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PaulLerner

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{ "end": [ 99, 114, 121, 184, 223, 57, 67, 188, 265 ], "href": [ "Kanpur", "Uttar%20Pradesh", "India", "New%20Delhi", "Central%20Board%20of%20Secondary%20Education", "Deen%20Dayal%20Upadhyaya", "pandit", "M.%20S.%20Golwalkar", "Government%20of%20Uttar%20Pradesh" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4 ], "start": [ 93, 101, 116, 175, 187, 37, 61, 177, 238 ], "text": [ "Kanpur", "Uttar Pradesh", "India", "New Delhi", "Central Board of Secondary Education", "Deen Dayal Upadhyaya", "pandit", "Shri Guruji", "Government of Uttar Pradesh" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Sanatan Dharma Vidyalaya\n", "Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Sanatan Dharma Vidyalaya () is an English medium school situated in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The method of teaching is based on standards set by New Delhi's Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). The school provides secondary education up to 10+2 level. Rekha Pachauri is the current incumbent principal of the school.\n", "The school is named \"in memoriam\" of Deen Dayal Upadhyaya, a pandit known as a philosopher, ideologue, thinker and social worker. The foundation of this institution was laid by Shri Guruji on 23 February 1970, on the land given by Shri Brahmavarta Sanatan Dharm Mahamandal. Before the construction of the present building, the initial commencement was made at Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Tilak Nagar with a meager strength of 24 students in class 6. The present semi-circular double storeyed building located at Nawabganj, was inaugurated in July 1971.\n", "Section::::School culture.\n", "Students at the college are selected through an entrance exam. Each year 2700 – 3000 students sit for the exam, of whom 92 are selected. The institute has around 800 students, 25% of whom reside in the school hostel. As recognised by the Government of Uttar Pradesh and educational boards.\n", "The annual cultural festival is \"Varshikotsav\". It is held on the occasion of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Jayanti on 25 September. The annual sports festival is held around the end of January. A graphite statue of Upadhyay was established in the school on the occasion of its Silver Jubilee in 1996.\n", "Section::::Senate.\n", "The school student senate is divided into 4 parts:\n", "BULLET::::- Bal bharti, for students from classes 6–8\n", "BULLET::::- Kishor bharti, for students of classes 9–10\n", "BULLET::::- Tarun bharti, for students of classes 11–12\n", "BULLET::::- Yug bharti, for alumni of school (for lifetime)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q14152759", "wikidata_label": "Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Sanatan Dharma Vidyalaya", "wikipedia_title": "Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Sanatan Dharma Vidyalaya" }

{ "end": [ 61, 74, 91, 106, 322, 331, 377, 389, 415, 119, 132, 173, 35, 85, 17, 21, 23 ], "href": [ "genus", "red%20algae", "Marine%20%28ocean%29", "freshwater", "pollution", "acidity", "phosphate", "nitrate", "spore", "Aquarium", "fish", "algae%20eater", "Jean%20Baptiste%20Bory%20de%20Saint-Vincent", "Jean%20Victoire%20Audouin", "Algae", "Red%20algae", "Algae%20eater" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 7, 8 ], "start": [ 56, 65, 85, 96, 313, 324, 368, 382, 410, 112, 128, 164, 0, 64, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "genus", "red algae", "marine", "freshwater", "pollution", "acidity", "phosphate", "nitrate", "spore", "aquaria", "fish", "algivores", "Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent", "Jean Victoire Audouin", "Algae", "Red algae", "Algae eater" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Audouinella\n", "Audouinella, also known as black algae, is a widespread genus of red algae, found in marine and freshwater environments. It grows as small tufts of red, brown, or black hairlike filaments on any solid surface - most dramatically in freshwater on the edges of slow-growing leaves. Often tolerant of high levels of pollution, acidity, \"Audouinella\" thrives on dissolved phosphate and nitrates. It reproduces via spores.\n", "The form known as \"\"black brush algae\"\" (or \"\"black beard algae\"\", \"BBA\" for short) is a particular nuisance in aquaria, as few fish, even those widely promoted as algivores, will eat it. In natural ecosystems, this genus that infests aquariums is found in unpolluted lotic systems.\n", "It has been tested for germination and new growth using NO and PO fertilizers and such results came out negative for a decade's worth of observations. It has been shown to be inducible by limiting and varying the CO concentration in planted aquariums. While other possible inducement mechanisms may exists, this is the most consistent and has been shown in many test by aquarists.\n", "Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent named the species to honour Jean Victoire Audouin, his co-editor in the \"Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Algae\n", "BULLET::::- Red algae\n", "BULLET::::- Algae eater\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- contains more taxonomic information on this alga.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "genus of algae", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1761163", "wikidata_label": "Audouinella", "wikipedia_title": "Audouinella" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "PS George Rennie\n", "PS \"George Rennie\" was a steel-hulled ship scuttled in the lee of Hawking Point, Magnetic Island, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1885 in Middlesex as a 151-gross-ton paddle steamer. In 1896 the vessel was purchased by Howard Smith and Company who converted it into a lighter. Howard Smith and Company used the vessel to transport coal from the anchorage at West Point to Townsville harbour. It was scuttled in 1902 to serve as a breakwater for a small jetty in the bay. The remains of the ship can still be seen at low tide from Picnic Bay beach.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of shipwrecks\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q11700091", "wikidata_label": "PS George Rennie", "wikipedia_title": "PS George Rennie" }

{ "end": [ 108, 169, 223, 290, 25, 39, 59 ], "href": [ "Sakhalin", "Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20de%20Galaup%2C%20comte%20de%20La%20P%C3%A9rouse", "Cape%20S%C5%8Dya", "La%20P%C3%A9rouse%20Strait", "weather%20station", "lighthouse", "military%20base" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "start": [ 100, 142, 214, 273, 10, 29, 46 ], "text": [ "Sakhalin", "Jean-François de La Pérouse", "Cape Sōya", "La Pérouse Strait", "weather station", "lighthouse", "military base" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Cape Crillon\n", "Cape Crillon (, \"Nishinotoro-misaki\" (Cape Nishinotoro in Japanese), ) is the southernmost point of Sakhalin. The cape was named by Frenchman Jean-François de La Pérouse, who was the first European to discover it. Cape Sōya, in Japan, is located 43 km to the south, across La Pérouse Strait.\n", "A Russian weather station, a lighthouse and a military base are all situated at Cape Crillon today.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "cape in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2639403", "wikidata_label": "Cape Crillon", "wikipedia_title": "Cape Crillon" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Sidney Mount House\n", "The William Sidney Mount House is a wood sided and wood shingled house built in 1725 located in Stony Brook on Long Island, New York. The American genre painter William Sidney Mount, 1807–1868, lived there and had his studio in the 3rd floor attic, which benefited from unusual skylights through the roof. The house became a National Historic Landmark in 1965.\n", "It is located at State Route 25A and Stony Brook Road, in Stony Brook, although the National Register of Historic Places incorrectly lists the location as being on New York State Route 25 and Gould Road, which is in Centereach, New York.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Artist's Homestead Restored With Care\", by Marjorie Kaufman, New York Times, May 2, 1993 (accessed 8/24/2007)\n", "BULLET::::- 21st Century Plan Nods to the 19th\", by Valerie Cotsalis, \"New York Times\", January 21, 2007, which also includes a photo (accessed 8/24/2007)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q8018431", "wikidata_label": "William Sidney Mount House", "wikipedia_title": "William Sidney Mount House" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Asahina clan\n", "The was a Japanese clan during the Sengoku period who served the Imagawa clan of Suruga Province as retainer. Two genealogies of the clan were known. The one says that it had roots in Fujiwara clan. The other says that the clan was descended from Wada Yoshimori; his third son Yoshihide adopted the name \"Asahina\". \n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- The corresponding article (Aug. 25) in Japanese Wikipedia\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2975224", "wikidata_label": "Asahina clan", "wikipedia_title": "Asahina clan" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Woodchuck Lodge\n", "Woodchuck Lodge, also known as John Burroughs Memorial State Historic Site is in Roxbury in the western Catskills of Delaware County, New York, was a summertime home of naturalist John Burroughs. He is buried here, at the foot of a rock on which he played as a child. From the gravesite one has a panoramic view of mountains.\n", "\"In 1913, Henry Ford purchased the Roxbury farm as a present for John Burroughs. The property included three bedroom farmhouse built by John Burroughs' brother Curtis in 1863. Later, after naturalist John Burroughs rented the old farmhouse from his nephew, John Burroughs, son of his brother Curtis, he named it \"Woodchuck Lodge\" after what he deemed were pesky woodchucks who had a cordon of woodchuck holes all over the nearby fields. John's nephew, John (the son of Curtis), ran the farm from the main house.\"\n", "It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of National Historic Landmarks in New York\n", "BULLET::::- List of New York State Historic Sites\n", "BULLET::::- National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware County, New York\n", "BULLET::::- Riverby\n", "BULLET::::- Slabsides\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- John Burroughs Memorial State Historic Site, at NYSOPRHP\n", "BULLET::::- Woodchuck Lodge, at...\n", "BULLET::::- Woodchuck Lodge, includes photo\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2253138", "wikidata_label": "Woodchuck Lodge", "wikipedia_title": "Woodchuck Lodge" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Fort Klock\n", "Fort Klock, a fortified stone homestead in the Mohawk River Valley of Upstate New York, was built c.1750 by Johannes Klock, and is a good example of a mid-18th century fortified home and trading post, seeing use during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War The fort is located at 7203 Route 5 roughly two miles (3 km) east of the Village of St. Johnsville, New York. Fort Klock is part of a complex that includes the historic homestead, a renovated Colonial Dutch Barn, blacksmith shop, and 19th-century schoolhouse. The site is maintained by Fort Klock Historic Restoration and is open seasonally as a living museum. The fort was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.\n", "Section::::Description and history.\n", "Fort Klock is located between New York State Route 5 and the Mohawk River, two miles east of the village of St. Johnsville. The fort is a single-story stone structure, built in an L shape and set in part on bedrock, and in part on a stone foundation. The walls are quite thick (typically ), with numerous loopholes through which defenders could fire. There are two chambers on the main floor, their walls finished in plaster. Bedrooms are located in the attic spaces. A door on the east side provides access to the basement, which is divided into two chambers, separated by a heavy stone wall. One of these has a small spring-fed pool.\n", "The house was built in 1750 by Johannes Klock, replacing an older structure built on the same site. Klock used the building as a frontier residence and trading post for dealing with local Native Americans. In 1776, Klock further fortified the premises, building a wooden stockade around the building. Klock was an active partisan in the American Revolutionary War, serving in the local militia at the 1777 Battle of Oriskany. The surrounding area was repeatedly raided by British-led Native Americans between 1778 and 1782, actions in which many houses, barns, and crops were burned. In October 1780, one of these raiding bands was confronted by state militia in a field just to the west, in what is now known as the Battle of Klock's Field.\n", "The property was occupied by Klock descendants until the 1950s, at which time it was abandoned and declined. It was restored by a local nonprofit organization (now Fort Klock Historic Restoration), which was given the property by the last Klock owners in 1973.\n", "Section::::Other Fort Klock.\n", "There were two distinct places referred to as Fort Klock during the Revolutionary War: Johannes' house and the home of his brother, Conradt Klock, located in Reimensnyders Bush or Glen's Purchase to the north of Little Falls, New York. The Klock Forts were but two of the plethora of fortifications in the central and upper Mohawk Valley, built to resist raids from the British and their allies.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Fort Klock Historic Restoration\n", "BULLET::::- Photos of the burning of the Harvest Reenactment at historic Fort Klock\n", "BULLET::::- Fort Klock Historic Restoration\n", "BULLET::::- I Spy in St. Johnsville\n", "BULLET::::- Information and other Revolutionary sites on route\n", "BULLET::::- Revolutionary War Heritage Trail\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5471434", "wikidata_label": "Fort Klock", "wikipedia_title": "Fort Klock" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saigon Times Square\n", "Times Square is a high-rise building in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. This tower is a 40-storey joint tower and features a modern architectural style. Construction costs, invested by Times Square (Vietnam) Investment Joint Stock Company, totals approximately $125 million USD. The height to the top of the tower is 164 m. The tower was once the third tallest building in Ho Chi Minh City after Saigon One Tower and Bitexco Financial Tower. Currently, Saigon Times Square ranks sixth in height in the city and 23rd nationally.\n", "Times Square hosts The Reverie Saigon, a 286-room Leading Hotels of the World-owned luxury hotel, along with 89 service apartments and 11,900 sq meters of office space.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of tallest buildings in Vietnam\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6352680", "wikidata_label": "Saigon Times Square", "wikipedia_title": "Saigon Times Square" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "St. Brieux\n", "St. Brieux () is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is located near Highway 368 and Highway 779. St. Brieux is located to the north of Lake Lenore.\n", "The St. Brieux Museum (c. 1919) is designated a Municipal Heritage Property under Saskatchewan's Heritage Property Act.\n", "St. Brieux Catholic Church features stained glass windows by Rault Freres (Brittany) France.\n", "The largest employer is Bourgault Industries Ltd. Bourgault Industries Ltd. also operates the St. Brieux Airport.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of communities in Saskatchewan\n", "BULLET::::- List of towns in Saskatchewan\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Town of St. Brieux website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "town in Saskatchewan, Canada", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1917109", "wikidata_label": "St. Brieux", "wikipedia_title": "St. Brieux" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Finnish Aviation Museum\n", "The Finnish Aviation Museum () is a museum specialising in aircraft, located near Helsinki Airport in Veromies, Vantaa, Finland.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The Aviation Museum Society () was founded on 4 December 1969. Opened in 1972, the museum was initially located in the basement of the Helsinki Airport terminal but received its own facilities in 1981. The museum has constantly expanded and today has an office wing, research rooms, aviation library, archive, and an auditorium for 200 people.\n", "Currently the museum is owned by the Finnish Aviation Museum Foundation (), founded in 1996.\n", "Section::::Exhibition.\n", "The museum displays some 9,000 items, and the library has about 17,000 books and 160,000 aviation-related magazines. Furthermore, the museum has a large collection of flight instruction and service books. There are also some 78,000 photographs, negatives, and slides. The archive spans some 1,600 shelf metres.\n", "The whole collection comprises some 80 aircraft, of which 22 are gliders. The following is a list of some of the more noteworthy aircraft:\n", "A complete list can be found at the museum's web page.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of aerospace museums\n", "BULLET::::- List of museums in Finland\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Finnish Aviation Museum\n", "BULLET::::- The Aviation Museum Society\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "museum in Vantaa, Finland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1418126", "wikidata_label": "Finnish Aviation Museum", "wikipedia_title": "Finnish Aviation Museum" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rengg\n", "Rengg is a locality and a mountain pass in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.\n", "It connects Schachen, part of Werthenstein, and Entlebuch. It lies partially in the district of Entlebuch which is a biosphere preserve recognized by UNESCO.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of highest paved roads in Europe\n", "BULLET::::- List of mountain passes\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "mountain pass", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q654571", "wikidata_label": "Rengg", "wikipedia_title": "Rengg" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Siege of Freetown\n", "The Siege of Freetown was a battle during the Sierra Leone Civil War. It began when Johnny Paul Koroma took over the power from Ahmad Tejan Kabbah and began a dictatorship. In response, ECOMOG troops, led by Nigeria, helped the Sierra Leone Army to attack and remove Koroma from power and Kabbah was elected back in post. In revenge, Koroma's allies, the RUF, assaulted the city but were forced to retreat.\n", "Section::::In fiction.\n", "The battle was portrayed in the film \"Blood Diamond\".\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Mark Malan, 'Layered Response' To an African Conflict Or muddling through in Sierra Leone? \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q16734100", "wikidata_label": "Siege of Freetown", "wikipedia_title": "Siege of Freetown" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wojnowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship\n", "Wojnowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Murowana Goślina, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Murowana Goślina and north of the regional capital Poznań. In 2004 it had a population of 387. It was first mentioned in written records in 1325.\n", "Wojnowo is situated close to Lake Wojnowskie, between Długa Goślina and Łopuchowo. It has a palace, built in 1836 in neo-Renaissance style, set in 5 hectares of grounds (in private ownership). There is also a chapel, and a mile-long avenue of lime trees (along the road to Łopuchowo). A collective farm operated during the communist era, but many of its buildings are now in disrepair. There was also formerly a distillery in the village.\n", "About 2 km to the north-east lies the village of Wojnówko, which consists largely of a complex of vacation properties on the banks of Lake Łomno.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Murowana Goślina i okolice\", N. Kulse, Z. Wojczak (local publication)\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Wojnowo" ] }, "description": "village in Greater Poland, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q8029252", "wikidata_label": "Wojnowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship", "wikipedia_title": "Wojnowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wojnówko, Poznań County\n", "Wojnówko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Murowana Goślina, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north of the village of Wojnowo, north-east of Murowana Goślina, and north of the regional capital Poznań. It lies on the banks of a small lake, Lake Łomno, and close to forest areas.\n", "The settlement consists largely of a complex of vacation properties. It has a small permanent population of about 26. It belongs to the sołectwo of Wojnowo. (The name \"Wojnówko\" is a diminutive of \"Wojnowo\".)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Murowana Goślina i okolice\", N. Kulse, Z. Wojczak (local publication)\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "settlement in Greater Poland, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q8029261", "wikidata_label": "Wojnówko, Poznań County", "wikipedia_title": "Wojnówko, Poznań County" }

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Medal", "Brian Lake", "Norm Smith Medal", "Grand Final", "Jonathan Simpkin", "Jack Gunston", "David Hale", "Shaun Burgoyne", "Josh Gibson", "Brent Guerra", "Lance Franklin", "Brendon Bolton", "Will", "Chris Langford", "John Kennedy Jr", "Richmond", "Western Bulldogs", "Tom Mitchell", "Jaeger O'Meara", "Ty Vickery", "Ricky Henderson", "Tracey Gaudry", "Brisbane Lions", "Jarman Impey", "Cyril Rioli", "List of Hawthorn Football Club seasons", "Roy Cazaly", "Dermott Brereton", "Tasmania", "iiNet", "Bupa", "Audi", "Adidas", "MBF", "Samsung", "HSBC", "Puma", "guernsey", "The Yankee Doodle Boy", "George M. Cohan", "Little Johnny Jones", "Yankee Doodle Dandy", "James Cagney", "Waverley Park", "Melbourne Cricket Ground", "Mirvac", "Victorian government", "Jeff Kennett", "annual general meeting", "Dingley", "Premier League", "Trent Croad", "Kurt Heatherley", "Collingwood", "Essendon", "Carlton", "Essendon", "Line in the Sand Match", "Matthew Lloyd", "Brad Sewell", "Geelong", "1989 Grand Final", "2008 Grand Final", "Kennett curse", "Jeff Kennett", "North Melbourne", "Sydney Swans", "Lance Franklin", "Josh Kennedy", "Tom Mitchell", "Daniel Harford", "Sam Mitchell", "Ryan Burton", "James Worpel", "Max Bailey", "Harry Morrison", "Ken Judge", "Peter Crimmins", "rover", "Peter Crimmins Medal", "Brownlow Medal", "Col Austen", "Robert DiPierdomenico", "John Platten", "Shane Crawford", "Sam Mitchell", "Tom Mitchell", "Norm Smith Medal", "Colin Robertson", "Gary Ayres", "Paul Dear", "Luke Hodge", "Brian Lake", "Cyril Rioli", "Jock McHale Medal", "John Kennedy Sr.", "David Parkin", "Allan Jeans", "Alan Joyce", "Alastair Clarkson", "Coleman Medal", "John Peck", "Peter Hudson", "Leigh Matthews", "Jason Dunstall", "Lance Franklin", "Jarryd Roughead", "AFL Rising Star Award", "Nick Holland", "Sam Mitchell", "Mark of the Year", "Peter Knights", "Gary Buckenara", "Goal of the Year", "Leigh Matthews", "Cyril Rioli", "Lance Franklin", "Michael Tuck Medal", "Paul Hudson", "Paul Salmon", "AFL Coaches Association awards", "Cyril Rioli", "John Kennedy Sr.", "David Parkin", "Allan Jeans", "Jack Gunston", "Josh Gibson", "AFL Players Association awards", "Leigh Matthews Trophy", "Leigh Matthews", "Russell Greene", "Jason Dunstall", "Shane Crawford", "Tom Mitchell", "Michael Tuck", "Luke Hodge", "Luke Hodge", "Lance Franklin", "22 Under 22 team", "Luke Breust", "Jack Gunston", "Ryan Burton", "James Sicily", "All-Australian team", "Leigh Matthews", "Kelvin Moore", "David O'Halloran", "Terry Wallace", "Gary Ayres", "Russell Greene", "Michael Tuck", "Robert DiPierdomenico", "Chris Mew", "1984", "Dermott Brereton", "Gary Buckenara", "Greg Dear", "John Platten", "Chris Langford", "Russell Morris", "Jason Dunstall", "Darrin Pritchard", "Andrew Collins", "Darren Jarman", "Ben Allan", "Shane Crawford", "Paul Salmon", "Jonathan Hay", "Joel Smith", "Trent Croad", "Peter Everitt", "Luke Hodge", "Campbell Brown", "Lance Franklin", "Sam Mitchell", "Grant Birchall", "Cyril Rioli", "Jarryd Roughead", "Luke Breust", "Jordan Lewis", "Josh Gibson", "Tom Mitchell", "Jack Gunston", "Allan Jeans", "Alastair Clarkson", "International Rules representatives", "Bob Keddie", "Ian Law", "Peter Hudson", "Des Meagher", "Peter Knights", "Don Scott", "Michael Tuck", "Alan Martello", "Robert DiPierdomenico", "Dermott Brereton", "Russell Greene", "John Platten", "Chris Langford", "Gary Buckenara", "Peter Curran", "Dean Anderson", "Shane Crawford", "Nick Holland", "Trent Croad", "Jonathan Hay", "Joel Smith", "Daniel Chick", "Angelo Lekkas", "Jade Rawlings", "Luke Hodge", "Chance Bateman", "Campbell Brown", "Brad Sewell", "Michael Osborne", "Liam Shiels", "Matt Suckling", "Luke Breust", "Sam Mitchell", "Grant Birchall", "Jarryd Roughead", "Shaun Burgoyne", "Jack Gunston", "Alastair Clarkson", "Robert DiPierdomenico", "Jim Stynes Medal", "Luke Hodge", "Jason Dunstall", "Leigh Matthews", "Peter Hudson", "Michael Moncrieff", "Lance Franklin", "Jarryd Roughead", "John Peck", "Dermott Brereton", "Luke Breust", "Alec Albiston", "Jack Gunston", "Michael Tuck", "Gary Buckenara", "Ben Dixon", "Cyril Rioli", "Bert Hyde", "Paul Hudson", "Albert Prior", "John Hendrie", "Mark Williams", "Nick Holland", "Peter Crimmins", "Ted Pool", "John Platten", "Shane Crawford", "John Kennedy Jr.", "Graham Arthur", "Peter Knights", "Peter Curran", "Bob Keddie", "Luke Hodge", "Nathan Thompson", "Paul Puopolo", "Jack Green", "Alan Martello", "Garry Young", "Daniel Chick", "Ken Judge", "Isaac Smith", "Jim Bohan", "Jordan Lewis", "Tony Hall", "Jack Ryan", "Aaron Lord", "Geoff Ablett", "Don Scott", "Robert DiPierdomenico", "Trent Croad", "Alan Goad", "Norm Goss Jr.", "Michael Tuck", "Leigh Matthews", "Sam Mitchell", "Shane Crawford", "Luke Hodge", "Chris Langford", "Don Scott", "Kelvin Moore", "Jarryd Roughead", "Gary Ayres", "Jason Dunstall", "Peter Knights", "Jordan Lewis", "John Platten", "Grant Birchall", "John Kennedy Jr.", "Robert DiPierdomenico", "Graham Arthur", "Chris Mew", "Rodney Eade", "Michael Moncrieff", "Mark Graham", "Alan Martello", "Shaun Burgoyne", "John Peck", "Andrew Collins", "David Parkin", "Darrin Pritchard", "Luke Breust", "Ben Dixon", "Geoff Ablett", "Liam Shiels", "Ted Pool", "Brad Sewell", "Des Meagher", "John Hendrie", "Bert Mills", "Isaac Smith", "Ray Jencke", "Roy Simmonds", "Dermott Brereton", "Cyril Rioli", "Paul Puopolo", "Trent Croad", "Russell Greene", "Ben Stratton", "Lance Franklin", "Angelo Lekkas", "Nick Holland", "Chance Bateman", "Hall of famers", "Alec Albiston", "Graham Arthur", "Gary Ayres", "Dermott Brereton", "Gary Buckenara", "Brian Coleman", "Shane Crawford", "Peter Crimmins", "Robert DiPierdomenico", "Jason Dunstall", "Brendan Edwards", "Russell Greene", "Jack Hale", "Peter Hudson", "Bert Hyde", "Allan Jeans", "Brian Kann", "John Kennedy Jr.", "John Kennedy Sr.", "Peter Knights", "Chris Langford", "Ian Law", "Leigh Matthews", "Chris Mew", "Bert Mills", "Kelvin Moore", "John O'Mahony", "David Parkin", "John Peck", "John Platten", "Ted Pool", "Phil Ryan", "Don Scott", "Bob Sellers", "Stan Spinks", "Michael Tuck", "Ern Utting", "Michael Tuck", "Princes Park", "York Park", "Victorian Women's Football League", "Box Hill", "Victorian State Football League", "affiliated", "Box Hill Football Club", "Victorian Football League", "Geoff Angus", "Ken Beck", "Michael Porter", "Ray Wilson", "Michael Moncrieff", "Michael Tuck", "Kelvin Matthews", "Alan Goad", "James Morrissey", "Greg Dear", "Peter Curran", "Chris Wittman", "Paul Abbott", "Peter Knights", "Gary Buckenara", "Rodney Eade", "Colin Robertson", "Steve Malaxos", "Bernie Jones", "Ron Beattie", "Michael Zemski", "Robert DiPierdomenico", "Melbourne Hawks", "Melbourne Football Club/Hawthorn Football Club planned merger", "Sport in Australia", "Sport in Victoria", "List of Hawthorn Football Club players", "Hawthorn Football Club official website", "Hawthorn Statistics from AFL Tables", "\"Around the Grounds\" – Web Documentary – Glenferrie Oval", "Hawthorn Football Club, Flickr" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Hawthorn Football Club\n", "The Hawthorn Football Club, nicknamed the Hawks, is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club, founded in 1902, is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships. It is renowned as the only club having won premierships in each decade of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernseys. The club's Latin motto is \"spectemur agendo\", the English translation being \"Let us be judged by our acts\".\n", "The Hawks' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval, the club's former administrative and training base and social club. Matches, however, have not been played there since 1973. In 2006, Hawthorn's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club's major supporter base in Melbourne's outer-eastern region. The mascot of Hawthorn FC is a hawk. Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston, Tasmania, with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the club's current playing home ground. Hawthorn's current Victorian Football League (VFL) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club. \n", "Section::::Club history.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Origins.\n", "The official club history books and many supporters strongly believe that the club's origins date back to its founding in 1873 at a meeting at the Hawthorne Hotel. Although a Hawthorn Football Club did indeed form at this time—and the region has since continuously been represented by a football team—it was not the Hawthorn which competes at AFL level today. It is likely that today's club is actually the third club to carry the name 'Hawthorn Football Club'. In \"The Daily Telegraph\" of 12 May 1883 it is stated that \"The Hawthorn Club having disbanded, all engagements for the ensuing season have been cancelled.\" In 1889 the Riversdale Football Club (formed in 1880) is reported to have changed its name to the Hawthorn Football Club. This club also ceased in 1890. No Hawthorn club existed from 1890 to 1892. A new representative club, called the 'Hawthorn Football Club', was formed in 1893. It competed in the Victorian Junior Football Association (MJFA) until 1898. Without a ground to play on, however, the club was disbanded in 1899.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Modern club founded.\n", "In March 1902, Alf Kosky formed a club from the various district clubs under the banner of Hawthorn Football Club to compete in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association. The club merged with Boroondara (late Waterloo) in 1905 and adopted Boroondara's colours of a black guernsey with red sash but retained the name of Hawthorn. In 1906 Hawthorn merged with successful junior club the Hawthorn Rovers to form the Hawthorn City Football Club as a result of Glenferrie Oval opening. The club opted to change the gold guernsey with a blue V of the Hawthorn Rovers. The council then applied to the Victorian Football Association (VFA) for inclusion which was granted in 1914 when Hawthorn replaced the disbanded Melbourne City club.\n", "Section::::Club history.:VFA years: 1914–1924.\n", "The first task for the club was to decide on club colours, their jumper of blue and gold was already taken by Williamstown so a change was required. At a Special General Meeting held on 17 February 1914, a Mr J. Brain proposed brown and gold as the new colours and the motion was carried. The Mayblooms won three games and a draw in their first season in the VFA. The effect of World War I with players enlisting caused the club to finish last in 1915. The VFA then went into recess in 1916 and 1917, and Hawthorn did not compete when resumption occurred in 1918. Upon Hawthorn's resumption in 1919 it was more competitive winning eight games and finishing sixth out of ten teams. Hawthorn dropped to eighth in 1920 but in 1921 they won seven games and finished sixth.