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Zyliss [SEP] The Susi garlic press has an accompanying tool cleaner, and has been produced since the mid-20th century. The company also began creating the Zyliss vise (a home improvement tool) in the 1970s and has sold a slicing mandoline. The company has worked with IDEO on projects including the salad spinner, specifically on the aesthetic and visual components. " Our Brands". DK Brands. Diethelm Keller Group. Retrieved 2 July 2020. "Handelsregister Tagebuch Nr. 9270" (PDF). Das Schweizerische Handelsamtsblatt (SHAB).

Zyliss [SEP] 2006-04-04. Retrieved 2012-10-29. Work: Karl Zysset und sein Blitzhacker; workzeitung.ch; abgerufen am 14. August 2012 Gina Bucher (2011-09-25). " Bequemer Alltag - Zum Gebrauch ungeeignet". Der Freitag. Retrieved 2012-10-28. "IDEO Partners with Zyliss". www.ideo.com. IDEO. Retrieved 19 June 2014. „Zyliss-Streik - Verbittert sind sie nicht“, Die Wochenzeitung, 27.

Zyliss [SEP] November 2003 http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/article990TY-1.334937 "Zyliss: Verlagerung nach Asien". KunststoffWeb (in German). "Etikettenschwindel: Der Schwindel mit der Marke Schweiz". Beobachter (in Swiss High German). "Handelsregister Tagebuch Nr. 33374" (PDF). Das Schweizerische Handelsamtsblatt (SHAB). 2005-12-08. Retrieved 2012-10-29. "Zyliss: Verlagerung nach Asien". www.swissguide.ch. Enz, Werner. " Diethelm Keller Group: Familienunternehmen mit Top-Portfolio".

Zyliss [SEP] Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Mueller Science: 500 Schweizer Primeurs, Schweizer Erfindungen und Schweizer Entdeckungen ; abgerufen am 14. Aug. 2012 "Nervige Küchengeräte - Frauenzimer.de". Frauenzimmer.de. 2008-11-28. Retrieved 2014-07-14. "schweizer ideen | Land der Erfinder – Das Schweizer Magazin für Innovationen". Land-der-erfinder.ch. 2013-07-31. Retrieved 2014-07-14. Linda Griffith, Fred Griffith (24 October 1998).

Zyliss [SEP] Garlic, Garlic, Garlic: More than 200 Exceptional Recipes for the World's ... pp.  37–38. ISBN 0547346697. Retrieved 2014-07-28. The Vise wants to do everything. Apr 1973. p. 26. Retrieved 2014-07-26. Jocelyn chan (Feb 2004). Silver Platter. Orange Coast Magazine. p. 42. Retrieved 2014-07-25. Michael F. Ashby, Kara Johnso (19 December 2013).

Zyliss [SEP] Materials and Design: The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product ... p. 56. ISBN 9780080982823. Zyliss Switzerland Zyliss United States Zyliss United Kingdom

