] 65,512,375 37.0% 35.0% 8.0% 3.0% 7.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%United States [37] 326,481,533 37.4% 35.7% 8.5% 3.4% 6.6% 6.3% 1.5% 0.6%Venezuela [38] 32,011,082 58.5% 28.3% 5.3% 1.8% 3.5% 1.7% 0.7% 0.2%Vietnam 95,414,640 41.7% 21.9% 30.8% 4.98% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.02%Zimbabwe 16,642,880 63.3% 18.5% 14.6% 0.99% 1.7% 0.5% 0.4% 0.01%World 6,635,281,257 38.67% 27.42% 22.02% 5.88% 2.55% 1.99% 1.11% 0.36%50.0% and above 40.0–49.9% 30.0–39.9% 20.0–29.9% 10.0–19.9% 5.0–9.9% [ show] Ethnic distribution of ABO (without Rh) blood types [39] (This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types. ) Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth's population. In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high, especially in Thailand and Indonesia, then in East Asia, Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia, and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west, falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Switzerland. [ 40] [41] It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas. [ 41] [42]Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe, although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana, the US. [ 43] [44]Maps of allele ABO among native populations [ edit]Map of allele A among native populations Map of allele B among native populations Map of allele O among native populations References [ edit]^ CIA World Factbook^ \"\"Study of Blood Immunogenetical Markers in Armenian Population\"\" (PDF). 1989.^ Blood Types - What Are They?," }, { "docid": "D824529#0", "title": "https://www.thoughtco.com/blood-types-373447\nLearn About Blood Type", "text": "Science, Tech, Math ›Science Learn About Blood Type Share Flipboard Email Print ERproductions Ltd/Blend Images/Getty Imagesby Regina Bailey Updated November 08, 2017Our blood is composed of blood cells and an aqueous fluid known as plasma. Human blood type is determined by the presence or absence of certain identifiers on the surface of red blood cells. These identifiers, also called antigens, help the body's immune system to recognize it's own red blood cell type. There are four main ABO blood type groupings: A, B, AB, and O. These blood groups are determined by the antigen on the blood cell surface and the antibodies present in the blood plasma. Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are specialized proteins that identify and defend against foreign intruders to the body. Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens so that the foreign substance can be destroyed. Antibodies in an individual's blood plasma will be different from the antigen type present on the red blood cell surface. For example, a person with type A blood will have A antigens on the blood cell membrane and type B antibodies (anti-B) in the blood plasma. ABO Blood Types ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and Ig M antibodies present in the serum. Invicta HOG/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain Image While the genes for most human traits exist in two alternative forms or alleles, the genes that determine human ABO blood types exist as three alleles ( A, B, O )." } ]

[ { "docid": "D508131#0", "title": "http://www.healthline.com/health/beriberi\nWhat is beriberi?", "text": "What is beriberi? Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency. There are two types of the disease: wet beriberi and dry beriberi. Wet beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system. In extreme cases, wet beriberi can cause heart failure. Dry beriberi damages the nerves and can lead to decreased muscle strength and eventually, muscle paralysis. Beriberi can be life-threatening if it isn’t treated. If you have access to foods rich in thiamine, your chances of developing beriberi are low. Today, beriberi mostly occurs in people with an alcohol use disorder. Beriberi from other causes are rare in the United States." } ]

[ { "docid": "D218206#0", "title": "http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=100\n.", "text": "\"World's Healthiest Foods rich in vitamin B1Food Cals DRI/DVSunflower Seeds 204 43%Navy Beans 255 36%Black Beans 227 35%Barley 217 33%Dried Peas 231 31%Green Peas 116 30%Lentils 230 28%Pinto Beans 245 28%Lima Beans 216 25%Oats 152 25%For serving size for specific foods see the Nutrient Rating Chart . Basic Description Role in Health Support Summary of Food Sources Nutrient Rating Chart Impact of Cooking, Storage and Processing Risk of Dietary Deficiency Other Circumstances that Might Contribute to Deficiency Relationship with Other Nutrients Risk of Dietary Toxicity Disease Checklist Public Health Recommendations References Basic Description Vitamin B1, also known as thiamin, is classified as a B-complex vitamin. Very small amounts of vitamin B1 are found in virtually all foods, and many commonly eaten foods contain substantial amounts. For example, 50/100 of our WHFoods rank as good, very good, or excellent sources of B1. In this context, it might seem odd that deficiency of vitamin B1 is among the more common nutrient deficiencies in the U. S. Yet there is a very simple reason for this high risk of deficiency despite the widespread availability of vitamin B1 in foods, and that reason is food processing. Vitamin