\n", "Bill Walton was appointed captain-coach of Hawthorn in 1922. He was, however, refused a clearance by Port Melbourne and as a result spent the season playing for them, while coaching Hawthorn during the week. Twice that season, he had the unusual situation of playing a VFA game against the club that he coached. In one of those matches a Port Melbourne teammate had to be restrained from striking Walton over Walton's vocal support for the player's opponent. In 1922 the club missed the finals by percentage and Hawthorn set a new record score in the VFA scoring 30.31.211 to Prahran 6.9.45. In 1923 Walton was granted his clearance and the club made the finals finishing in fourth place and then losing to Port Melbourne in the first semi-final.\n", "1924 the club finished fifth, missing the finals by four points.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Entry to the VFL.\n", "Since 1919 the VFL had nine clubs which caused one team to be idle every Saturday. The VFL was keen to do away with this bye via the admission of a tenth club. In 1924 a group calling itself the Hawthorn Citizens' League Campaign Committee began gathering support for the football club admittance to the VFL. Other representations came from Brighton, Brunswick, Footscray, North Melbourne, Prahran, Camberwell and Caulfield.\n", "On 9 January 1925 a committee meeting of the VFL, chaired by Reg Hunt of Carlton, examined the question of expanding the competition from nine clubs to twelve; and then, at a further (full) meeting on 16 January 1925, the VFL decided to admit the three Victorian Football Association (VFA) clubs, Hawthorn, Footscray and North Melbourne.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Bumbling along the bottom: 1925-1949.\n", "The Mayblooms, as they were then known became the perennial whipping boys of the competition. Hawthorn had an almost casual attitude towards playing football and, lying remote from major industrial areas and consequently devoid of the business or political patrons available to , and , were not able to even pay their players the match payment then allowed by the Coulter Law. Despite the presence of a number players of true class such as Bert Hyde, Bert Mills, Stan Spinks, Alec Albiston and Col Austen, Hawthorn never won more than seven games in a season in its first seventeen years in the League.\n", "Roy Cazaly was the non-playing coach of Hawthorn in 1942, he was reported to have given the club its nickname the \"Hawks\" on the suggestion of one of his daughters. Cazaly thought that it was tougher than their original nickname the \"Mayblooms\" and 1943 turned out to be the club's best season since joining the VFL in which the club missed the finals only by percentage. However, Hawthorn immediately returned to the bottom of the ladder, consistently competing with St Kilda for the wooden spoon. Between 1944 and 1953 the club finished last or second last in every year but one. Half-back flanker Col Austen tied with South Melbourne's Ron Clegg for the 1949 Brownlow Medal but was not awarded it based on the \"countback\" system in place at that time. The League later changed the system for tied results and, in 1989, he was awarded the medal retrospectively.\n", "Section::::Club history.:1950s.\n", "1950 started with the club in turmoil, The club appointed Bob McCaskill as coach and he wanted Kevin Curran to be captain. Outgoing captain-coach Alec Albiston was angry as he was told by a member of the board that he would remain as captain. Brownlow Medallist Col Austen sided with Albiston and a split occurred. The board sided with the new coach and gave Albiston and Austen open clearances. Without the club's best two players, the team did not win a match in 1950. New captain Kevin Curran was suspended for striking Austen on the first occasion Hawthorn and Austen's new club Richmond played.\n", "The club decided to change its playing jumper to the brown and gold vertical stripes. Two positives were the arrival of John Kennedy and Roy Simmonds. Over the next ten years, Kennedy would play 169 games for Hawthorn, serving as Captain from 1955 until his retirement in 1959, and winning the club's Best and Fairest award four times (in 1950, 51, 52 and 54). Simmonds would play 192 games and win the club's Best and Fairest award in 1955.\n", "In 1952 Jack Hale took over as coach, Hale had been Bob McCaskill's assistant, but McCaskill's health was failing and he died in June 1952. Aided by dividends from the VFL's finals revenue making the club more competitive financially – despite no Hawthorn team in any grade playing VFL finals to that point—this proved the decisive step in the movement of Hawthorn away from the bottom of the ladder. He eliminated the casual attitude that prevailed at the club during its first thirty years in the VFL and made the club less accepting of defeat than before. Although Hawthorn finished last in 1953, from the following year improvement was steady.\n", "Hawthorn had their first recruitment coup in 1954 by signing Clayton \"Candles\" Thompson from South Australia. Thompson was the glamour player from the 1953 National Football Championships, kicking ten goals against Western Australia. Fresh from school, teenagers John Peck, Allan Woodley, Noel Voigt and Brian Kann started at Hawthorn and the club won eight games. Gifted schoolboy from Sandhurst, Graham Arthur, arrived in 1955 and became the second player to win the club's Best and Fairest in his first year, the other being John Kennedy. Brendan Edwards followed Arthur to Hawthorn in 1956 and, although the seniors showed a slight decline to seven wins and a draw, the reserve grade side gave Hawthorn a first finals appearance in any grade.\n", "Section::::Club history.:1950s.:First finals appearance.\n", "In 1957 the senior team broke through for their first finals appearance, defeating Carlton in the first semi-final long remembered for the freak hailstorm after half time. It was a surreal look of the MCG covered in golfball-size hailstones. They were outclassed by Melbourne in the preliminary final.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Kennedy era: 1960–1982.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Kennedy era: 1960–1982.:Winning premierships.\n", "After three seasons in mid-ladder Hawthorn appointed John Kennedy as coach in 1960. Kennedy and 1960 Club Champion Brendan Edwards believed that footballers were not fit enough so a training regime was implemented. John Winneke, Phil Hay, Malcolm Hill, Morton Browne, Ian Mort and Ian Law made their debuts in 1960. Kennedy took the Hawks further than ever before in 1961, winning their first premiership by defeating Footscray. Brendan Edwards was acknowledged as the best player for the Grand Final.\n", "However, Hawthorn fell back in 1962, winning only five games and finishing in ninth position on the ladder as the club's modest support base and lack of wealthy supporters limited its ability to compete for the growing number of country recruits joining the VFL. In 1963 the club finished on top of the ladder only to lose the grand final to Geelong by 49 points. Kennedy accepted a position as Principal of Stawell High School so Graham Arthur became captain-coach in 1964. The Hawks lost the penultimate game to Melbourne and dropped to fifth – had they won they would have finished on top of the ladder. They fell to be last in 1965 with only four wins, and rebuilt the team for the rest of the 1960s. 1966 saw the debut of Peter Crimmins, Des Meagher, Michael Porter and Ray Wilson.\n", "John Kennedy return to coach from 1967. Don Scott, Ian Bremner and Geoff Angus were local recruits. The club convinced Peter Hudson to join them in 1967 and he immediately became the competition's leading full-forward. In 1968 he kicked 125 goals, the first centurion since John Coleman, and again in 1969 with 120 goals. Despite this, Hawthorn still failed to make the finals, but the acquisition of the powerful Mornington Peninsula recruiting zone gave the club a huge boost in its quest for success and permitted the club a much more powerful list than ever before. In 1968, Kevin Heath and Norm Bussell become members of the senior team and in 1969 two teenagers, Peter Knights and Leigh Matthews, were recruited.\n", "Hawthorn started the 1970s missing the finals even though Peter Hudson kicked a home-and-away record of 146 goals in 1970. The team's spine was strengthened with the arrival of full back Kelvin Moore and centre half-forward Alan Martello.\n", "In 1971 the Hawks finished on top of the ladder, the first time since 1963, Peter Hudson equalled Bob Pratt's record of 150 goals in a season and Leigh Matthews won his first of eight club championships. Matthews gained notoriety by shirt fronting Barry Cable in an Interstate Game in Perth.\n", "The 1971 Grand Final was between Hawthorn coached by Hawthorn legend John Kennedy and St Kilda coached by Allan Jeans (who would later move to Hawthorn and enjoy success as the Hawks coach in the 1980s). The match was played before 118,192 people at the MCG on a cool and wet Melbourne day. Hawthorn went into the match without inspirational centre half-back Peter Knights who had suffered a severe knee injury two weeks earlier. It was a hard and tough game was played out with the Saints leading the Hawks by 20 points going into the last quarter. Hawks 5.7 (37) to the Saints 8.9 (57). For the Saints, however, as coach Allan Jeans was to comment, \"The season was just 25 minutes too long\". \"Kennedy's Commandos\" (the term given to the team after the coach's tough physical training program and loudly proclaimed in the huge banners that swept around the MCG (now sadly replaced by advertising signs) came into force. The Hawks moved Peter Hudson out to centre half-forward and Bob Keddie into the goal square. The Hawks slammed on seven goals to three in the final quarter, with Keddie kicking four, to run out winners (12.10.82) to the Saints (11.9.75). The final term saw ten goals being scored.\n", "A skinny lad from Berwick made his debut in 1972. Michael Tuck played the first of a club record 426 games after Hawthorn lost champion full forward Peter Hudson to a knee injury in the first game of the year. Hudson had kicked 8 goals before being injured before half time. John Hendrie whose grandfather played in Hawthorn's the first VFL game played the first of 197 games for the club.\n", "During the 1970s a strong rivalry grew with North Melbourne and they met in three grand finals with the Hawks prevailing twice. The 1976 Grand Final team was inspired by the illness of former Captain Peter Crimmins who died 3 days after the victory from cancer, and by the humiliating defeat of the 1975 Grand Final loss to the North Melbourne Kangaroos. The Hawks greats such as the prolific goal-kicker Michael Moncrieff, rover Leigh Matthews, ruck rover Michael Tuck, ruckman Don Scott, full back Kelvin Moore and centre half-back Peter Knights played through this era. The Hawthorn North Melbourne clash was a close encounter, but injuries to champions such as Keith Greig and Brent Crosswell made North's chances of winning difficult. However, when Hawthorn looked threatened, they replied quickly and kept their lead intact. The forward line won the day and as a result it was not surprising that John Hendrie was voted best on ground by radio and newspapers of the day. Hendrie had kicked two goals and eight behinds for the day. \n", "After the disappointment of losing to North Melbourne in the 1977 Preliminary Final, the Hawks were back to play in the 1978 Grand Final, again against North Melbourne. It was the third time in four seasons that these two sides were to meet in a grand final. North Melbourne were competing in their fifth successive grand final and were the reigning premiers. At half time North Melbourne led by four points but Hawthorn finished victors by three goals thanks largely to a strong third quarter which saw them kick 7.6. The turning point occurred when two North players spoiled each other in the goalsquare at the 6-minute mark, when a mark and a goal could have put them 17 points up. The Hawks went on to dominate play after this incident and never looked back.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Glory years: 1983–1991.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Glory years: 1983–1991.:Seven straight: 1983–1989.\n", "Their greatest era was arguably the 1980s, when the team won four premierships and played in the grand final seven years in succession, including three in a row against arch-enemy Essendon. The decade started poorly, with Hawthorn failing to finish in the top five (as it was then known) and seen by most critics as a spent force. Coach David Parkin left and agreed to coach Carlton and captain Don Scott would shortly retire after playing his 300th game. In a surprise appointment Hawthorn persuaded former St Kilda premiership coach Allan Jeans to coach the team. Jeans had not coached in the VFL for five years.\n", "1982 would mark the start of Hawthorn being in the finals for 13 years in a row. Hawthorn returned to finals football in 1982, finishing second after the home and away season, Hawthorn fans saw Subiaco champion Gary Buckenara for the first time and also a cameo appearance of Gary Ablett in a Hawthorn jumper and Dermott Brereton who was a skinny kid from Frankston made his debut in the semi-final against North Melbourne and kicked five goals. Hawthorn lost the Preliminary Final to Carlton by 31 points.\n", "The first of four premierships for the decade was in the 1983 Grand Final, with Hawthorn 20.20 (140) defeating Essendon 8.9 (57) This was at that time a record margin in a grand final; signifying the juggernaut that Hawthorn was to become during the 1980s. Hawthorn competed in the next two grand finals against rival Essendon, losing the 1984 Grand Final due to Essendon's famous final quarter charge, and losing the 1985 Grand Final by a far greater margin; souring the final game of club legend Leigh Matthews. Playing alongside him was young Jason Dunstall, from Coorparoo, Queensland; he was recruited after winning the QAFL goalkicking in 1984.\n", "Their second premiership came the following year in the 1986 Grand Final, with Hawthorn 16.14 (110) defeating Carlton 9.14 (68) convincingly, with Gary Ayres winning his first of two Norm Smith Medals. 1987 saw Hawthorn finish second to a superior Carlton team. The fact that Hawthorn even made it to the grand final is still the centre of some controversy; with Gary Buckenara's after the siren kick in the 1987 Preliminary Final breaking the hearts of tens of thousands of Melbourne supporters.\n", "Ill health to coach Allan Jeans meant that Football Operations Manager Alan Joyce took the coaching position for 1988. The Hawks lost only 3 games for the year; Jason Dunstall kicked 132 goals and the team would win the 1988 Premiership 22.20 (152) against Melbourne 6.20 (56); a then-record margin in a Grand Final of 96 points. Gary Ayres won his second Norm Smith Medal.\n", "The 1989 season was viewed as one of the most spectacular VFL/AFL seasons to date; with Dunstall again kicking a century of goals, the resurgence of Geelong and dominating play of Geelong great Gary Ablett Sr., and the greatest grand final of the modern era occurring in this year.\n", "The Hawks defeated Geelong in the 1989 Grand Final. The match is now legendary for its amazing toughness, physicality, skill, massive scoring and tension. The Hawks jumped out to an enormous lead as Geelong attempted to unsettle the Hawks through rough physical play. However, the physical toll on the Hawks began to show as the match wore on; with John Platten being concussed, Robert DiPierdomenico puncturing his lung, Dermott Brereton breaking his ribs and Michael Tuck splitting the webbing on his hand.\n", "By midway through the final quarter the Cats were charging; with Hawthorn desperately trying to hold off the Cats' avalanche of goals while containing the brilliance of Ablett who ended the match with a grand final record of 9 goals. Hawthorn's experience and determination allowed them to hold off Geelong just long enough, scraping through to victory by one goal.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Glory years: 1983–1991.:1990–1991.\n", "Other clubs have had success since but none have matched the sustained dominance of the Hawks in the late 1980s, having played in a record seven successive grand finals. Leading players of the 1980s included Dermott Brereton, Gary Ayres, Chris Mew, Michael Tuck, Jason Dunstall, Gary Buckenara, John Platten and Chris Langford.\n", "The Hawks ended their era of dominance which included eight grand final appearances in nine seasons (1983–1991). Injuries to key personnel hampered Hawthorn's 1990 campaign. Jason Dunstall and Dermott Brereton both missed many games, others like Robert DiPierdomenico carried injuries into the finals. The Hawks bowed out in the Elimination Final to Melbourne. Alan Joyce replaced Allan Jeans as coach for the 1991 season, which began with the Hawks winning the pre-season cup, before they suffered an embarrassing 86-point loss to AFL newcomers at Football Park in the opening match of the season proper. However, on the back of the recruitment of skillful South Australian Darren Jarman and with improvement from young players, such as Paul Hudson, Ben Allan and Stephen Lawrence the team bounced back to reach the 1991 Grand Final.\n", "Grand Final Day 1991 was an historic occasion. It was the only grand final played at Waverley Park and featured the first-ever appearance by a non-Victorian team. West Coast had dominated the home and away season but Hawthorn, written off by many early in the season, won the match. West Coast began the match kicking with the aid of a strong wind blowing down to the main scoreboard end and kicked the opening four goals. However, from that point the Hawks began to gain the ascendancy and, if not for inaccuracy in front of goal in the second term, they would have had a significant half-time lead. Having maintained the half-time margin, against the wind, in the third term, the Hawks scored 8.4 (52) to 1.3 (9) in the final quarter, to win a fifth premiership in nine seasons. A feature of the Hawks' performance was that its two best players—Paul Dear and Stephen Lawrence—were from the team's younger brigade. It was Michael Tuck's last game and he bowed out with the league record for games (426), finals (39), grand finals (11) and premierships (7). At the end of 1991, Hawthorn selected a young Shane Crawford with pick 13 in the National Draft, who eventually became the only surviving link between this era of success and its next triumph 17 seasons later. During the 1992 summer, the Hawthorn players' T-shirts had \"Too old. Too slow. Too good\" written on them.\n", "Section::::Club history.:End of an era: 1992–96.\n", "After having shared Princes Park with as a home venue since 1974, Hawthorn began to move its home games to Waverley Park in Mulgrave in Melbourne's south-east in 1990. The club played five home games at Waverley Park and the balance at Princes Park in each of 1990 and 1991, and played all home games at Waverley Park from 1992. To further strengthen their links with the area a second social club was established nearby at the Waverley Gardens shopping centre. The club, which operates as a gaming venue, has also been a lucrative source of revenue for the club.\n", "The end of the 1993 season saw the first cracks in the Family Club facade; coach Alan Joyce was replaced by Peter Knights and club legends Gary Ayres and Dermott Brereton departed. Chris Mew injured his achilles tendon and retired. Behind the scenes the Hawthorn board began to spend large amounts of money that the club didn't have, board members flew first class to games interstate and $1 million was spent renovating club offices by a company owned by the then-club president. Despite a decade of onfield success, the club failed to attract supporters who would become long term backers for the club. Loss of key players continued, Ben Allan was offered the captaincy of the new Fremantle Dockers and left at the end of 1994, as did Andrew Gowers, who went to Brisbane. After a promising start in 1995 the Hawks lost their last seven games to finish fifteenth and missed the finals for the first time since 1981. The board sacked the coaching staff and appointed Ken Judge who was an assistant to David Parkin at Carlton. Club Champion Darren Jarman told the club he wanted to return to Adelaide.\n", "Section::::Club history.:End of an era: 1992–96.:Proposed merger.\n", "Falling on-field and off-field fortune saw the club almost merge with Melbourne in 1996. The resulting club was to be known as the \"Melbourne Hawks\" – a fusion with the Melbourne nickname of \"Demons\". A groundswell of support led by former champion Don Scott scuttled the proposal, with Hawthorn members voting strongly against it. Melbourne members supported the merger by a small margin. The failure of the merger led to the resignation of the board and its replacement, led by businessman Ian Dicker.\n", "Section::::Club history.:1997–2004.\n", "After fighting off the merger the new board launched the \"Proud, Passionate and Paid Up\" campaign in a bid to get more members. 27,450 memberships were bought by supporters, more than doubling the memberships from the previous year. Even in the successful years of the 1980s the club struggled to get 10,000 members. The team won the 1999 pre-season competition but missed out on the finals of the premiership season. Ken Judge resigned at the end of 1999 to accept the coaching job at West Coast Eagles.\n", "Peter Schwab was appointed coach of the Hawks for the 2000 season and the team played a more attacking style than the \"accountable football\" discipline of Ken Judge. The Hawks reached the semi-finals before losing to the reigning premiers, the North Melbourne Football Club. The team made steady progress all over the field. Daniel Chick and Nick Holland were the joint winners of the Peter Crimmins Medal. Chance Bateman became the second Indigenous Australian to play for Hawthorn.\n", "In 2001 the Hawks again enjoyed a successful year, but it was to be their last for several seasons. The Hawks won eight games straight at the start of the season and, despite faltering late in the home-and-away season, had a close win in a semi-final against Port Adelaide and made it to the preliminary finals in when they narrowly lost to Essendon. In the off-season, Hawthorn traded Trent Croad and Luke McPharlin for the Number 1 draft pick, Luke Hodge, no. 20 (Daniel Elstone) and no. 36 (Sam Mitchell). Croad would return to Hawthorn two years later.\n", "The Hawks missed the finals altogether in 2002, finishing tenth, which was considered a very disappointing result for the club. Shane Crawford won the Peter Crimmins Medal after another strong season. Players that made their debuts that year, Luke Hodge, Sam Mitchell, Campbell Brown, Robert Campbell and Mark Williams would all play in the 2008 premiership side. In the off-season, the Hawks again proved to be big players and gained the services of St Kilda ruckman Peter Everitt.\n", "After a poor start to the 2003 season, the Hawks went on to finish the second half of the year strongly and finished in ninth position, narrowly missing the finals. Sam Mitchell shone for the Hawks and won the AFL Rising Star award. This form had punters excited and the team were early favourites for a top four finish the next year. Shane Crawford once again won the Peter Crimmins Medal and also came second in the Brownlow Medal by a single vote.\n", "During the 2004 pre-season Hawthorn coach Peter Schwab declared that the Hawks would \"win the premiership\" although this statement would be followed by a horrific season for Hawthorn as the Hawks managed just four wins and eighteen losses. The club imploded, and by mid-season coach Peter Schwab was sacked, and Captain Shane Crawford broke his arm, and eventually relinquished the captaincy. Following the collapse of the club on the field, many players either left or were sacked from the club. Nathan Thompson left the club citing a fresh start following his admission that he suffered from depression. Rayden Tallis, Mark Graham, Kris Barlow and Lance Picioane were also released from the club. More than 700 games of experience left the club following the season.\n", "Section::::Club history.:Clarkson era: 2005–present.\n", "After the turmoil of the 2004 season Hawthorn produced a surprise move by appointing a little known assistant coach Alastair Clarkson to his first senior AFL coaching role for the 2005 season. Clarkson was selected over the higher profiled former players Terry Wallace and Gary Ayres. The Hawks embarked on a rebuild of the team. Clarkson delisted older players and instituted a youth policy. Club veterans Rayden Tallis, Mark Graham, Kris Barlow, Luke McCabe and Lance Picioane left the club while Nathan Thompson was trade to . The Hawks took Jarryd Roughead, Lance Franklin, Jordan Lewis at picks 2, 5 and 7, respectively, in the AFL Draft. With Clarkson at the helm, the Hawks made solid progress and instituted a culture of discipline at the club. The Hawks won only five games and by playing a high-possession game plan and finished in 14th position. Hawks fans saw a somewhat successful introduction to the AFL for players Franklin, Roughead and Lewis all of whom won Rising Star Nominations. Shane Crawford also had a return to form after a terrible 2004 when he broke his arm, and finished 3rd in the Peter Crimmins Medal tally.\n", "Former number one draft pick Luke Hodge had a breakthrough season in 2005, winning the Peter Crimmins Medal, All-Australian jumper and coming equal 4th in the Brownlow Medal (15 votes) from half-back. Peter Everitt and Trent Croad were also named in the All-Australian team. After 2005, another round of culling and the club bid farewell to Angelo Lekkas, Nick Holland and Steven Greene.\n", "Hawthorn recruited Xavier Ellis (pick 3), Beau Dowler (pick 6), Grant Birchall (pick 14), Max Bailey (pick 18) and Beau Muston (pick 22) all early in the draft; two of those selections were received by trading 2001 All-Australian full-back Jonathan Hay to North Melbourne and Nathan Lonie to Port Adelaide.\n", "After numerous years of planning, the club relocated its administrative headquarters from Glenferrie Oval to a state-of-the-art redeveloped facility at Waverley Park in the early stages of 2006. Glenferrie Oval was to remain the spiritual home of the club. In 2006, Clarkson showed innovation by restructuring the forwards into a system that came known as \"Buddy's box\". Starting the season 4–1 after the first five rounds, the Hawks faltered and lost twelve of the next thirteen games to fall to 5–13. The team won the final four matches to finish eleventh. Hawthorn's progress up the ladder, developing youth, and attacking style of play saw coach Alastair Clarkson rewarded with a new 2-year contract after the mid-season break.\n", "At the end of the 2006 season, the Hawks increased their commitment to the Tasmanian market—where they had developed a large support base—with four games to be played at the University of Tasmania Stadium in Launceston each year, and with the Tasmanian Government becoming an official sponsor of the club, in one of the biggest sponsorship deals in Australian sporting history, worth $15–20 million. Clarkson brought to the club delisted footballers Brent Guerra and Stephen Gilham who he knew from his time at . The Hawks continued to improve in 2007, winning 13 games and finishing fifth on the Premiership table. This took them into the finals, where they defeated Adelaide in the Elimination Final, in which Lance Franklin kicked his seventh goal seconds from the final siren, before being eliminated in the semi-final against North Melbourne. The club recorded its 11th consecutive year-end profit at the close of the 2007 season, a record A$3.6 million. On Draft day 2007 Clarkson went against his own policy when he recruited recently retired Stuart Dew and youngster Cyril Rioli. Clarkson also introduced a new style of play that became known as the \"Clarkson Cluster\".\n", "Throughout the 2008 AFL season, Hawthorn played a brand of football which became described as \"unsociable\"—a rough, physical style of play which conceded a lot of free kicks, but regardless asserted a physical dominance for the club. Hawthorn finished second on the home-and-away ladder with a record of 17–5, and progressed to the Grand Final to defeat Geelong 18.7 (115) to 11.23 (89), who had lost only one match during the season. Hawthorn would go on to lose its next eleven encounters with Geelong, allegedly caused by the \"Kennett curse\". Lance Franklin won the Coleman Medal with 102 goals, becoming the first player for more than a decade to score 100 goals within the home-and-away season.\n", "The 2008 Grand Final would become the last game for Trent Croad and Shane Crawford in their AFL careers—Crawford retired after the season, with 305 games service, and Croad suffered a foot injury during the Grand Final which kept him out of the following season, ultimately leading to his retirement. After the 2008 premiership, opposition teams worked hard at picking the \"Clarkson cluster\" apart. The effects of this were masked by injuries to key players. The Hawks slipped down the ladder to finished ninth in 2009. The Hawks premiership defence ended with them missing the finals altogether. Following on from this disappointing season, the Hawks established a pattern of recruiting established players, with Shaun Burgoyne and Josh Gibson arriving for 2010.\n", "A poor start to 2010 when the club lost six out its first seven games the team finally abandoned the cluster for a more precision kicking style. The change resulted in eleven wins, only three losses and a draw followed, and it was enough for them to make the finals, finishing seventh and drawing an away final against the Fremantle Dockers in Perth, which they lost by 30 points. The Hawks bolstered ranks by bringing in out of favour North Melbourne forward/ruck David Hale during the trade period.\n", "In 2011, Hawthorn finished a reasonably unheralded home and away season with a record of 18–4, finishing third on the ladder. It lost to Collingwood by three points in a preliminary final. Lance Franklin won the Coleman Medal and an All Australian guernsey; Josh Gibson, Sam Mitchell and Grant Birchall were also nominated for All Australian positions. The Hawks traded in Jack Gunston for the 2012 season.\n", "In 2012, Hawthorn finished on top of the home and away season ladder with a record of 17–5, finishing as minor premiers for the first time since 1989. They defeated and by 38 and 5 points, respectively, to advance to their second Grand Final in five years; however, despite leading by two goals midway through the final term they were defeated by the Sydney Swans by 10 points.\n", "In 2013, Hawthorn again finished as minor premiers after a home and away season record of 19–3. During the season Jarryd Roughead won the John Coleman Medal for the first time. The club also traded for Brian Lake, an experienced defender from the Western Bulldogs. Lake went on to win the Norm Smith Medal for his efforts in the Grand Final. Hawthorn defeated the Fremantle Dockers by 15 points to claim their 11th premiership after a tough and scrappy game. Teammates joining Lake as premiership players who began their careers at other clubs were Jonathan Simpkin, Jack Gunston (runner-up in Norm Smith voting with his 4 goals), David Hale, Shaun Burgoyne, Josh Gibson and Brent Guerra.\n", "In 2014 the club was able to overcome adversity to win their twelfth premiership. Former leading goalkicker Lance Franklin left the club as a free agent soon after the 2013 premiership, linking up with the Sydney Swans on a multimillion-dollar contract over nine years, new recruit Dayle Garlett retired before the start of the season, and coach Alastair Clarkson missed a month due to illness (during which Brendon Bolton acted as caretaker coach for five matches). The 2014 premiership saw Will and Chris Langford become the first father/son premiership players at the club since Peter Hudson (1971) and his son Paul (1991) (Chris's teammate John Kennedy Jr played in four premierships, whilst his father John Kennedy Sr. coached the club to three flags.).