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Bytyqi was born in Belgium to Kosovar immigrants, but moved to Norway at the age of 2. He did not play football before he was 10 years old, when he started to play for Lura IL before he moved to Sandnes Ulf ahead of the 2010 season. In 2011, he played several matches for Sandnes Ulf's reserve team in the Third Division. He also trained with the first team but was ineligible for play in the First Division because of his young age.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] He gave an impressive performance for Norway U15 in September 2011, partly by scoring the winning goal in one of the matches, and joined Newcastle United on a week-long trial in October 2011. His agent, Jim Solbakken, stated that despite the interest from bigger clubs, it would be best for Bytyqi's development to stay at Sandnes Ulf.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Bytyqi signed a professional one-year contract with Sandnes Ulf in January 2012, and head coach Asle Andersen said that he had never seen such a talented striker, and that he would get his chance in Tippeligaen, following Sandnes Ulf' promotion to the top league. Bytyqi played for Sandnes Ulf during their pre-season, and he also scored a goal in the 6–0 win against Randaberg.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] After a very solid game for Norway U16 in April 2012, Sandnes Ulf's Director Tom Rune Espedal confirmed interest from English, German and Dutch clubs, but that no club had yet made an offer for Bytyqi, and that they most likely would sell the talented player during the summer. Bytyqi stated that his big dream was to play professionally abroad, but that he wouldn't leave Norway without his family.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] When Sandnes Ulf's forwards Tommy Høiland, Vetle Myhre and Gilles Mbang Ondo was out with injury, Bytyqi was included in the squad for the match against Haugesund on 28 May 2012, and made his debut for Sandnes Ulf when he came on as a substitute in the 77th minute. This made him the youngest player in the top league of Norway, aged 15 years, 261 days, beating Sverre Økland's (aged 16 years and 1 day) old record from 2009.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] The record was broken on 13 April 2015, when Martin Ødegaard made his debut for Strømsgodset aged 15 years and 118 days. In August 2012, Bytyqi was called up for the Norwegian U16-team, a decision that neither Sandnes Ulf or the player was happy about, as Bytyqi could have played the league-game against Lillestrøm and even made his first appearance in the starting line-up due to injuries.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] On 23 August 2012, Bytyqi signed a three-year precontract with Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg and this transfer would become legally effective in January 2013. Red Bull Salzburg reportedly paid a 5 million krone transfer fee. On 9 March 2013, he was sent back on loan to Tippeligaen club Sandnes Ulf for the remainder of the season. On 1 May 2013, he played the first game after the return in the 2013 Norwegian Cup second round against Flekkerøy after being named in the starting line-up.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] On 6 January 2015, Bytyqi signed a three-year contract with Tippeligaen club Viking and received squad number 27. Three months later, he made his debut in a 1–0 away defeat against Mjøndalen after coming on as a substitute at 70th minute in place of Samuel Adegbenro. On 8 January 2021, Bytyqi signed a two-and-half-year contract with Süper Lig club Konyaspor and received squad number 14.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Two days later, he made his debut against Fatih Karagümrük after coming on as a substitute at 75th minute in place of Deni Milošević, and assists in his side's only goal during a 2–1 away defeat. From 2011, until 2015, Bytyqi has been part of Norway at youth international level, respectively has been part of the U15, U16, U17, U18, U19 and U21 teams and he with these teams played 44 matches and scored 7 goals.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Whereas, on 2 March 2014, Bytyqi received a call-up from Kosovo for the first permitted by FIFA match against Haiti, and made his debut after coming on as a substitute at 57th minute in place of Ilir Azemi. Including continental competitions, such as UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League Viking 1. divisjon: 2018 Norwegian Football Cup: 2019 "Zymer Bytyqi". Altomfotball (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 December 2020.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Nilssen, Stig; Fintland, Ola (24 April 2012). " Sandnes Ulf selger stortalent". aftenbladet.no (in Norwegian). Stavanger Aftenblad. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Jacobsen, Øyvind (28 May 2012). "" Karate-kid" ble tidenes yngste i eliteserien". vg.no (in Norwegian). Verdens Gang. Retrieved 1 June 2012. Larsen, Jan-Erik (26 February 2012). " Bytyqi spås å bli en fremtidig Ulf-profil".

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] aftenbladet.no (in Norwegian). Stavanger Aftenblad. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Larsen, Morten Wiik (9 January 2012). " Zymer Bytyqi signerte med A-laget" (in Norwegian). Sandnes Ulf. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Larsen, Morten Wiik (12 October 2011). " Norsk 15-åring jaktes av engelske storklubber". nrk.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Aarre, Ole (12 October 2011). "

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Bytyqi (15) på prøvespill i Newcastle" (in Norwegian). Sandnesposten. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Iversen, Espen (25 May 2012). " 15-åring kan få sjansen". rogalandsavis.no (in Norwegian). Rogalands Avis. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Hugsted, Christian M. (28 May 2012). " Her blir han tidenes yngste Tippaliga-spiller". dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). Dagbladet. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Baardsen, Christer (28 May 2012). "

