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[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati, when he visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt." }, { "n_tokens": 79, "text": "His diary was published in 1879, in which was written:\nIn questo monastero ritrovai una quantità grandissima di codici membranacei... ve ne sono alcuni che mi sembravano anteriori al settimo secolo, ed in ispecie una Bibbia in membrane bellissime, assai grandi, sottili, e quadre, scritta in carattere rotondo e belissimo; conservano poi in chiesa un Evangelistario greco in caractere d'oro rotondo, che dovrebbe pur essere assai antico." }, { "n_tokens": 75, "text": "\n \nIn this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ... there are some which seemed to be written before the seventh century, and especially a Bible (made) of beautiful vellum, very large, thin and square parchments, written in round and very beautiful letters; moreover there are also in the church a Greek Evangelistarium in gold and round letters, it should be very old." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe \"Bible on beautiful vellum\" may be the Codex Sinaiticus, and the gold evangelistarium is likely Lectionary 300 on the Gregory-Aland list." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nGerman Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf wrote about his visit to the monastery in Reise in den Orient in 1846 (translated as Travels in the East in 1847), without mentioning the manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Later, in 1860, in his writings about the Sinaiticus discovery, Tischendorf wrote a narrative about the monastery and the manuscript that spanned from 1844 to 1859." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "He wrote that in 1844, during his first visit to the Saint Catherine's Monastery, he saw some leaves of parchment in a waste-basket." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They were \"rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery\", although this is firmly denied by the Monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "After examination he realized that they were part of the Septuagint, written in an early Greek uncial script." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He retrieved from the basket 129 leaves in Greek which he identified as coming from a manuscript of the Septuagint." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He asked if he might keep them, but at this point the attitude of the monks changed." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "They realized how valuable these old leaves were, and Tischendorf was permitted to take only one-third of the whole, i.e. 43 leaves." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "These leaves contained portions of 1 Chronicles, Jeremiah, Nehemiah, and Esther." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "After his return they were deposited in the Leipzig University Library, where they remain." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In 1846 Tischendorf published their contents, naming them the 'Codex Friderico-Augustanus' (in honor of Frederick Augustus and keeping secret the source of the leaves)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Other portions of the same codex remained in the monastery, containing all of Isaiah and 1 and 4 Maccabees." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nIn 1845, Archimandrite Porphyrius Uspensky (1804–1885), at that time head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and subsequently Bishop of Chigirin, visited the monastery and the codex was shown to him, together with leaves which Tischendorf had not seen." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In 1846, Captain C. K. MacDonald visited Mount Sinai, saw the codex, and bought two codices (495 and 496) from the monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nIn 1853, Tischendorf revisited the Saint Catherine's Monastery to get the remaining 86 folios, but without success." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Returning in 1859, this time under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, he was shown the Codex Sinaiticus." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "He would later claim to have found it discarded in a rubbish bin. (" }, { "n_tokens": 87, "text": "This story may have been a fabrication, or the manuscripts in question may have been unrelated to Codex Sinaiticus: Rev. J. Silvester Davies in 1863 quoted \"a monk of Sinai who... stated that according to the librarian of the monastery the whole of Codex Sinaiticus had been in the library for many years and was marked in the ancient catalogues... Is it likely... that a manuscript known in the library catalogue would have been jettisoned in the rubbish basket.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Indeed, it has been noted that the leaves were in \"suspiciously good condition\" for something found in the trash.)" }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Tischendorf had been sent to search for manuscripts by Russia's Tsar Alexander II, who was convinced there were still manuscripts to be found at the Sinai monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "The text" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Matthew 7:22 – It has additional word πολλα (numerous): \"and cast out numerous demons in your name?\"." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It is not supported by any other manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nMatthew 8:12 – It has ἐξελεύσονται (will go out) instead of ἐκβληθήσονται (will be thrown)." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "This variant is supported only by one Greek manuscript Uncial 0250, and by Codex Bobiensis, syrc, s, p, pal, arm, Diatessaron." }, { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "\nMatthew 13:54 – Ordinary reading εις την πατριδα αυτου (to his own country) changed into εις την αντιπατριδα αυτου (to his own Antipatris), and in Acts 8:5 εις την πολιν της Σαμαρειας replaced into εις την πολιν της Καισαριας." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "These two variants do not exist in any other manuscript, and it seems they were made by a scribe." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "According to T. C. Skeat they suggest Caesarea as a place in which the manuscript was made." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nMatthew 16:12 – It has textual variant της ζυμης των αρτων των Φαρισαιων και Σαδδουκαιων (leaven of bread of the Pharisees and Sadducees) supported only by Codex Corbeiensis I and Curetonian Gospels." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nLuke 1:26 – \"Nazareth\" is called \"a city of Judea\"." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nLuke 2:37 – εβδομηκοντα (seventy), all manuscripts have ογδοηκοντα (eighty);\nJohn 1:28 – The second corrector made unique textual variant Βηθαραβα." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "This textual variant has only codex 892, syrʰ and several other manuscripts." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nJohn 1:34 – It reads ὁ ἐκλεκτός (chosen one) together with the manuscripts ⁵, ¹⁰⁶, b, e, ff², syrᶜ, and syrˢ instead of ordinary word υἱος (son)." }, { "n_tokens": 76, "text": "\nJohn 2:3 – Where ordinarily reading \"And when they wanted wine\", or \"And when wine failed\", Codex Sinaiticus has \"And they had no wine, because the wine of the marriage feast was finished\" (supported by a and j);\nJohn 6:10 – It reads τρισχιλιοι (three thousands) for πεντακισχιλιοι (five thousands); the second corrector changed into πεντακισχιλιοι." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nActs 11:20 – It reads εὐαγγελιστας (Evangelists) instead of ἑλληνιστάς (Hellenists);\nIn Acts 14:9, the word \"not\" inserted before \"heard\"; in Hebr." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "2:4 \"harvests\" instead of \"distributions\"; in 1 Peter 5:13 word \"Babylon\" replaced into \"Church\"." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\n2 Timothy 4:10 – it reads Γαλλιαν (Gaul) for Γαλατιαν (Galatia) This reading of the codex is supported by Ephraemi Rescriptus, 81, 104, 326, 436." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati, when he visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt." }, { "n_tokens": 79, "text": "His diary was published in 1879, in which was written:\nIn questo monastero ritrovai una quantità grandissima di codici membranacei... ve ne sono alcuni che mi sembravano anteriori al settimo secolo, ed in ispecie una Bibbia in membrane bellissime, assai grandi, sottili, e quadre, scritta in carattere rotondo e belissimo; conservano poi in chiesa un Evangelistario greco in caractere d'oro rotondo, che dovrebbe pur essere assai antico." }, { "n_tokens": 75, "text": "\n \nIn this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ... there are some which seemed to be written before the seventh century, and especially a Bible (made) of beautiful vellum, very large, thin and square parchments, written in round and very beautiful letters; moreover there are also in the church a Greek Evangelistarium in gold and round letters, it should be very old." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe \"Bible on beautiful vellum\" may be the Codex Sinaiticus, and the gold evangelistarium is likely Lectionary 300 on the Gregory-Aland list." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nGerman Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf wrote about his visit to the monastery in Reise in den Orient in 1846 (translated as Travels in the East in 1847), without mentioning the manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Later, in 1860, in his writings about the Sinaiticus discovery, Tischendorf wrote a narrative about the monastery and the manuscript that spanned from 1844 to 1859." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "He wrote that in 1844, during his first visit to the Saint Catherine's Monastery, he saw some leaves of parchment in a waste-basket." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They were \"rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery\", although this is firmly denied by the Monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "After examination he realized that they were part of the Septuagint, written in an early Greek uncial script." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He retrieved from the basket 129 leaves in Greek which he identified as coming from a manuscript of the Septuagint." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He asked if he might keep them, but at this point the attitude of the monks changed." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "They realized how valuable these old leaves were, and Tischendorf was permitted to take only one-third of the whole, i.e. 43 leaves." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "These leaves contained portions of 1 Chronicles, Jeremiah, Nehemiah, and Esther." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "After his return they were deposited in the Leipzig University Library, where they remain." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In 1846 Tischendorf published their contents, naming them the 'Codex Friderico-Augustanus' (in honor of Frederick Augustus and keeping secret the source of the leaves)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Other portions of the same codex remained in the monastery, containing all of Isaiah and 1 and 4 Maccabees." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nIn 1845, Archimandrite Porphyrius Uspensky (1804–1885), at that time head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and subsequently Bishop of Chigirin, visited the monastery and the codex was shown to him, together with leaves which Tischendorf had not seen." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In 1846, Captain C. K. MacDonald visited Mount Sinai, saw the codex, and bought two codices (495 and 496) from the monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nIn 1853, Tischendorf revisited the Saint Catherine's Monastery to get the remaining 86 folios, but without success." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Returning in 1859, this time under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, he was shown the Codex Sinaiticus." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "He would later claim to have found it discarded in a rubbish bin. (" }, { "n_tokens": 87, "text": "This story may have been a fabrication, or the manuscripts in question may have been unrelated to Codex Sinaiticus: Rev. J. Silvester Davies in 1863 quoted \"a monk of Sinai who... stated that according to the librarian of the monastery the whole of Codex Sinaiticus had been in the library for many years and was marked in the ancient catalogues... Is it likely... that a manuscript known in the library catalogue would have been jettisoned in the rubbish basket.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Indeed, it has been noted that the leaves were in \"suspiciously good condition\" for something found in the trash.)" }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Tischendorf had been sent to search for manuscripts by Russia's Tsar Alexander II, who was convinced there were still manuscripts to be found at the Sinai monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "The text" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 66, "text": "The codex is now split into four unequal portions: 347 leaves in the British Library in London (199 of the Old Testament, 148 of the New Testament), 12 leaves and 14 fragments in the Saint Catherine's Monastery, 43 leaves in the Leipzig University Library, and fragments of 3 leaves in the Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nSaint Catherine's Monastery still maintains the importance of a letter, handwritten in 1844 with an original signature of Tischendorf confirming that he borrowed those leaves." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "However, recently published documents, including a deed of gift dated 11 September 1868 and signed by Archbishop Kallistratos and the monks of the monastery, indicate that the manuscript was acquired entirely legitimately." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "This deed, which agrees with a report by Kurt Aland on the matter, has now been published." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Unfortunately this development is not widely known in the English-speaking world, as only German- and Russian-language media reported on it in 2009." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "Doubts as to the legality of the gift arose because when Tischendorf originally removed the manuscript from Saint Catherine's Monastery in September 1859, the monastery was without an archbishop, so that even though the intention to present the manuscript to the Tsar had been expressed, no legal gift could be made at the time." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "Resolution of the matter was delayed through the turbulent reign of Archbishop Cyril (consecrated 7 December 1859, deposed 24 August 1866), and the situation only formalised after the restoration of peace." }, { "n_tokens": 105, "text": "\nSkeat in his article \"The Last Chapter in the History of the Codex Sinaiticus\" concluded in this way:\nThis is not the place to pass judgements, but perhaps I may say that, as it seems to me, both the monks and Tischendorf deserve our deepest gratitude, Tischendorf for having alerted the monks to the importance of the manuscript, and the monks for having undertaken the daunting task of searching through the vast mass of material with such spectacular results, and then doing everything in their power to safeguard the manuscript against further loss." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "If we accept the statement of Uspensky, that he saw the codex in 1845, the monks must have worked very hard to complete their search and bind up the results in so short a period." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati, when he visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt." }, { "n_tokens": 79, "text": "His diary was published in 1879, in which was written:\nIn questo monastero ritrovai una quantità grandissima di codici membranacei... ve ne sono alcuni che mi sembravano anteriori al settimo secolo, ed in ispecie una Bibbia in membrane bellissime, assai grandi, sottili, e quadre, scritta in carattere rotondo e belissimo; conservano poi in chiesa un Evangelistario greco in caractere d'oro rotondo, che dovrebbe pur essere assai antico." }, { "n_tokens": 75, "text": "\n \nIn this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ... there are some which seemed to be written before the seventh century, and especially a Bible (made) of beautiful vellum, very large, thin and square parchments, written in round and very beautiful letters; moreover there are also in the church a Greek Evangelistarium in gold and round letters, it should be very old." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe \"Bible on beautiful vellum\" may be the Codex Sinaiticus, and the gold evangelistarium is likely Lectionary 300 on the Gregory-Aland list." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nGerman Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf wrote about his visit to the monastery in Reise in den Orient in 1846 (translated as Travels in the East in 1847), without mentioning the manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Later, in 1860, in his writings about the Sinaiticus discovery, Tischendorf wrote a narrative about the monastery and the manuscript that spanned from 1844 to 1859." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "He wrote that in 1844, during his first visit to the Saint Catherine's Monastery, he saw some leaves of parchment in a waste-basket." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They were \"rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery\", although this is firmly denied by the Monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "After examination he realized that they were part of the Septuagint, written in an early Greek uncial script." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He retrieved from the basket 129 leaves in Greek which he identified as coming from a manuscript of the Septuagint." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He asked if he might keep them, but at this point the attitude of the monks changed." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "They realized how valuable these old leaves were, and Tischendorf was permitted to take only one-third of the whole, i.e. 43 leaves." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "These leaves contained portions of 1 Chronicles, Jeremiah, Nehemiah, and Esther." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "After his return they were deposited in the Leipzig University Library, where they remain." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In 1846 Tischendorf published their contents, naming them the 'Codex Friderico-Augustanus' (in honor of Frederick Augustus and keeping secret the source of the leaves)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Other portions of the same codex remained in the monastery, containing all of Isaiah and 1 and 4 Maccabees." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nIn 1845, Archimandrite Porphyrius Uspensky (1804–1885), at that time head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and subsequently Bishop of Chigirin, visited the monastery and the codex was shown to him, together with leaves which Tischendorf had not seen." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In 1846, Captain C. K. MacDonald visited Mount Sinai, saw the codex, and bought two codices (495 and 496) from the monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nIn 1853, Tischendorf revisited the Saint Catherine's Monastery to get the remaining 86 folios, but without success." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Returning in 1859, this time under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, he was shown the Codex Sinaiticus." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "He would later claim to have found it discarded in a rubbish bin. (" }, { "n_tokens": 87, "text": "This story may have been a fabrication, or the manuscripts in question may have been unrelated to Codex Sinaiticus: Rev. J. Silvester Davies in 1863 quoted \"a monk of Sinai who... stated that according to the librarian of the monastery the whole of Codex Sinaiticus had been in the library for many years and was marked in the ancient catalogues... Is it likely... that a manuscript known in the library catalogue would have been jettisoned in the rubbish basket.