B1 is among the nutrients most prone to destruction by our modern food production system. At each step along the way, from storage though refining up through cooking, we lose a big portion of the vitamin B1 content of foods. We'll detail this more in the Impact of Cooking, Storage, and Processing section below. For these reasons, vitamin B1 makes a good case study for the wisdom of the World's Healthiest Foods approach of minimal processing and low impact cooking techniques. Of the foods listed on our site, we have one excellent source of vitamin B1 (asparagus), 10 very good sources, and 39 good sources." }, { "docid": "D1115829#0", "title": "http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/42356\nUseful For", "text": "Useful For Assessment of thiamine deficiency Thiamine measurement in patients with behavioral changes, eye signs, gait disturbances, delirium, and encephalopathy; or in patients with questionable nutritional status, especially those who appear at risk and who also are being given insulin for hyperglycemia Clinical Information Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin required for carbohydrate metabolism, brain function, and peripheral nerve myelination. Thiamine is obtained from the diet. Body stores are limited and deficiencies can develop quickly. The total thiamine pool in the average adult is about 30 mg. An intake of 0.5 mg per 1,000 kcal per day is needed to maintain this pool. Due to its relatively short storage time, marginal deficiency can occur within 10 days and more severe deficiency within 21 days if intake is restricted. Approximately 80% of all chronic alcoholics are thiamine deficient due to poor nutrition. However, deficiency also can occur in individuals who are elderly, have chronic gastrointestinal problems, have marked anorexia, are on cancer treatment, or are receiving diuretic therapy. The signs and symptoms of mild-to-moderate thiamine deficiency are nonspecific and may include poor sleep, malaise, weight loss, irritability, and confusion. Newborns breast fed from deficient mothers may develop dyspnea and cyanosis; diarrhea, vomiting, and aphonia may follow." }, { "docid": "D640416#0", "title": "http://www.livestrong.com/article/274311-list-of-vitamin-deficiency-diseases/\nList of Vitamin Deficiency Diseases", "text": "List of Vitamin Deficiency Diseasesby MARTIN HUGHES Oct. 03, 2017Numerous diseases are associated with vitamin deficiency. According to the World Health Organization, or WHO, micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamin deficiencies, can affect anybody, although young children and pregnant women in certain developing nations are more commonly affected than others. Vitamin deficiency may be caused by an unhealthy diet, starvation or certain medical conditions that make absorbing nutrients difficult. Symptoms associated with vitamin deficiency diseases vary based on the disease and its severity. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Pellagra Pellagra, also is known as vitamin B-3 deficiency. According to the Medline Plus website, pellagra occurs when a person fails to get sufficient amounts of niacin, or vitamin B3, or tryptophan. Tryptophan is one of 20 standard amino acids. Niacin is a water-soluble B vitamin that assists the digestive system, skin and nerves. The most common cause of pellagra is insufficient amounts of niacin or tryptophan in the diet. This condition also occurs when a person's body fails to absorb these nutrients, or following certain gastrointestinal diseases or alcoholism." }, { "docid": "D2809621#0", "title": "http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/beriberi-disease.htm\nWhat is Beriberi Disease?", "text": "What is Beriberi Disease? Beriberi is a disease caused due to deficiency of thiamine. Thiamine or vitamin B1 is a water-soluble vitamin, which acts as a coenzyme for several metabolic pathways. The recommended daily intake of vitamin B1 is 1.2 mg. The human body cannot produce thiamine and depends on external sources. Only 30 mg can be stored in the tissues. Thiamine is mostly concentrated in the skeletal muscles. It is also found in the heart, liver and kidneys. Thiamine is excreted through the kidney. Causes and Risk Factors Beriberi is mostly found in developing countries where people may not be able to access a diet rich in vitamin B1." }, { "docid": "D932081#0", "title": "http://www.virtualmedstudent.com/links/nutrition/vitaminB1.html\nVitamin B1 (aka: thiamine)", "text": "\"Vitamin B1 (aka: thiamine)Function and Biochemistry || Role in Disease || Diagnosis || Overview || Related Articles || References and Resources || Leave a Comment || Search Function and Biochemistry Tweet Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and its derivatives serve many roles in the body. It functions primarily as a cofactor to help enzymes perform their molecular reactions. Several well known biochemical reactions in which thiamine plays a crucial component include: (1) Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-Co A. (2) Conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-Co A in the Krebs cycle. ( 3) Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate. ( 4) It is used by the enzyme branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase. All of these reactions are crucial to human biochemistry. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-Co A feeds important molecules into the Krebs cycle, which allows the cell to produce energy. The conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-Co A is necessary for the Krebs cycle to continue \"\"spinning\"\". Without vitamin B1 (thiamine) the cycle would slow causing decreased energy production. Thiamine is also important in the production of NADPH via the pentose phosphate pathway." }, { "docid": "D1902045#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/How_do_you_treat_beriberi\nHow do you treat beriberi?", "text": "\"Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Health Conditions and Diseases How do you treat beriberi? Flag How do you treat beriberi? Edit Answer by D4est Confidence votes 47.8KSupplemental Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is given by injection or orally in addition to improving dietary sources. If it is in alcoholic patients, they will need to discontinue consumption of the alcohol as well. Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (Vit. B1). It can be a dietary-related deficiency or in some people (alcoholics and alcohol abusers) it is a problem with the body's ability to take in the vitamin from foods and/or store it. Today's diets in the developed nations are mostly supplemented with enough thiamine to prevent it in otherwise healthy people. It is still seen in under developed countries with diets lacking in proper nutrients. It causes heart and nervous system symptoms.25 people found this useful Was this answer useful?" }, { "docid": "D1926320#0", "title": "http://www.mnwelldir.org/docs/history/vitamins.htm\n.", "text": "\"The History of Vitamins (and a short history of scurvy, beriberi, and pellagra)Our knowledge of the chemical composition of vitamins and their importance in nutrition is relatively young, whereas the history of vitamin deficiencies goes back centuries. Scurvy is probably the first illness to be recognized (though not right away, as you will see) as a nutritional deficiency disorder. Its main symptom is massive hemorrhaging; one’s arteries, lacking sufficient vitamin C begin to pit and then finally break open causing internal hemorrhaging. Prior to this, the individual feels exhausted and weak, his gums start to bleed, and diarrhea sets in. Death was far too common the final result. ( For more on vitamin C and its connection to arterial health, you might wish to order our book, Bypassing Bypass . ) Hippocrates first described scurvy as bleeding gums, hemorrhaging and death in the 5th century BC. Outbreaks of scurvy were reported in 1500 BC Egypt, during the winters when fresh produce was scarce. In 1250, during the Crusades, rampant scurvy forced the retreat and eventual capture of St. Louis and his knights. However, it was the age of exploration and extended sea voyages that scurvy earned its deadly reputation." }, { "docid": "D2157135#0", "title": "http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_nutrient_deficiency_disease\nWhat is a nutrient deficiency disease?", "text": "Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Health Conditions and Diseases What is a nutrient deficiency disease? Flag What is a nutrient deficiency disease? Edit Answered by The Wiki Answers ®Community Answers.com ® is making the world better one answer at a time. A nutrient deficiency disease is when your body is not consuming the right amount of a certain nutrient, therefor it is deficient. It can also be when your body is unable to absorb nutrients due to an abnormality1 person found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Emily7654765 12 Contributions What is a deficiency disease? A deficiency disease is caused by lack of some nutrient, or essential component for proper bodily functioning. It means that an individual is not getting some really important …Sheldon Vinsent 7 Contributions What is deficiency diseases? A disease that is caused by a lack of a substance. For example, Anaemia is caused by consuming low amounts of iron Edit Bingoachmedgal16 1 Contribution What are five diseases caused by nutrient deficiency?" }, { "docid": "D2818949#0", "title": "http://www.diet.com/g/nutritional-deficiency\nNutritional Deficiency", "text": "\"Nutritional deficiencies occur when a person's nutrient intake consistently falls below the recommended requirement. Nutritional deficiencies can lead Children between 10–19 years of age face serious nutritional deficiencies worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. About 1,200 million, or 19 percent of adolescents suffer from poor nutrition that hurts their development and growth. [ Photograph by Jason Laure. Reproduced by permission.] to a variety of health problems, the most prevalent of which are anemia, beriberi, osteoporosis, pellagra, and rickets. Anemia occurs when the body does not have enough red blood cells to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. The most common symptom of anemia is a constant feeling of fatigue. Making sure that one's diet contains the proper amounts of iron, folate, and vitamin B 12 can prevent anemia. Prolonged thiamine deficiency can result in one of the more serious nutritional deficiencies, beriberi." }, { "docid": "D553701#0", "title": "http://www.livestrong.com/article/408468-signs-symptoms-of-thiamine-deficiency/\nSigns & Symptoms of Thiamine Deficiency", "text": "Signs & Symptoms of Thiamine Deficiencyby VIRGINIA FRANCO Oct. 03, 2017Thiamin, or vitamin B1, deficiency is rare now that many foods today come fortified or enriched with vitamins. Conditions known as beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome occur because of thiamine deficiency. Thiamine deficiency is highly avoidable for most, although some are born with a condition known as genetic beriberi in which the body loses its ability to absorb thiamine in foods. Doctors treat patients who have thiamine deficiency with vitamin supplements. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Early Symptoms Early symptoms of thiamine deficiency are easy to miss because they are so nonspecific. They can include fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbances and even abdominal discomfort – all symptoms that can easily describe a host of other conditions and ailments. Beriberi Symptoms There are two types of beriberi. Wet beriberi affects your cardiovascular system, and dry affects your central nervous system. Wet beriberi symptoms include shortness of breath after activity, lower leg swelling and difficulty walking and numbness in your hands and feet. Dry beriberi can cause paralysis in your lower legs and cause vomiting as well as uncontrollable eye movements and speech difficulties." }, { "docid": "D829800#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/69069989/nutrition-module-8-ch-8-flash-cards/\nNutrition Module 8 Ch. 8", "text": "\"60 terms shaco692Nutrition Module 8 Ch. 8Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Which statement about vitamins is true? help regulate chemical reactions in the body Which of the following is true about the intake of vitamins? Occasional lapses in vitamin intake should cause no harm Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way? Water-soluble vitamins are less likely to be toxic If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins and minerals to your diet from the food you eat, a good choice would be a fortified breakfast cereal such as Total Raisin Bran Which of the following is true about the regulation of the production and sale of vitamin and mineral supplements? The FDA does not regulate all vitamin and mineral supplements closely Which of the following is true about the absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins? They are not stored to any great extent. Which fat soluble vitamins are most toxic if consumed in excess amounts over long periods of time? Vitamins A and EWhich of the following does not describe fat-soluble vitamins? Excesses are excreted in the urine Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin A?" }, { "docid": "D2846731#0", "title": "http://www.diet.com/g/thiamin\nThiamin", "text": "Share Tweet Post Thiamin Table of Contents Definition Purpose Description Precautions Interactions Aftercare Complications Parental concerns Resources Definition Thiamin, also spelled thiamine and previously known as vitamin B 1, is a micronutrient essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates that converts sugar into energy for the body and for normal nerve and heart function. Thiamine deficiency causes a condition known as beriberi or beri-beri. The initial symptoms are very vague. The first indication of thiamine deficiency may be simple fatigue. As the condition becomes more advanced, there is a wide range of symptoms, affecting many organ systems. These include, but are not limited to chest pains, memory loss, muscle cramps and weakness. In more advanced cases, muscle atrophy and heart failure may be present. Purpose Thiamin has several important functions. It works with other B-group vitamins to help release energy from the food we eat and it keeps nerves and muscle tissue healthy. In the form of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), it plays an essential role as a cofactor in key reactions breaking down food and converting carbohydrate into energy for the body (carbohydrate metabolism)." }, { "docid": "D29879#0", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine\nThiamine", "text": "\"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Not to be confused with Thymine. Thiamine Skeletal formula and ball-and-stick model of the cation in thiamine Clinical data Pronunciation / ˈ θ aɪ. ə m ɪ n / THY -ə-min Synonyms Vitamin B 1, aneurine, thiamin AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph Pregnancy category US: A (No risk in human studies) [1]Routes of administration by mouth, IV, IM [2]Drug class vitamin ATC code A11DA01 ( WHO)Legal status Legal status US: OTCPharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 3.7% to 5.3%Identifiers IUPAC name [show]CAS Number70-16-6 59-43-8 (chloride)Pub Chem CID1130Drug Bank DB00152Chem Spider1098UNIIX66NSO3N35KEGGC00378Ch EBICHEBI:18385Ch EMBLCHEMBL1547ECHA Info Card 100.000.387Chemical and physical data Formula C 12 H 17 N 4 O S +Molar mass 265.35 g mol −13D model ( JSmol)Interactive image SMILES [show]In Ch I [show]Thiamine, also known as thiamin or vitamin B 1, is a vitamin in the B complex family. [ 1] found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [ 2] Among the food sources are whole grains, legumes, and meats such as pork and fish. [ 2] Thiamine is a human essential nutrient. It functions as a cofactor for five enzymes involved in glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, and is involved in membrane and nerve conduction. Thiamine deficiency is rare in the United States, which is among the countries that require the addition of thiamine to certain foods such as grains. [ 3] [2] [4] At risk, however, are older adults, persons with chronic alcoholism, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes, and persons who have had bariatric surgery. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and disorders that result from it, including beriberi, Korsakoff's syndrome, and Korsakoff's psychosis. [" }, { "docid": "D2465968#0", "title": "http://www.nutritional-supplements-health-guide.com/deficiency-of-vitamin-b1.html\nA Deficiency Of Vitamin B1. Is Your Health At Risk?", "text": "A Deficiency Of Vitamin B1. Is Your Health At Risk? Is Your Health at Risk? A deficiency of Vitamin B1 is not very common in developed countries but an extended deficiency canlead to severe health problems. Vitamin B1 levels decline with age, and some age groups are at more risk than other. In order to prevent vitamin B1 deficiency it is important to know who is at risk and how these risks occur. Who is at Risk: Consuming a poor diet on a regular basis can cause a vitamin b1 Deficiency - A deficiency of vitamin B1 usually occurs when your diet does not contain enough of this vitamin. This is especially common if your diet consists mainly of refined foods such as white rice or white flour. The majority of vitamin B1 is lost during the refinement process of these foods and although white rice and floor are fortified with thiamine in some countries, choosing an unrefined product is always wiser. Examples of this are brown rice and whole meal flour." }, { "docid": "D1321198#0", "title": "https://www.noorvitamins.com/Health-Blog/vitamin-deficiency-diseases/\nVitamin Deficiency â Four Common Diseases Caused by Vitamin Deficiency", "text": "Tweet Multivitamins Vitamin Deficiency – Four Common Diseases Caused by Vitamin Deficiency Dr. Dina Leave a comment What is a Vitamin Deficiency? Vitamin deficiency occurs when there is insufficient or poor dietary intake of essential vitamins. Inadequate levels of vitamins may result in an array of miserable conditions and make the body feeble and vulnerable to many diseases. Types of Vitamin Deficiency Vitamin deficiency can be classified into two types: Primary Deficiency Primary deficiency is when an inadequate vitamin intake causes a person to become deficient. It is due to not receiving the necessary levels of a vitamin from your diet and this type is basic; it can be easily cured by adopting a special vitamin diet or taking vitamin supplements. Secondary Deficiency When a deficiency occurs as a result of a disease or lifestyle factor, this is called secondary deficiency. For example, smokers need to increase their intake of vitamin C by 30-50%. Another example is when someone’s lifestyle causes them to get minimal sun exposure which cause a deficiency in their vitamin D levels. This deficiency can affect the calcium absorption needed for healthy bones. Common Causes of Vitamin Deficiency Disorders related to vitamin deficiency are uncommon in developed nations due to an adequate food supply." }, { "docid": "D1926318#0", "title": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123819802000025\nChapter 2 â Discovery of the Vitamins", "text": "The Vitamins (Fourth Edition)2012, Pages 7–31Chapter 2 – Discovery of the Vitamins Gerald F. Combs Jr (Professor Emeritus)Show morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381980-2.00002-5 Get rights and content When science is recognized as a framework of evolving concepts and contingent methods for gaining new knowledge, we see the very human character of science, for it is creative individuals operating from the totality of their experiences who enlarge and modify the conceptual framework of science. J. D. Novak Summary The vitamins were discovered in the span of only five decades commencing at the end of the nineteenth century. This was the result of observations by many people of relationships between diet and health in ways that were not explained by germ theory. Early observations based on the differential physical characteristics of bioactive component of foods gave rise to refinements afforded by a variety of experimental animal models with increasing definition of diet composition. This produced a zig-zag course of discovery that ultimately moved nutrition research to an activity reliant on hypothesis testing through experimentation. By the mid-twentieth century, 13 groups of vitamins were recognized and compositional information was available for use in the formulation of healthful diets for humans and animals. Anchoring Concepts1. A scientific theory is a plausible explanation for a set of observed phenomena; because theories cannot be tested directly, their acceptance relies on a preponderance of supporting evidence.2. A scientific hypothesis is a tentative supposition that is assumed for the purposes of argument or testing, and is thus used in the generation of evidence by which theories