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Her blir Zymer Bytyqi (15) historisk: – Han er det største talentet jeg har spilt med". tv2.no (in Norwegian). TV 2 (Norway). Retrieved 28 May 2012. "Tidenes yngste i Tippeligaen debuterte med målgivende" [Youngest ever in the Tippeliga made his debut with an assist] (in Norwegian). TV2 (Norway). 13 April 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2015.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Med sine 15 år og 118 dager passerte Ødegaard Sandnes Ulfs Zymer Bytyqi (15 år og 261 dager) som tidenes yngste. Bergh-Johnsen, Jonas (3 August 2012). " Zymer Bytyqi tatt ut til landslagssamling – vil heller spille i Tippeligaen". tv2.no (in Norwegian). TV 2 (Norway). Retrieved 13 August 2012. "Sandnes Ulfs stortalent klar for Red Bull Salzburg" [Sandnes Ulf's great talent ready for Red Bull Salzburg] (in Norwegian). Norwegian TV2.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] 23 August 2012. "Tidenes yngste Tippeliga-spiller vender tilbake til Sandnes Ulf" [The youngest ever Tippeliga player returns to Sandnes Ulf] (in Norwegian). Norwegian TV2. 9 March 2013. "Flekkerøy–Sandnes Ulf" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. 1 May 2013. "Zymer klar for tre år" [Zymer ready for three years] (in Norwegian). Viking FK. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] "Mjøndalen–Viking" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. 6 April 2015. "Zymer Bytyqi ile 2.5 yıllık sözleşme imzaladık" [We signed a 2.5-year contract with Zymer Bytyqi] (in Turkish). Konyaspor. 8 January 2021. "Fatih Karagümrük: 2 – İttifak Holding Konyaspor'umuz: 1" [Fatih Karagümrük: 2 – Ittifak Holding Konyaspor: 1] (in Turkish). Konyaspor. 10 January 2021.

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] "Zymer Bytyqi debuton me asist" [Zymer Bytyqi debuts with an assist]. TopSporti (in Albanian). 10 January 2021. "Zymer Bytyqi – Landslagstatistikk" [Zymer Bytyqi – National team statistics] (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. Retrieved 8 October 2015. "Kosova shpall listën anti-Haiti" [Kosovo announces the anti-Haiti list]. Albeu (in Albanian). 2 March 2014. Zymer Bytyqi at Soccerway "Zymer Bytyqi".

Zymer Bytyqi [SEP] Altomfotball (in Norwegian). Retrieved 10 January 2021. "Zymer Bytyqi". eu-football.info. Retrieved 12 January 2020.

Zymne Monastery [SEP] The origin of the monastery is uncertain, but a monastic legend attributes its foundation to Vladimir the Great. He was said to have built two churches and his winter palace there, from which the village takes its name. It is also claimed that the first hegumen of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra died there on his way from Tsargrad to Kiev in the 11th century. The monastery was first mentioned in documents in 1458.

Zymne Monastery [SEP] It was controlled by the Greek Orthodox Church until 1698, when it joined the Uniate Church in union with Catholic Church (Union of Brest). Within several decades, the monastic community ceased to exist. Sometime after the third partition of Poland, in 1857 its cathedral was revived as a Russian Orthodox parish church. In 1893, the monastery was reestablished as a Russian Orthodox nunnery. The Soviets dissolved this sisterhood after annexing Volynia in 1939 following its invasion and occupation.

Zymne Monastery [SEP] The convent was revived during the period of the German occupation, but reduced to a parish church in 1945 after the area became part of Soviet Ukraine. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it reopened in 1990. It was given stauropegic status in 1996. The monastery has a rectangular plan, articulated by defensive walls with towers, built in the 15th and 16th centuries. Each wall is pierced by a wide arch from the 17th century.

Zymne Monastery [SEP] One round tower in the southern wall was built up into a belltower in 1898-99. The style of this neo-Muscovite building is out of harmony with the quaint beauty of the other towers. The four-pillared Assumption Katholikon was built with funds provided by Prince Fyodor Chartoryisky. He also donated two fine bells, one of which is now on exhibit on the monastery grounds. The katholikon was completed and consecrated in 1495, when the Gothic influence in the region was still paramount.

Zymne Monastery [SEP] It was modernized for the first time in 1550 and since then has been renovated and reconstructed, in keeping with prevalent ideology of the period. The Uniates dismantled its flanking towers in 1724 and reshaped its facade in what was then contemporary Polish fashion. The Russians redecorated the building in the Russian Revival style, but the church was damaged during World War I. It was repaired by the Poles in the 1930s. Its roofing was again destroyed during World War II. The five golden domes were added later in the 20th century.

Zymne Monastery [SEP] The oldest building in the complex is the miniature Trinity Church (1465–75), a stone copy of the wooden churches of Volynia. It is situated on the mountain slope to the south from the cathedral, outside the monastery walls. A 16th-century refectory has a church dedicated to Saint Juliana; it is the oldest refectory church in the country. Between Trinity Church and the cathedral is the entrance to the caves occupied by the earliest monks here. The caves make up two parallel corridors joined in the middle.