\n", "In 2015, Hawthorn began the season in inconsistent form, with a 4–4 win-loss record after the first 8 rounds of the year, before going on to record 8 consecutive victories, a run which ended with a loss to Richmond in Round 18. Hawthorn ended up winning 4 of their final 5 matches to finish with a 16-6 win-loss record, qualifying for their 6th successive final series. The club entered the Grand final for the fourth year running, coming in the hard way after losing the qualifying final in Perth to the . The team then went on to defeat in the semi-final before taking on the minor premiers again in Perth. On the hottest Grand Final day in history, verging on 31 degrees Celsius, the Hawks defeated the Eagles to claim their third flag in a row. It was their thirteenth overall.\n", "2016 began with the retirements of triple premiership players Brian Lake and David Hale, and the club entered the season without Jarryd Roughead, who had injured his knee in late 2015. With Roughead ready to return from the injury, it was announced that he had been diagnosed with a recurrence of his melanoma, and would be out indefinitely (he would return to full training in early 2017.) The absence of Roughead limited Hawthorn's scoring potential, the club won six games by less than 10 points, but the club was leading the competition until two late losses saw them hang onto the top four. Although the club was a top four team it was rated last in the contested possession, a statistic that would cost them against the better teams. After a loss in the qualifying final to rival Geelong, after a miss by Issac Smith after the siren, Hawthorn were knocked out of the finals by eventual premiers the Western Bulldogs. During trade period, the club shocked the competition by trading Sam Mitchell and Jordan Lewis, who had finished first and second in the Peter Crimmins Medal, to West Coast and Melbourne, respectively. The club also traded Brad Hill to Fremantle. Hawthorn then traded in Tom Mitchell from Sydney, and former Rising Star winner Jaeger O'Meara from Gold Coast, as well as signing Ty Vickery as a free agent from Richmond, and Ricky Henderson as a delisted free agent.\n", "Before the season, the club announced that Luke Hodge had stood down as captain, and Jarryd Roughead, returning from his battle with melanoma, would captain the club in 2017.\n", "The 2017 season saw one of the club's most remarkable seasons on record. The club did not enter the eight at any stage of the season, and after back-to-back 86-point losses to Gold Coast and Geelong in rounds 3 and 4, the club sat last on the ladder. After another huge loss to St Kilda in round 6, the club looked a shadow of their former selves. A victory over Sydney in the final minutes of the round 10 game saw a small amount of hope return, but the next week against Port Adelaide, the club was kept to just three points in the first half en route to another major loss. The club entered the bye in round 13 second last on the ladder. The club was also suffering from the absence of Ben Stratton, grant Birchall, Cyril Rioli and James Frawley, who all played minimal football in the year. new recruit Jaeger O'Meara also missed 16 games with knee problems, though he returned at the end of the season. After the bye, the club produced one of the most stunning reversals of form seen in years. The club would win six of their next ten games, as well as a draw against to only miss the finals by six points. The resurgence came through a dramatic lineup reshuffle by Clarkson, sending established forwards Jack Gunston and James Siciliy into defence, while Taylor Duyrea was moved forward. Ryan Burton established himself as one of the best defenders in the competition, while Blake Hardwick became a regular in the side. After multiple years on the list, Daniel Howe, Kaiden Brand and Tim O'Brien found themselves as regulars in the side. The highlight for the season was recruit Tom Mitchell, who broke the AFL record for the most 30 possession games in a season, as well as for the most possessions by one player in a season, earning Mitchell his first All-Australian selection, as well as the Peter Crimmins medal.\n", "Off the field, the club also went through a number of controversies. Tracey Gaudry was appointed as the club's first female CEO, only to resign five months later, though it is publicly believed she was sacked by the club. This also led to the resignation from the presidents position of Richard Garvey, and the return of former president Jeff Kennett. Former premiership captain Luke Hodge announced his retirement before his 300th game, only to change his mind after the season was completed, requesting to play on with the Brisbane Lions, where he was later traded. The club's only other major trade saw Port Adelaide speedster Jarman Impey join the club. After the lodging of the 2018 lists, Vickery announced he was retiring. He had played just six games for the club.\n", "The season opened with Tom Mitchell collecting a record 54 possessions against , it was the start of a great year for Mitchell who would later win the 2018 Brownlow medal. The team was able to mix it with the best until a mid season form slump saw them slip out of the top eight. Cyril Rioli retired mid season due to family reasons. The team surprised many of the pre-season tipsters by finishing fourth after a six game winning streak at the end of the minor rounds. The Hawks were able to get a full season out of stars, James Frawley, Ben Stratton and Jaeger O'Meara all of whom missed a lot of football the year before.\n", "The club was able to get experience into its young players, Harry Morrison, Blake Hardwick and Ryan Burton continued to show improvement while the club blooded new recruits \n", "James Worpel, Mitchell Lewis, Dave Mirra and Irishman Conor Nash..\n", "Section::::Season summaries.\n", "\"List of the last five seasons completed by Hawthorn. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Hawthorn Football Club seasons\"\n", "Section::::Club symbols.\n", "Section::::Club symbols.:Logo, crest and mascot.\n", "When Hawthorn entered the VFL in 1925 their nickname was known as The Mayblooms. The maybloom was a flower that was profuse in the Hawthorn suburban area. In Round 2, 1943 when Hawthorn played , the match report in the Sporting Globe newspaper announced that prior to the start of the game at Glenferrie, Roy Cazaly, Hawthorn's coach told the players that in future they would be known as the Hawks instead of the Mayblooms. Cazaly said \"I expect players to live up to the name being ready to fight hard and carry the ball away with pace and dash to the goal.\" The Hawthorn FC has had four VFL/AFL endorsed logos in its entirety. The first (1977), a flying Hawk, was an adaptation of a pre-existing unofficial logo that appeared on the club's official documentation throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The Hawks's Mascot Manor representative and club mascot is Hudson \"Hawka\" Knights, a caricature of a hawk dressed the same way as the Hawthorn players and slightly depicting club champion Dermott Brereton.\n", "Section::::Club symbols.:Club guernsey.\n", "The Hawthorn colours are brown and gold vertical stripes. Hawthorn has worn this design since 1950. The current major sponsors are Tasmania, iiNet, Bupa, Audi and Adidas. Some of their former major sponsors are MBF, Samsung, HSBC and Puma. The standard home guernsey is used in all home and away games in Victoria, Sydney and Tasmania while the away guernsey is used in every away game in Adelaide, Perth and Brisbane. The club's colours and designs have changed a few times during their history. From 1902 to 1904 they wore a blue guernsey with red shoulders and a red stripe down the front of the guernsey along with blue and white hooped socks. After they merged with Boroondara in 1905 they changed to a black guernsey with a red sash with black and red hooped socks. After the club had struggled for a few years it was decided to reform it and for seasons 1912–13 and they wore a yellow guernsey with a blue V. Upon entering the VFA they had to change their colours again as Williamstown already had that combination and adopted the colours brown and gold which have since remained to this day although the design has changed a few times, the main ones being:\n", "BULLET::::- 1914–1924 – brown with a gold circle around the neck and the HFC monogram in the centre\n", "BULLET::::- 1925–1932 – brown with a gold V and a smaller HFC monogram on the left breast\n", "BULLET::::- 1933–1934 – gold with a brown V\n", "BULLET::::- 1934–1949 – brown with a gold V and brown socks with gold tops\n", "BULLET::::- 1950–1974 – brown and gold stripes front and back with black numbers on a white panel and brown and gold hooped socks\n", "BULLET::::- 1975–1988 – brown and gold stripes with a plain gold back and brown numbers with brown and gold hooped socks\n", "BULLET::::- 1989–1997 – brown and gold stripes with a plain gold back and brown numbers with plain gold socks\n", "BULLET::::- 1998–2005 – brown and gold stripes with a plain gold back and brown numbers with brown and gold hooped socks\n", "BULLET::::- 2006–2012 – brown and gold stripes front and back with black numbers on a white panel and brown and gold hooped socks\n", "BULLET::::- 2013–present – brown and gold stripes front and back with brown numbers on a gold panel and brown and gold hooped socks\n", "Section::::Club symbols.:Club song.\n", "The Hawthorn club song is entitled \"We're a Happy Team at Hawthorn\" and is sung to the tune of \"The Yankee Doodle Boy\" which was written by George M. Cohan for his 1904 musical \"Little Johnny Jones\". In the musical Johnny Jones is a patriotic US jockey competing in England. The song gained prominence when it was featured in the wartime 1942 musical \"Yankee Doodle Dandy\" starring James Cagney as George M. Cohan performing the part of Johnny Jones on stage. The song was adapted with new Hawthorn lyrics by Chick Lander in 1956.\n", "Section::::Corporate.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Current issues.\n", "The closure of Waverley Park in 1999 was a setback as Hawthorn could no longer play home games in the south-east region where they have developed a large support base. Home games were moved to the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Their relationship with the south-east was rekindled in 2006, when the Hawks returned to Waverley as a training and administration centre. The oval and a section of the Sir Kenneth Luke stand have been retained by developer Mirvac as part of their redevelopment of the Waverley site as a housing estate, largely as a result of a Victorian government commitment to keep football there. Mirvac leases the facility to Hawthorn for a peppercorn rent, until the club takes ownership of the facility within the next 20 years. Hawthorn will maintain their association with Glenferrie, by housing several coteries and conducting social activities at the club's spiritual home.\n", "In August 2005, former Victorian State Premier Jeff Kennett, a long time Hawthorn supporter and former number one membership ticket holder, was appointed to the board of the club with the intention of standing for president at the next coming annual general meeting. His rise to presidency was confirmed when on 14 December 2005, he was ushered in as president of the Hawthorn Football Club unopposed to the audience of a packed Hawthorn Town Hall. On 30 September 2008, the Hawthorn Football Club relationship with Glenferrie Oval was rekindled when the club hosted a Supporters Day at the club's spiritual home celebrating the club's 10th premiership, attended by an estimated 20,000 fans. On the 29 September 2013, the Hawthorn Football Club shared the spoils with their supporters again at Glenferrie Oval, celebrating the club's 11th premiership with more than 22,000 fans in attendance.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Dingley development.\n", "Hawthorn has revealed well-advanced plans to move its headquarters from Waverley Park to a large new facility where it has signed a contract of purchase for a 28 hectare site in Dingley where the club intends to a build lavish new headquarters for players, administration and supporters modelled on English Premier League clubs Arsenal and Tottenham.\n", "Hawthorn president Andrew Newbold said \"We want an elite training facility and administration facility, to align with our values of being a destination club. That's one bucket. The next is if you've got 80,000 members, how do you engage with them? We think this facility can tick that box.\"\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Relationship with Tasmania.\n", "Since 2001 Hawthorn has successfully cultivated a following in Tasmania, where the membership base has increased from 1,000 to more than 9,000. Studies have valued Hawthorn's economic impact in Tasmania and national brand exposure to total $29.5 million in 2014. Since 2006, Hawthorn has increased its presence in the state as part of an agreement with the tourism component of the Tasmanian government, whereby they are contracted to play four games in the state and the Tasmanian government will be the major sponsor for the club. This relationship was renewed for a further period for five years (2012–16) in November 2011. Subject to AFL consent, Hawthorn has offered to play an additional home game in Tasmania as part of the new deal, provided the number of rounds in the home and away season is increased by the AFL to accommodate an 18 team competition. On 31 July 2015, Hawthorn extended their partnership with Tasmania for a further five years.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Reconciliation plan.\n", "On 19 July 2019, Hawthorn launched their reconciliation plan, which builds upon a foundation of existing programs and events and lays the groundwork towards fulfilling the club’s aspirations of becoming leaders in community connection to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures. \n", "Section::::Corporate.:Five year plans.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Five year plans.:\"five2fifty\".\n", "At their 2007 Annual General Meeting, Hawthorn embarked on a 5-year business plan titled \"five2fifty\", the core idea being that in the next \"five\" years the club will target to win \"2\" premierships and have \"fifty\" thousand members. As part of the plan, the football club wants to be seen as the most professional club in the AFL, and places great emphasis on the welfare of the people associated with the club.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Five year plans.:\"All for One\".\n", "Following the completion of the \"five2fifty\" business plan in 2012, Hawthorn released a new business plan, \"All for One\". Striving for 80,000 plus members and investing a further $35m into capital investment projects in and around Waverley Park, the Hawks have set themselves an objective to become \"the destination club\", targeting successive top four finishes over the 2013 to 2017 period. Central to successfully achieving its commercial objectives, the Hawks have identified the importance of solidifying its status as a major MCG tenant as crucial to growing its membership and crowd support.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Five year plans.:\"HANZ-UP\".\n", "In 2009 Hawthorn launched a community-based program called \"HANZ-UP! AFL Program\" in New Zealand. The Hawks announced they had entered the New Zealand market, with an initial three-year deal with an option to extend the partnership until the end of 2018. Hawthorn has joined with AFLNZ to promote HANZ-UP! through programs such as KiwiKick (a New Zealand version of Auskick), the Hawks Cup (a Year 9 and Year 10 schools competition) and the Trent Croad Scholarship Scheme (AFL international scholarships). Annual skills clinics will also be held throughout New Zealand featuring Hawthorn players. KiwiKick will see all participants receiving kits branded with the Hawks and HANZ-UP! logos, while Hawks Cup players will be given exclusive Hawthorn merchandise.\n", "New Zealand born and raised Kurt Heatherley became the first player to make his AFL debut in 2016. The club had spotted him as a fourteen year old and the club signed him in 2011. His development was through the TAC cup and the VFL. He was rookie listed in 2014 and promoted to the main list in 2015.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Corporate profit or loss.\n", "The Hawthorn Football Club financial year ends on 31 October each year.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Support.\n", "Hawthorn boasts a huge support base throughout Australia, particularly in Victoria and Tasmania. In a survey appearing in the 9/7/2008 edition of the Herald Sun, 11% of respondents barracked for Hawthorn, behind only Collingwood (14%), Essendon (12%) and Carlton (12%). As an MCG tenant, Hawthorn is among the top 5 crowd drawing clubs in the league, averaging crowds of more than 50,000 to their MCG home games since 2008. Since 1997, Hawthorn has drawn the fifth-largest crowds to home and away matches, drawing more than 36,000 per game across all home and away games.\n", "Most of this widespread support can be accredited to the club's success in the 1970s and 1980s as the club successfully nurtured talent in its home 'zones'—primarily in the south and east of Victoria, as well as recruiting interstate talent from all over Australia. As a result, the club has a very widespread membership with 7,000 Tasmanian members, 3,000 WA members and 3,000 QLD and NSW members complementing the club's 45,000 Victorian members. In 2007 Hawthorn stated its ambitions were to grow their membership to beyond 50,000 by 2011 which was achieved in 2009. By 2012, Hawthorn became just the second club to grow membership beyond 60,000 setting a goal of reaching 80,000 plus members by 2017. In 2008 the Hawthorn Football Club drew 1,164,396 to all 25 completed games, a club record and seventh-largest aggregate attendance for any club, of all time. In May 2009, the Hawthorn Football Club boasted the largest membership in the AFL, becoming the first Victorian club to break the 51,000 barrier for membership. In all, Hawthorn has drawn more than 1,000,000 fans to AFL matches in 7 seasons—2008 and 2011–2016.\n", "Section::::Corporate.:Membership base and crowds.\n", "Hawthorn's official membership figures 1925-1983 (* indicates official figure was an estimate)\n", "The table below also contains crowd figures along with club membership numbers from 1984. Total attendance includes finals matches.\n", "– ¹ as of 30 Jul 2019\n", "Section::::Rivalries.\n", "Essendon – The clubs contested the Grand Final in three consecutive seasons between 1983 and 1985, and the rough nature of these games and other between the clubs made them strong rivals during the 1980s when they were the top two sides of the competition. In the 1990s and right up until 2004 the rivalry became more quiet and uneventful with the exception of the 2001 preliminary final, which was the first time they met in a finals game since the 80's. More recently, the clubs have played two matches which saw bench-clearing brawls: the \"Line in the Sand Match\" in 2004, which resulted in four players being suspended and $70,700 in fines; and the final round of 2009, a match which would decide eighth place between the two teams, in which four players were suspended for a total of seven matches and $27,000 in fines being handed out. The latter brawl was famously sparked by Matthew Lloyd who applied a very hard bump, knocking out Brad Sewell, in what would be Lloyd's last game.\n", "Geelong – The rivalry between Hawthorn and Geelong is defined by two Grand Finals: those of 1989 and 2008. In the 1989 Grand Final, Geelong played the man, resulting in major injuries for several Hawks players, Mark Yeates taking out Dermott Brereton at the opening bounce; Hawthorn controlled the game, leading by approximately 40 points for most of the match; in the last quarter, Geelong almost managed to come from behind to win, but fell short by six points. In 2008 Grand Final, Geelong was the heavily backed favourite and had lost only one match for the season, but Hawthorn upset Geelong by 26 points; Geelong won its next eleven matches against Hawthorn over the following five years, in what was dubbed the \"Kennett curse\" which was attributed to disrespectful comments made by Hawthorn president Jeff Kennett following the 2008 Grand Final. It was later revealed that after the 2008 grand final, Paul Chapman initiated a pact between other Geelong players to never lose to Hawthorn again. The curse was broken in a preliminary final in 2013, after Paul Chapman played his final match for Geelong the previous week.\n", "North Melbourne – Hawthorn and North Melbourne have a rivalry that dates back to the 1970s when they played off against each other in three Grand Finals in the space of four years. Both teams entered the VFL in the 1925 expansion, and were generally unsuccessful through the first few decades, but the two teams were both very strong through the 1970s, sparking a rivalry between the clubs. The clubs played three Grand Finals against each other in four years, with North Melbourne winning their first-ever premiership in 1975 by 55 points, Hawthorn winning in 1976 by five goals, and Hawthorn winning in 1978 by three goals. From 1974 to 1978 the two clubs played against each other in ten finals, and took each other on for the Australian Championship in Adelaide in 1976.\n", "Sydney Swans – Hawthorn and Sydney's rivalry has been more recent, dating back to 2011's semi final. The club have played off in two Grand Finals. In 2012, minor premiers Hawthorn were grand final favourites, only to be upset by the Swans. The rivalry grew in 2013, when Hawthorn forward Lance Franklin transferred to the Swans as a free agent on a nine-year, $10 million deal. In 2014, the Swans finished minor premiers, and went into the grand final overwhelming favourites, only for Hawthorn to avenge the 2012 loss with a 63-point win. The rivalry has also been fueled by trading between the clubs, with third generation Hawk Josh Kennedy being traded to the Swans in 2009, and going on to have a great deal of success at his new club. In 2016, father-son Swan Tom Mitchell requested, and was granted, a trade to Hawthorn, winning the Brownlow Medal in his second season.\n", "Section::::Players.\n", "Section::::Players.:Current squad.\n", "Section::::Players.:Current squad.:Guernsey retirement.\n", "At the end of the 1976 season, Hawthorn retired guernsey number 5, worn by former captain Peter Crimmins, following Crimmins' death. The guernsey would stay retired until 1993, when Gwen Crimmins, Peter's widow, chose Andy Collins to wear the guernsey. Since then, the Crimmins family have selected the player they think should wear the number 5, with only Daniel Harford, Sam Mitchell, Ryan Burton, and James Worpel chosen to wear the number.\n", "On 6 March 2011, at its annual family day, club representatives announced that as of the 2011 season the no. 1 guernsey would be officially retired as a player number and instead presented as a tribute to the fans.\n", "Max Bailey, who was the last player to wear no. 1, made the announcement by saying \"the fans are number 1\". He then presented the cheer squad with a giant Hawthorn guernsey displaying \"1\" on its back. The oversized guernsey will be on display at selected home games. On 7 December 2018, at its open training session, it was announced that the number would be un-retired, with Harry Morrison chosen to wear it, in honour of his late-godfather Ken Judge who wore the number during his time at Hawthorn.\n", "Section::::Club honour board.\n", "Section::::Club honour board.:Premierships.\n", "BULLET::::- Hawthorn is the most successful VFL/AFL club post World War II\n", "BULLET::::- Hawthorn is the only club in the VFL/AFL to have won Senior Premierships in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s (decade)\n", "BULLET::::- Hawthorn has won the most Night/Pre-Season Premierships\n", "Section::::Club honour board.:Finishing positions (after finals).\n", "Note: bold indicates finals appearance\n", "Section::::Club honour board.:Presidents.\n", "The following is a list of Presidents of the Hawthorn Football Club.\n", "Section::::Individual awards.\n", "Section::::Individual awards.:Peter Crimmins Medal (\"Best & Fairest\") winners.\n", "Hawthorn's \"Best & Fairest Award\" is called the Peter Crimmins Medal in honour of former Hawthorn captain Peter Crimmins who played as a rover during 1966–1975 and led the side in 1974–75. He died of cancer just days after the club's 1976 premiership win. The match committee now awards the votes. The player with the maximum number of votes at the conclusion of the season is awarded the medal. (See Peter Crimmins Medal for the complete list of winners.)\n", "AFL awards\n", "Brownlow Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Col Austen – 1949\n", "BULLET::::- Robert DiPierdomenico – 1986\n", "BULLET::::- John Platten – 1987\n", "BULLET::::- Shane Crawford – 1999\n", "BULLET::::- Sam Mitchell – 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Tom Mitchell – 2018\n", "Norm Smith Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Colin Robertson – 1983\n", "BULLET::::- Gary Ayres – 1986, 1988\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Dear – 1991\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Hodge – 2008, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Brian Lake – 2013\n", "BULLET::::- Cyril Rioli – 2015\n", "Jock McHale Medal\n", "BULLET::::- John Kennedy Sr. – 1961, 1971, 1976\n", "BULLET::::- David Parkin – 1978\n", "BULLET::::- Allan Jeans – 1983, 1986, 1989\n", "BULLET::::- Alan Joyce – 1988, 1991\n", "BULLET::::- Alastair Clarkson – 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015\n", "Coleman Medal\n", "BULLET::::- John Peck – 1963, 1964, 1965\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Hudson – 1968, 1970, 1971, 1977\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh Matthews – 1975\n", "BULLET::::- Jason Dunstall – 1988, 1989, 1992\n", "BULLET::::- Lance Franklin – 2008, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- Jarryd Roughead – 2013\n", "AFL Rising Star Award\n", "BULLET::::- Nick Holland – 1995\n", "BULLET::::- Sam Mitchell – 2003\n", "Mark of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Knights – 1972, 1975, 1977\n", "BULLET::::- Gary Buckenara – 1986\n", "Goal of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh Matthews – 1979\n", "BULLET::::- Cyril Rioli – 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Lance Franklin – 2010, 2013\n", "Michael Tuck Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Hudson – 1992\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Salmon – 1999\n", "AFL Coaches Association awards\n", "Best Young player of the Year award\n", "BULLET::::- Cyril Rioli – 2009\n", "Coaching Legend award\n", "BULLET::::- John Kennedy Sr. – 2009\n", "BULLET::::- David Parkin – 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Allan Jeans – 2015\n", "Coaches All-Australian team\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Gunston – 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Josh Gibson – 2016\n", "AFL Players Association awards\n", "Leigh Matthews Trophy\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh Matthews – 1982\n", "BULLET::::- Russell Greene – 1984\n", "BULLET::::- Jason Dunstall – 1992\n", "BULLET::::- Shane Crawford – 1999\n", "BULLET::::- Tom Mitchell – 2018\n", "Best Captain award\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Tuck – 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Hodge – 2014\n", "Robert Rose Award for Most Courageous Player\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Hodge – 2010\n", "Marn Grook Award\"\"\n", "BULLET::::- Lance Franklin – 2007\n", "22 Under 22 team\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Breust – 2012, 2013\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Gunston – 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Ryan Burton – 2017\n", "BULLET::::- James Sicily – 2017\n", "All-Australian team\n", "Players\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh Matthews – 1982, 1983\n", "BULLET::::- Kelvin Moore – 1982\n", "BULLET::::- David O'Halloran – 1982\n", "BULLET::::- Terry Wallace – 1982, 1983\n", "BULLET::::- Gary Ayres – 1983, 1986, 1988\n", "BULLET::::- Russell Greene – 1983, 1984\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Tuck – 1983, 1990\n", "BULLET::::- Robert DiPierdomenico – 1984, 1986, 1987\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Mew – 1984\n", "BULLET::::- Dermott Brereton – 1986, 1988\n", "BULLET::::- Gary Buckenara – 1986, 1988\n", "BULLET::::- Greg Dear – 1986\n", "BULLET::::- John Platten – 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Langford – 1987, 1988, 1989, 1994\n", "BULLET::::- Russell Morris – 1987\n", "BULLET::::- Jason Dunstall – 1988, 1989, 1992, 1994\n", "BULLET::::- Darrin Pritchard – 1989\n", "BULLET::::- Andrew Collins – 1990\n", "BULLET::::- Darren Jarman – 1992, 1995\n", "BULLET::::- Ben Allan – 1993, 1994\n", "BULLET::::- Shane Crawford – 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Salmon – 1997\n", "BULLET::::- Jonathan Hay – 2001\n", "BULLET::::- Joel Smith – 2001, 2003\n", "BULLET::::- Trent Croad – 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Everitt – 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Hodge – 2005, 2008, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Campbell Brown – 2007\n", "BULLET::::- Lance Franklin – 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Sam Mitchell – 2011, 2013, 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Grant Birchall – 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Cyril Rioli – 2012, 2015, 2016\n", "BULLET::::- Jarryd Roughead – 2013, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Breust – 2014, 2018\n", "BULLET::::- Jordan Lewis – 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Josh Gibson – 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Tom Mitchell – 2017, 2018\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Gunston – 2018\n", "Coaches\n", "BULLET::::- Allan Jeans – 1983, 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Alastair Clarkson – 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015\n", "International Rules representatives\n", "Players\n", "BULLET::::- Bob Keddie – 1967\n", "BULLET::::- Ian Law – 1967\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Hudson – 1968\n", "BULLET::::- Des Meagher – 1968\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Knights – 1978\n", "BULLET::::- Don Scott – 1978\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Tuck – 1978\n", "BULLET::::- Alan Martello – 1978\n", "BULLET::::- Robert DiPierdomenico – 1984, 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Dermott Brereton – 1984, 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Russell Greene – 1984\n", "BULLET::::- John Platten – 1984, 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Langford – 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Gary Buckenara – 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Curran – 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Dean Anderson – 1990\n", "BULLET::::- Shane Crawford – 1998, 1999, 2002 , 2003\n", "BULLET::::- Nick Holland – 1998\n", "BULLET::::- Trent Croad – 1999, 2000, 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Jonathan Hay – 2001\n", "BULLET::::- Joel Smith – 2001\n", "BULLET::::- Daniel Chick – 2001\n", "BULLET::::- Angelo Lekkas – 2002\n", "BULLET::::- Jade Rawlings – 2003\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Hodge – 2005, 2014, 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Chance Bateman – 2006\n", "BULLET::::- Campbell Brown – 2006, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Brad Sewell – 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Osborne – 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Liam Shiels – 2011\n", "BULLET::::- Matt Suckling – 2011\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Breust – 2014, 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Sam Mitchell – 2014, 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Grant Birchall – 2014, 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Jarryd Roughead – 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Shaun Burgoyne – 2017\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Gunston – 2017\n", "Coaches\n", "BULLET::::- Alastair Clarkson – 2014, 2015\n", "Beitzel Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Robert DiPierdomenico – 1986\n", "Jim Stynes Medal\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Hodge – 2014\n", "Section::::Records.