can be evaluated.3. An empirical approach to understanding the world involves the generation of theories strictly by observation, whereas an experimental approach involves the undertaking of operations (experiments) to test the truthfulness of hypotheses.4." }, { "docid": "D1324747#0", "title": "http://wikieducator.org/Carbohydrates,_Proteins,_Vitamins_and_Minerals\nCarbohydrates, Proteins, Vitamins and Minerals", "text": "\"Carbohydrates, Proteins, Vitamins and Minerals By Dr. Mohd. Amirul Islam Chapter Outline Structure Introduction Learning Objectives Carbohydrates Sources of Carbohydrates Structure of Carbohydrates Classification of Carbohydrates Importance of Carbohydrates Functions of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Deficiency Diseases Proteins Sources of Proteins Structure of Proteins Classification of Proteins Importance of Proteins Functions of Proteins Proteins Deficiency Diseases Vitamins Classification of Vitamins Vitamin A (Ratinol)Vitamins D (Cholecalciferol)Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)Minerals Kinds of Minerals Sources and Functions of Minerals Mineral Deficiency Diseases Let's Sum Up Key Points Glossary Practice test Answer to SAQs References and Further Readings Introduction There are seven main classes of nutrients that the body needs. These are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fiber and water. It is important to consume these seven nutrients on a daily basis to build and maintain health. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances in diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may lead to diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, scurvy, obesity, or osteoporosis as well as psychological and behavioral problems. According to the reports of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO: 1996), more than starvation the real challenge in developing nations today is malnutrition-the deficiency of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids) that no longer allows the body to ensure growth and maintain its vital functions. We will discus about the sources, classification, importance and deficiency diseases of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals in this unit. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you are expected to learn about: Describe about carbohydrates, their sources, structure and classification;Explain the properties of carbohydrates, and their importance and functions in human body;Identify carbohydrates deficiency diseases;Describe about proteins, their structure, bond and classification;Explain the properties of proteins and their functions in human body;Identify the protein deficiency disease;Describe about vitamins and their classifications;Explain the properties, sources and functions of vitamins;Identify the vitamin deficiency disease;Describe about minerals and their kinds;Identify the sources and explain the function of minerals; and Recognize the mineral deficiency diseases. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxy organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen is 2:1 exactly as H2O (2:1). (: Can you add some more sentences to this part? )" }, { "docid": "D2465967#0", "title": "http://www.explain-health.com/vitamin-b1-thiamine-deficiency-symptoms-causes.html\nCauses and Symptoms of Vitamin B1 Thiamine Deficiency", "text": "HOMEPAGECauses and Symptoms of Vitamin B1 Thiamine Deficiency Author: Peter Sedesse MDSymptoms and Causes of Vitamin B1 Deficiency There are a number of causes of Vitamin B1 deficiency. The most basic cause is simply a person not consuming foods with enough Vitamin B1, however this is rare in first world countries. Problems with the absorption of Vitamin B1 Thiamine in the small intestines can also result in a deficiency. One of the most common reasons this happens is consuming too much alcohol, however, there are a number of diseases that can result in a condition where Thiamine is not absorbed correctly. Symptoms related to low levels of energy in the person are the most common since energy production in the cells requires vitamin B1. The proper functioning of brain cells requires large amounts of energy making the effects quite dramatic and very visible when normal brain functioning is impaired by a lack of energy. Symptoms of Vitamin B1 Thiamine Deficiency Vitamin B1 deficiency has a number of basic symptoms associated with it. Supplementation or an increase in vitamin B1 nutritional levels can typically reverse the symptoms quickly. The initial stages of cellular starvation are the cause of most symptoms. The energy required to function is no longer present in the cells." }, { "docid": "D2005084#0", "title": "https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/test-bank-chapter-10/deck/10586887\nTest Bank Chapter 10", "text": "\"which of the following is a feature of vitamins?the quantities present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams`what is a precursor?a substance that is used to synthesize another compoundwhat is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food?the amount absorbed and subsequently used by the bodygeneral characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following exceptthey must be consumed dailyall of the following are general