Zymne Monastery [SEP] The cave church is consecrated to Saint Barlaam. Nikolsky A.V. Монастыри. Энциклопедический словарь. Moscow Patriarchate Publishers, 2000. Lutsk Art Gallery Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Media related to Zymne Monastery at Wikimedia Commons Views of the monastery

ZymoGenetics [SEP] In late 2013, the company's president, Stephen W. Zaruby, left and took up the president and chief executive officer roles at Aurinia Pharmaceuticals. Pollack, Andrew (23 October 2000). " ZymoGenetics Will Become Independent of Novo Nordisk". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ZymoGenetics Inc. said it had arranged for $150 million in private financing that would allow it to become independent of its parent company, Novo Nordisk A.S. of Denmark.

ZymoGenetics [SEP] "ZymoGenetics, a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company". Bristol-Myers Squibb. Archived from the original on Mar 22, 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2015. McGrane, Clare (November 1, 2018). " Bristol-Myers Squibb will close its Seattle Zymogenetics operations next year". GeekWire. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Romano, Benjamin (November 1, 2018). " Seattle biotech stalwart ZymoGenetics prepares for year-end closure". The Seattle Times.

ZymoGenetics [SEP] Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Timmerman, Luke (25 January 2011). " Bristol-Myers Squibb to Stay in Seattle, Keep ZymoGenetics Workers". Xconomy. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ZymoGenetics, the venerable biotech founded in 1981. "Novo Nordisk completes divestment of ZymoGenetics, Inc". Bionity.com. 13 October 2010. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015.

ZymoGenetics [SEP] Novo Nordisk has been a shareholder of ZymoGenetics since 1988 and at the time of the transaction, Novo Nordisk owned 22,143,320 shares, equalling close to 26% of the share capital. Carroll, John (8 September 2010). " BMS forges $885M deal to buy ZymoGenetics". FierceBiotech. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015. Bristol-Myers Squibb has struck a deal to buy Seattle-based ZymoGenetics for $885 million.

ZymoGenetics [SEP] "Bristol-Myers Squibb buying ZymoGenetics". September 7, 2010. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Timmerman, Luke (13 September 2010). " What Will Happen to ZymoGenetics' Landmark Headquarters when Bristol Calls the Shots?". Xconomy. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2015. Romano, Benjamin (June 15, 2018). " The Hutch's 30-year journey to the Lake Union steam plant". The Seattle Times.

ZymoGenetics [SEP] Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Lerman, Rachel (December 14, 2016). " ZymoGenetics won't renew South Lake Union lease". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Romano, Benjamin (June 11, 2018). " Hutch cancer center will put labs in Seattle's historic Lake Union steam plant". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Erb, George (August 1, 2017). "

ZymoGenetics [SEP] Seattle Genetics buys biotech factory in Bothell". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Slatko, Joshua (December 2013). " BMS changes senior management team" (PDF). People on the Move: Biopharma. Med Ad News. Vol.  32, no.  12. p. 27. ISSN 1067-733X. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2020.

ZymoGenetics [SEP] Official website Worldwide Patent Search in European Patent Office Database for ZymoGenetics List of Patents from United States Patent and Trademark Office for ZymoGenetics

Zymoetz River [SEP] The Zymoetz River (local name "Copper River") originates in the Coast Mountains and flows generally south and west to join the Skeena River just east of Terrace, British Columbia. List of British Columbia rivers "Zymoetz River". BC Geographical Names.

Zymography [SEP] Samples are prepared in a standard, non-reducing loading buffer for SDS-PAGE. No reducing agent or boiling are necessary since these would interfere with refolding of the enzyme. A suitable substrate (e.g. gelatin or casein for protease detection) is embedded in the resolving gel during preparation of the acrylamide gel.

Zymography [SEP] Following electrophoresis, the SDS is removed from the gel (or zymogram) by incubation in unbuffered Triton X-100, followed by incubation in an appropriate digestion buffer, for an optimized length of time at 37 °C. The zymogram is subsequently stained (commonly with Amido Black or Coomassie brilliant blue), and areas of digestion appear as clear bands against a darkly stained background where the substrate has been degraded by the enzyme.