\n", "Bold denotes player still plays for Hawthorn. \n", "Goals\n", "BULLET::::- 1. Jason Dunstall – 1,254\n", "BULLET::::- 2. Leigh Matthews – 915\n", "BULLET::::- 3. Peter Hudson – 727\n", "BULLET::::- 4. Michael Moncrieff – 629\n", "BULLET::::- 5. Lance Franklin – 580\n", "BULLET::::- 6. Jarryd Roughead – 572\n", "BULLET::::- 7. John Peck – 475\n", "BULLET::::- 8. Dermott Brereton – 427\n", "BULLET::::- 9. Luke Breust – 386\n", "BULLET::::- 10. Alec Albiston – 383\n", "BULLET::::- 11. Jack Gunston – 343\n", "BULLET::::- 12. Michael Tuck – 320\n", "BULLET::::- 13. Gary Buckenara – 293\n", "BULLET::::- 14. Ben Dixon – 282\n", "BULLET::::- 15. Cyril Rioli – 275\n", "BULLET::::- 16. Bert Hyde – 269\n", "BULLET::::- 17. Paul Hudson – 264\n", "BULLET::::- 18. Albert Prior – 258\n", "BULLET::::- 19. John Hendrie – 254\n", "BULLET::::- 20. Mark Williams – 242\n", "BULLET::::- 21. Nick Holland – 239\n", "BULLET::::- 22. Peter Crimmins – 231\n", "BULLET::::- 23. Ted Pool – 230\n", "BULLET::::- 24. John Platten – 228\n", "BULLET::::- 25. Shane Crawford – 224\n", "BULLET::::- 26. John Kennedy Jr. – 210\n", "BULLET::::- 27. Graham Arthur – 201\n", "BULLET::::- 28. Peter Knights – 201\n", "BULLET::::- 29. Peter Curran – 196\n", "BULLET::::- 30. Bob Keddie – 195\n", "BULLET::::- 31. Luke Hodge – 193\n", "BULLET::::- 32. Nathan Thompson – 192\n", "BULLET::::- 33. Paul Puopolo – 178\n", "BULLET::::- 34. Jack Green – 167\n", "BULLET::::- 35. Alan Martello – 164\n", "BULLET::::- 36. Garry Young – 164\n", "BULLET::::- 37. Daniel Chick – 159\n", "BULLET::::- 38. Ken Judge – 158\n", "BULLET::::- 39. Isaac Smith – 157\n", "BULLET::::- 40. Jim Bohan – 145\n", "BULLET::::- 41. Jordan Lewis – 145\n", "BULLET::::- 42. Tony Hall – 144\n", "BULLET::::- 43. Jack Ryan – 142\n", "BULLET::::- 44. Aaron Lord – 136\n", "BULLET::::- 45. Geoff Ablett – 135\n", "BULLET::::- 46. Don Scott – 133\n", "BULLET::::- 47. Robert DiPierdomenico–130\n", "BULLET::::- 48. Trent Croad – 129\n", "BULLET::::- 49. Alan Goad – 129\n", "BULLET::::- 50. Norm Goss Jr. – 123\n", "Games\n", "BULLET::::- 1. Michael Tuck – 426\n", "BULLET::::- 2. Leigh Matthews – 332\n", "BULLET::::- 3. Sam Mitchell – 307\n", "BULLET::::- 4. Shane Crawford – 305\n", "BULLET::::- 5. Luke Hodge – 305\n", "BULLET::::- 6. Chris Langford – 303\n", "BULLET::::- 7. Don Scott – 302\n", "BULLET::::- 8. Kelvin Moore – 300\n", "BULLET::::- 9. Jarryd Roughead – 282\n", "BULLET::::- 10. Gary Ayres – 269\n", "BULLET::::- 11. Jason Dunstall – 269\n", "BULLET::::- 12. Peter Knights – 264\n", "BULLET::::- 13. Jordan Lewis – 264\n", "BULLET::::- 14. John Platten – 258\n", "BULLET::::- 15. Grant Birchall – 247\n", "BULLET::::- 16. John Kennedy Jr. – 241\n", "BULLET::::- 17. Robert DiPierdomenico–240\n", "BULLET::::- 18. Graham Arthur – 232\n", "BULLET::::- 19. Chris Mew – 230\n", "BULLET::::- 20. Rodney Eade – 229\n", "BULLET::::- 21. Michael Moncrieff – 224\n", "BULLET::::- 22. Mark Graham – 223\n", "BULLET::::- 23. Alan Martello – 223\n", "BULLET::::- 24. Shaun Burgoyne – 215\n", "BULLET::::- 25. John Peck – 213\n", "BULLET::::- 26. Andrew Collins – 212\n", "BULLET::::- 27. David Parkin – 211\n", "BULLET::::- 28. Darrin Pritchard – 211\n", "BULLET::::- 29. Luke Breust – 203\n", "BULLET::::- 30. Ben Dixon – 203\n", "BULLET::::- 31. Geoff Ablett – 202\n", "BULLET::::- 32. Liam Shiels – 201\n", "BULLET::::- 33. Ted Pool – 200\n", "BULLET::::- 34. Brad Sewell – 200\n", "BULLET::::- 35. Des Meagher – 198\n", "BULLET::::- 36. John Hendrie – 197\n", "BULLET::::- 37. Bert Mills – 196\n", "BULLET::::- 38. Isaac Smith – 196\n", "BULLET::::- 39. Ray Jencke – 194\n", "BULLET::::- 40. Roy Simmonds – 192\n", "BULLET::::- 41. Dermott Brereton – 189\n", "BULLET::::- 42. Cyril Rioli – 189\n", "BULLET::::- 43. Paul Puopolo – 186\n", "BULLET::::- 44. Trent Croad – 184\n", "BULLET::::- 45. Russell Greene – 184\n", "BULLET::::- 46. Ben Stratton – 184\n", "BULLET::::- 47. Lance Franklin – 182\n", "BULLET::::- 48. Angelo Lekkas – 180\n", "BULLET::::- 49. Nick Holland – 179\n", "BULLET::::- 50. Chance Bateman – 177\n", "Section::::Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Hall of Fame.:Australian Football Hall of Fame.\n", "Hawthorn have 24 Hall of famers (21 players, 3 coaches) who contributed to the club.\n", "Bold indicates legend status.\n", "Section::::Hall of Fame.:Hawthorn Football Club Hall of Fame.\n", "The following is a list of everyone who has been inducted into the club's Hall of Fame.\n", "Bold indicates legend status.\n", "BULLET::::- Alec Albiston\n", "BULLET::::- Graham Arthur\n", "BULLET::::- Gary Ayres\n", "BULLET::::- Dermott Brereton\n", "BULLET::::- Gary Buckenara\n", "BULLET::::- Brian Coleman\n", "BULLET::::- Ron Cook\n", "BULLET::::- Shane Crawford\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Crimmins\n", "BULLET::::- Robert DiPierdomenico\n", "BULLET::::- Jason Dunstall\n", "BULLET::::- Brendan Edwards\n", "BULLET::::- Max Elmer\n", "BULLET::::- Dr. A.S. Ferguson\n", "BULLET::::- Ken Goddard\n", "BULLET::::- Russell Greene\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Hale\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Hudson\n", "BULLET::::- Bert Hyde\n", "BULLET::::- Allan Jeans\n", "BULLET::::- Dr. J. Jona\n", "BULLET::::- Brian Kann\n", "BULLET::::- John Kennedy Jr.\n", "BULLET::::- John Kennedy Sr.\n", "BULLET::::- J.W. Kennon\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Knights\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Langford\n", "BULLET::::- Ian Dicker\n", "BULLET::::- Ian Law\n", "BULLET::::- Leigh Matthews\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Mew\n", "BULLET::::- Harry E. Miller\n", "BULLET::::- Bert Mills\n", "BULLET::::- Kelvin Moore\n", "BULLET::::- John O'Mahony\n", "BULLET::::- David Parkin\n", "BULLET::::- John Peck\n", "BULLET::::- John Platten\n", "BULLET::::- Ted Pool\n", "BULLET::::- Phil Ryan\n", "BULLET::::- Don Scott\n", "BULLET::::- Bob Sellers\n", "BULLET::::- Stan Spinks\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Tuck\n", "BULLET::::- Ern Utting\n", "BULLET::::- W. 'Beau' Wallace\n", "Section::::Home grounds.\n", "During the history of the Hawthorn Football Club, the club has had four mainstay home grounds (Glenferrie Oval, Princes Park, Waverley Park and the Melbourne Cricket Ground). Prior to adopting Glenferrie Oval as the club's traditional home the club had a nomadic history, playing home games at whatever the most suitable obtainable ground was for that season. Their first home ground, the Hawthorn C.G. (West Hawthorn Reserve) was abandoned after the first season due to conditions imposed by the Hawthorn Cricket Club and they played at John Wren's Richmond Racecourse in 1903 (which was off Bridge Road between Stawell Street and Westbank Terrace—where Tudor Street with 5 no through streets are now located) and moved to the Richmond Cricket Ground in 1904. Their merger with Boroondara in 1905 had them move to Boroondara's ground, which at the time was the East Melbourne Cricket Ground. Hawthorn dropped their colours of blue and red (similar to Melbourne's guernsey at the time) and adopted Boroondara's colours, which was a black guernsey with red sash but retained the name Hawthorn FC. When the Hawthorn council opened the Hawthorn City Sports Ground (Glenferrie Oval) in October 1905 they endeavored to get a senior club to represent the district to be the main tenant during the next football season. The Hawthorn FC, competing in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association (now known as the VAFA), and Hawthorn Rovers (a popular club in the Eastern Suburbs Association) merged to form the Hawthorn City Football Club and made Glenferrie their home ground (the word City was later dropped and the club was just known as the Hawthorn Football Club when it entered the VFA in 1914) .\n", "Section::::Home grounds.:Glenferrie Oval: 1906–1973.\n", "Between 1906 and 1973, home games were played at the club's traditional home, Glenferrie Oval, in the heart of the affluent suburb. The state of Glenferrie Oval and its location, close by the Glenferrie train station on the Melbourne East route, was a central reason why the club was firstly accepted into the VFA in 1914, and then the VFL in 1925. The club's onfield results had not reached any great heights in those early days but both the VFA and VFL had recognised the importance for representation in the suburbs east of the Yarra River. Glenferrie Oval was pivotal in these advancements of the Hawthorn Football Club as it was considered the most suitable at the time.\n", "In 1914, when Hawthorn entered the VFA, the council was required to build a new dressing shed to meet the standards of the VFA competition. These dressing sheds were erected in the north-west corner of the ground, where the Tuck Stand now resides, and were later moved to the Rathmines Road Reserve in Hawthorn where it still exists today. In 1922 the ground was widened by 30 yards and lengthened westward by 50 yards - taking in the previous outer reserve ground - to the dimensions that remain today. The 1922 ground improvements also resulted in Glenferrie Oval's first main stand, which was a wooden structure to be known as the Kennon-Owen Stand, and had been purchased from the East Melbourne Cricket Ground in late 1921 when that ground was closed due to expansion of the Jolimont railyards. The Kennon-Owen Stand was located where the Victorian Weightlifting Building is now situated. Glenferrie Oval is universally known for its famous art-deco Grandstand, built in 1937 and later named the Michael Tuck stand after the club great, and housed the new changerooms and administration of the club. It is now heritage protected as one of the most significant buildings of the era. The Kennon-Owen Stand was replaced by the Dr A S Ferguson Stand, a new brick stand opened in 1966 which was 185 feet long and could seat 1450, with 400 undercover. It was later to be home of the Past Players Association and the original Museum. The northern part of the Ferguson stand was demolished to make way for the Victorian Weightlifting Building. In 1963 the large scoreboard was erected at the eastern end of the ground. After the club won the 1961 premiership it was decided to buy some houses on the other side of Linda Crescent to build the Social Club which opened in 1962. The ground was relatively small by VFL standards, but the intimate nature of the ground (with the grandstands and train line surrounding the ground) made for a terrific atmosphere.\n", "The club ceased playing VFL matches at the ground in 1973 to cater for the club's growing crowds and demands of VFL football. From 1974–2006, the club used the ground as a home and administration base, conducting training sessions and running a social club, across on Linda Crescent, before moving the administrative base to Waverley Park in 2007. The club used Glenferrie Oval for its post-premiership celebrations in 2008, attracting more than 20,000 fans.\n", "Section::::Home grounds.:Princes Park: 1974–1991.\n", "The decision to move away from Glenferrie Oval and subsequent move to Princes Park, was a difficult transition, alienating many supporters. Prior to moving to Princes Park, the club pushed to build a stadium in Box Hill and mooted a move to the MCG (1964) both were rejected. The move to Princes Park—the traditional home of the Carlton Football Club, coincided with the club's golden era, hoisting the '76, '78, '83, '86, '88, '89 and '91 premiership flags at the ground. Combined with Carlton's '79, '81, '82 and '87 flags, Princes Park became a hub of success throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Whilst the club had immense success at the ground, the ground wasn't a favourite with the majority of the Hawthorn membership. Located in Melbourne's Northern suburbs, the traditional home of the Carlton Football Club—one of the traditional powerhouses of the VFL, the move away from the club's heartland caused many Hawks supporters to turn their back on the club. Recognising this, as early as the mid-1980s the Hawthorn administration pushed to relocate from Princes Park to Waverley Park; however, due to the nature of long-term terms of tenancy at Princes Park and ruthlessness of the Carlton Football Club for Hawthorn to abide by this contract, a move away from Princes Park before the end of the long term agreement would result in financial ruin for the club.\n", "Section::::Home grounds.:Waverley Park: 1992–1999.\n", "In 1990, with the backing of the AFL, Hawthorn set the wheels in motion for a move to VFL Park, playing a series of home games at Waverley Park—located 20 km east of the Melbourne CBD and location of Hawthorn's 1991 Premiership success. Whilst the move to Waverley was met with a drop in on-field success, symbolising the birth of the barren period for the club on the field leading up until 2008, the club successfully harboured large increases in attendances and membership at the ground. As a result of the AFL closing the venue and subsequently selling the property to Mirvac to finance the Docklands stadia, the club had the opportunity to move home games to either the lavish new Docklands precinct (alongside Essendon, St Kilda, Western Bulldogs and North Melbourne) or join traditional tenants Melbourne and Richmond as well as Collingwood at the MCG. Highlighting the potential to push attendances and membership beyond 50,000, the club decided to push for a relocation to the MCG in line with the 'Family Club' mantra. In January 2006, in the club's centennial year at Glenferrie Oval, the club's administration, museum and player base relocated to Waverley Park.\n", "Section::::Home grounds.:Melbourne Cricket Ground: 2000–present.\n", "On 13 March 2000, Hawthorn played its first home game as an MCG tenant against Collingwood, becoming one of four tenant clubs to play at the ground. Until 2008 the shift from to the MCG has been met with a barren period on the field for the Hawks, having played in five out of nine non-finals seasons at the ground. Since 2000, Hawthorn has played between seven and nine home games at the MCG, with secondary home games being played at Docklands Stadium and York Park in Tasmania. In 2008, Hawthorn played seven home games at the MCG, drawing 369,614 (52,802) to seven games and a total of 773,089 (59,468) to 13 games at the venue for the year.\n", "Section::::Home grounds.:York Park: 2001–present.\n", "Since 2001, Hawthorn's has played \"secondary\" home games at York Park (currently also known by the sponsorship name of The University of Tasmania Stadium) in Tasmania. The Hawks have a very successful record at the ground, winning 45 times and losing only thirteen and a draw since games started playing there in 2001. As a result of the agreement with the Tasmanian government, thousands of Melbourne-based Hawthorn supporters have travelled to Tasmania to watch the Hawks play, increasing activity within the local Launceston economy. By the same token, Hawthorn has successfully increased its following in the state, with an estimated 25% of young Tasmanian supporters now barracking for their \"local\" team.\n", "Section::::VFLW.\n", "Victorian Women's Football League which was the major women's competition in Victoria had in 2016 been reorganized and now came under the VFL brand, local club Knox Falcons contested in 2016 . Hawthorn obtained a licence from the Knox Falcons and transferred it to its senior VFL-affiliate Box Hill. The team won three games in the 2017 season. In December 2017 the announcement that the Box Hill Hawk’s VFLW women's side has been re-licensed and will be now known as Hawthorn. \n", "The VFLW team will play before the Box Hill men’s team on most occasions, with their home ground the Box Hill City Oval. It provides Hawthorn fans an opportunity to support both sides every home game.\n", "In 2018 the Hawthorn women team won the 2018 VFLW premiership defeating Geelong 4.6.30 to 2.5.17.\n", "Defender Chantella Perera was awarded the Lisa Hardeman Medal as best afield in the Grand Final.\n", "Club President Jeff Kennett wrote, \"Hawthorn is committed to women’s football. While the AFL have not yet given us an entry date, I trust after this year’s performance we have earnt the right to be elevated into the AFLW competition in 2020.\"\n", "Section::::Reserves.\n", "Hawthorn fielded a reserves team in the VFL/AFL reserves competition, and its successor, the Victorian State Football League, from 1925 until 1999. During that time, the club won four reserves premierships: in 1958, 1959, 1972 and 1985.\n", "Since 2000, after the VSFL ceased competition, Hawthorn has been affiliated with the Box Hill Football Club in the Victorian Football League. Under the affiliation, Hawthorn players who are not selected in the AFL can play alongside Box Hill senior players in the VFL competition. The clubs have a strong affiliation, with Box Hill changing its club nickname from Mustangs to Hawks when the sides affiliated. Box Hill has won three premierships, in 2001, 2013, and 2018 during the period of the clubs' affiliation.\n", "Section::::Reserves.:1958.\n", "The reserve grade won the club's first flag after holding onto a winning lead by defeating Collingwood by four points. After an even first quarter the Hawks kicked four unanswered goals to lead by 26 points at half time. Collingwood lifted after the break keeping the Hawks to a goal in the third and only a point in the final quarter. Playing better football in wet conditions, Collingwood managed to narrow the gap but inaccurate kicking they failed by four points.\n", "Gary Young kicked four goals while Elward kicked two.\n", "Section::::Reserves.:1959.\n", "In 1959 Hawthorn Reserves went back to back winning their second premiership after defeating Fitzroy by 31 points.\n", "The Hawks opened up a 38-point half-time lead by kicking six goals in the second quarter. The Hawks extended their lead to 44 points at the last break before playing it safe and coasting to a 31-point win. Elward and Peter Hay kicked 3 goals for the winners and Dineen, Howell and Ritchie were amongst their best players.\n", "Section::::Reserves.:1972.\n", "In a team that contained four of the previous years senior premiership players, Geoff Angus, Ken Beck, Michael Porter and Ray Wilson. Up and coming future club champions Michael Moncrieff, Michael Tuck, Kelvin Matthews and Alan Goad were instrumental in the match.\n", "The Hawks led all day before Melbourne hit the front with two minutes to go, a late goal to Fitzgerald won the game.\n", "Section::::Reserves.:1985.\n", "In 1985, Hawthorn Reserves contained future premiership players in James Morrissey, Greg Dear, Peter Curran, Chris Wittman and Paul Abbott. Hawthorn veterans, Peter Knights, Gary Buckenara, Rodney Eade and Colin Robertson and in his only year at the club Steve Malaxos. Buckenara kicked 8 goals.\n", "Section::::Under-19s.\n", "Section::::Under-19s.:1972.\n", "Hawthorn fielded a side in the VFL Under-19s competition. The Under-19s played in two grand finals, losing the first in 1969 to Richmond but in 1972 won against North Melbourne. The team included Bernie Jones, Ron Beattie, Michael Zemski and Ian Scrimshaw.\n", "Section::::Under-17s.\n", "For a few years Hawthorn had an Under-17s team that played in the local suburban competition. The team played in the Melbourne Boys League until 1968 before transferring to the South East Suburban FL from 1969 to 1973. A proposal was made in 1973 for the formation of an Under-17s competition including all VFL clubs but it never got enough support for it to get off the ground. Robert DiPierdomenico was the only player to make the senior ranks.\n", "The Under-17s won 3 Premierships in a row from 1960 to 1962. These teams produced additional Under-17s players to play 1st 18, David Albiston, Neil Ferguson and Percy Cummings.\n", "Another U17s player from that era was Alan Piper, who was a hugely respected businessman and football visionary who played a pivotal role in the establishment of AFL football in Queensland via the Brisbane Bears in 1987, and the club's relocation from the Gold Coast to Brisbane in 1993. Piper passed away at age 55 in 2001.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Melbourne Hawks\n", "BULLET::::- Melbourne Football Club/Hawthorn Football Club planned merger\n", "BULLET::::- Sport in Australia\n", "BULLET::::- Sport in Victoria\n", "BULLET::::- List of Hawthorn Football Club players\n", "Section::::Footnotes.\n", "BULLET::::- Notes\n", "BULLET::::- References\n", "BULLET::::- Further reading\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hawthorn Football Club official website\n", "BULLET::::- Hawthorn Statistics from AFL Tables\n", "BULLET::::- \"Around the Grounds\" – Web Documentary – Glenferrie Oval\n", "BULLET::::- Hawthorn Football Club, Flickr\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Hawthorn Hawks", "Hawks" ] }, "description": "Australian rules football club", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1034556", "wikidata_label": "Hawthorn Football Club", "wikipedia_title": "Hawthorn Football Club" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Musashi-Koyama Station\n", "Section::::Lines.\n", "Musashi-Koyama Station is served by the Tokyu Meguro Line, and lies 2.6 km from the starting point of the line at .\n", "Section::::Station layout.\n", "This station has two island platforms serving four tracks. Local trains typically use tracks 1 and 4, while express trains use tracks 2 and 3.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The station opened on 11 March 1923, initially named simply . It was renamed Musashi-Koyama in June 1924.\n", "The station was rebuilt as an underground station, reopening on 2 July 2006.\n", "Section::::Passenger statistics.\n", "In fiscal 2014, the station was used by an average of 51,337 passengers daily.\n", "Section::::Surrounding area.\n", "BULLET::::- Hoshi University\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of railway stations in Japan\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "railway station in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3097145", "wikidata_label": "Musashi-Koyama Station", "wikipedia_title": "Musashi-Koyama Station" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Renuncio\n", "Renuncio is a village of the province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. \n", "It has 99 inhabitants, and it is near Burgos.The local economy is primarily based on agriculture\n", "Town Holidays: San Antón Abad (January 17) and Santa Catalina.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Renuncio Website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chanson d'automne\n", "\"Chanson d'automne\" (\"Autumn Song\") is a poem by Paul Verlaine, one of the best known in the French language. It is included in Verlaine's first collection, \"Poèmes saturniens\", published in 1866 (see 1866 in poetry). The poem forms part of the \"Paysages tristes\" (\"Sad landscapes\") section of the collection.\n", "In World War II lines from the poem were used to send messages from Special Operations Executive (SOE) to the French Resistance about the timing of the forthcoming Invasion of Normandy.\n", "French singer Serge Gainsbourg uses parts of the poem in the lyrics of his song \"Je suis venu te dire que je m'en vais\".\n", "Section::::Critical analysis.\n", "The poem uses several stylistic devices and is in many ways typical of Verlaine, in that it employs sound techniques such as consonance (the repetition of \"n\" and \"r\" sounds) that also creates an onomatopoeic effect, sounding both monotonous and like a violin. In the second verse, the stop consonant and pause after the word \"suffocant\" reflect the meaning of the word. The sound of the words \"Deçà, delà,\" in the third verse evoke the image of a dead leaf falling. Verlaine uses the symbolism of autumn in the poem to describe a sad view of growing old.\n", "Section::::Use in World War II.\n", "In preparation for Operation Overlord, the BBC had signaled to the French Resistance that the opening lines of the 1866 Verlaine poem \"Chanson d'Automne\" were to indicate the start of D-Day operations under the command of the Special Operations Executive. The first three lines of the poem, \"Les sanglots longs / des violons / de l'automne\" (\"Long sobs of autumn violins\"), would mean that Operation Overlord was to start within two weeks. These lines were broadcast on 1 June 1944. The next set of lines, \"Blessent mon coeur / d'une langueur / monotone\" (\"wound my heart with a monotonous languor\"), meant that it would start within 48 hours and that the resistance should begin sabotage operations, especially on the French railroad system; these lines were broadcast on 5 June at 23:15.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- The Longest Day (film)\n", "BULLET::::- Verlaine Message Museum\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Translating Verlaine at textetc.com\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chanson d'automne\", text of the poem, and reading by Jean-Claude Pascal\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "poem by Paul Verlaine", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2103597", "wikidata_label": "Chanson d'automne", "wikipedia_title": "Chanson d'automne" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vogüé\n", "Vogüé is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "Vogüé is located along the banks of the Ardèche River.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Ardèche department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Ardèche, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q391128", "wikidata_label": "Vogüé", "wikipedia_title": "Vogüé" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Évreux Cathedral\n", "The Cathedral of Our Lady of Évreux () is a Catholic church located in Évreux, Normandy, France. The cathedral is a national monument and is the seat of the Bishop of Évreux.\n", "Section::::Building description.\n", "Built in the 10th century, the nave retains the semi-circular arcades from the Romanesque period. Part of the lower portion of the nave dates from the 11th century. A fire in 1119 destroyed much of the earlier building. Master of the work in 1253 was Gautier de Varinfroy, who also worked on \"Saint-Étienne de Meaux\". Varinfroy worked on the upper levels of the nave.\n", "The west façade with its two ungainly towers is mostly from the late 16th century. The north tower is the bell tower. Its foundation is said to have been laid in 1392, and to have been finished in 1417. Various styles of the intervening period are represented in the rest of the church. \n", "The elaborate north transept and portal are in the late Gothic flamboyant style; the choir, the finest part of the interior, is in an earlier Gothic architectural style. Jean Balue, bishop of Évreux in the second half of the 15th century, constructed the octagonal central tower, with its elegant spire. In August 1465, King Louis XI granted Bishop Balue a subsidy from the \"gabelle\" to allow him to resume work on the restoration of the Cathedral, which had begun under the patronage of Charles VII but which had ceased from lack of funds. To Balue is also due the Lady chapel, which is remarkable for its finely preserved stained glass. Two rose windows in the transepts and the carved wooden screens of the side chapels are masterpieces of 16th-century workmanship.\n", "The bishop's palace, a building of the 15th century, adjoins the south side of the cathedral.\n", "A thorough restoration was completed in 1896. \n", "The stained glass windows were destroyed during World War II but were restored by Jean-Jacques Grüber in 1953. The spire, called \"Clocher d’Argent\", rises to a height of 75m after its reconstruction after being bombed during the Second World War.\n", "Section::::The organ.\n", "The new organ was built in 2006 by Quoirin's house, and contains around 4000 pipes. The inaugural concerts have been given by famous organists, such as Thierry Escaich, Pierre Pincemaille or André Isoir.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy: Evreux\n", "BULLET::::- Photos of Evreux Cathedral\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- High-resolution 360° Panorama and Images of Évreux Cathedral | Art Atlas\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Evreux Cathedral" ] }, "description": "cathedral located in Eure, in France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2918846", "wikidata_label": "Évreux Cathedral", "wikipedia_title": "Évreux Cathedral" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "R413 road (Ireland)\n", "The R413 road is a regional road in Ireland, which runs west-east from Kildare to Ballymore Eustace, all in County Kildare. En route, it skirts, and largely demarcates, of the northern edge of the Curragh.\n", "The route is long.\n", "Section::::Route.\n", "The official description of the R413 from the \"Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012\" reads:\n", "Between its junction with R415 at Station Road in the town of Kildare and its junction with R412 at Brannockstown via Melitta Road in the town of Kildare; Curragh, Ballymany Cross, Curragh, Kinneagh Cross, Castlemartin, Kilcullen and Newabbey all in the county of Kildare (map of this 17.6 km segment)\n", "and\n", "between its junction with R412 at Brannockstown and its junction with R411 at Main Street Ballymore Eustace via Ardinode West all in the county of Kildare (map of this 5.4 km segment).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Roads in Ireland\n", "BULLET::::- National primary road\n", "BULLET::::- National secondary road\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7274727", "wikidata_label": "R413 road", "wikipedia_title": "R413 road (Ireland)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Balazuc\n", "Balazuc is a French commune in the Ardèche department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southern France.\n", "The village has been labelled a \"Village of Character\" by the Departmental Committee of Tourism. It is a member of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (The most beautiful villages in France) Association.\n", "The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Balazucains\" or \"Balazucaines\".\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "Balazuc is located some 16 km south of Aubenas just east of Uzer. Aubenas Aerodrome is just north of the commune. Access to the commune is by the D579 road from Vogüé in the north which passes through the commune east of the village and continues to Pradons in the south. The D294 branches off the D579 in the commune and goes west to the village. Apart from the village there are also the hamlets of Servière, Translatour, Le Retourtier, and Les Louanes in the commune. The commune is forested in the west and east with large areas of farmland in the centre.\n", "The Ardèche river flows through the commune and the village from north to south where it forms part of the southern border before continuing south to join the Rhône at Pont-Saint-Esprit. Numerous tributaries rise on both banks of the Ardèche and flow into the river including the \"Ruisseau de Mariou\", the \"Ruisseau de Chadenas\", the \"Ruisseau de Chastagnon\", the \"Ruisseau de Tison\", and the \"Ruisseau des Costes\".\n", "Section::::History.\n", "For millennia Balazuc has been the site of a ford on the Ardèche river which was a Gallic stronghold. The name \"Balazuc\" comes from the name \"Baladunum\" of \"bal\" meaning \"rock\" and \"dunum\" or \"fortified height\" in Gallic\n", "Balazuc has the remains of Neanderthal men who hunted ibex there over 50,000 years ago at the beginning of the last ice age. Farmers arrived in the Neolithic period around 3000 BC. to raise goats and sheep, cultivate the bottom of the depressions, and place their dead in mass graves in stone coffins.