characteristics of the fat-soluble vitamins exceptexcesses are eliminated from the kidneyscooking a food in liberal amounts of water is least likely to affect the vitamin content ofvitamin Awhich of the following vitamins would be removed in the production of skim milk? what is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins?when thiamin is consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess? what is a chief function of B vitamins?which of the following explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy? which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme?which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin? what is the primary chemical reaction in which thiamin participates as a coenzyme?which of the following is the coenzyme form of thiamin? beriberi results from a deficiency ofwhich of the following diets is most likely to lead to beriberi? the wernicke-korsakoff syndrome may be treated with supplements ofwhich of the folowing is a characteristic of thiamin nutrition? approximately what percentage of alcoholics exhibit thiamin deficiency?all of the following are characteristic of thiamin nutrition except which of the following provides the most thiamin per serving size?which of the following is a property of thiamin nutrition? how does the method of cooking affect thiamin stability?which of the following contains the highest concentration of thiamin in muscle tissue? of the following, which is the richest food source of thiamin?riboflavin in its coenzyme form functions in the transfer of which of the following vitamins is involved substantially in energy transformation reactions?which of the following is indicative of a dietary deficiency of riboflavin?" }, { "docid": "D2039047#0", "title": "https://quizlet.com/42126488/nutrition-final-flash-cards/\nNutrition Final", "text": "\"191 terms angelarosa188Nutrition Final Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort____nutrients must be in the diet to maintain health essentialnutrients are defined as the chemicals in foods that are needed for normal body functionsan essential nutrient is a chemical that must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make is in sufficient quantitymacronutrients are needed in large amounts by the bodyamino acids are different from other building blocks of nutrients because they contain nitrogenhow many kilocalories are in fat, protein, and carbs? 9,4,4what are the max levels of daily nutrient intakes that are unlikely to pose health risks to almost all individuals in the group for whom they are designed tolerable upper intake levelall food labels must include a list of ingredients in the productthe \"\"A\"\" in the ABCDs of nutritional assessment refers to anthropometric measurementswhat is an example of a clinical observation for nutritional assessment noticing cracks at the corners of the mouthwhat is an example of the anthropometric component of a nutritional assessment number of pounds a person weighswhat is the overarching goal of healthy people 2020 promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stagesleading cause of death in the US and Canada is heart diseasewhat risk factor for atherosclerosis is largely under a persons control diabetes T/F replacing saturated fats with monounsaturated or omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids lowers both goal and LDL cholesterol Twhat from fish and fish oils protects agains heart disease omega 3 fatty acids T/F the DASH diet is recommended to reduce hypertension Twhat lifestyle is not a major risk factor for hypertension eating a low fiber dietthe movement of material through the intestine occurs by peristalsiswhat is the function of a sphincter help control movement of foodwhat has the function of accelerating the rate of chemical reactions but is not altered in the process enzymeswhat is the correct pathway that bile follows in the digestive system liver, galbladder, small intestineproper functioning of the pyloric sphincter is most important when chyme needs to be real ease into the small intestinewhat is recommended to reduce the symptoms of diverticulosis and prevent the complications of diverticulitis eating a high fiber dietbasic chemical formula for a carbohydrate is CH2Othe monosaccharide that is found in sucrose, lactose, and maltose is glucosewhat is formed when two monosaccharides undergo condensation waterwhat is needed to split a disaccharide waterwhy is it more difficult for the body to digest the carbs in legumes than the carbs in corn the body cannot break down some of the complex carbs in legumesliver cells use glycogen to regulate blood glucosewhen athletes follow a carb loading regimen they are trying to boost their body stores of glycogencomplex carbs include starch, glycogen, fibercarb digestion begins in the moutha diet rich in fiber promotes a healthy body weight because 1. high fiber foods are low in fat and energy 2. certain high fiber foods attract water which contributes to fullness 3. high fiber foods take longer to eat and delay stomach emptyingwhat is the primary fuel for the brain and other nerve cells glucosefunctions of glucose in the body 1. helps prevent ketosis 2. stored as glycogen for further use 3. used for energy 4." } ]

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