Zymography [SEP] The standard protocol may require modifications depending on the sample enzyme; for instance, D. melanogaster digestive glycosidases generally survive reducing conditions (i.e. the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or DTT), and to an extent, heating. Indeed, the separations following heating to 50 °C tend to exhibit a substantial increase in band resolution, without appreciable loss of activity. A common protocol used in the past for zymography of α-amylase activity was the so-called starch film protocol of W.W. Doane.

Zymography [SEP] Here a native PAGE gel was run to separate the proteins in a homogenate. Subsequently, a thin gel with starch dissolved (or more properly, suspended) in it was overlaid for a period of time on top of the original gel. The starch was then stained with Lugol's iodine. Gel zymography is often used for the detection and analysis of enzymes produced by microorganisms. This has led to variations on the standard protocol e.g. mixed-substrate zymography.

Zymography [SEP] Reverse zymography copolymerizes both the substrate and the enzyme with the acrylamide, and is useful for the demonstration of enzyme inhibitor activity. Following staining, areas of inhibition are visualized as dark bands against a clear (or lightly stained) background. In imprint technique, the enzyme is separated by native gel electrophoresis and the gel is laid on top of a substrate treated agarose. Zymography can also be applied to other types of enzymes, including xylanases, lipases and chitinases.

Zymography [SEP] SDS-PAGE Hempelmann, E.; Putfarken, B.; Rangachari, K.; Wilson, R.J.M. (1986). " Immunoprecipitation of malarial acid endopeptidase". Parasitology. 92 (2): 305–312. doi:10.1017/S0031182000064076. PMID 3520446. Vandooren J, Geurts N, Martens E, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G (2013). " Zymography methods for visualizing hydrolytic enzymes". Nat Methods. 10 (3): 211–220. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2371. PMID 23443633. S2CID 5314901.

Zymography [SEP] "Gelatin zymography protocol | Abcam". www.abcam.com. Retrieved 2017-05-12. Martínez TF, Alarcón FJ, Díaz-López M, Moyano FJ (2000). " Improved detection of amylase activity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with copolymerized starch". Electrophoresis. 21 (14): 2940–2943. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(20000801)21:14<2940::AID-ELPS2940>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 11001307. Snoek-van Beurden PA, Von den Hoff JW (2005). "

Zymography [SEP] Zymographic techniques for the analysis of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors". BioTechniques. 38 (1): 73–83. doi:10.2144/05381RV01. PMID 15679089. Doane WW (1969). " Amylase variants in Drosophila melanogaster: linkage studies and characterization of enzyme extracts". J Exp Zool. 171 (3): 31–41. doi:10.1002/jez.1401710308. PMID 5348624. Lantz MS, Ciborowski P (1994). " Zymographic techniques for detection and characterization of microbial proteases". Methods Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology.

Zymography [SEP] 235: 563–594. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(94)35171-6. ISBN 9780121821364. PMID 8057927.

Zymology [SEP] Fermentation can be simply defined, in this context, as the conversion of sugar molecules into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast. {\displaystyle \mathrm {C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}\rightarrow 2CO_{2}+2C_{2}H_{5}OH} } Fermentation practices have led to the discovery of ample microbial and antimicrobial cultures on fermented foods and products. French chemist Louis Pasteur was the first 'zymologist' when in 1857 he connected yeast to fermentation. Pasteur originally defined fermentation as "respiration without air".

Zymology [SEP] Pasteur performed careful research and concluded: "I am of the opinion that alcoholic fermentation never occurs without simultaneous organization, development and multiplication of cells … . If asked, in what consists the chemical act whereby the sugar is decomposed … I am completely ignorant of it." The German Eduard Buchner, winner of the 1907 Nobel Prize in chemistry, later determined that fermentation was actually caused by a yeast secretion, which he termed 'zymase'.

Zymology [SEP] The research efforts undertaken by the Danish Carlsberg scientists greatly accelerated understanding of yeast and brewing. The Carlsberg scientists are generally acknowledged as having jump-started the entire field of molecular biology.