\n", "In the Late Bronze Age, around 750 BC., the ford below the village was used. The Gauls, for whom there is no trace, gave it its name: \"Baladunum\". The Gallo-Romans cultivated the \"Plain des Salles\" where the great Roman road passed between the Rhône and Nîmes. An early Christian sarcophagus has been found whose high reliefs include biblical scenes (a facsimile is displayed in the town hall). In the Middle Ages the village had a church and a castle from the 11th to 13th centuries in an enclosure which dates them. The castle was originally built in the 12th century and greatly enlarged in the 13th century with a square keep. The ramparts, keep, noble houses, and fortified houses are well preserved.\n", "The village underwent an evolution of houses across the centuries but retained its originality and the medieval character of the village with its narrow streets and its \"callades\".\n", "Pons de Balazuc, the son of Gérard de Balazuc, was one of the first known lords. He went on the first crusade and was killed just before the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 at the Siege of Arqa (at the archaeological site of Tel Arqa) near Tripoli (now in Lebanon).\n", "Section::::Administration.\n", "List of Successive Mayors\n", "Section::::Demography.\n", "In 2010 the commune had 341 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger communes that have a sample survey every year.\n", "Section::::Culture and heritage.\n", "Section::::Culture and heritage.:Civil heritage.\n", "BULLET::::- A Chateau is registered as an historical monument.\n", "BULLET::::- The picturesque Medieval Village from the 11th and 13th centuries\n", "BULLET::::- A copy of the Balazuc sarcophagus, an early Christian sarcophagus from the end of the 4th or early 5th century found in the hamlet of Salles, visible under the Town Hall\n", "BULLET::::- A Fortified House from the 13th century\n", "BULLET::::- The Viel Audon village cooperative\n", "Section::::Culture and heritage.:Religious heritage.\n", "BULLET::::- The Romanesque Church of Saint Madeleine (11th century). is registered as an historical monument. The windows of the Church are by the painter Jacques Yankel. The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:\n", "BULLET::::- 2 Processional Crosses (19th century)\n", "BULLET::::- A Statue: Virgin Mary (19th century)\n", "BULLET::::- A Painting: Crucifixion (19th century)\n", "BULLET::::- The Dome of an old Tabernacle in the gallery (18th century)\n", "BULLET::::- A Statue: Virgin and child (19th century)\n", "BULLET::::- A Painting: Rosary (19th century)\n", "BULLET::::- A Statue: Virgin and child\n", "BULLET::::- A Funeral chapel in ruins from the 13th century\n", "BULLET::::- The Church of Saint Mary Magdelene from the late 19th century\n", "Section::::Culture and heritage.:Environmental heritage.\n", "BULLET::::- The Barasses climbing site\n", "BULLET::::- The Ardèche Valley and the Gras de Chauzon are classified as a Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (Natural area of ecological interest for flora and fauna).\n", "BULLET::::- The middle Ardèche Valley and its tributaries are classified as a Natura 2000 site of Community importance\n", "Section::::Culture and heritage.:Cultural events.\n", "The Roche-Haute Association since 1982 has organised concerts and exhibitions of paintings in the Romanesque church including paintings by: Guillaume Beaugé, Jacques Dromart, and Erik Levesque.\n", "Section::::Notable people linked to the commune.\n", "BULLET::::- Guilhem de Balaun, Castellan of Balazuc and Occitan troubadour in the 13th century.\n", "BULLET::::- John M. Merriman, Professor of French History and Geography at Yale University (USA), has written a book on the History of Balazuc: \"The Stones of Balazuc\" (Norton Press).\n", "BULLET::::- Aimé Bocquet, pre-historian, in 2011 published a synthetic history of the village since ancient times focusing on life in the Middle Ages based on a tax document dated 1464: \"Balazuc, medieval village of Vivarais\" (Éditions Plumes d'Ardèche) .\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Ardèche department\n", "Section::::See also.:External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Balazuc on Lion1906\n", "BULLET::::- Balazuc on Google Maps\n", "BULLET::::- Balazuc on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website\n", "BULLET::::- \"Balazuc\" on the 1750 Cassini Map\n", "BULLET::::- Balazuc on the INSEE website\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Ardèche, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q270179", "wikidata_label": "Balazuc", "wikipedia_title": "Balazuc" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bargème\n", "Bargème is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Var department\n", "Section::::History.\n", "In 1949 Evelyn Watts, an English social worker, with a friend set up a home in Bargème for disadvantaged children to recover their strength and confidence in a healthy climate. Her book \"Castle on a Hill\" describes the venture.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Var, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q688400", "wikidata_label": "Bargème", "wikipedia_title": "Bargème" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Autoire\n", "Autoire (Languedocien: \"Altoire\") is a commune in the Lot department in southwestern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lot department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE population\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lot, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q624062", "wikidata_label": "Autoire", "wikipedia_title": "Autoire" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Landau (carriage)\n", "A landau is a coachbuilding term for a type of four-wheeled, convertible carriage. It was a city carriage of luxury type. The low shell of the landau made for maximum visibility of the occupants and their clothing, a feature that makes a landau still a popular choice for the Lords Mayors of certain cities in the United Kingdom on ceremonial occasions.\n", "Section::::History of landau carriages.\n", "A landau is lightweight and suspended on elliptical springs. It was invented in the 18th century; \"landau\" in this sense is first noted in English in 1743. It was named after the German city of Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate where they were first produced. Lord, Hopkinson, coachmakers of Holborn, London, produced the first English landaus in the 1830s.\n", "Section::::Description and development.\n", "A landau, drawn by a pair or four-in-hand, is one of several kinds of vis-à-vis, a social carriage with facing seats over a dropped footwell (\"illustration\"), which was perfected by the mid-19th century in the form of a swept base that flowed in a single curve. The soft folding top is divided into two sections, front and rear, latched at the center. These usually lie perfectly flat, but the back section can be let down or thrown back while the front section can be removed or left stationary. When fully opened, the top can completely cover the passengers, with some loss of the graceful line.\n", "The landau's center section might contain a fixed full-height glazed door, or more usually a low half-door. There would usually be a separate raised open coachman's upholstered bench-seat, but a landau could be postilion-driven, and there was usually a separate groom's seat, sprung above and behind the rear axle, saving the groom from having to stand on a running board.\n", "A five-glass landau was fitted with a front glass windscreen and two windows on each side (including retractable windows on the doors).\n", "The landau reached its full development by the mid-19th century. It was purely a city carriage of luxury type. The low shell of the landau made for maximum visibility of the occupants and their clothing, a feature that makes a landau still a popular choice for Lords Mayor on ceremonial occasions.\n", "Section::::Landaulet.\n", "A landaulet carriage is a cut-down (coupé) version of a landau carriage. The landaulet retained the rear half of the landau's two-part folding top.\n", "Section::::Royal use in Britain.\n", "The Royal Mews contains several different types of landau: seven State Landaus are in regular use (dating from between 1838 & 1872), plus five Semi-state Landaus. As well as being slightly plainer in ornamentation, the Semi-state Landaus are distinguished from the State Landaus in that they are postilion-driven, rather than driven from the box. \n", "The 1902 State Landau was built for the coronation of Edward VII in 1902. Unlike the earlier State Landaus, it is postilion-driven. So too are the five Ascot Landaus, smaller and lighter carriages with basket-work sides, which are used each year (as their name suggests) at Royal Ascot. The Royal Mews also retains a miniature landau made for the children of George V and designed to be pulled by ponies.\n", "Landaus make for a striking display as long as the weather is fine, and they are used on occasions ranging from State Visits and the Opening of Parliament, to Royal Weddings, Jubilees and other celebrations. They also play a regular part in the welcoming of new ambassadors to the Court of St James's: soon after arriving in London, foreign ambassadors have an audience with the Queen in which they present their Letters of Credence or Letters of High Commission to Her Majesty. The ambassadors are collected from the embassy or residence by a State landau from the Royal Mews for this purpose, and escorted by the Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps, who is based at St. James's Palace. The ambassador's suite follows in another State landau.\n", "Section::::Canada.\n", "The monarch of Canada has a state landau at his or her disposal in Ottawa for ceremonial processions from Rideau Hall to Parliament Hill. The State Landau was given to Canada in 1911 and was formerly used by the Governor General of Australia.\n", "For the Queen's Plate in Toronto, the monarch and the royal family have a private landau owned by the Ontario Jockey Club and gift from E.P. Taylor.\n", "Section::::Japan.\n", "A number of horse-drawn carriages, known in Japan as \"zagyoshiki\", are maintained by the Imperial household and regularly used when new ambassadors present their credentials to the emperor as well as for royal weddings and coronations.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Barouche\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Richardson, C., \"Driving : The Development and Use of Horse-Drawn Vehicles,\" London, 1985.\n", "BULLET::::- Berkebile, Don H: \"Carriage Terminology: A Historical Dictionary\", Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., 1978.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "four-wheeled open boat-shaped carriage with two doors, two facing benches for four to six persons, with convertible hood on both sides and seperate raised bench. Primarily for passenger transport", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2144333", "wikidata_label": "landau", "wikipedia_title": "Landau (carriage)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Loubressac\n", "Loubressac is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.\n", "The 1973 movie \"Quelques messieurs trop tranquilles\", directed by Georges Lautner, is set in Loubressac.\n", "Loubressac is the location of the Roman Catholic church Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste or St. John the Baptist Church.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lot department\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lot, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q660510", "wikidata_label": "Loubressac", "wikipedia_title": "Loubressac" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Apollon of Olympia\n", "The Apollon of Olympia was part of the group of sculptures found in the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. Its original location also provides it with another name: the \"Apollon from the west pediment\". It is one of the most important statues of the Severe style or early Classical style, dating from ca. 460 BCE. The statue is currently in the archaeological museum in Olympia.\n", "The sculptures of the west pediment depicted the battle of the Lapiths against the Centaurs, following the wedding feast of Peirithous and Hippodamia. The battle of the Lapiths - legendary inhabitants of Thessaly - against the Centaurs - wild forest inhabitants with a human upper half and the body of a horse - frequently acted as a mythological metaphor for the conflicts between the Greeks and the Barbarians. Most of the figures in this turbulent battle scene were discovered during the German excavations of 1875, led by the archaeologist Georg Treu.\n", "The juvenile Apollo stood in the centre of the pediment, directing his gaze toward the Lapiths. With his outstretched right arm, he seemed to order an end to the iniquity: the Centaurs had betrayed the Lapiths' hospitality, drunk to excess, and kidnapped their women. Nevertheless, his inclusion appears to be merely figurative; the combatants seem ignorant of his presence, with no other figure in the pediment referring, either in their motion or gesture, to the appearance of the god.\n", "The back of the sculpture, which had not been visible to viewers, is notable for being more roughly worked than the front. This difference has provided modern scholars with information on the methods used by Ancient Greek sculptors, and contributed to the debate regarding whether the later Hermes of Olympia is an original Greek sculpture, or a Roman copy.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Apollo (Olympia, Temple of Zeus, c. 460) - a photograph of the sculpture.\n", "BULLET::::- * Virtuelles Antikenmuseum Göttingen\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q618903", "wikidata_label": "Apollon of Olympia", "wikipedia_title": "Apollon of Olympia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Peyre, Aveyron\n", "Peyre is a village in the Aveyron \"département\", in southern France. Formerly an independent commune. It is now part of the commune of Comprégnac. It belongs to \"The most beautiful villages of France\" association.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Peyre, Cassini database\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3067362", "wikidata_label": "Peyre, Aveyron", "wikipedia_title": "Peyre, Aveyron" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Prévenchères\n", "Prévenchères is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "The village lies on the left bank of the Chassezac, which flows southeastward through the western part of the commune.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q382337", "wikidata_label": "Prévenchères", "wikipedia_title": "Prévenchères" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "La Villedieu, Lozère\n", "La Villedieu is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Monts-de-Randon.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q249325", "wikidata_label": "La Villedieu", "wikipedia_title": "La Villedieu, Lozère" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Armenian Library and Museum of America\n", "Armenian Library and Museum of America (ALMA), located in Watertown, Massachusetts, United States, is an institution that has the largest collection of Armenian artifacts in North America.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "In 1971, alarmed by the growing loss and destruction of Armenian books and artifacts brought to this country by immigrants from Armenia, a group of talented Greater Boston Armenian-Americans banded together to form ALMA to collect and preserve these books and artifacts. From humble beginnings in two rooms rented in 1972 in a church parish house in Belmont, ALMA grew and expanded into a Watertown church's basement and opened to the public in 1985. \n", "In 1988, ALMA was able to buy and remodel the former Coolidge Bank and Trust Building at 65 Main Street in Watertown. After being opened to the public as the Armenian Library and Museum of America, the building was dedicated to the memory of Stephen P. Mugar and Marian G. Mugar, his wife. \n", "Section::::Building description.\n", "ALMA's present home is a four-story building plus basement containing approximately . ALMA occupies all of the basement, the first and second floors, most of the third floor and has its library on the fourth floor. The building also houses the United States offices of the Armenia Tree Project, as well as the Armenian International Women's Association (\"AIWA\") and Project SAVE Armenian Photographic Archives.\n", "Section::::Museum facilities.\n", "Bedoukian Hall is ALMA's main exhibit gallery. There are several smaller side galleries as well as the Contemporary Art Gallery and Terjenian-Thomas Art Gallery on the 3rd floor. Other facilities include the research library, studio space, offices, meeting rooms, classrooms, a 220-seat auditorium and a gift shop.\n", "Section::::Museum collections.\n", "Armenian Museum of America (subdivision of ALMA) holds one of the largest and most diverse holding of Armenian cultural artifacts outside of Armenia. The Museum maintains an active program of changing exhibits for the public to provide new experiences for returning visitors and to showcase the wide range of materials in the collection. The museum averages 14 different exhibits annually.\n", "As a repository for heirlooms, the collections now represent a major resource for Armenian studies and for preservation and illustration of Armenian heritage. ALMA is the only independent Armenian museum in the diaspora funded solely through contributions of individual supporters. An active board of trustees and volunteer base augment the museum’s four-member staff.\n", "The collections contain over 20,000 artifacts, including:\n", "BULLET::::- Countless artifacts including prehistoric, Urartian, religious, ceramic, medieval illuminations and various other objects;\n", "BULLET::::- Over 5,000 ancient and medieval Armenian coins;\n", "BULLET::::- Over 3,000 textiles: ALMA has one of the largest Armenian textile collections outside of Armenia. The trained textile curator, Susan Lind-Sinanian, has acted as a textile consultant to various institutions. The textiles are housed in climate-controlled space in the basement of the building. There they are also photographed, documented and cataloged.\n", "BULLET::::- 930 rare books; and\n", "BULLET::::- 170 Armenian rugs, many of which are inscribed in Armenian. The collection includes the Arthur T. Gregorian collection of Armenian inscribed rugs which he donated in 1992.\n", "Section::::Library.\n", "Armenian Library of America (subdivision of ALMA) is home to the Mesrob Boyajian Library. The Library contains over 26,000 cataloged titles on a wide range of Armenian subjects. The earliest is the Garabed Gospel of AD 1207. The library has one of the largest collections of important books on oriental rugs, and a very substantial collection, which continues to be expanded, on the Armenian Genocide. It also holds a significant number of periodicals.\n", "The library is home to the Herbert Offen Oriental Carpet Research Library Collection, one of the most extensive collections of literature on oriental carpets in the United States. The Offen Family's generous gift includes both the books in the Herbert Offen Collection, as well as funding of acquisitions of new, recently published and antiquarian works related to the literature of rugs and carpets. \n", "The Herbert Offen collection of over 2,500 volumes extends beyond the narrow focus on the types and development of Oriental rugs, and encompasses broader issues including the social implications of rug collecting, symbolism and theory, care and aesthetics, the commercial marketing and business of rugs, economic and domestic structures in carpet production, historical and contemporary use of rugs, and other textile traditions closely related to rugs.\n", "Section::::Oral history collection.\n", "In the early 1970s ALMA embarked on an extensive program of interviewing survivors of the Armenian Genocide, all or most of whom are now deceased. These tapes are digitized and de-noised. ALMA's collection consists of over 1,400 hours of recorded oral histories and is a fertile source for research by scholars.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Armenian Library and Museum of America website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "library", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4793194", "wikidata_label": "Armenian Library and Museum of America", "wikipedia_title": "Armenian Library and Museum of America" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Symphorien, Lozère\n", "Saint-Symphorien () is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Bel-Air-Val-d'Ance.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q613546", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Symphorien", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Symphorien, Lozère" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Paul-le-Froid\n", "Saint-Paul-le-Froid is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q644444", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Paul-le-Froid", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Paul-le-Froid" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Pierre-des-Tripiers\n", "Saint-Pierre-des-Tripiers is a commune in the Lozère department in Occitanie, southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "BULLET::::- Causse Méjean\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q470563", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Pierre-des-Tripiers", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Pierre-des-Tripiers" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sainte-Croix-Vallée-Française\n", "Sainte-Croix-Vallée-Française is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q378436", "wikidata_label": "Sainte-Croix-Vallée-Française", "wikipedia_title": "Sainte-Croix-Vallée-Française" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Jean-la-Fouillouse\n", "Saint-Jean-la-Fouillouse is a village and commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "The Chapeauroux forms most part of the commune's south-eastern border.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192732", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Jean-la-Fouillouse", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Jean-la-Fouillouse" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-André-Capcèze\n", "Saint-André-Capcèze () is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q379522", "wikidata_label": "Saint-André-Capcèze", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-André-Capcèze" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Le Rozier\n", "Le Rozier is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "The Jonte joins the Tarn in Le Rozier.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "BULLET::::- Causse Méjean\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q472900", "wikidata_label": "Le Rozier", "wikipedia_title": "Le Rozier" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-André-de-Lancize\n", "Saint-André-de-Lancize () is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "History of the commune is mainly marked by the Camisards revolt, which started on July 22, 1702, in Vieljouves, a hamlet located above the village of Le Rouve. On the same evening, upon invitation by Salomon and David Couderc, two brothers living in Le Rouve, a group gathered around the woolcomber Abraham Mazel, a \"prophet\", who received a \"divine\" inspiration giving him the instruction to deliver huguenots made prisoners and tortured by François Langlade, the abbé of Chayla at Pont-de-Montvert. The following Sunday was devoted to mobilize people who were volunteers to release prisoners. On July 24, fifty men, armed with some guns, axes and scythes, gathered on top of Bougès mountain, at a site named \"Les treis Faus\" or \"Les trois fayards\" (meaning \"Three beeches\" in Occitan and French language, respectively). On the same evening, around 10 AM, they entered Pont-de-Montvert while singing a psalm. They asked, as their only claim, to liberate prisoners. Upon refusal, they liberated them by force, in the course of a violent fight where François Langlade died. So went the Camisards war, also called war of the Cévennes, which later on extended to the whole Cévennes area, and lasted two years.\n", "Section::::Places and monuments.\n", "The temple of Rouve-Bas, now desacralized and renovated by the commune, houses a place of memory dedicated to the Camisard insurrection in the Bougès (Cévennes) massif.\n", "The place of memory is accessible to visitors (however, due to the configuration of the land, the place of memory is not accessible to people with reduced mobility):\n", "BULLET::::- Tuesday and Saturday from 3 to 6 PM in June (from June 15 on) and September (till September 15).\n", "BULLET::::- Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday from 3 to 6 PM in July and August.\n", "The visitor will find:\n", "BULLET::::- the projection of an audio-visual montage dedicated to the war of the Camisards.\n", "BULLET::::- an exhibition of documents (facsimiles) in three categories:\n", "BULLET::::- documents showing the theme of the projection, tracing the difficulties then incurred by the Protestants and the Camisard War itself.\n", "BULLET::::- documents on the very local implications of these events.\n", "BULLET::::- documents evoking some recent or current situations of resistance to oppression.\n", "BULLET::::- a loan library of historical books and novels about themes dear to the association in charge of the place of memory: freedom of conscience, tolerance, open-mindedness, with a youth department.\n", "The guests are available to the public and books related to the Camisard War are offered for sale.\n", "Evening entertainment takes place every year during the summer.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The first Camisards and freedom of conscience\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q739035", "wikidata_label": "Saint-André-de-Lancize", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-André-de-Lancize" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Noalhac\n", "Noalhac is a commune in the Lozère département in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q720594", "wikidata_label": "Noalhac", "wikipedia_title": "Noalhac" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Trélans\n", "Trélans is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q511889", "wikidata_label": "Trélans", "wikipedia_title": "Trélans" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Recoules-d'Aubrac\n", "Recoules-d'Aubrac is a commune in the Lozère department of southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192713", "wikidata_label": "Recoules-d'Aubrac", "wikipedia_title": "Recoules-d'Aubrac" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Laurent-de-Muret\n", "Saint-Laurent-de-Muret is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France. It is located on the east of the Aubrac region (Massif central).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192644", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Laurent-de-Muret", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Laurent-de-Muret" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sainte-Colombe-de-Peyre\n", "Sainte-Colombe-de-Peyre is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Peyre-en-Aubrac.\n", "The population in 1999 was 203 persons. Its mayor is Jean-Louis Prouhèze.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192984", "wikidata_label": "Sainte-Colombe-de-Peyre", "wikipedia_title": "Sainte-Colombe-de-Peyre" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Laurent-de-Veyrès\n", "Saint-Laurent-de-Veyrès is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q653202", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Laurent-de-Veyrès", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Laurent-de-Veyrès" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Owińska\n", "Owińska () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwonak, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Czerwonak and north of the regional capital Poznań. The village has a population of 2,500.\n", "Owińska lies close to the Warta river, on the main road and railway line from Poznań to Wągrowiec. In the village are a former Cistercian convent (now a school for the blind), a Renaissance church, and a palace built in late classical style (1804–1806).\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "Owińska was the location of a mental hospital where approximately 1,000 patients were murdered by Nazi Germany during World War II. They were shot in the back of the neck in the nearby forest. The victims were buried in 28 mass graves. In the second stage of the same \"aktion\" conducted after October 26, 1939, the remaining patients were taken to a bunker in Fort VII and gassed with carbon monoxide released from steel bottles. A year later, additional 200 patients from Poznań were brought in and gassed at the same location.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q51012", "wikidata_label": "Owińska", "wikipedia_title": "Owińska" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Prinsuéjols\n", "Prinsuéjols is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Prinsuéjols-Malbouzon.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q718521", "wikidata_label": "Prinsuéjols", "wikipedia_title": "Prinsuéjols" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Javols\n", "Javols is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Peyre-en-Aubrac.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q478932", "wikidata_label": "Javols", "wikipedia_title": "Javols" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Sauveur-de-Peyre\n", "Saint-Sauveur-de-Peyre is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Peyre-en-Aubrac.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q454145", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Sauveur-de-Peyre", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Sauveur-de-Peyre" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Léger-de-Peyre\n", "Saint-Léger-de-Peyre () is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "The Colagne flows southwestward through the southern part of the commune and crosses the village.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q682786", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Léger-de-Peyre", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Léger-de-Peyre" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "La Chaze-de-Peyre\n", "La Chaze-de-Peyre is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Peyre-en-Aubrac.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q718575", "wikidata_label": "La Chaze-de-Peyre", "wikipedia_title": "La Chaze-de-Peyre" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Termes, Lozère\n", "Termes is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q722262", "wikidata_label": "Termes", "wikipedia_title": "Termes, Lozère" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Juéry, Lozère\n", "Saint-Juéry is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q263766", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Juéry", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Juéry, Lozère" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Moissac-Vallée-Française\n", "Moissac-Vallée-Française is a commune in the Lozère département in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1065239", "wikidata_label": "Moissac-Vallée-Française", "wikipedia_title": "Moissac-Vallée-Française" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves\n", "Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cans-et-Cévennes.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "BULLET::::- Causse Méjean\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n", "BULLET::::- Department Web site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q475862", "wikidata_label": "Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves", "wikipedia_title": "Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lanuéjols, Lozère\n", "Lanuéjols is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192698", "wikidata_label": "Lanuéjols", "wikipedia_title": "Lanuéjols, Lozère" }