Zymology [SEP] All alcoholic drinks including beer, cider, kombucha, kvass, mead, perry, tibicos, wine, pulque, hard liquors (brandy, rum, vodka, sake, schnapps), and soured by-products including vinegar and alegar Yeast leavened breads including sourdough, salt-rising bread, and others Cheese and some dairy products including kefir and yogurt Chocolate Dishes including fermented fish, such as garum, surströmming, and Worcestershire sauce Some vegetables such as kimchi, some types of pickles (most are not fermented though), and sauerkraut A wide variety of fermented edibles made from soy beans, including fermented bean paste, nattō, tempeh, and soya sauce From the Ancient Greek: ζύμωσις + ἔργον, "the workings of fermentation".

Zymology [SEP] Sreeramulu, Zhu & Knol (2000). Demain, Martens & Knol (2017). Demain, Arnold L.; Martens, Evan; Knol, Wieger (2017). " Production of valuable compounds by molds and yeasts". The Journal of Antibiotics. 70 (4): 347–360. doi:10.1038/ja.2016.121. ISSN 0021-8820. PMC 7094691. PMID 27731337. Sreeramulu, Guttapadu; Zhu, Yang; Knol, Wieger (2000). " Kombucha Fermentation and Its Antimicrobial Activity".

Zymology [SEP] Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48 (6): 2589–2594. doi:10.1021/jf991333m. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 10888589. Winemaking: Fundamentals of winemaking: zymology Life Sciences: List of life sciences

Zymosan [SEP] Sato M, Sano H, Iwaki D, et al. ( 2003). " Direct binding of Toll-like receptor 2 to zymosan, and zymosan-induced NF-kappa B activation and TNF-alpha secretion are down-regulated by lung collectin surfactant protein A". J. Immunol. 171 (1): 417–25. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.417. PMID 12817025. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/Z4250 Zymosan at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] This fungus causes septoria tritici blotch of wheat, a disease characterized by necrotic blotches on the foliage. These blotches contain asexual (pycnidia) and sexual (pseudothecia) fructifications. Asexual state (anamorph, asexual stage was previously named as Septoria tritici): Pycnidiospores are hyaline and threadlike and measure 1.7-3.4 x 39-86 μm, with 3 to 7 indistinct septations. Germiniation of pycnidiospores can be lateral or terminal. Cirrhi are milky white to buff.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Sometimes in culture nonseptate, hyaline microspores, measuring 1-1.3 × 5-9 μm, occur outside pycnidia by yeastlike budding. Sexual state (teleomorph): Pseudothecia are subepidermal, globose, dark brown, and 68-114 μm in diameter. Asci measure 11-14 × 30-40 μm. Ascospores are hyaline, elliptical, and 2.5-4 × 9-16 μm, with two cells of unequal length. Zymoseptoria tritici represents an intriguing model for fundamental genetic studies of plant-pathogenic fungi.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] It is haploid plant-pathogenic fungus. Many fungi are haploid, which greatly simplifies genetic studies. Zymoseptoria tritici was the first species, in 2002, of the family Mycosphaerellaceae to have a linkage map created. The first report of fully sequenced genome of Zymoseptoria tritici from 2011 was the first genome of a filamentous fungus to be finished according to current standards. The length of the genome is 39.7 Mb, that is similar to other filamentous ascomycetes.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] The genome contains 21 chromosomes, that is the highest number reported among ascomycetes. Furthermore, these chromosomes have an extraordinary size range, varying from 0.39 to 6.09 Mb. A striking aspect of Zymoseptoria tritici genetics is the presence of many dispensable chromosomes. Eight of chromosomes could be lost with no visible effect on the fungus and thus are dispensable. Dispensable chromosomes have been found in other fungi but they usually occur at a low frequency and typically represent single or a few chromosomes.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Dispensable chromosomes have originated by ancient horizontal transfer from an unknown donor, that was followed by extensive genetic recombination, a possible mechanism of stealth pathogenicity and exciting new aspects of genome structure. A surprising feature of the Zymoseptoria tritici genome compared to other sequenced plant pathogens was that it contained very few genes for enzymes that break down plant cell walls, which was more similar to endophytes than to pathogens. Goodwin et al. (

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] 2011) suggested, that the stealth pathogenesis of Zymoseptoria tritici probably involves degradation of proteins rather than carbohydrates to evade host defenses during the biotrophic stage of infection and may have evolved from endophytic ancestors. The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici has been a pathogen of wheat since host domestication 10,000–12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent. The wheat-infecting lineage emerged from closely related Mycosphaerella pathogens infecting wild grasses. It has coevolved and spread with its host globally.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Zymoseptoria tritici shows a significantly higher degree of host specificity and virulence in a detached leaf assay. The emergence and "co-domestication" of Zymoseptoria tritici was associated with an adaptation to wheat and an agricultural environment. Endemic descendants of the progenitor of Zymoseptoria tritici are still found on wild grasses in the Middle East; however these "wild" pathogens show a broader host range than the "domesticated" wheat pathogen.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] The closest known relative of Zymoseptoria tritici is named Z. pseudotritici B. Zymoseptoria pseudotritici was isolated in Iran from the two grass species Agropyron repens and Dactylis glomerata growing in close proximity to fields planted to bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Although Z. tritici is a frequent pathogen of wheat in Iran, no evidence of gene flow between Z. pseudotritici and Z. tritici was detected based on sequence analysis of six nuclear loci.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Zymoseptoria tritici overwinters as fruiting bodies on crop debris, mostly as pseudothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) but sometimes also some pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies). The sexual spores are quantitatively the more significant spores involved in primary inoculum of the disease, while the asexual spores are more significant in the secondary cycle. In early spring, ascospores, the sexual spores of the fungus, are released from the pseudothecia. Ascospores are wind-dispersed and eventually land on the leaves of a host plant (bread wheat or durum wheat).

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Unlike most other plant pathogens, Zymoseptoria tritici uses a germ tube to enter the host leaf through stomata rather than by direct penetration. There is a long latent period of up to two weeks following infection before symptoms develop. The fungus evades host defenses during the latent phase, followed by a rapid switch to necrotrophy immediately prior to symptom expression 12–20 days after penetration.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] The period between infection and formation of sporulating structures (latent period) was estimated to be 20.35 ± 4.15 days for Zymoseptoria tritici in Northern Germany and decreased with increasing temperature. Such a switch from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth at the end of a long latent period is an unusual characteristic shared by most fungi in the genus Mycosphaerella. Very little is known about the cause or mechanism of this lifestyle switch even though Mycosphaerella is one of the largest and most economically important genera of plant-pathogenic fungi.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Primary inoculum requires wet conditions and cool temperatures of 50-68 °F. Under appropriate environmental conditions, lesions are able to develop on infected leaves, and soon pycnidia begin to develop on the lesions. The pycnidia appear as small dark dots on the lesions. From the pycnidia, conidiospores, the asexual spores of the fungus, are released. These asexual spores are dispersed via rain splash and are response for the secondary inoculum of this polycyclic disease cycle.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] When the conidiospores are splashed onto leaves, they act similarly to ascospores and cause the development of foliar lesions. In addition to pycnidia, pseudothecia also develop within these lesions. Pycnidia and pseudothecia are the structures in which the fungus overwinters, and the cycle begins again. Zymoseptoria tritici is a difficult fungus to control because populations contain extremely high levels of genetic variability and it has very unusual biology for a pathogen.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Z. tritici has an active sexual cycle under natural conditions, which is an important driver of septoria tritici blotch epidemics and results in high genetic diversity of populations in the field. The most effective, economical, and simple method of Z. tritici management is planting resistant cultivars. Twenty-one resistant genes have been named, mapped, and published. Mikaberidze and McDonald 2020 found a fitness tradeoff between genes for Septoria tolerance and Septoria resistance in wheat.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Some cultivars are resistant in one region but susceptible in another; it depends on the local pathogen population. All varieties of bread wheat and durum wheat are susceptible to the disease to some extent, but planting varieties that have at least partial resistance to the local population of Zymoseptoria tritici can greatly improve yield. There are also cultural management strategies that may be effective, including regular rotation of crops, deep plowing, and late planting.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] More specifically, rotating a recently infected field to any non-host crop can be useful in minimizing the amount of fungus present in the field. Planting winter wheat after the first ascospore flights in September is a way to reduce primary inoculum of winter wheat. Fungicide use often simply is not economical for Septoria Leaf Blotch. The rapid evolution of pathogen resistance to fungicides is a major barrier. Zymoseptoria tritici has resistance to multiple fungicides, because it has number of substitutions of CYP51.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] CYP51 substitutions include Y137F which confers resistance to triadimenol, I381V which confers resistance to tebuconazole and V136A that confers resistance to prochloraz. Chemical control of the pathogen (using fungicides) now relies on the application of SDHIs, azole fungicides which are demethylase inhibitors that inhibit lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase (CYP51) activity. The last method of control for Zymoseptoria tritici is biological control using bacteria. Bacillus megaterium has been shown to cause about an 80% decrease in disease development in the trials done so far.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Pseudomonads are also a promising bacterial control option. A benefit to using pseudomonads or bacillus is that they are not harmed by most fungicides, so they can be used in combination with chemical controls. However, resistant cultivars and cultural control methods for Zymoseptoria tritici are generally favored over chemical or biological control methods, mainly because of the high costs associated with biological control. The ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes septoria tritici blotch, a foliar disease of wheat that poses a significant threat to global food production.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] It is the primary foliar disease of winter wheat in most western European countries. Zymoseptoria tritici infects wheat crops throughout the world and is also currently a big problem in Iran, Tunisia, and Morocco. Severe epidemics of the disease have decreased wheat yields by 35-50%. In the United States, Septoria leaf blotch is a very important disease in wheat, second only to wheat rust. An estimated $275 million is lost per year in the US due to this disease.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] In Europe the annual losses are equivalent to over 400 million USD. Different areas of the world are currently trying different management strategies. For example, in the Nordic-Baltic region, one of the largest wheat-producing regions of the world, the use of fungicides has substantially increased wheat yields. The fungicides that have been shown to be effective include quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), which, like most fungicides, are expensive to apply in large quantities.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] As climate change begins to increase temperatures around the globe, Zymoseptoria tritici, along with many other fungal pathogens, is likely to show increased overwintering survival and therefore more substantial primary inocula. The need for effective management techniques will become even more important as the prevalence of Septoria leaf blotch increases with climate change. This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from references Saccardo P. A. (1884). Syll. fung. ( Abellini) 3: 561. Desmazières J. B. H. J. (1842). "