{ "end": [ 24, 74, 96, 124, 190, 231, 64, 101, 115, 212 ], "href": [ "village", "Gmina%20Czerwonak", "Pozna%C5%84%20County", "Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship", "Czerwonak", "Pozna%C5%84", "Warta", "Bolechowo%2C%20Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship", "Biedrusko", "Z%C5%82otoryjsko" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "start": [ 17, 59, 83, 98, 181, 225, 59, 92, 106, 201 ], "text": [ "village", "Gmina Czerwonak", "Poznań County", "Greater Poland Voivodeship", "Czerwonak", "Poznań", "Warta", "Bolechowo", "Biedrusko", "Złotoryjsko" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Promnice\n", "Promnice () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwonak, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Czerwonak and north of the regional capital Poznań. The village has a population of 450.\n", "Just to the west of Promnice is a road bridge crossing the Warta river, on the road between Bolechowo and Biedrusko. The village stretches mainly northwards from that road, adjoining the settlement of Złotoryjsko to the north.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Greater Poland, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7249837", "wikidata_label": "Promnice", "wikipedia_title": "Promnice" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Fournels\n", "Fournels is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q249588", "wikidata_label": "Fournels", "wikipedia_title": "Fournels" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chaudeyrac\n", "Chaudeyrac is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "The small villages of Fouzillic and Fouzillac, 300 m from each other, are located on the territory of the commune. The villages are mentioned by Robert Louis Stevenson in \"Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes\". He was there on September 24–25, 1878, while on his way to Cheylard-l'Évêque. He refers to the villages as \"Fouzilhic\" and \"Fouzilhac\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Quid\" entry\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q631353", "wikidata_label": "Chaudeyrac", "wikipedia_title": "Chaudeyrac" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ilyushin Il-12\n", "The Ilyushin Il-12 (NATO reporting name: Coach) was a Soviet twin-engine cargo aircraft, developed in the mid-1940s for small and medium-haul airline routes and as a military transport.\n", "Section::::Design and development.\n", "The Il-12 was developed as a private venture by the Ilyushin Design Bureau from autumn 1943 and was intended as a replacement for the Lisunov Li-2, a license-produced version of the Douglas DC-3. The new aircraft followed a classical layout for a twin-engine transport, with a metallic structure, monoplane wings, a conventional tail section. One major improvement over the Li-2 design was the tricycle landing gear, which allowed better visibility when taxiing and landing. Initially the Il-12 was designed for 29 passengers in a pressurized fuselage, with projected maximum range is assumed of 5,000 kilometers at a cruising speed 400 kph. The aircraft was to use four M-88B engines already proven in use on the Ilyushin Il-4.\n", "However, during development, the M-88B engines had to be replaced by two ACh-31 diesel engines (each producing 1,500 hp). The plans for a pressurized fuselage were abandoned and the number of passengers reduced to 27. The Il-12 made its maiden flight on 15 August 1945. It was soon decided to re-engine the aircraft with Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engines with the revised aircraft flying on 9 January 1946.\n", "The Il-12 was found to have problems with vibration during testing, having poor engine out characteristics and requiring a strut under the rear fuselage to prevent tipping during loading due to center-of-gravity problems. Further problems was the use of magnesium near the engines which in case of engine fire could cause an uncontrolled fire, damaging the wing structure. (This was later revealed by a crash of an Ilyushin Il-12 near Voronezh which killed all on board, following an engine fire. Subsequently, as a result of the accident investigation, the magnesium was replaced by aluminium alloys and the fire extinguishing system was redesigned.) However, once these problems were resolved, factory test pilots praised the quality of the new aircraft, which contributed to the decision to launch the Il-12 in series production.\n", "The fuselage of the Il-12 had a considerable volume, and was equipped with eight rectangular windows on each side. The crew consisted of three and the aircraft could transport 32 soldiers, 32 parachutists or cargo. There was also a civil version, which although designed to carry up to 32 passengers, was limited in Aeroflot service to 21, with normally only 18 carried. At that passenger load, it meant that use of the Il-12 for passenger use was un-economic.\n", "A total of 663 Il-12s were manufactured. The aircraft was later improved into the Ilyushin Il-14.\n", "Section::::Operational history.\n", "The Il-12 was revealed to the public on 1 May 1947, when a group of aircraft participated in the annual May Day flyby over Red Square in Moscow. Performance testing was completed by 20 May, and the first regular passenger service by the Il-12 on Aeroflot began in June 1947. The first regular international use of the Il-12 was on the Moscow-Sofia route in 1948. The Il-12 was used on Aeroflot's services to Paris from 1954.\n", "Within the USSR, the Il-12 was placed on Aeroflot's longest route: Moscow-Khabarovsk, with the flight lasting 28 hours, including five refueling stops. From 1956, the Il-12 (modified for use on ice runways) supported the Soviet expeditions to Antarctica. Aeroflot continued to use the Il-12 on some routes until the end of 1970.\n", "Section::::Operational history.:Export sales.\n", "The first export customer for the Il-12 was LOT Polish Airlines, who placed an order for five Il-12Bs after it was displayed at the Poznan Fair in Poland in the spring of 1948. This was followed by Czech Airlines, who purchased 10 aircraft from 1949–1951, TAROM in Romania from 1949, and at least 20 aircraft to CAAC in China.\n", "Section::::Variants.\n", "BULLET::::- Il-12A : Basic passenger version with 27 seats standard, also produced in versions with 6, 11, 16, 18, 21 and 32 seats.\n", "BULLET::::- Il-12B : Modification from 1948, fitted with an improved de-icing system, lengthened nosewheel and a small dorsal fin fillet.\n", "BULLET::::- Il-12D : military transport version for the Soviet Air Force launched in 1948, for 38 paratroops or military cargo to 3700 kg.\n", "BULLET::::- Il-12T : transport version for arctic operations, with a large cargo door on the left side of the fuselage.\n", "Section::::Accidents and incidents.\n", "Of the 663 Il-12s produced, 49 have been lost in accidents with a total of 465 fatalities.\n", "Section::::Operators.\n", "BULLET::::- TABSO\n", "BULLET::::- Czech Airlines\n", "BULLET::::- CAAC Airlines\n", "BULLET::::- People's Liberation Army Air Force\n", "Imported 42 Il-12 airliners from 1950 to 1951 used to airlift to Lhasa during the Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China. Some were refitted to aerial survey airplanes later. Retired in 1986.\n", "BULLET::::- Pathet Lao\n", "BULLET::::- LOT Polish Airlines - 5 bought in 1949 (reg. nos: SP-LHB to LHE).\n", "BULLET::::- Polish Air Force\n", "BULLET::::- TAROM\n", "BULLET::::- :\n", "BULLET::::- Aeroflot\n", "BULLET::::- Soviet Air Force\n", "BULLET::::- Soviet Navy\n", "BULLET::::- CAAK\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Gordon, Yefim, Dmitry Komissarov and Sergei Komissarov. \"OKB Ilyushin: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft\". Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. .\n", "BULLET::::- Gunston, Bill. \"The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft from 1875 - 1995.\" London: Osprey Aerospace, 1995. .\n", "BULLET::::- Stroud, John. \"Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945\". London: Putnam, 1968. .\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Il-12", "Coach" ] }, "description": "airliner and military transport aircraft", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q911001", "wikidata_label": "Ilyushin Il-12", "wikipedia_title": "Ilyushin Il-12" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Montbel, Lozère\n", "Montbel (\"Montbèl\" in Occitan) is a commune in the Lozère département in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q191887", "wikidata_label": "Montbel", "wikipedia_title": "Montbel, Lozère" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chambon-le-Château\n", "Chambon-le-Château is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Bel-Air-Val-d'Ance.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Chambon-le-Chateau" ] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192719", "wikidata_label": "Chambon-le-Château", "wikipedia_title": "Chambon-le-Château" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Arzenc-de-Randon\n", "Arzenc-de-Randon is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "The Chapeauroux flows east through the middle of the commune.\n", "The Colagne has its source in the commune; with the Lac de Charpal they form most of the commune's southwestern border.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE statistics\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q427867", "wikidata_label": "Arzenc-de-Randon", "wikipedia_title": "Arzenc-de-Randon" }

{ "end": [ 116, 159, 193, 229, 82, 112, 151, 176, 114, 159, 199, 218, 522, 553, 140, 192, 46, 137, 29, 34, 36, 27 ], "href": [ "Kingswinford", "Metropolitan%20Borough%20of%20Dudley", "Staffordshire", "Gunpowder%20Plot", "Recusancy", "House%20of%20Lords", "State%20Opening%20of%20Parliament", "James%20I%20of%20England", "Stephen%20Lyttelton", "Warwick%20Castle", "gunpowder", "Hewell%20Grange", "Richard%20Walsh%20%28English%20politician%29", "Sheriff%20of%20Worcestershire", "dormer", "Dutch%20gable", "Grade%20II%2A%20listed%20building", "Four%20Seasons%20Health%20Care", "Katherine%20Thomson%20%28writer%29", "http%3A//www.gunpowder-plot.org/holbeche.asp", "http%3A//www.fshc.co.uk/care-home/holbeche-house-care-home", "http%3A//www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-217968-holbeache-house-" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14 ], "start": [ 104, 129, 180, 215, 65, 98, 124, 169, 97, 145, 190, 205, 509, 528, 134, 181, 21, 113, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Kingswinford", "Metropolitan Borough of Dudley", "Staffordshire", "Gunpowder Plot", "English Catholics", "House of Lords", "State Opening of Parliament", "James I", "Stephen Lyttelton", "Warwick Castle", "gunpowder", "Hewell Grange", "Richard Walsh", "Sheriff of Worcestershire", "dormer", "Dutch gable", "Grade II* listed building", "Four Seasons Health Care", "Katherine Thomson", "Gunpowder Plot Society", "Holbeche House Care Home", "Holbeache House" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Holbeche House\n", "Holbeche House (also, in some texts, Holbeach or Holbeache) is a mansion located approximately north of Kingswinford, now in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley but historically in Staffordshire. Some members of the Gunpowder Plot were either killed or captured at Holbeche House in 1605.\n", "Section::::Gunpowder Plot.\n", "The Gunpowder Plot was an attempt by a small party of provincial English Catholics to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, thereby killing James I and his court, as the prelude to a revolt during which a Catholic monarchy would be restored to the English throne. \n", "It was after the failure of the plot that the fugitives took shelter in Holbeche House, owned by Stephen Lyttelton. They had taken supplies from Warwick Castle on 6 November and weapons and gunpowder from Hewell Grange on 7 November, but the powder became damp in the rain. After arriving at Holbeche House at about 10 pm, several were maimed when gunpowder left to dry in front of the fire was ignited by a stray spark. At about noon the next day, 8 November 1605, the house was surrounded by a posse led by Richard Walsh (the Sheriff of Worcestershire), originally seeking those responsible for the raid at Warwick Castle. Most of the plotters were either killed or wounded in the ensuing fight. Some walls have holes from muskets used in the storming of the house in 1605. Those still alive were taken to London and later tried and executed.\n", "Section::::House.\n", "The building was constructed in around 1600. The original house has a central block of three bays, with two stories and an attic with dormer windows, and projecting side wings with Dutch gables at each end. Some original wood panelling remains inside. New façades were added in the early 19th century, and the house was later expanded. \n", "In 1951, it became a Grade II* listed building, as Holbeache House. It is now a private nursing home operated by Four Seasons Health Care.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Lucy Aikin, \"Memoirs of the Court of King James the First \". 1822\n", "BULLET::::- Katherine Thomson, \"Recollections of Literary Characters and Celebrated Places\". 1854\n", "BULLET::::- John Bond, \"The Hazards of Life and All That: A Look at Some Accidents and Safety Curiosities, Past and Present \". CRC Press, 1996.\n", "BULLET::::- Gunpowder Plot Society\n", "BULLET::::- Holbeche House Care Home, Four Seasons Health Care\n", "BULLET::::- Holbeache House, British Listed Buildings\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3139260", "wikidata_label": "Holbeche House", "wikipedia_title": "Holbeche House" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jandaia do Sul\n", "Jandaia do Sul is a town located in the state of Paraná in Brazil.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "human settlement in Brazil", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1779910", "wikidata_label": "Jandaia do Sul", "wikipedia_title": "Jandaia do Sul" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bagnols-les-Bains\n", "Bagnols-les-Bains is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mont Lozère et Goulet.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE statistics\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q193113", "wikidata_label": "Bagnols-les-Bains", "wikipedia_title": "Bagnols-les-Bains" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Les Salces\n", "Les Salces is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192815", "wikidata_label": "Les Salces", "wikipedia_title": "Les Salces" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Les Hermaux\n", "Les Hermaux is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q200043", "wikidata_label": "Les Hermaux", "wikipedia_title": "Les Hermaux" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "La Fage-Montivernoux\n", "La Fage-Montivernoux is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192633", "wikidata_label": "La Fage-Montivernoux", "wikipedia_title": "La Fage-Montivernoux" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Grandvals\n", "Grandvals is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192722", "wikidata_label": "Grandvals", "wikipedia_title": "Grandvals" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Brion, Lozère\n", "Brion is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE statistics\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q667240", "wikidata_label": "Brion", "wikipedia_title": "Brion, Lozère" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Arzenc-d'Apcher\n", "Arzenc-d'Apcher is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE statistics\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q303193", "wikidata_label": "Arzenc-d'Apcher", "wikipedia_title": "Arzenc-d'Apcher" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chauchailles\n", "Chauchailles is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192693", "wikidata_label": "Chauchailles", "wikipedia_title": "Chauchailles" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Fau-de-Peyre\n", "Fau-de-Peyre is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Peyre-en-Aubrac.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q282840", "wikidata_label": "Fau-de-Peyre", "wikipedia_title": "Fau-de-Peyre" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Albaret-le-Comtal\n", "Albaret-le-Comtal is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::Economy.\n", "The village lies at the foot of a hydroelectric plant. The plant was built between 1916 and 1919 to supply energy to the hydrometallurgic factory at nearby Saint-Chély-du-Tarn.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE statistics\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q576554", "wikidata_label": "Albaret-le-Comtal", "wikipedia_title": "Albaret-le-Comtal" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Motovilikha Plants\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The plant was established in 1736, when Empress Anna ordered the establishment of a smelter to produce steel for the nearby factories that existed at the time, supplying steel blocks for the manufacture of rifles and guns. By the late 18th century the manufacturing of weapons began in the village of Motovilikha, to meet the increasing demand. Guns from Motovilikha were used in all the wars in which Russia was involved in the first half of the 19th century, including the Napoleonic Wars and the Crimean war.\n", "The second half of the 19th century saw increasing efforts to implement industrial-age manufacturing in Russia, which in 1871 led to the consolidation of all the metal smelters and weapons workshops in the region in a single facility based in the city of Perm.\n", "The plant launched the first steamship in the Urals, in 1871, and the first steam locomotive the following year. In 1893, Nikolay Slavyanov introduced shielded metal arc welding while working at the Perm plant. By 1914 the factory was manufacturing every third cannon in Russia. The early Soviet era saw the facilities being used to manufacture a wide range of machinery, including machine tools, cranes and construction equipment. After the outbreak of World War II the factory returned to the production of heavy weaponry, resuming production of civilian equipment only after the war ended.\n", "In 2011, a modern artillery production line was established at the plant. Bankruptcy proceedings against the company began in March 2018, and the company delisted from the stock market during the same month.\n", "Section::::Products.\n", "BULLET::::- 130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)\n", "BULLET::::- 9A52-4 Tornado\n", "BULLET::::- 2S9 Nona\n", "BULLET::::- 152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)\n", "BULLET::::- 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)\n", "BULLET::::- 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4304815", "wikidata_label": "Motovilikha Plants", "wikipedia_title": "Motovilikha Plants" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Parzniew\n", "Parzniew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brwinów, within Pruszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Brwinów, south-west of Pruszków, and south-west of Warsaw.\n", "During the Invasion of Poland, on 12 September 1939, around 100 Polish prisoners of war were massacred in Parzniew by the German Wehrmacht.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Masovian, Poland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3495833", "wikidata_label": "Parzniew", "wikipedia_title": "Parzniew" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Guangji Bridge (Chaozhou)\n", "Guangji Bridge (), also known as Xiangzi Bridge (), is an ancient bridge that crosses the Han River east of Chaozhou, Guangdong province, China. A key cultural relic under national protection, the bridge is renowned as one of China's four famous ancient bridges, the other three being Zhaozhou Bridge, Lugou Bridge, and Luoyang Bridge.\n", "There is an old saying, \"\", that means if you go to Chaozhou without visiting the bridge, you cannot say that you have been to Chaozhou. Mao Yisheng, a famous expert on the bridge, said, \"A part of Guangji Bridge is connected by boats as a pontoon bridge. When it is open, there is a channel for ships and boats to get across. It can also be closed. Since it can be open or closed, it is a special case in the history of bridges in China.\" There are various pavilions on the bridge, so there is a popular saying, \"twenty-four pavilions have twenty-four styles\". The pavilions housed businesses. It was a prosperous time, so people said, \"In one Li one the bridge, there is one Li of business market.\"\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Guangji Bridge was built by Zeng Wang, a magistrate under the Song Dynasty (1170). At that time, it was a floating bridge consisting of 86 large boats connected to one another. Its original name was Kangji Bridge.\n", "In the year 1174 (Chunxi Year 淳熙元年间), it was broken up by flooding, so another magistrate, of Chang Wei prefecture, had workers start to reconstruct it, beginning with bridge piers on the west bank. By 1194, several magistrates of the prefecture—including Zhu Jiang, Wang Zhenggong, Ding Yinyuan, and Wang Shujin—had been involved in the construction of 10 bridge piers. Ding Yunyuan built the most piers; and for his outstanding achievements, the bridge was called Ding Gong Bridge. In 1194 (the 5th year of Zhaoxi, 绍熙五年), a magistrate () of Shen Zongyu prefecture built a pavilion on the east bank and named the bridge Jichuan Bridge. Later, more magistrates became involved in its construction. By 1206 (the second year of Kaixi 开禧二年), 13 piers had been built.\n", "After the construction of the east and west bridgeheads was completed, they were connected by some boats, which formed a bridge with the features of both a beam bridge and a pontoon bridge.\n", "In the years between the late Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, the surrounding area of the bridge was sometimes prosperous and sometimes poor. In 1435 (Ming Dynasty), a magistrate of a prefecture () named Wang Yuan had it reconstructed. When it was finished, the west bridge had 10 piers supporting 9 spans and the east bridge had 13 piers supporting 12 spans, with 24 boats in between. There were 126 rooms in the pavilions on the bridge. The bridge was named Guangji Bridge.\n", "In 1513 (the eighth year of Zhengde), another magistrate of a prefecture, Tan Lun, added a pier and removed six boats; and the Guangji Bridge then consisted of 18 boats and 24 piers. People described it as, \"eighteen shuttle boats [and] twenty-four continents\" ().\n", "In 1724 (the second year of Yongzheng (), Zhang Ziqian, magistrate of a prefecture, repaired the bridge and had two statues of oxen cast，one for the west bridge and the one for the east, which were meant to protect the bridge. In 1842, the eastern ox statue was lost to a flood. There is a folksong about it, which praises the beautiful scene of Guangji Bridge, describing 18 boats, 24 piers, 24 pavilions, and the 2 statues of oxen made of cast iron ().\n", "After over 400 years, the pavilions are gone, and the ox statue on the east pier washed away by floods. In 1958, a beam bridge supplanted the pontoon bridge. In 1989, another bridge was built to connect the east and west banks, which makes it possible to protect the ancient bridge. In 2009, Guangji Bridge, having been recently rebuilt, was re-opened.\n", "In Chaozhou, there is a street called Paifang Street. Beside this street, there are the many archways of the bridge. One of the Chaozhou Eight Famous Scenes is of the rising river of Han River (). Every year, the bridge attracts a large number of visitors. The construction of the Xiamen-Shenzhen Railway enabled a greater number of people to visit the bridge and learn the culture of Chaozhou.\n", "Section::::Features.\n", "This bridge has the features of a beam bridge, arch bridge, and pontoon bridge, which makes it unique in China. On the bridge, there were various rooms and pavilions, with ox statues on the west and east bridge. People did business on it, so it was also known as \"In one Li one the bridge, there is one Li of business market\".\n", "Section::::Legends.\n", "Each pier of Guangji Bridge has a history of several hundred years. From the Song Dynasty when the first one was built to the year when there were 24, it lasted over 300 years. In ancient times, with their backwardness, it was unimaginable that people could build such a long bridge. Therefore, there is a legend that it was fairies who constructed the bridge.\n", "When Han Yu, a famous poet in the history of China, came to Chaozhou, he always climbed the Bijia mountain (now called Han Mountain). From the top of the mountain, he saw the river and the difficulty of crossing it, so he asked his nephew Han Xiangzi and a monk Guangji to build a bridge. Han Xiangzi built the east bridge. He invited eight fairies（八仙）to help him. Han Xiangzi himself climbed Fenghuang Mountain, in Chaozhou, for stones. He changed the stones into black pigs and chased them to the bridge. On the way, a woman cast a spell so the pigs changed back into the stones, which could not move. Consequently, several piers in the east were not built. In order to commemorate this, people named it Xiangzi Bridge.\n", "Guangji the monk invited eighteen arhats to help him build the bridge in the west. He went on Sanpu Mountain to get stones. He changed the stones into cattle and sheep and chased them back. On the way, he met an evil landlord who tried to stop him and get his cattle and sheep. Guangji lost some cattle, so part of the bridge was not built. He Xiangu, a female fairy, dropped a lotus petal onto the river and changed it into 18 boats connecting the bridge. Guangji raised his cane and created chains to connect the boats together.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Guangji Bridge given a facelift, Xinhua News Agency, June 18, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Ancient bridge goes through refit, People's Daily, June 13, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Photos of Guangji Bridge on \"Panoramio\"\n", "BULLET::::- Lugou Bridge, China Daily, Sep 18, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Photos of Guangji Bridge Night Lights Display, ShinyVisa, Dec 11, 2018\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kerch–Eltigen Operation\n", "The Kerch–Eltigen Operation was a World War II amphibious offensive made in November 1943 by the Red Army as a precursor to the Crimean Offensive (8 April-12 May 1944), with the object of defeating and forcing the withdrawal of the German forces from the Crimea. Landing at two locations on the Crimea's eastern coast, the Red Army successfully reinforced the northern beachhead of Yenikale but was unable to prevent an Axis counterattack that collapsed the southern beachhead at Eltigen. Subsequently, the Red Army used the beachhead at Yenikale to launch further offensive operations into the Crimea in May 1944.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Following the defeat and withdrawal of German and Romanian troops from the Taman Peninsula in the fall of 1943, the Soviets decided to follow this success with two amphibious landings on the eastern coast of the Crimea as a prelude to the retaking of the entire Crimean Peninsula. The southern, diversionary assault was planned for the small town of Eltigen and the northern, main assault landed at Yenikale, near Kerch.\n", "Soviet successes north of the Crimea had cut off the German 17th Army in Crimea, although the Axis forces were still supplied by sea. The 17th Army controlled the V Army Corps in the north, the XLIX Mountain Corps defended the Perekop Isthmus and the Romanian Mountain Corps defended the south and southeastern areas of the Crimea. The Germans also had anti-aircraft artillery batteries/operators and 45 assault guns to bolster their defence. Commanding the Axis forces were Generaloberst Erwin Jaenecke and Major-General Corneliu Teodorini.\n", "Section::::Soviet offensive.\n", "For the landings, the Soviet 4th Ukrainian Front employed the 18th (under Colonel-General Konstantin Leselidze, with Leonid Brezhnev as Chief Political Commissar) and 56th Armies, the Black Sea Fleet, and the Azov Flotilla. Commanding the 56th Army and overall on the Soviet side was General Ivan Petrov, and Vice Admiral Lev Vladimirsky for naval operations. \n", "Despite poor weather and rough seas that postponed the landings, the Soviets succeeded in landing Colonel V. F. Gladkov's 318th Rifle Division of the 18th Army and the 386th Naval Infantry Battalion at Eltigen on the 1 November. The landing was characterised by \"ad hoc\" use of naval craft of all kinds and the loss of formation organisation in the face of bad weather and darkness. Fighting their way ashore, the Soviet units pushed back the Romanian forces and established a small beachhead.\n", "Two days later, at Yenikale, over 4,400 men of the Soviet 56th Army (landed were units of 2nd and 55th Guards Rifle Divisions, and the 32nd Rifle Division), enjoyed massed artillery support from positions on the Taman Peninsula and established a firm beachhead which the German V Army Corps and Romanian 3rd Mountain Division were unable to push back into the sea. By 11 November, the Soviets had landed 27,700 men in the Yenikale Beachhead. Among the reinforcing units was the 383rd Rifle Division which landed on the 7 November, and the 339th Rifle Division, which crossed over the course of the 6 to 8 November.\n", "Section::::Axis victory at Eltigen.\n", "Although the Red Army managed to land the 117th Guards Rifle Division's 335th Guards Rifle Regiment to reinforce the Eltigen Beachhead, they were unable to push farther than inland, a situation worsened when the German forces managed to establish a naval blockade around the landings with light craft of the 3rd Minesweeper Flotilla operating out of Kerch, Kamysch-Burun, and Feodosiya. The Soviets countered by attempting to supply the beachhead at night, resulting in close-range naval encounters but completely insufficient delivery of supplies. Soviet attempts at aerial resupply were interdicted by the \"Luftwaffe\". \n", "The Axis forces besieged the beachhead for five weeks before attacking on the 6 December. During the attack, Romanian cavalry of the 6th Division made diversionary attacks from the south while Romanian mountain troops supported by assault guns attacked from the west. By the 7 December, the beachhead had collapsed and the Romanians took 1,570 prisoners and counted 1,200 Soviet dead at a cost of 886 men to themselves. The Romanians also captured 25 anti-tank guns and 38 tanks.\n", "Section::::Battle of Mount Mithridates.\n", "In the course of the Eltigen Beachhead's collapse, some 820 Soviet troops managed to break out to the north in an attempt to reach Yenikale, occupying Mount Mithridates and defeating German artillery positions there. This alarmed General Jaenecke, as the attack had the potential of breaching the German front facing the Yenikale Beachhead. Jaenecke committed the Romanian 3rd Mountain Division to a counter-attack against the Soviet troops. By the 11 December, the Romanians recaptured Mount Mithridates. An unknown number of these Soviet troops were subsequently evacuated to Opasnoe village in the Yenikale Beachhead by the Azov Flotilla under the command of Rear Admiral Sergey Gorshkov.\n", "Section::::Aftermath.\n", "In the face of strong German reinforcements, the Soviets contented themselves with reinforcing the Yenikale Beachhead. By the 4 December, the Soviets had landed 75,000 men, 582 guns, 187 mortars, 128 tanks, 764 trucks, and over of munitions and material at Yenikale. The Soviets pushed some inland and to the outskirts of Kerch. Although the Germans succeeded in initially defending the Crimea against the Soviet landings, the successful landing near Kerch had placed the Soviets in a strong position from which they could push and conquer the entire Crimean peninsula, an operation they successfully concluded in May 1944.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "A minor planet 2217 Eltigen discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova is named for the landing of Soviet troops in November 1943.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Soviet Amphibious Operations in the Black Sea, 1941-1943\", Charles B. Atwater, Jr., thesis for the CSC, 1995.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Third Axis Fourth Ally\", Mark Axworthy et al., London: Arms and Armour Press, 1995. .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Geschichte des Zweiten Welt Krieges\" (German translation of Soviet official history of World War II), Volume 7, A. A. Gretschko et al., Berlin: Militärverlag der DDR, 1979.\n" ] }

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"Keratea", "Markopoulo Mesogaias", "East Attica", "Olympia", "Olympics", "World Heritage Site", "Olympia", "Hermes of Praxiteles", "Minister of Culture", "Georgios Voulgarakis", "Peloponnese", "Arcadia", "Mt. 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Penteli", "Keratea", "Lagonissi", "Corinthia", "Chiliomodi", "Sofiko", "Mapsos", "East Attica", "Kalyvia Thorikou", "Elis", "Ampelona", "Ancient Olympia", "Andritsaina", "Chelidonio", "Dafnoula", "Figaleia", "Giannitsochori", "Koliri", "Oleni", "Pelopio", "Pineia", "Skillounta", "Zacharo", "Euboea", "Aliveri", "Amarynthos", "Marmari", "Styra", "Imathia", "Vermion Mountains", "Laconia", "Areopoli", "Skala", "Krokees", "Geraki", "Gerolimenas", "Oitylo", "Messenia", "Kalamata", "Filiatra", "Meligalas", "Pylos", "Aetos, Messenia", "Christianous", "Gargalianoi", "Phthiotis", "Leianokladi", "Minister for Public Order", "Vyron Polydoras", "terrorist attacks", "\"asymmetric threat\"", "land registry", "Greek police", "Areopoli", "Kavala", "Theodoros Roussopoulos", "PASOK", "George Papandreou", "chorus", "Super League Greece", "Hellenic Football Federation", "forthcoming general election", "Constitution", "agricultural infrastructure", "tourism", "Olympia", "2008 Summer Olympics", "flame-lighting ceremony", "government", "Greek banks", "Turkish", "Mytilene", "Ileia", "Greek legislative election, 2007", "Cypriot Government", "Artemida", "UEFA", "Michel Platini", "Hellenic Football Federation", "European Union", "Greek Government", "Arcadia", "Achaea", "Elis", "Corinthia", "Laconia", "Messenia", "Euboea", "2009 Greek forest fires", "2018 Greek forest fires", "2007 Croatian coast fires", "2007 European heat wave", "October 2007 California wildfires", "Greeceinflames.org - Resource website for the 2007 fires in Greece", "Info on Relief Funds - DailyFrappe", "ihelp.gr", "Wildfire photos in Varvasaina, Pyrgos, Greece" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "2007 Greek forest fires\n", "The 2007 Greek forest fires were a series of massive forest fires that broke out in several areas across Greece throughout the summer of 2007. The most destructive and lethal infernos broke out on 23 August, expanded rapidly and raged out of control until 27 August, until they were put out in early September. The fires mainly affected western and southern Peloponnese as well as southern Euboea. The death toll in August alone stood at 67 people. In total 84 people lost their lives because of the fires, including several fire fighters.\n", "Some of these firestorms are believed to be the result of arson while others were merely the result of negligence. Hot temperatures, including three consecutive heat waves of over 40 °C (105 °F), and severe drought rendered the 2007 summer unprecedented in modern Greek history. From the end of June to early September, over 3,000 forest fires were recorded across the nation. Nine more people were killed in blazes in June and July.\n", "A total of 2,700 square kilometers (670,000 acres) of forest, olive groves and farmland were destroyed in the fires, which was the worst fire season on record in the past 50 years. Of the total of 2,700 km², 1,500 km² (370,000 acres) were burnt forests in Southern Greece alone. Many buildings were also destroyed in the blaze. The fire destroyed 1,000 houses and 1,100 other buildings, and damaged hundreds more.\n", "Section::::Timeline.\n", "Section::::Timeline.:June.\n", "The first major fire of the summer of 2007 was started on 28 June 2007. It is perceived to have been started by either an exploding electrical pylon or by arsonists. Significant parts of the Parnitha National Park were destroyed, and in total, the fire burnt of the core of the national forest in a matter of days. Overall the mountain of Parnitha suffered a burnt area of , making it one of the worst recorded wildfires in Attica since the Penteli fire of July 1995.\n", "The magnitude of the devastation was unforeseen. Environmental studies in Greece report that the Athenian microclimate will significantly change to warmer during the summer season, and flooding is now a very probable danger for the northern suburbs of the city. Mount Parnitha was considered the 'lungs' of Athens; following its considerable burning, both the city and local flora and fauna are expected to feel the consequences. Other affected areas included Pelion, Agia and Melivoia, Skourta, Dafni, and Pyli.\n", "Section::::Timeline.:July.\n", "On 11 July 2007, another wildfire sparked at a garbage dump near Agia Paraskevi, Skiathos, and spread across the island. Residents and tourists were forced to evacuate to nearby Troulos, and returned after the fire was put out. More than 100 fires were reported by 15 July 2007, in such locations as Keratea outside of Athens, Peloponnese, and on the Aegean islands of Andros, Evia, Lesbos, and Samos, as well as Crete and the Ionian island of Kefalonia.\n", "In Peloponnese around 20 July 2007, a fire which started from the mountains over the town of Aigio expanded rapidly towards Diakopto and Akrata, destroyed a large area of forests and cultivated land. In the same fire many villages were totally or partially burned, resulting in the loss of 230 houses and 10 churches; three people lost their lives. A 26-year-old farmer and a 77-year-old woman were arrested on suspicion of arson concerning the fires in Aigio and Diakopto. The farmer confessed and is currently held in prison.\n", "Section::::Timeline.:August.\n", "Fires continued, on 17 August 2007 they started to burn on the outskirts of Athens. The fire started on Mt. Penteli began burning down towards the suburbs. More than sixty fire engines, nineteen planes and helicopters, and hundreds of firefighters as well as locals attempted to hold back the fire. Melisia, Vrilisia, and Penteli city were affected in the blaze that was put out once winds calmed down.\n", "On 24 August 2007, fires broke out in Peloponnese, Attica and Euboea. In Peloponnese, the fire burnt many villages and accounted for 60 deaths. Six people were reported to have been killed in the town of Areopoli. In Zacharo, one of the worst hit areas, more than 30 people were found dead by firefighters while searching burning cars and homes.\n", "Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis declared a state of emergency for the whole country and requested help from fellow members of the European Union. Multiple countries responded to the call and sent help. Additionally, 500 Greek soldiers were sent in the affected areas. Another 500 Greek soldiers were called up bringing the total to 1,000 military personnel involved in the fire fighting.\n", "On 25 August 2007, fires broke out on Mount Hymettus and in the suburb of Filothei in Athens. Officials said these fires were the result of arson, as the firefighters found many bottles with gasoline in affected areas. Arson is also suspected for the fires in Peloponnese, as more than 20 fires started at about the same time. Two fires broke out in Keratea and one in Markopoulo Mesogaias in East Attica on 25 August 2007. The first fire was not under control until the following day, while the second was put out quickly. The Keratea fire had a length of and a man was hospitalised with second degree burns. The fire at Lagonissi was reported as an accident, as they were started when a man accidentally set fire to a tree in his garden.\n", "Section::::Timeline.:August.:The fires at Olympia.\n", "Olympia, site of the ancient Olympics and World Heritage Site, was evacuated on 26 August 2007. Fears were expressed for the survival of the ruins of ancient Olympia lying near the raging fire. The famous statue of Hermes of Praxiteles and nearby antiquities were spared from the fire, but the yard of the museum where the statue is housed was scorched. According to the official statement of former Minister of Culture Georgios Voulgarakis, no serious damage was caused to the antiquities. The fire burnt all the trees on the hilltop above, and an area of brush and open space adjacent to the Olympic Academy. The fire did not damage the archaeological museum nor did it damage the several ancient structures in the area. \"\"The wider archaeological space of Olympia remains intact,\"\" stated Mr. Voulgarakis. Despite the Minister's claims, it has been established, as of 26 August, that the afflicted damage is of greater importance and scale; the sacred Hill of Kronos was totally burnt during the blaze. The hill was left blackened, but will soon be reforested. New Culture Minister Michalis Liapis has stated that 3,200 bushes and saplings will be planted on the Hill of Kronos, to return the area to its previous appearance.\n", "Section::::Timeline.:September.\n", "The fires continued to burn into early September. On 1 September 2007, firefighters were still suppressing a strong blaze in Peloponnese. Three blazes remained, with the fires destructive path continuing in Arcadia and Mt. Parnon in Laconia. Then, on 3 September 2007 a lightning strike started a new fire on Mt. Vermion, which was soon brought under control by firefighters. On 5 September the death toll reached 67, and on 21 September reached 68.\n", "Section::::International assistance.\n", "When the August fires broke out, Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis requested help from the members of the European Union and other nations. The following countries offered help, but some offers were refused:\n", "BULLET::::- – Two helicopters, two planes, one transport plane, and 20 firefighters.\n", "BULLET::::- - Four Canadair CL-215 water bombers and two spotter planes from the provinces of Alberta and Manitoba and one Martin Mars bomber along with a Cessna L-19 spotter plane from British Columbia.\n", "BULLET::::- - Two Canadair CL-415 firefighting aircraft.\n", "BULLET::::- – 12 firefighting vehicles, 98 firefighters, 29 civil defense personnel.\n", "BULLET::::- – One helicopter with a five-member crew. (Declined.)\n", "BULLET::::- – Six firefighting all-terrain vehicles, which are able to scale steep slopes.\n", "BULLET::::- – Three helicopters, 25 firefighters and 2-3 forest fire experts. (Declined as the equipment was not suitable - Finland assisted in reconstruction instead.)\n", "BULLET::::- – Four Canadair CL-415 water bombers , 60 firefighters who specialize in helicopter operations, six firefighting vehicles.\n", "BULLET::::- – Three CH-53 water-carrying helicopters.\n", "BULLET::::- – Two fire engines, 18 firefighters, one doctor, as well as additional equipment.\n", "BULLET::::- – Three helicopters and 55 firefighters.\n", "BULLET::::- – One Canadair CL-415 water-tanker plane.\n", "BULLET::::- – Three Eurocopter AS 532 firefighting helicopters and 27 crew members.\n", "BULLET::::- – One Bell 214 firefighting helicopter.\n", "BULLET::::- – One Canadair CL-215 water bomber and six personnel.\n", "BULLET::::- – One Mil Mi-17 helicopter with a nine-member crew and one airplane.\n", "BULLET::::- – Five Kamov Ka-27 helicopters, six Mil Mi-26 helicopters, two Mil Mi-8 helicopters, and a Beriev Be-200 water-tanker plane.\n", "BULLET::::- – Six M-18 Dromader and one Antonov An-2 firefighting planes, 6 firefighting all-terrain vehicles and 55 firefighters. The army was on alert for deployment to assist. City of Novi Sad sent a team of 11 firefighters.\n", "BULLET::::- – One water-carrying helicopter.\n", "BULLET::::- – Two Canadair CL-215 water bombers .\n", "BULLET::::- – One Bell-205 firefighting helicopter.\n", "BULLET::::- – Four Eurocopter Super Puma water-carrying helicopters.\n", "BULLET::::- – One Canadair CL-215 water bomber.\n", "Section::::List of affected areas.\n", "BULLET::::- Achaea\n", "BULLET::::- Aigio\n", "BULLET::::- Diakopto\n", "BULLET::::- Akrata\n", "BULLET::::- Leontio\n", "BULLET::::- Kalavryta\n", "BULLET::::- Kallithea, Achaea\n", "BULLET::::- Patras\n", "BULLET::::- Aetolia-Acarnania\n", "BULLET::::- Astakos\n", "BULLET::::- Palaiochoraki Nafpaktias\n", "BULLET::::- Aegean Islands\n", "BULLET::::- Skiathos\n", "BULLET::::- Lesbos\n", "BULLET::::- Crete\n", "BULLET::::- Arcadia\n", "BULLET::::- Anemodouri\n", "BULLET::::- Leontari\n", "BULLET::::- Akovos\n", "BULLET::::- Veligosti\n", "BULLET::::- Mallota\n", "BULLET::::- Manthyrea\n", "BULLET::::- Attica\n", "BULLET::::- Athens\n", "BULLET::::- Grammatiko\n", "BULLET::::- Mt. Parnitha\n", "BULLET::::- Mt. Imittos\n", "BULLET::::- Mt. Penteli\n", "BULLET::::- Keratea\n", "BULLET::::- Lagonissi\n", "BULLET::::- Corinthia\n", "BULLET::::- Chiliomodi\n", "BULLET::::- Sofiko\n", "BULLET::::- Mapsos\n", "BULLET::::- East Attica\n", "BULLET::::- Kalyvia Thorikou\n", "BULLET::::- Elis\n", "BULLET::::- Ampelona\n", "BULLET::::- Ancient Olympia\n", "BULLET::::- Andritsaina\n", "BULLET::::- Chelidonio\n", "BULLET::::- Dafnoula\n", "BULLET::::- Figaleia\n", "BULLET::::- Giannitsochori\n", "BULLET::::- Koliri\n", "BULLET::::- Oleni\n", "BULLET::::- Pelopio\n", "BULLET::::- Pineia\n", "BULLET::::- Skillounta\n", "BULLET::::- Zacharo\n", "BULLET::::- Euboea\n", "BULLET::::- Aliveri\n", "BULLET::::- Amarynthos\n", "BULLET::::- Marmari\n", "BULLET::::- Styra\n", "BULLET::::- Imathia\n", "BULLET::::- Vermion Mountains\n", "BULLET::::- Laconia\n", "BULLET::::- Areopoli\n", "BULLET::::- Skala\n", "BULLET::::- Krokees\n", "BULLET::::- Geraki\n", "BULLET::::- Gerolimenas\n", "BULLET::::- Oitylo\n", "BULLET::::- Messenia\n", "BULLET::::- Kalamata\n", "BULLET::::- Filiatra\n", "BULLET::::- Meligalas\n", "BULLET::::- Pylos\n", "BULLET::::- Aetos, Messenia\n", "BULLET::::- Christianous\n", "BULLET::::- Gargalianoi\n", "BULLET::::- Phthiotis\n", "BULLET::::- Leianokladi\n", "Section::::Aftermath.\n", "Section::::Aftermath.:Alleged arson.\n", "The former Minister for Public Order, Vyron Polydoras, stated the fires may be a result of terrorist attacks, as many of the fires started simultaneously and in places where an arsonist could not be seen. He also stated that the country is facing an \"asymmetric threat\", a military term used for terrorist attacks.\n", "While some fires are believed to have been caused by environmental factors, others clearly were not. The fires could have been deliberately started as a way to get around Greek law which forbids property development on areas designated as forest land and to pull benefit from Greece's unique position as the only EU country without a full land registry system. A substantial reward has been offered for anyone providing information which leads to the arrest of an arsonist.\n", "Greek police announced the capture of three arson suspects: A 65-year-old man from Areopolis was charged with arson and murder relating to the fire which killed at least 6 in this area. Also, in northern Kavala, two youths had been detained on suspicion of arson. Greek government press minister Theodoros Roussopoulos confirmed on 27 August that 61 people had been arrested on suspicion of involvement in arson, seven of these being retained in custody.\n", "On 27 August 2007, PASOK leader George Papandreou accused the government of insinuating that his party is involved in the fires and called on Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis to produce any evidence that would support there was such an organized plan. Heavy criticism directed towards the government for its handling of the crisis, with the Greek press forming a chorus in ridiculing the incompetence of the country's officials, was accentuated in September by the reported discovery of steps aimed at giving a green light to property developers in the ravaged region.\n", "Section::::Aftermath.:Consequences.\n", "On 25 August, Super League Greece and the Hellenic Football Federation decided to postpone the opening fixtures scheduled for that weekend due to the fires. Campaigning for the country's forthcoming general election was suspended for a short period of time. The vote was not postponed since this is not allowed under the current Constitution.\n", "The destruction that was caused by the fires is expected to have a large financial impact to the areas affected by the fires. Originally the estimated amount was about 1.5 billion euros in immediate damages. That amount has now risen to 2 billion euros ($2.9 billion). The cumulative financial impact after taking into consideration the loss of national income due to the destruction of the local agricultural infrastructure and the potentially negative impact on local tourism is estimated around 5 billion euros or more.\n", "The status of Olympia for the 2008 Summer Olympics flame-lighting ceremony is threatening to undermine the whole ceremony. The Hellenic Olympic Committee (HOC) has warned that the delays in the reforestation process will undermine the whole ceremony. The HOC states, \"\"Unless it drastically improves in the coming period, (Olympia's) present image will constitute global defamation for Greece.\"\"\n", "Section::::Aftermath.:Financial assistance.\n", "Due to the unprecedented scale of the destruction many of the country's leading banks, businesses, institutions and local administrations have offered considerable amounts of cash in order to help the people and businesses that suffered financially due to the fires. The government has created a special account in all Greek banks, where financial help in relief of the people affected by the fire from all over the world is accepted. Additionally, financial aid from the EU is expected. Forms of assistance in nature were also offered such as olive plants contributed by a Turkish municipality and businessmen to a collect already organized in Mytilene. The Greek Government plans to spend 645.7 million euros ($946.7 million) to restore and rehabilitate areas burnt by the fires. This amount will be provided by both the European Union and the Greek Government. The government has earmarked 150 million euros ($222 million) to help the people affected by the fire rebuild their homes and other buildings. The rapid nature of the response given in the form of a direct aid scheme free of red tape led to official claims in reverse a year after the calamity, as it has been the case for the residents of Ileia who were notified to return the aid payments. Opposition parties, in the meantime, accused the government of using the scheme to “buy” the votes of locals in the weeks before the Greek legislative election, 2007.\n", "The Cypriot Government along with J&P ABAX have pledged to rebuild the town of Artemida. They have currently signed an 8.5 million euro contract, which includes the construction of 80 structures of which 48 will be residential. The overall cost of the project is expected to be 14.5 million euro.\n", "On 20 February 2008 UEFA president Michel Platini presented the Hellenic Football Federation with a CHF1m cheque to help finance the rebuilding of football facilities damaged by the fires in Greece the previous summer.\n", "The European Union has proposed 89.7 million euros in aid to Greece to offset part of the cost of the 2007 forest fires. The grant will be used to reimburse the costs of rescue services, provision of temporary housing, cleaning up of disaster-stricken areas, and the restoration of basic infrastructures to working condition. Furthermore, the EU created a 600-member team of European firefighters to combat continental forest fires, as a response to the 2007 summer forest fires in Southern Europe.\n", "Section::::Aftermath.:Reforestation.\n", "The Greek Government has urged regional authorities to start replanting large areas burnt by the summer forest fires. The government under Kostas Karamanlis has pledged that all burnt forests will be restored and protected from legal development. Full Replanting is expected to start after a reforestation study by forestry experts that is to be completed by December. Plans included anti-erosion measures and extensive replanting in the hardest hit prefectures of Arcadia, Achaea, Elis, Corinthia, Laconia, Messenia, and Euboea. The Hill of Kronos which was totally burnt by the fires will be replanted with bushes and saplings. These bushes and saplings will include laurel bushes, oaks, olive trees, and other indigenous species.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Greek forest fires\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 Greek forest fires\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 Croatian coast fires\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 European heat wave\n", "BULLET::::- October 2007 California wildfires\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Greeceinflames.org - Resource website for the 2007 fires in Greece\n", "BULLET::::- Info on Relief Funds - DailyFrappe\n", "BULLET::::- ihelp.gr\n", "BULLET::::- Wildfire photos in Varvasaina, Pyrgos, Greece\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q225475", "wikidata_label": "2007 Greek forest fires", "wikipedia_title": "2007 Greek forest fires" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Le Collet-de-Dèze\n", "Le Collet-de-Dèze () is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q632431", "wikidata_label": "Le Collet-de-Dèze", "wikipedia_title": "Le Collet-de-Dèze" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Cubières\n", "Cubières is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q494118", "wikidata_label": "Cubières", "wikipedia_title": "Cubières" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chaulhac\n", "Chaulhac is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.\n", "Section::::Notable people.\n", "Guy de Chauliac, a physician, is born here around 1300. He is known for his lengthy and influential treatise on surgery in Latin, titled \"Chirurgia Magna.\" He was the personal physician and surgeon to Pope Clement VI (1342–1352), Pope Innocent VI (1352–1362), and Pope Urban V (1362–1370).)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Communes of the Lozère department\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- INSEE commune file\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "commune in Lozère, France", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q720566", "wikidata_label": "Chaulhac", "wikipedia_title": "Chaulhac" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Belgium national under-17 football team\n", "The Belgium national under-17 football team is the national under-17 football team of Belgium and is controlled by the Belgian Football Association. The team competes in the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and the FIFA U-17 World Cup. Their biggest successes have been their bronze medal at the 2015 World Cup, reaching the semi-finals of the European championship in 2007 on home soil, and again in 2015 and 2018.\n", "Section::::Competitive record.\n", "Section::::Competitive record.:UEFA European U-17 Football Championship record.\n", "BULLET::::- *  denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.\n", "BULLET::::- indicates tournament was held on home soil.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Belgium national football team\n", "BULLET::::- Belgium national under-21 football team\n", "BULLET::::- Belgium national under-19 football team\n", "BULLET::::- European Under-17 Football Championship\n", "BULLET::::- Under-17 World Cup\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "national association football team", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3589895", "wikidata_label": "Belgium national under-17 football team", "wikipedia_title": "Belgium national under-17 football team" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Song of the Fishermen\n", "Song of the Fishermen is an early Chinese silent film directed by Cai Chusheng in 1934, and produced by the Lianhua Film Company. The film, like many of the period details the struggle of the poorer classes, in this case a family of fishermen who are forced to sing on the streets in order to survive.\n", "A successful film, \"Song of the Fishermen\" played for 84 straight days in Shanghai. It was the first Chinese film to win a prize in an international film festival (Moscow Film Festival in 1935).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Song of the Fishermen\" at the Chinese Cinema Web-based learning center at UCSD\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "1934 film by Cai Chusheng", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7561160", "wikidata_label": "Song of the Fishermen", "wikipedia_title": "Song of the Fishermen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Shell Falls\n", "Shell Falls is a waterfall in the Bighorn National Forest on Shell Creek, about halfway down Shell Canyon, and a few miles upstream from the town of Shell in northeast Wyoming. The falls are 120 feet (36 meters) in height and tumble over basement rock of granite.\n", "From the rest area and interpretive center, one can see outcrops of the Cambrian flathead sandstone, about 550 million years old, resting on 2.9 billion year old Precambrian rocks—some of the oldest rocks on earth. Visitors can also see \"Copman's Tomb\", a massive limestone promontory to the north.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Shell Creek\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- PDF Brochure \"Shell Falls\"\n", "BULLET::::- Bighorn National Forest Official Site\n", "BULLET::::- Go Waterfalling Site\n", "BULLET::::- Waterfalls-Guide.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "waterfall", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q38293", "wikidata_label": "Shell Falls", "wikipedia_title": "Shell Falls" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Heraion of Argos\n", "The Heraion of Argos () is an ancient temple in Argos, Greece. It was part of the greatest sanctuary in the Argolid, dedicated to Hera, whose epithet \"Argive Hera\" (Ἥρη Ἀργείη \"Here Argeie\") appears in Homer's works. Hera herself claims to be the protector of Argos in \"Iliad\" IV, 50–52): \"The three towns I love best are Argos, Sparta and Mycenae of the broad streets\". The memory was preserved at Argos of an archaic, aniconic pillar representation of the Great Goddess. The site, which might mark the introduction of the cult of Hera in mainland Greece, lies northeast of Argos between the archaeological sites of Mycenae and Midea, two important Mycenaean cities. The traveller Pausanias, visiting the site in the 2nd century CE, referred to the area as Prosymna (Προσύμνη).\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The \"temenos\" occupies three artificially terraced levels on a site above the plain with a commanding view. Most of the remains at the site date to the 7th through 5th centuries B.C. The Old Temple, destroyed by fire in 423 BCE, and an open-air altar stood on the uppermost terrace. Following the fire, the New Temple was rebuilt on the middle terrace; the architect was Eupolemos of Argos, according to Pausanias. Pausanias, who visited the site in the second century CE, describes the sculptures it contained at that time, including the cult statue, the famous ivory and gold-plated bronze sculpture of Hera by Polykleitos. Pausanias wrote: \n", "The temple contained numerous votive objects, some of them famous: \n", "There were other structures, one of which was the earliest example of a building with an open peristyle court, surrounded by columned stoas. The lowest level supports the remains of a stoa. Ancient retaining walls support the flat terraces. Close to the Heraion is a Mycenaean cemetery, apparently a site of an ancestor cult in the Geometric period, which was excavated by Carl Blegen. In Roman times a baths and a palaestra were added near the site. Pausanias stated that there was a brook beside the road called the Water of Freedom that priestesses would use for purification and sacrifice rituals. \n", "At the Heraion, Agamemnon was chosen to lead the Argives against Troy, according to a legend recorded by Dictys of Crete. Walls and earliest finds at the site date to the Geometric period, during which the \"Iliad\" was composed. A Helladic settlement preceded the sanctuary's development.\n", "If the temple was still in use by the 4th-century, it would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, when laws against non-Christian religions and their sanctuaries where enacted by the Christian emperors.\n", "Hera was worshipped as the protector of Argos, the goddess of marriage, and as a goddess of childbirth. Two figurines indicating Hera as a protector of children have been found and one pregnancy figurine has been found. Research has also indicated that there were numerous baths at the sanctuary, which may have served as a healing centre for women.\n", "Section::::Excavations.\n", "The British officer Thomas Gordon was the first to identify the site in 1831, and in 1836 he conducted some desultory excavations. Heinrich Schliemann briefly investigated the site in 1874. Modern archaeology at the Heraion began under the auspices of the Archaeological Institute of America, its first campaign of excavation in Greece, and the direction of Charles Waldstein. Among Waldstein's discoveries were a bundle of iron roasting spits (\"oboloi\") and a solid iron bar of the same weight and length; significant to the history of weight and measurement standards and mentioned in the \"Etymologies\" of Heracleides of Pontus as having been deposited here.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Livio C. Stecchini, \"The Standard of the Heraion\"\n", "BULLET::::- Pfaff, Christopher A., (1992) 2003. \"The Argive Heraion: The architecture of the classical temple of Hera\"\n", "BULLET::::- Burkert, Walter, 1985. \"Greek Religion\" (Harvard University Press)\n", "BULLET::::- Pausanias, \"Description of Greece, 2.15.4\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Perseus site: Argive Heraion Bibliography\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "building in Argolis Regional Unit, Peloponnese Region, Greece", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1607754", "wikidata_label": "Heraion of Argos", "wikipedia_title": "Heraion of Argos" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dospat (river)\n", "The Dospat (; , ) is a river in the Western Rhodope Mountains, the most important tributary of the Mesta.\n", "It takes its source from Bulgaria, from the 1643-metre-high Rozov vrah (\"Rose Peak\") and flows southeast until Dospat Dam, after which it makes a turn southwest to continue generally to the south and flow into the Mesta as a left tributary near the village Mikrokleisoura on Greek territory just south of the Greek-Bulgarian border.\n", "The Dospat has a drainage basin of 633.5 km². Its length is 110 km, of which 79 in Bulgaria and 21 in Greece. For a small distance of 3 km it forms the Greek–Bulgarian border. \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "river in Bulgaria and Greece", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3358068", "wikidata_label": "Dospat", "wikipedia_title": "Dospat (river)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Aurora Place\n", "Aurora Place is the common name of Renzo Piano's award-winning office tower and residential block on Macquarie Street in Sydney, Australia. Its official name is the RBS Tower building. The 41-storey structure is 218 metres (718ft) high to the top of the spire and 188 metres to the roof.\n", "The building has an unusual geometric shape where not one panel is parallel to any grid. The east façade bulges out slightly from its base, reaching its maximum width at the top floors. The curved and twisted shape of east façade is aimed to correspond spatially with Sydney Opera House and to represent the sublime marine environment of the harbour. The exterior glass curtain-wall extends beyond the main frame, creating an illusion of its independence. The steel spire attached to the north facade is 75 metres in length.\n", "Uniquely for an office building of its size and age, Aurora Place features a number of winter gardens, providing natural environments for the building's tenants. These winter gardens are located in the North West and South East corners of the tower floor place, facing Sydney Harbour and the adjacent botanical gardens, with sophisticated operable louvre facades.\n", "Aurora Place also features a significant collection of art on public display, reported to be among the most valuable corporate art commissions in Australia. Artists featured at Aurora Place include Kan Yasuda, Caio Fonseca and Tim Prentice.