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Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Whole-Genome and Chromosome Evolution Associated with Host Adaptation and Speciation of the Wheat Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola". PLoS Genetics 6(12): e1001189. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001189 Quaedvlieg, W.; Kema, G. H. J.; Groenewald, J. Z.; Verkley, G. J. M.; Seifbarghi, S.; Razavi, M.; Gohari, A. M.; Mehrabi, R.; Crous, P. W. (2011). " Zymoseptoria gen. Nov.: A new genus to accommodate Septoria-like species occurring on graminicolous hosts". Persoonia.

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Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Compendium of wheat diseases. American Phytopathological Society. p. 124. Goodwin S.B., Ben M'Barek S., Dhillon B., Wittenberg A.H.J., Crane C.F., et al. ( 2011). " Finished Genome of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola Reveals Dispensome Structure, Chromosome Plasticity, and Stealth Pathogenesis". PLoS Genetics 7(6): e1002070.

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Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Fungal Leaf-Spotting Diseases of Wheat: Septoria Blotch, Stagonospora Blotch and Tan Spot". University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. Retrieved 6 December 2020. Brown, James K.M.; Chartrain, Laëtitia; Lasserre-Zuber, Pauline; Saintenac, Cyrille (June 2015). " Genetics of resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici and applications to wheat breeding". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 79: 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.017. PMC 4510316. PMID 26092788.

Zymoseptoria tritici [SEP] Pagán, Israel; García-Arenal, Fernando (2020-08-25). " Tolerance of Plants to Pathogens: A Unifying View". Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual Reviews. 58 (1): 77–96. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012749. ISSN 0066-4286. S2CID 218632778. "Leaf Blotch Diseases of Wheat—Septoria tritici Blotch, Stagonospora nodorum Blotch and Tan Spot". ohioline.osu.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-06.

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Zymotic disease [SEP] Marjorie Cruickshank (1 January 1981). Children and Industry: Child Health and Welfare in the North-west Textile Towns During the Nineteenth Century. Manchester University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7190-0809-2. Retrieved 23 June 2013. Scientific American, "Zymotic Disease". Munn & Company. 1877-07-07. p. 5.

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ZynAddSubFX [SEP] Retrieved May 17, 2020. "ZynAddSubFX News". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020. "Contributing To ZynAddSubFX". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020. "PADsynth algorithm". zynaddsubfx.sourceforge.io. Retrieved May 17, 2020. ZynAddSubFX home page

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