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The building was built on the site of the former State Office Block by Bovis Lend Lease. The assumptions of a planned tower were first presented to the Central Sydney Planning Committee in 1996, when three main architects: Mark Carroll, Shunji Ishida and Renzo Piano put forward the innovative project. The building was sold in January 2001 for $485 million. Aurora Place was the winner of prestigious 2002 Property Council of Australia Rider Hunt Award, handled out for technical and financial qualities. On 2 June 2009, French urban climber Alain Robert scaled this building in protest against climate change.\n", "Section::::Construction materials.\n", "Materials that are used for this building were unique compared to its neighbours, Chifley Tower (Kohn, Pederson Fox architects, 1988) and Governor Phillip Tower (Denton, Corker Marshall architects, 1994). The façade which makes up the primary component of the building is the milky white fritted glass which has been laminated. The aesthetics of the material gives a visual metaphor of a sail. It is inspired by the tiling of the Sydney Opera House, which is 800 metres (less than half a mile) to the north. Terracotta tiles makes up much of the lower section of the building to contrast the white dominated glass cladding. It also reconciles the orange-clad lobby and the residential complex.\n", "A number of international law firms, namely Jones Day (level 41) and Squire Patton Boggs (level 17), are tenants in the building.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Skyscrapers in Sydney\n", "BULLET::::- List of tallest buildings in Australia\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- See the Emporis Building Fact Sheet for more information.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- SAW, Architect led tours of Aurora Place\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Criterion Place\n", "Criterion Place was a proposed skyscraper development in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. In July 2008 it was announced that the project is to be cancelled owing to the property market slump.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "The site, which is surrounded by Neville Street, Sovereign Street, Swinegate and Leeds railway station, was previously home to the Queens Hall, a building which was originally a tram and then a bus depot and had latterly became a venue hosting events such as exhibitions, flea markets and concerts. The Queens Hall was demolished in 1989.\n", "Since demolition, the site has been used as a surface level car park. Early proposals for development on the site had included, in 1995, plans for an office building designed by Foster + Partners of about 60 m - 70m in height to house Royal London Insurance and international media agency Criterion Global, though the former was later rebuffed as rumour and mere coincidence owing to the development's name. This development, however, did not go ahead but some small scale development on part of the car park was developed in the past ten years which included construction of a six-storey office building for British Telecom and construction of a nine-storey multi-storey car park designed by Carey Jones with Bibi's restaurant on the ground floor. Construction work to add two additional storeys to the Criterion Place multi-storey car park began in July 2008.\n", "Section::::Ian Simpson \"Kissing Towers\" Proposals.\n", "In 2004, proposals were unveiled for large scale development on the site. This was originally from a competition by Leeds City Council for the development for the site that included plans of a 32-storey tower by Rushbond & DLA Architects and another proposal for a 22-storey tower by . These two proposals had lost out to a twin tower scheme by SimpsonHaugh and Partners to be developed by Simons Estates which had proposed a scheme consisting of two glass towers of 47 storeys (160 m) and 29 storeys (105 m). This proposal comprised 326 apartments, offices and a 186-room hotel and was expected to cost £115 million. Advertising hoardings then appeared around the Queens Hall car park but no further site activity was apparent for the following two years.\n", "In September 2007, engineers undertook survey work to establish the position of existing services in the vicinity of the proposed site. Bore hole work was then undertaken at several locations in the Queens Hall car park over the following weeks. In November 2007 a new proposal was lodged for a similar design but comprising two towers of 53 storeys (180 m) and 33 storeys (118 m). If the building had been constructed according to these revised proposals, the development would have exceeded the height of Beetham Tower Manchester and Lumiere to become the tallest building in Leeds and Western Europe's tallest residential skyscraper.\n", "Section::::Cancellation of 'Kissing Towers' and Current Development Plan.\n", "In July 2008 the developers submitted a further revision comprising a smaller scheme, due to the falling property market and prevailing economic conditions. On 18 July 2008 the cancellation of the project was announced when Leeds City Council terminated Simons Estates' contract to develop the Criterion Place site, following the developer's failure to submit a planning application in accordance with the contract. The Criterion Place site is now home to KPMG offices with another office building under construction as of August 2015 and a further third building having been given outline planning consent. Space has also been given over by developers for the creation of a 'city park'.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of tallest buildings in Leeds\n", "BULLET::::- Architecture of Leeds\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Skyscraper News: Criterion Place\n", "BULLET::::- Criterion Place on Leeds Cityscape\n" ] }

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{ "end": [ 114 ], "href": [ "rattail" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1 ], "start": [ 107 ], "text": [ "rattail" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Campbell whiptail\n", "The Campbell whiptail, kaiyomaru whiptail, or kaiyomaru rattail, \"Coelorinchus kaiyomaru\", is a species of rattail found around the globe in the southern oceans, at depths of between 600 and 1,150 m. Its length is between 20 and 40 cm.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, \"Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand\", (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kisdon\n", "Kisdon, also called Kisdon Hill, is a fell situated in upper Swaledale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park in North Yorkshire, England.\n", "Section::::Geography and history.\n", "Kisdon was named by early Norse settlers and it has Kisdon Farm on the southern slopes above Straw Beck. The Fell is unusual in that it is an isolated area of high ground with no ridges connecting it to other fells. This came about at the end of the last Ice age when the moraine left by the retreating glacier blocked the original course of the River Swale on the west side of the fell and diverted it to its present course, forming a gorge to the east and leaving Kisdon isolated from other high ground. Kisdon's isolation gives it the status of a Marilyn even though it has only a modest height of 499 metres (1636 feet).\n", "Another unusual feature of Kisdon is that it has no official footpath to the highest point even though it is crossed by two busy rights of way high up on the fell. One of these is the Pennine Way between the hamlets of Thwaite and Keld, which reaches a height of 420 metres on the eastern shoulder of the fell, while the bridleway between Keld and Muker, also known as the Old Corpse Road because it was formerly used as a corpse road to transport bodies for burial in consecrated ground lower down the valley, crosses the fell on the western side at a height of 470 metres. Kisdon lies within a band of Yoredale limestone. It is on Kisdon that the band attains its maximum thickness of 40 metres.\n", "Section::::Ascent and summit.\n", "The fell is crossed by many high wire-topped dry-stone walls, which can make attaining the highest point of the fell awkward. Routes to the summit start at Muker, Thwaite and Keld and the bridleway should be used to attain the summit plateau where it joins a high wall that can be followed north to the summit of the fell, which is marked by a substantial cairn, although the highest point seems to be a few metres east of it. 100 metres east of the summit is a five-metre-deep shake hole, which is marked on the Ordnance Survey map as a pothole, so the depression may go much deeper on closer investigation.\n", "The grass- and heather-covered summit gives a good all-round view, with the bulk of Rogan's Seat including the great gash of Swinner Gill dominating to the east while Great Shunner Fell and Lovely Seat, with the Buttertubs Pass in between, show well to the south-west. To conclude the day walkers can descend eastwards to the Pennine Way and see the impressive waterfalls around Keld, namely Kisdon Force, East Gill Force, Catrake Force and Wain Wath Force.\n", "Section::::Scar Closes, Kisdon Side SSSI.\n", "The western side of Kisdon has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) over an area of 3.7 hectares since 1988. The SSSI takes the form of four grazed enclosures with the combination of Calcareous grassland growing on limestone rock supporting exceptional and varied botanical species. The steepest of the enclosures has a considerable population of Juniperus communis, which has survived since the last Ice age and appears to be regenerating. Other species include \"Sesleria albicans\" (blue moor grass), \"Carex pulicaris\" (flea sedge), \"Galium sterneri\" (limestone bedstraw), \"Orchis mascula\" (early purple orchid) and \"Primula vulgaris\" (primrose).\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Syrian Virtual University\n", "The Syrian Virtual University (الجامعة الإفتراضيّة السوريّة) is a Syrian educational institution established by the Syrian Ministry of Higher Education. It provides virtual education (using the Internet) to students from around the world. It was established on 2 September 2002 and is the first virtual education institution in the region, and as of 2006, remains the only one. The goals of the SVU include offering education to those who want to learn but cannot afford to do so by going to a \"brick and mortar\" university. It is headquartered at the Ministry of Higher Education building, Damascus. Students can study online, but they should make exams in one of the centres accredited by the University inside and outside Syria.\n", "Section::::Academic programs.\n", "SVU provides bachelor programs - master programs - training courses.\n", "Section::::Academic programs.:Domestic Programs.\n", "All domestic programs are provided in Arabic (except for the English HND), some courses are taught in English. Originally, all domestic SVU programs were related to Computer Science, but two new programs in Economics were added in 2007. There is currently a total of six domestic degree programs.\n", "2-year Undergraduate Programs\n", "BULLET::::- HND stands for the Higher National Diploma in Computing and Business Applications. It is offered in English and Arabic. The duration of study is two years. HND is available in two versions, one taught in Arabic and another in English.\n", "5-year Undergraduate Programs\n", "BULLET::::- ISE is a credit-based BSc program in Information Systems Engineering. The content is very much that of a traditional Computer Science degree, but offered online. The student has to take a number of \"core courses\" and then a number of \"specialized courses\" with the aid of a career planner. There are currently (as of 2008) four core specialization areas: Software Application Development, Multimedia Systems, Networking and Operating Systems, and Intelligent Systems. It is possible to choose an emphasis within a core specialization area. A student must complete requirements in one or more specialization areas to graduate. The duration of study is (typically) five years.\n", "Undergraduate Programs:\n", "BULLET::::- BAIT is a program leading to a Bachelor degree in Information Technology.\n", "BULLET::::- BSCE is a Bachelor in Economics, with three possible branches: Business Administration, Banking and Finance, and Marketing. Duration of study is four years.\n", "BULLET::::- BL is a Bachelor in law, with several specializations, including criminal and constitutional law.\n", "BULLET::::- BMC is a Bachelor in Mass Communication, this program seeks to fulfill its message by providing distinguished academic services in the field of media qualification in Syria.\n", "BULLET::::- EDUC is a Bachelor in Educational Habilitation Diploma\n", "BULLET::::- TIC is Technological Institute of Computer, A certified assistant qualification in the field of software and information systems.\n", "Postgraduate Programs\n", "BULLET::::- MBA degree. The Duration is two years. The total tuition cost is around $3500.\n", "BULLET::::- Academic master's degree in Technology Management, with an emphasis on technology transfer, development through technology and application of new technologies in businesses, industries and societies.\n", "BULLET::::- Master's degree in Quality Management. The Duration is two years. The total tuition cost is around $3500.\n", "BULLET::::- Master's degree in web technologies.\n", "BULLET::::- Master's degree in Web Sciences.\n", "BULLET::::- Doctoral Program\n", "Section::::Controversy and Acceptance.\n", "Section::::Controversy and Acceptance.:Internet Access.\n", "Now Students have a wide choice of affordable internet connections that can accommodate the e-learning software requirements, starting as low as 10 USD a month students can use 3G Internet anywhere in Syria via the mobile phone network or they can register for ADSL service which has become openly available from 30 USD/month.\n", "While today not a problem,One of the issues which the SVU faced during its launch phase was the lack of a proper broad-band Internet infrastructure in Syria. This can be viewed as a strategic problem, as it hinders potential students. Faced with the terrible performance of the teleconferencing software on Dial-Up (then the only available option), the university created a number of telecenters (at a great expense) in various Syrian governorates so that students who didn't have broadband Internet (virtually all of them) could attend their lessons comfortably. With the introduction of ADSL and ISDN in 2004, it was hoped that the severity of the problem would be ameliorated. Unfortunately, the situation has not improved much: up to the end of 2007, ADSL is not yet available to students and the general public. Subscriptions are fewer than 5000 in number all over Syria and the cost for any potential adopter is too high (the actual going rate for an ADSL line is almost $1000, due to unavailability and very great demand by Internet Cafes). ISDN, while difficult to attain in many areas, is more publicly available than ADSL, and thus is the only option for Syrian SVU students who wish to attend lessons from their homes. Most Syrian SVU students, however, attend their lessons from a local telecenter.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Syrian Virtual University Website (Arabic, French, and English)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chambercombe Manor\n", "Chambercombe Manor is a Norman manor house located near Ilfracombe, Devon, which dates back to the 11th century and was recorded in the Domesday Book. It is said to be one of the most haunted buildings in the United Kingdom.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The Manor was owned by the Champernon family until the 15th century, when it passed through various families until 1979 when it was donated to the Chambercombe Manor Trust. The house lost its status as an estate at some point, and for a long time it was used as a farmhouse. However, it did not lose its former grandeur during this period, and today the manor is open to the public. The house contains eight period rooms available to view, ranging from Elizabethan to Victorian.\n", "Section::::Ghost activity.\n", "The manor's most infamous ghost originated in a room known as the \"Haunted Room\". This room adjoins the Lady Jane Grey Room, who herself descended from the Champernon family. It was discovered in 1865 when the owner at the time was making some roof repairs and noticed the outline of a window that did not have a room associated with it inside. After exploring the building in the area where the window was, he and his wife knocked through a wall and discovered a large four poster bed, and on it was a skeleton.\n", "Legend has it the skeleton was the remains of Kate Oatway. In the 18th century, the house was lived in by William Oatway, whose daughter Kate had married an Irish captain named Wallace, and they lived in Dublin. Oatway did not own the property, but it was his great desire to. However, he did not have the money to pay for it. Oatway's father, Alexander who had lived on the same site had been a notorious \"ship-wrecked\", by falsely guiding the ships on to the rocks and stealing any valuables that may have been carried. William had married a Spaniard whom he had saved from such an incident and did not follow his father's activities. However, one stormy night as he was watching out to see if any ships were in distress he noticed a young woman who was badly injured, lying on the rocks. He carried her back to the house, and he and his wife tried to save her but she died soon afterwards. As they searched her for some kind of identity, Oatway noticed she carried enough money and jewels to enable him to buy the manor, so he took the money from her. It was soon revealed to him that the young woman was Kate, and Oatway was so guilt-stricken he boarded up the body in a secret room which you can see through a strange hole in the staircase.\n", "Other ghosts at Chambercombe include two little girls who have been seen in the upstairs children's bedroom and a lady seen by the pond near the café. There are also cold spots throughout the house, including on an old staircase.[4] The house made an appearance on Most Haunted in 2006.[5]\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Chambercombe Manor English Heritage\n", "BULLET::::- Chambercombe Manor page at GhostWatchLive.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5069562", "wikidata_label": "Chambercombe Manor", "wikipedia_title": "Chambercombe Manor" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "World Heritage Rock Art Centre - Alta Museum\n", "The World Heritage Rock Art Centre - Alta Museum (\"Verdensarvsenter for bergkunst – Alta Museum\") is located at Alta in Finnmark, Norway.\n", "World Heritage Rock Art - Alta Museum is situated in Hjemmeluft, a small bay in the Altafjord at a site of early settlement of Finnmark dating from around 11,000 years ago. In 1973, the first rock carvings in Hjemmeluft were found. To date over 3,000 figures have been registered here. In the municipality as a whole over 6000 figures have been registered.\n", "The museum opened in June 1991 and won the European Museum of the Year Award in 1993. Alta Museum is northern Norway's most-visited summer museum, with more than 1,000 visitors each day. It is the second most visited attraction in Finnmark County. It presents exhibitions on local culture and historic industries including the nearby prehistoric rock carvings that form a UNESCO World Heritage Site. \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Alta Museum website\n", "BULLET::::- Altarockart.no\n", "BULLET::::- Rock Art of Alta\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Category:Alta museum" ] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2603814", "wikidata_label": "World Heritage Rock Art Centre - Alta Museum", "wikipedia_title": "World Heritage Rock Art Centre - Alta Museum" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Louis XIII (cognac)\n", "Louis XIII () is a cognac produced by Rémy Martin, a company headquartered in Cognac, France, and owned by the Rémy Cointreau Group. The name was chosen as a tribute to King Louis XIII of France, the reigning monarch when the Rémy Martin family settled in the Cognac region. He was the first monarch to recognize cognac as a category in its own right in the world of eaux-de-vie.\n", "Louis XIII cognac is produced in the Grande Champagne region of Cognac, from the growing of the grapes to the distillation and aging of the eaux-de-vie. The final blend is composed of up to 1,200 individual eaux-de-vie from Grande Champagne vineyards, ranging from at least 40 years to 100 years in age.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The origins of Louis XIII cognac begin with the founding of the House in the Cognac region in the early 1700s. In 1841, after more than a century of producing cognac, Paul-Emile Rémy Martin assumed control of the business and began selling the House’s cognacs under the family name.\n", "Paul-Emile broke from tradition and began bottling his cognacs rather than continuing to sell them by the barrel. In 1874, he began selling a blend of his best 100% Grande Champagne cognacs in an ornate decanter. While originally designated \"Grande Champagne Very Old – Age Unknown,\" this particular blend and its decanter later became known as Louis XIII.\n", "Section::::Production.\n", "The eaux-de-vie for Louis XIII are still exclusively sourced from the Grande Champagne \"cru\" of Cognac. This region in Cognac is distinguished for its limestone composition that is considered ideal for the grapes employed in the production of cognac. The ageing process takes place exclusively inside 100-150 year-old \"tierçons,\" thin-walled French oak casks originally designed for maritime transport that are no longer being produced.\n", "Since 1874, each generation of cellar master has selected the oldest and best eaux-de-vie for Louis XIII from the House’s cellars. As the cellar master may never taste the final blend for which some of these eaux-de-vie are intended, each cellar master must also carefully train a successor. The House’s current cellar master, Baptiste Loiseau, joined as an apprentice to the previous cellar master, and then assumed the position of cellar master in 2014 at the age of 34.\n", "Section::::Packaging.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Decanter.\n", "The concept for the decanter of Louis XIII originated in 1850, when Paul-Emile Rémy Martin came across a metal flask originally recovered from the site of the Battle of Jarnac (1569). He purchased the metal flask and registered the rights for its reproduction. In 1874, in honour of the House’s 150th anniversary, he designed a glass replica of the flask to use as the vessel for his best cognac. Today, each crystal decanter is handmade by French crystal manufacturers: Baccarat, Saint-Louis, and Cristallerie de Sèvres.\n", "Louis XIII is bottled in several sizes: Classic (700 ml or 750ml [USA]), Magnum (1.5L or 1.75L [USA]), Miniature (50ml), Jeroboam (3L), and Mathusalem (6L) formats.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Collectors editions.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Collectors editions.:Rare Cask 42.6.\n", "Rare Cask 42.6 is distinguished by its alcohol content at 42.6% ABV rather than the expected 40%.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Collectors editions.:Rare Cask 43.8.\n", "Rare Cask 43.8 was produced from a single cask with a higher alcohol content (43.8% ABV) than the other Louis XIII tierçons.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Collectors editions.:Black Pearl.\n", "Black Pearl was created as an homage to the origins of Louis XIII. The colour of the crystal was inspired by the original metal flask found at the site of the battle of Jarnac.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Collectors editions.:Black Pearl Anniversary Edition.\n", "Black Pearl Anniversary Edition was created to celebrate the 140th anniversary of the brand.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Collectors editions.:L’Odyssée d’un Roi.\n", "L’Odyssée d’un Roi was released as a collaboration with three French luxury houses, Hermès, Puiforcat, and Saint-Louis. Hermès created a bespoke leather trunk, Puiforcat forged a white gold serving pipette, and Saint-Louis hand-blew and engraved a unique version of the decanter with a map of Louis XIII’s journey around the world. Only three were made, and were auctioned by Sotheby’s in New York, Hong Kong, and London, with the proceeds benefitting The Film Foundation’s preservation efforts.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Collectors editions.:Time Collection – The Origin – 1874.\n", "The Origin is named in tribute to the original decanter created in 1874.\n", "Section::::Packaging.:Collectors editions.:The Legacy.\n", "The Legacy is a direct collaboration between four generations of cellar masters. Offered in Magnum format, each is individually signed by the four cellar masters.\n", "Section::::Media Projects.\n", "Section::::Media Projects.:Film (\"100 Years\").\n", "In November 2015, Louis XIII partnered with actor John Malkovich and director Robert Rodriguez to create a film entitled \"100 Years – The Movie You Will Never See,\" which will not be released until the year 2115, mirroring the 100 years it takes to create the final blend of Louis XIII cognac. The film highlights the uncertainty of the future and the variables that contribute to a single decanter of Louis XIII. The film is housed in a safe designed by Fichet-Bauche, kept at the Cellars of Louis XIII in Cognac, France, set to automatically open on 18 November 2115.\n", "Section::::Media Projects.:Song.\n", "In November 2017, Louis XIII partnered with Pharrell Williams to create \"100 Years – The Song We’ll Only Hear If We Care\" to be released in 2117. The song is a collaborative effort intended to draw attention to environmental issues and the unpredictability of the future. Pharrell’s track was recorded on a disc made out of clay from the chalky soil of Cognac, France, and played once for an audience of 100 in Shanghai, China. The disc was then locked in a specially designed Fichet-Bauche safe that protects it against everything except water from potential rising tides, which would dissolve the clay disc.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Louis XIII de Remy Martin" ] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3263322", "wikidata_label": "Louis XIII de Rémy Martin", "wikipedia_title": "Louis XIII (cognac)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Provadiya (river)\n", "The Provadiya (Провадийска река, \"Provadiyska reka\", takes its name from the town of Provadiya) and is a river in northeastern Bulgaria. It is 119 km long and has a drainage basin of 2,132 km². The river takes its source from close to the village of Dobri Voynikovo in Shumen Province, flowing southeast and then making a sharp turn northeast to empty into Lake Devnya at Devnya. It is part of the Black Sea drainage area, as Lake Devnya is connected to Lake Varna and it to the Black Sea.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "river in northeastern Bulgaria", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2983221", "wikidata_label": "Provadiya River", "wikipedia_title": "Provadiya (river)" }

{ "end": [ 124, 171, 240, 260, 42, 26, 33 ], "href": [ "Argentine%20War%20of%20Independence", "William%20Brown%20%28admiral%29", "Montevideo", "Uruguay", "Battle%20of%20Mart%C3%ADn%20Garc%C3%ADa%20%281814%29", "https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20070928195823/http%3A//www.nuestromar.org/noticia.php%3Ftp%3D29%26amp%3Bnt%3D6784%23prof", "https%3A//www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/batalla-naval-de-buceo-y-montevideo/" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 23, 25, 27 ], "start": [ 95, 158, 230, 253, 12, 12, 0 ], "text": [ "Argentine War of Independence", "William Brown", "Montevideo", "Uruguay", "Battle of Martín García (1814)", "nuestromar.org", "Batalla naval de Buceo/Montevideo" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Battle of Buceo\n", "The Battle of Buceo was a decisive naval battle which took place on 14–17 May 1814, during the Argentine War of Independence between an Argentine fleet under William Brown and a Spanish fleet under Admiral Sienna off the coast of Montevideo, in today's Uruguay.\n", "Section::::Outcome.\n", "Five Spanish ships were burned and two were captured on 17 May. The other surrendered later and 500 prisoners were taken. Argentine forces lost four men killed in action and one ship. William Brown was given the rank of admiral because of this victory.\n", "Section::::Ships involved.\n", "Section::::Ships involved.:Argentina (William Brown).\n", "\"Hercules\" 32 (flag) br\n", "\"Zephyr\" 18 (King)br\n", "\"Nancy\" 10 (Leech)br\n", "\"Julietta\" 7 (McDougald)br\n", "\"Belfast\" 18 (Oliver Russell)br\n", "\"Agreeable\" 16 (Lemare)br\n", "\"Trinidad\" 12 (Wack)\n", "Section::::Ships involved.:Spain (Sienna).\n", "\"Hyena\" 18 (flag)br\n", "\"Mercurio\" 32br\n", "\"Neptuno\" 28 - Captured by \"Belfast\" 16 Maybr\n", "\"Mercedes\" 20br\n", "\"Palomo\" 18 - Captured 16 Maybr\n", "\"San Jose\" 16 - Captured 16 Maybr\n", "\"Cisne\" 12br\n", "6 schooners\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Battle of Martín García (1814)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- nuestromar.org\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "Batalla naval de Buceo/Montevideo (spanish)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2890940", "wikidata_label": "Battle of Buceo", "wikipedia_title": "Battle of Buceo" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Immaculate Heart High School (Los Angeles)\n", "Immaculate Heart High School and Middle School is a private, Catholic, college preparatory day school for young women grades 6-12. The school is located in the Los Feliz neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, at the intersection of Franklin Avenue and Western Avenue. There are approximately 200 students in the middle school (grades 6–8) and over 550 in the high school (grades 9–12).\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The school is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles. It was founded by the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in 1906 as a girl's day and boarding school. Although the school remains on its original site, much of the original Spanish Mission style convent, classrooms and boarders' dormitories were torn down in 1973. The graduation ceremony for the senior class is traditionally held at the Hollywood Bowl. By far the majority of its more than 10,000 graduates have continued their education at colleges and universities across the country. They have served as artists, musicians, educators, journalists, doctors, lawyers, judges, and stars of stage and screen.\n", "Section::::Notable alumnae.\n", "BULLET::::- Lucie Arnaz, actress\n", "BULLET::::- Tyra Banks, model and TV personality, graduated in 1991\n", "BULLET::::- Elizabeth Baur, actress\n", "BULLET::::- Charlotte Caffey, musician\n", "BULLET::::- Pat Carroll, actress\n", "BULLET::::- Linda Dangcil, actress graduated in 1958\n", "BULLET::::- Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, actress and humanitarian, wife of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, graduated in 1999.\n", "BULLET::::- Mary Tyler Moore, actress\n", "BULLET::::- Ruth Nelson, actress\n", "BULLET::::- Diane Disney, daughter of Walt and Lillian Disney\n", "BULLET::::- Gigi Perreau, actress, graduated in 1960\n", "BULLET::::- Ione Skye, actress, freshman in 1985\n", "BULLET::::- Yara Shahidi, actress, freshman in 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Elliot Fletcher, actor and trans advocate\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Immaculate Heart College\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Immaculate Heart High School Website\n", "BULLET::::- Official Immaculate Heart Community Website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Immaculate Heart High School and Middle School" ] }, "description": "private, Catholic, college preparatory day school in Los Angeles", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q14682455", "wikidata_label": "Immaculate Heart High School", "wikipedia_title": "Immaculate Heart High School (Los Angeles)" }