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Indeed, it has been noted that the leaves were in \"suspiciously good condition\" for something found in the trash.)" }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Tischendorf had been sent to search for manuscripts by Russia's Tsar Alexander II, who was convinced there were still manuscripts to be found at the Sinai monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "The text" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "The text of the Old Testament contains the following passages:\nGenesis 23:19 – Genesis 24:46 – fragments\nLeviticus 20:27 – Leviticus 22:30\nNumbers 5:26–Numbers 7:20 – fragments\n1 Chronicles 9:27–1 Chronicles 19:17\nEzra–Nehemiah (from Esdr." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "9:9)." }, { "n_tokens": 143, "text": "\nBook of Psalms–Wisdom of Sirach\nBook of Esther\nBook of Tobit\nBook of Judith\nBook of Joel–Book of Malachi\nBook of Isaiah\nBook of Jeremiah\nBook of Lamentations\n1 Maccabees–4 Maccabees\nThe text of the New Testament lacks several passages:\nOmitted verses\nGospel of Matthew 12:47, 16:2b-3, 17:21, 18:11, 23:14, 24:35;\nGospel of Mark 1:33, 7:16, 9:44, 9:46, 10:36, 11:26, 15:28, 16:9–20 (Long ending of the Gospel Mark, referring to the appearance of Jesus to many people following the resurrection)\nGospel of Luke 10:32 (Likely omitted due to haplography resulting from homeoteleuton; the verse was added by a later corrector in lower margin.)," }, { "n_tokens": 98, "text": "17:36\nGospel of John 5:4, Pericope adulterae (7:53–8:11) (see Image \"John 7:53–8:11\"), 16:15, 19:20, 20:5b-6, 21:25\nActs of the Apostles 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29;\nEpistle to the Romans 16:24\nOmitted phrases\nMatthew 5:44 εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς, καλῶς ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοῦσιν ὑμᾶς (bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you);\nMatthew 6:13 – ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "ἀμήν (For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Amen.)" }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "omitted." }, { "n_tokens": 112, "text": "\nMatthew 10:39a – ο ευρων την ψυχην αυτου απολεσει αυτην, και (Ηe who finds his life will lose it, and);\nMatthew 15:6 – η την μητερα (αυτου) (or (his) mother);\nMatthew 20:23 και το βαπτισμα ο εγω βαπτιζομαι βαπτισθησεσθε (and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with)\nMatthew 23:35 – υιου βαραχιου (son of Barachi'ah) omitted; this omission is supported only by codex 59 (by the first hand), three Evangelistaria (ℓ 6, ℓ 13, and ℓ 185), and Eusebius." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nMark 1:1 – υιου θεου \"the Son of God\" omitted." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMark 10:7 – omitted και προσκολληθησεται προς την γυναικα αυτου (and be joined to his wife), as in codices Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, Codex Athous Lavrensis, 892, ℓ 48, syrˢ, goth." }, { "n_tokens": 193, "text": "\nLuke 9:55b-56a – καὶ εἶπεν, Οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματος ἐστὲ ὑμεῖς; ὁ γὰρ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἦλθεν ψυχὰς ἀνθρώπων ἀπολέσαι ἀλλὰ σῶσαι (and He said: \"You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives but to save them) omitted as in codices: P⁴⁵, P⁷⁵, B, C, L, Θ, Ξ, 33, 700, 892, 1241, syr, copᵇᵒ;\nJohn 4:9 – ου γαρ συνχρωνται Ιουδαιοι Σαμαριταις (Jews have no dealings with Samaritans), it is one of so-called Western non-interpolations; omission is supported by D, a, b, d, e, j, copᶠᵃʸ, it was supplemented by the first corrector (before leaving scriptorium);\nSome passages were excluded by the correctors:\nMatthew 24:36 – phrase ουδε ο υιος (nor the Son) the first corrector marked as doubtful, but the second corrector (b) removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nMark 10:40 ητοιμασται υπο του πατρος μου (instead of ητοιμασται) – the first corrector marked \"υπο του πατρος μου\" as doubtful, but the second corrector removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nIn Luke 11:4 ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ (but deliver us from evil) included by the original scribe, marked by the first corrector (a) as doubtful, but the third corrector (c) removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nChrist's agony at Gethsemane (Luke 22:43–44) – included by the original scribe, marked by the first corrector as doubtful, but the third corrector (c) removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "\nLuke 23:34a, \"Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do\" – it was included by the first scribe, marked by the first corrector as doubtful, but a third corrector removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThese omissions are typical for the Alexandrian text-type." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller, Vitaliano Donati, when he visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt." }, { "n_tokens": 79, "text": "His diary was published in 1879, in which was written:\nIn questo monastero ritrovai una quantità grandissima di codici membranacei... ve ne sono alcuni che mi sembravano anteriori al settimo secolo, ed in ispecie una Bibbia in membrane bellissime, assai grandi, sottili, e quadre, scritta in carattere rotondo e belissimo; conservano poi in chiesa un Evangelistario greco in caractere d'oro rotondo, che dovrebbe pur essere assai antico." }, { "n_tokens": 75, "text": "\n \nIn this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ... there are some which seemed to be written before the seventh century, and especially a Bible (made) of beautiful vellum, very large, thin and square parchments, written in round and very beautiful letters; moreover there are also in the church a Greek Evangelistarium in gold and round letters, it should be very old." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nThe \"Bible on beautiful vellum\" may be the Codex Sinaiticus, and the gold evangelistarium is likely Lectionary 300 on the Gregory-Aland list." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nGerman Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf wrote about his visit to the monastery in Reise in den Orient in 1846 (translated as Travels in the East in 1847), without mentioning the manuscript." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Later, in 1860, in his writings about the Sinaiticus discovery, Tischendorf wrote a narrative about the monastery and the manuscript that spanned from 1844 to 1859." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "He wrote that in 1844, during his first visit to the Saint Catherine's Monastery, he saw some leaves of parchment in a waste-basket." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "They were \"rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery\", although this is firmly denied by the Monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "After examination he realized that they were part of the Septuagint, written in an early Greek uncial script." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "He retrieved from the basket 129 leaves in Greek which he identified as coming from a manuscript of the Septuagint." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He asked if he might keep them, but at this point the attitude of the monks changed." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "They realized how valuable these old leaves were, and Tischendorf was permitted to take only one-third of the whole, i.e. 43 leaves." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "These leaves contained portions of 1 Chronicles, Jeremiah, Nehemiah, and Esther." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "After his return they were deposited in the Leipzig University Library, where they remain." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "In 1846 Tischendorf published their contents, naming them the 'Codex Friderico-Augustanus' (in honor of Frederick Augustus and keeping secret the source of the leaves)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Other portions of the same codex remained in the monastery, containing all of Isaiah and 1 and 4 Maccabees." }, { "n_tokens": 48, "text": "\nIn 1845, Archimandrite Porphyrius Uspensky (1804–1885), at that time head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and subsequently Bishop of Chigirin, visited the monastery and the codex was shown to him, together with leaves which Tischendorf had not seen." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In 1846, Captain C. K. MacDonald visited Mount Sinai, saw the codex, and bought two codices (495 and 496) from the monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nIn 1853, Tischendorf revisited the Saint Catherine's Monastery to get the remaining 86 folios, but without success." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Returning in 1859, this time under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, he was shown the Codex Sinaiticus." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "He would later claim to have found it discarded in a rubbish bin. (" }, { "n_tokens": 87, "text": "This story may have been a fabrication, or the manuscripts in question may have been unrelated to Codex Sinaiticus: Rev. J. Silvester Davies in 1863 quoted \"a monk of Sinai who... stated that according to the librarian of the monastery the whole of Codex Sinaiticus had been in the library for many years and was marked in the ancient catalogues... Is it likely... that a manuscript known in the library catalogue would have been jettisoned in the rubbish basket.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Indeed, it has been noted that the leaves were in \"suspiciously good condition\" for something found in the trash.)" }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Tischendorf had been sent to search for manuscripts by Russia's Tsar Alexander II, who was convinced there were still manuscripts to be found at the Sinai monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "The text" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "The text of the Old Testament contains the following passages:\nGenesis 23:19 – Genesis 24:46 – fragments\nLeviticus 20:27 – Leviticus 22:30\nNumbers 5:26–Numbers 7:20 – fragments\n1 Chronicles 9:27–1 Chronicles 19:17\nEzra–Nehemiah (from Esdr." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "9:9)." }, { "n_tokens": 143, "text": "\nBook of Psalms–Wisdom of Sirach\nBook of Esther\nBook of Tobit\nBook of Judith\nBook of Joel–Book of Malachi\nBook of Isaiah\nBook of Jeremiah\nBook of Lamentations\n1 Maccabees–4 Maccabees\nThe text of the New Testament lacks several passages:\nOmitted verses\nGospel of Matthew 12:47, 16:2b-3, 17:21, 18:11, 23:14, 24:35;\nGospel of Mark 1:33, 7:16, 9:44, 9:46, 10:36, 11:26, 15:28, 16:9–20 (Long ending of the Gospel Mark, referring to the appearance of Jesus to many people following the resurrection)\nGospel of Luke 10:32 (Likely omitted due to haplography resulting from homeoteleuton; the verse was added by a later corrector in lower margin.)," }, { "n_tokens": 98, "text": "17:36\nGospel of John 5:4, Pericope adulterae (7:53–8:11) (see Image \"John 7:53–8:11\"), 16:15, 19:20, 20:5b-6, 21:25\nActs of the Apostles 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29;\nEpistle to the Romans 16:24\nOmitted phrases\nMatthew 5:44 εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς, καλῶς ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοῦσιν ὑμᾶς (bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you);\nMatthew 6:13 – ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "ἀμήν (For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever." }, { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Amen.)" }, { "n_tokens": 2, "text": "omitted." }, { "n_tokens": 112, "text": "\nMatthew 10:39a – ο ευρων την ψυχην αυτου απολεσει αυτην, και (Ηe who finds his life will lose it, and);\nMatthew 15:6 – η την μητερα (αυτου) (or (his) mother);\nMatthew 20:23 και το βαπτισμα ο εγω βαπτιζομαι βαπτισθησεσθε (and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with)\nMatthew 23:35 – υιου βαραχιου (son of Barachi'ah) omitted; this omission is supported only by codex 59 (by the first hand), three Evangelistaria (ℓ 6, ℓ 13, and ℓ 185), and Eusebius." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nMark 1:1 – υιου θεου \"the Son of God\" omitted." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMark 10:7 – omitted και προσκολληθησεται προς την γυναικα αυτου (and be joined to his wife), as in codices Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, Codex Athous Lavrensis, 892, ℓ 48, syrˢ, goth." }, { "n_tokens": 193, "text": "\nLuke 9:55b-56a – καὶ εἶπεν, Οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματος ἐστὲ ὑμεῖς; ὁ γὰρ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἦλθεν ψυχὰς ἀνθρώπων ἀπολέσαι ἀλλὰ σῶσαι (and He said: \"You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives but to save them) omitted as in codices: P⁴⁵, P⁷⁵, B, C, L, Θ, Ξ, 33, 700, 892, 1241, syr, copᵇᵒ;\nJohn 4:9 – ου γαρ συνχρωνται Ιουδαιοι Σαμαριταις (Jews have no dealings with Samaritans), it is one of so-called Western non-interpolations; omission is supported by D, a, b, d, e, j, copᶠᵃʸ, it was supplemented by the first corrector (before leaving scriptorium);\nSome passages were excluded by the correctors:\nMatthew 24:36 – phrase ουδε ο υιος (nor the Son) the first corrector marked as doubtful, but the second corrector (b) removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nMark 10:40 ητοιμασται υπο του πατρος μου (instead of ητοιμασται) – the first corrector marked \"υπο του πατρος μου\" as doubtful, but the second corrector removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nIn Luke 11:4 ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ (but deliver us from evil) included by the original scribe, marked by the first corrector (a) as doubtful, but the third corrector (c) removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nChrist's agony at Gethsemane (Luke 22:43–44) – included by the original scribe, marked by the first corrector as doubtful, but the third corrector (c) removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 47, "text": "\nLuke 23:34a, \"Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do\" – it was included by the first scribe, marked by the first corrector as doubtful, but a third corrector removed the mark." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nThese omissions are typical for the Alexandrian text-type." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "As of the present days, the house is surrounded with coconut and poultry which are used as sources of income for the maintenance of the house according to Raul \"Jojo\" Pelaez-Soriano, 4th generation descendant of Gregorio Pelaez, Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He also said that some of the antique items were transferred to Manila for safekeeping and for exhibits purposes." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Old photos were also transferred to Mapawa, Cugman, Cagayan de Oro where one of the houses owned by the Pelaez is built." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOther sources of income for the house maintenance are also from some of the properties of the Pelaez which are the Duka Bay Resort and Alibuag Spring which is both located in the locality of Medina." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "As of the present days, the house is surrounded with coconut and poultry which are used as sources of income for the maintenance of the house according to Raul \"Jojo\" Pelaez-Soriano, 4th generation descendant of Gregorio Pelaez, Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He also said that some of the antique items were transferred to Manila for safekeeping and for exhibits purposes." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Old photos were also transferred to Mapawa, Cugman, Cagayan de Oro where one of the houses owned by the Pelaez is built." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOther sources of income for the house maintenance are also from some of the properties of the Pelaez which are the Duka Bay Resort and Alibuag Spring which is both located in the locality of Medina." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The house is inspired by a Beaux Art architectural design due to its very well defined decorative articulation in its pilasters." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The graceful proportion and tasteful details contribute to the quality aesthetics of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The second floor has the traditional sliding capi2 windows with balustraded ventanillas." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Above the windows is a series of transoms with traceries." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The design is basically square in plan, broken only by the central portion of the facade on the second floor which juts out over the main entry." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nThe house has 2 floors." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It also has a very spacious surroundings evidenced by the coconuts, poultry and a grotto of Mother Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Perhaps, the spacious area indicates how wealthy and prominent the Pelaez are." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nHuge and rigid support pillars can be found at the ground floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "They provide strong structural support to the second floor." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Notable enough, the tiles used on the flooring gives an elegant view and one can imagine how marvelous could the view be in its early years." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "But as of the present, some tiles are no longer in good shape." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The pillars on the second floor are said to be made of \"Iron-Wood\"." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nThere are 2 staircases made of a so-called \"Balayong\" materials that a person will encounter as he enters the second floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In totality, there are 3 staircases in the house." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Aside from those mentioned, there is one staircase that can be found at the back of the house which, apparently, is in a bad condition already." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "After climbing up the sturdy and elegant 2 staircases, a person is welcomed with a shiny wooden floor which has a repetitive pattern of brown and dark brown." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Then, as you continue your step and as you raise your head upward, one will find himself in awe of the elegant heirlooms left by the forefathers of the Pelaez kin." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThough some of the photos no longer resides in the house, there are still some photos that remained." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "These photos are displayed in one corner of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Photos of Don Gregorio Pelaez Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "solo and with his second wife Felipa Neri Pelaez in 1907, 1936 and 1957 during their 50th anniversary can be found preserved." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "One photo also displays the mother of Felipa, Concepcion V. Fortich." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "There is also one photo of the whole Pelaez kin during a gathering of the birthday anniversary of Don Gregorio Pelaez in year 1965." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Of course, there is also a photo of the late vice president, Emmanuel N. Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Other photos that are being hung on the wall include certificates of recognition from various award-giving body who recognized the great contributions of the Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nSome antique items also remained inside the house." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "For instance, there are these wooden chairs and tables in the dining area." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "There is also a metallic table and chairs along with dining-ware composed of porcelain and glass plates, cups, saucers, teapots and other containers for condiments." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nOne can also appreciate how devoted the Pelaez are in their catholic faith as evidenced by an antique item being displayed by religious relics." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Below it is a comfortable platform where a person kneel in solemn prayer." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nBronze metallic containers and plates with intricate details can also be seen being displayed in the \"sala\" (living room) of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "One beautiful antique item that can also be found in the sala is this chest or also known in Filipino as \"baul\" that is artistically carved with a somewhat an abstract design." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The wooden and metallic elements of the sala are as well as antique as the house itself." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The only parts that were changed are the bench's and chair's foams and covers." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nVisible on top of every door and on the uppermost corner of every wall of the sala is one thing that gives the inner part of the house a grandiose feeling." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "This is said to be a Japanese inspired carving designs which speak and/or symbolize a meaning." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The sala is also illuminated at night by a round shape white object that contains a light bulb inside." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nThe house has a total of 8 rooms." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "2 of these rooms are dedicated for house guests and a single room for the caretakers." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The rest of the rooms are reserved for the members of the Pelaez clan who wish to" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The house is inspired by a Beaux Art architectural design due to its very well defined decorative articulation in its pilasters." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The graceful proportion and tasteful details contribute to the quality aesthetics of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The second floor has the traditional sliding capi2 windows with balustraded ventanillas." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Above the windows is a series of transoms with traceries." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The design is basically square in plan, broken only by the central portion of the facade on the second floor which juts out over the main entry." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nThe house has 2 floors." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It also has a very spacious surroundings evidenced by the coconuts, poultry and a grotto of Mother Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Perhaps, the spacious area indicates how wealthy and prominent the Pelaez are." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nHuge and rigid support pillars can be found at the ground floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "They provide strong structural support to the second floor." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Notable enough, the tiles used on the flooring gives an elegant view and one can imagine how marvelous could the view be in its early years." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "But as of the present, some tiles are no longer in good shape." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The pillars on the second floor are said to be made of \"Iron-Wood\"." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nThere are 2 staircases made of a so-called \"Balayong\" materials that a person will encounter as he enters the second floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In totality, there are 3 staircases in the house." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Aside from those mentioned, there is one staircase that can be found at the back of the house which, apparently, is in a bad condition already." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "After climbing up the sturdy and elegant 2 staircases, a person is welcomed with a shiny wooden floor which has a repetitive pattern of brown and dark brown." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Then, as you continue your step and as you raise your head upward, one will find himself in awe of the elegant heirlooms left by the forefathers of the Pelaez kin." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThough some of the photos no longer resides in the house, there are still some photos that remained." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "These photos are displayed in one corner of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Photos of Don Gregorio Pelaez Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "solo and with his second wife Felipa Neri Pelaez in 1907, 1936 and 1957 during their 50th anniversary can be found preserved." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "One photo also displays the mother of Felipa, Concepcion V. Fortich." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "There is also one photo of the whole Pelaez kin during a gathering of the birthday anniversary of Don Gregorio Pelaez in year 1965." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Of course, there is also a photo of the late vice president, Emmanuel N. Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Other photos that are being hung on the wall include certificates of recognition from various award-giving body who recognized the great contributions of the Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nSome antique items also remained inside the house." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "For instance, there are these wooden chairs and tables in the dining area." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "There is also a metallic table and chairs along with dining-ware composed of porcelain and glass plates, cups, saucers, teapots and other containers for condiments." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nOne can also appreciate how devoted the Pelaez are in their catholic faith as evidenced by an antique item being displayed by religious relics." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Below it is a comfortable platform where a person kneel in solemn prayer." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nBronze metallic containers and plates with intricate details can also be seen being displayed in the \"sala\" (living room) of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "One beautiful antique item that can also be found in the sala is this chest or also known in Filipino as \"baul\" that is artistically carved with a somewhat an abstract design." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The wooden and metallic elements of the sala are as well as antique as the house itself." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The only parts that were changed are the bench's and chair's foams and covers." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nVisible on top of every door and on the uppermost corner of every wall of the sala is one thing that gives the inner part of the house a grandiose feeling." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "This is said to be a Japanese inspired carving designs which speak and/or symbolize a meaning." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The sala is also illuminated at night by a round shape white object that contains a light bulb inside." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nThe house has a total of 8 rooms." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "2 of these rooms are dedicated for house guests and a single room for the caretakers." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The rest of the rooms are reserved for the members of the Pelaez clan who wish to" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "As of the present days, the house is surrounded with coconut and poultry which are used as sources of income for the maintenance of the house according to Raul \"Jojo\" Pelaez-Soriano, 4th generation descendant of Gregorio Pelaez, Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He also said that some of the antique items were transferred to Manila for safekeeping and for exhibits purposes." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Old photos were also transferred to Mapawa, Cugman, Cagayan de Oro where one of the houses owned by the Pelaez is built." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOther sources of income for the house maintenance are also from some of the properties of the Pelaez which are the Duka Bay Resort and Alibuag Spring which is both located in the locality of Medina." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "As of the present days, the house is surrounded with coconut and poultry which are used as sources of income for the maintenance of the house according to Raul \"Jojo\" Pelaez-Soriano, 4th generation descendant of Gregorio Pelaez, Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He also said that some of the antique items were transferred to Manila for safekeeping and for exhibits purposes." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Old photos were also transferred to Mapawa, Cugman, Cagayan de Oro where one of the houses owned by the Pelaez is built." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOther sources of income for the house maintenance are also from some of the properties of the Pelaez which are the Duka Bay Resort and Alibuag Spring which is both located in the locality of Medina." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 46, "text": "As of the present days, the house is surrounded with coconut and poultry which are used as sources of income for the maintenance of the house according to Raul \"Jojo\" Pelaez-Soriano, 4th generation descendant of Gregorio Pelaez, Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He also said that some of the antique items were transferred to Manila for safekeeping and for exhibits purposes." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Old photos were also transferred to Mapawa, Cugman, Cagayan de Oro where one of the houses owned by the Pelaez is built." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nOther sources of income for the house maintenance are also from some of the properties of the Pelaez which are the Duka Bay Resort and Alibuag Spring which is both located in the locality of Medina." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The house is inspired by a Beaux Art architectural design due to its very well defined decorative articulation in its pilasters." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The graceful proportion and tasteful details contribute to the quality aesthetics of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The second floor has the traditional sliding capi2 windows with balustraded ventanillas." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Above the windows is a series of transoms with traceries." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The design is basically square in plan, broken only by the central portion of the facade on the second floor which juts out over the main entry." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nThe house has 2 floors." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It also has a very spacious surroundings evidenced by the coconuts, poultry and a grotto of Mother Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Perhaps, the spacious area indicates how wealthy and prominent the Pelaez are." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nHuge and rigid support pillars can be found at the ground floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "They provide strong structural support to the second floor." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Notable enough, the tiles used on the flooring gives an elegant view and one can imagine how marvelous could the view be in its early years." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "But as of the present, some tiles are no longer in good shape." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The pillars on the second floor are said to be made of \"Iron-Wood\"." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nThere are 2 staircases made of a so-called \"Balayong\" materials that a person will encounter as he enters the second floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In totality, there are 3 staircases in the house." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Aside from those mentioned, there is one staircase that can be found at the back of the house which, apparently, is in a bad condition already." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "After climbing up the sturdy and elegant 2 staircases, a person is welcomed with a shiny wooden floor which has a repetitive pattern of brown and dark brown." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Then, as you continue your step and as you raise your head upward, one will find himself in awe of the elegant heirlooms left by the forefathers of the Pelaez kin." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThough some of the photos no longer resides in the house, there are still some photos that remained." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "These photos are displayed in one corner of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Photos of Don Gregorio Pelaez Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "solo and with his second wife Felipa Neri Pelaez in 1907, 1936 and 1957 during their 50th anniversary can be found preserved." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "One photo also displays the mother of Felipa, Concepcion V. Fortich." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "There is also one photo of the whole Pelaez kin during a gathering of the birthday anniversary of Don Gregorio Pelaez in year 1965." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Of course, there is also a photo of the late vice president, Emmanuel N. Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Other photos that are being hung on the wall include certificates of recognition from various award-giving body who recognized the great contributions of the Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nSome antique items also remained inside the house." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "For instance, there are these wooden chairs and tables in the dining area." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "There is also a metallic table and chairs along with dining-ware composed of porcelain and glass plates, cups, saucers, teapots and other containers for condiments." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nOne can also appreciate how devoted the Pelaez are in their catholic faith as evidenced by an antique item being displayed by religious relics." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Below it is a comfortable platform where a person kneel in solemn prayer." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nBronze metallic containers and plates with intricate details can also be seen being displayed in the \"sala\" (living room) of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "One beautiful antique item that can also be found in the sala is this chest or also known in Filipino as \"baul\" that is artistically carved with a somewhat an abstract design." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The wooden and metallic elements of the sala are as well as antique as the house itself." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The only parts that were changed are the bench's and chair's foams and covers." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nVisible on top of every door and on the uppermost corner of every wall of the sala is one thing that gives the inner part of the house a grandiose feeling." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "This is said to be a Japanese inspired carving designs which speak and/or symbolize a meaning." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The sala is also illuminated at night by a round shape white object that contains a light bulb inside." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nThe house has a total of 8 rooms." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "2 of these rooms are dedicated for house guests and a single room for the caretakers." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The rest of the rooms are reserved for the members of the Pelaez clan who wish to" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The house is inspired by a Beaux Art architectural design due to its very well defined decorative articulation in its pilasters." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The graceful proportion and tasteful details contribute to the quality aesthetics of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The second floor has the traditional sliding capi2 windows with balustraded ventanillas." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Above the windows is a series of transoms with traceries." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The design is basically square in plan, broken only by the central portion of the facade on the second floor which juts out over the main entry." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nThe house has 2 floors." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It also has a very spacious surroundings evidenced by the coconuts, poultry and a grotto of Mother Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Perhaps, the spacious area indicates how wealthy and prominent the Pelaez are." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nHuge and rigid support pillars can be found at the ground floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "They provide strong structural support to the second floor." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Notable enough, the tiles used on the flooring gives an elegant view and one can imagine how marvelous could the view be in its early years." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "But as of the present, some tiles are no longer in good shape." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The pillars on the second floor are said to be made of \"Iron-Wood\"." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nThere are 2 staircases made of a so-called \"Balayong\" materials that a person will encounter as he enters the second floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In totality, there are 3 staircases in the house." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Aside from those mentioned, there is one staircase that can be found at the back of the house which, apparently, is in a bad condition already." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "After climbing up the sturdy and elegant 2 staircases, a person is welcomed with a shiny wooden floor which has a repetitive pattern of brown and dark brown." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Then, as you continue your step and as you raise your head upward, one will find himself in awe of the elegant heirlooms left by the forefathers of the Pelaez kin." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThough some of the photos no longer resides in the house, there are still some photos that remained." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "These photos are displayed in one corner of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Photos of Don Gregorio Pelaez Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "solo and with his second wife Felipa Neri Pelaez in 1907, 1936 and 1957 during their 50th anniversary can be found preserved." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "One photo also displays the mother of Felipa, Concepcion V. Fortich." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "There is also one photo of the whole Pelaez kin during a gathering of the birthday anniversary of Don Gregorio Pelaez in year 1965." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Of course, there is also a photo of the late vice president, Emmanuel N. Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Other photos that are being hung on the wall include certificates of recognition from various award-giving body who recognized the great contributions of the Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nSome antique items also remained inside the house." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "For instance, there are these wooden chairs and tables in the dining area." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "There is also a metallic table and chairs along with dining-ware composed of porcelain and glass plates, cups, saucers, teapots and other containers for condiments." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nOne can also appreciate how devoted the Pelaez are in their catholic faith as evidenced by an antique item being displayed by religious relics." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Below it is a comfortable platform where a person kneel in solemn prayer." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nBronze metallic containers and plates with intricate details can also be seen being displayed in the \"sala\" (living room) of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "One beautiful antique item that can also be found in the sala is this chest or also known in Filipino as \"baul\" that is artistically carved with a somewhat an abstract design." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The wooden and metallic elements of the sala are as well as antique as the house itself." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The only parts that were changed are the bench's and chair's foams and covers." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nVisible on top of every door and on the uppermost corner of every wall of the sala is one thing that gives the inner part of the house a grandiose feeling." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "This is said to be a Japanese inspired carving designs which speak and/or symbolize a meaning." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The sala is also illuminated at night by a round shape white object that contains a light bulb inside." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nThe house has a total of 8 rooms." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "2 of these rooms are dedicated for house guests and a single room for the caretakers." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The rest of the rooms are reserved for the members of the Pelaez clan who wish to" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The house is inspired by a Beaux Art architectural design due to its very well defined decorative articulation in its pilasters." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The graceful proportion and tasteful details contribute to the quality aesthetics of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The second floor has the traditional sliding capi2 windows with balustraded ventanillas." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Above the windows is a series of transoms with traceries." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The design is basically square in plan, broken only by the central portion of the facade on the second floor which juts out over the main entry." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nThe house has 2 floors." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It also has a very spacious surroundings evidenced by the coconuts, poultry and a grotto of Mother Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Perhaps, the spacious area indicates how wealthy and prominent the Pelaez are." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nHuge and rigid support pillars can be found at the ground floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "They provide strong structural support to the second floor." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Notable enough, the tiles used on the flooring gives an elegant view and one can imagine how marvelous could the view be in its early years." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "But as of the present, some tiles are no longer in good shape." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The pillars on the second floor are said to be made of \"Iron-Wood\"." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nThere are 2 staircases made of a so-called \"Balayong\" materials that a person will encounter as he enters the second floor of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "In totality, there are 3 staircases in the house." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Aside from those mentioned, there is one staircase that can be found at the back of the house which, apparently, is in a bad condition already." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "After climbing up the sturdy and elegant 2 staircases, a person is welcomed with a shiny wooden floor which has a repetitive pattern of brown and dark brown." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "Then, as you continue your step and as you raise your head upward, one will find himself in awe of the elegant heirlooms left by the forefathers of the Pelaez kin." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nThough some of the photos no longer resides in the house, there are still some photos that remained." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "These photos are displayed in one corner of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "Photos of Don Gregorio Pelaez Sr." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "solo and with his second wife Felipa Neri Pelaez in 1907, 1936 and 1957 during their 50th anniversary can be found preserved." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "One photo also displays the mother of Felipa, Concepcion V. Fortich." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "There is also one photo of the whole Pelaez kin during a gathering of the birthday anniversary of Don Gregorio Pelaez in year 1965." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Of course, there is also a photo of the late vice president, Emmanuel N. Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Other photos that are being hung on the wall include certificates of recognition from various award-giving body who recognized the great contributions of the Pelaez." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nSome antique items also remained inside the house." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "For instance, there are these wooden chairs and tables in the dining area." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "There is also a metallic table and chairs along with dining-ware composed of porcelain and glass plates, cups, saucers, teapots and other containers for condiments." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nOne can also appreciate how devoted the Pelaez are in their catholic faith as evidenced by an antique item being displayed by religious relics." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Below it is a comfortable platform where a person kneel in solemn prayer." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nBronze metallic containers and plates with intricate details can also be seen being displayed in the \"sala\" (living room) of the house." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "One beautiful antique item that can also be found in the sala is this chest or also known in Filipino as \"baul\" that is artistically carved with a somewhat an abstract design." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The wooden and metallic elements of the sala are as well as antique as the house itself." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The only parts that were changed are the bench's and chair's foams and covers." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nVisible on top of every door and on the uppermost corner of every wall of the sala is one thing that gives the inner part of the house a grandiose feeling." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "This is said to be a Japanese inspired carving designs which speak and/or symbolize a meaning." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The sala is also illuminated at night by a round shape white object that contains a light bulb inside." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "\nThe house has a total of 8 rooms." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "2 of these rooms are dedicated for house guests and a single room for the caretakers." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The rest of the rooms are reserved for the members of the Pelaez clan who wish to" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Knockdrin Castle, mainly an early 19th-century neo-Gothic structure." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "\nMultyfarnham Friary, a Franciscan friary founded in the 15th century." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "\nWilson's Hospital School, founded in 1761 by Andrew Wilson as a school for young Protestant boys and also as a hospital for old men, some of whom were retired soldiers; now a co-educational boarding school." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Corkaree has an area of 26,996.9 acres (109.253 km²)." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nThe barony contains two large lakes; Lough Derravaragh, shared with the barony of Fore, and home to the Irish legend of the Children of Lir and Lough Owel an internationally recognised Ramsar waterfowl habitat." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "In addition Lough Iron, a small lake, lies on the River Inny and is shared with the barony of Moygoish." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The lake is not easily accessible as there is no road close to the lake or public access." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "\nThe River Inny, flows into Lough Derravaragh, then near the village of Ballinalack." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The River Brosna, rises in Lough Owel and, like the Inny, is a tributary of the River Shannon." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nThe N4, a national primary road passes to the north of Lough Owel, connecting Dublin with the north–west of Ireland and the coastal town of Sligo." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "A railway line carrying the national rail company Iarnród Éireann's Dublin to Longford commuter service and Dublin to Sligo intercity service also passes through the barony." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The northbound tunnel features a visual art installation known as the \"Kinetic Light Air Curtain.\"" }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": " Designed by Antonette Rosato and William Maxwell, the exhibit includes 5,280 propellers mounted on the wall." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": " The propellers are accented with blue fluorescent light, and wind from the trains causes some of them to spin as they pass by." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " The number of propellers represents the number of feet Denver (the mile-high city) is located above sea level." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": " Also, the total number of blades of all of the propellers combined represents the height of Colorado's tallest fourteener, Mount Elbert, which is 14,440 feet (4,400 m) tall." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": " Contrary to common belief, the propellers do not generate any electricity for the trains or any part of the airport, and are strictly decorative." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The AGTS project was announced publicly in October 1992 at a cost of $84 million, and it opened with the airport on February 28, 1995." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The initial system consisted of 16 cars that were paired together in groups of four to traverse the length of the tunnel." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nSix more vehicles were added to the system by 1995, and an additional five were added in 2001." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Today, the fleet consists of 31 Bombardier Innovia APM 100 vehicles, which have a maximum capacity of 100 passengers." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": " Trains generally run at 1.5 minute intervals during peak times resulting in an 11-minute travel time from end to end." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Located within the secure areas of the airport, the AGTS utilizes two mile-long tunnels traveling underneath the aircraft taxiways and passing through the center on the concourse buildings." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": " Four stations exist, serving each airside concourse (Concourses A, B, and C) and the Terminal (which serves Ground Transportation and Baggage Claim)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": " While it is possible to walk from the main terminal to Concourse A via a pedestrian bridge over the taxiway, the train is the only way for the public to access Concourses B and C.\nThe cars themselves ride on rubber wheels and roll along a concrete track." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " Each station has an island platform, and the Terminal station also includes additional side platforms on the outside of each track." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": " In accordance with the Spanish solution, when a train arrives at the Terminal, the outboard doors open first to allow arriving passengers to exit before inboard doors then open, allowing departing passengers to board." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": " At the Terminal station, trains reverse direction, and use a switch at a crossover located just north of the station to switch into the northbound tunnel." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": " As of April 2017, the trains now reverse at a crossover located south of the main terminal station." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "This new configuration allows more trains to enter and exit the terminal station at an expedited pace." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "Crossover tracks also exist between each station, so traffic can be routed around stalled or disabled trains if necessary." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " A maintenance facility is located just beyond the Concourse C station, which is also where trains reverse at the north end." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nThe AGTS's layout is based on The Plane Train at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and the systems are nearly identical." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "Nearly one percent of the construction budget for Denver International Airport was dedicated to artwork and art installations." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": " The AGTS is home to three of the airport's art installations." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The Big River Unit of Mendocino Headlands State park consists of 7,334 acres (30 km²) of land along the banks of the Big River, south of Mendocino." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It includes 1500 acres (6 km²) of wetlands and the longest undeveloped estuary in Northern California." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The park was created on July 30, 2002 after a group of donors, nonprofit organizations, and agencies, led by the Mendocino Land Trust, collected over 25 million dollars to purchase the property from the Hawthorne Timber Company and conveyed it to the California State Park system." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The park includes remnants of the historic Mendocino Lumber Company sawmill." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nThe unit can be reached by State Route 1, south of Mendocino." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "Amenities are few, but include hiking paths on both sides of the river." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Canoes and kayaks are available for rent from the Stanford Inn by the Sea on the south side of the river, and lead to a gentle paddle through eight miles (13 km) of forest." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nAt the mouth of the river, a footpath leads north under the Highway 1 bridge to Big River beach and the town of Mendocino." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Inland, north of the river, the unit abuts Mendocino Woodlands State Park; the hiking path on the north bank of the river leads from one park to the other." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "On the south side of the river Van Damme State Park is nearby, across the Comptche-Ukiah Road." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nThere is also a \"Big River State Park\" in Illinois." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In France, the last part of the long reign of King Philippe Auguste (1179-1223) marked the classic period of the Gothic Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was also a great builder, constructing the Louvre Palace and the first wall around Paris, and founding the University of Paris (1215)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": " He was succeeded by Louis IX of France, whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, Sainte-Chapelle." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called High Gothic.. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The great monuments of the style included Amiens Cathedral, the modified Notre Dame de Paris, and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, Sainte-Chapelle (consecrated 1248)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\n Chartres Cathedral was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters)." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Chartres has a number of innovative features." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite rib vault instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. {" }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "As of 2020, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the processs of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nNotre Dame de Paris during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The old sexpartite rib vaults vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Dramatic new Rayonnant rose windows were added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to clerestory." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The two towers were completed in 1245." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n Amiens Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nSainte-Chapelle (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by Louis IX of France at his palace on the Île de la Cité in Paris to shelter the relics of the Passion of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the r" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "During the Middle Ages, many of the Gothic cathedrals and churches were brightly painted, both inside and out." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Traces of the paint have been found on the walls and sculpture." }, { "n_tokens": 66, "text": "A few cathedrals, like Albi Cathedral in the south of France, still have some of their original color, and others, notably Chartres Cathedral and the Church of Saint-Germain-des-Pres in Paris, have been restoring or recreating the earlier designs, or, in the case of Chartres, cleaning the walls and painting them white." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "This practice has been criticized by some, who prefer the walls covered with centuries of soot." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In the 16th century, a transition began in Europe from Gothic toward the classicism of the Renaissance." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "It began in Italy, particularly in Florence, and was based on admiration for ancient Roman models." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It led to copying Greek and Roman sculpture, and then classical architectural models, such as the column, round arch and the dome." }, { "n_tokens": 65, "text": "\nIn France, the transition was most evident at the church of Saint-Eustache, Paris in Paris, located next to the city market of Les Halles, begun in 1532 by the Italian architect Domenico da Cortona, the favourite of King Francis I of France, who also designed many of the Renaissance elements of the Palace of Fontainebleau." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Because of technical and financial difficulties and the intervening Wars of Religion, it was not finished until 1640." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It was largely Gothic on the exterior, but the interior was a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance classicism, such as hanging pendants from keystones of the vaults, and orders of classical columns." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It received a new classical west front by Jules Hardouin-Mansart in 1754." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "During the French Revolution it was pillaged and turned into the Temple of Agriculture, and suffered a fire in 1844, but was restored." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe first Renaissance church in Germany, St. Anne's Church in Augsburg, also known as the Fugger Chapel (1509-1581), announced the transition with its classical decoration." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Martin Luther visited the church, and it became a Lutheran church in the 1545." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In England, the transition took much longer, because of the break between Henry VIII and Rome." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "English cathedrals and churches remained Gothic throughout most of the 16th century." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The English Renaissance emerged from a mixture of Tudor Gothic with Renaissance decoration, such as the realistic sculpture of Henry VII made for his tomb at Westminster Abbey by the Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiani (1509)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Gothic style first appeared in France in the mid-12th century in an Abbey, St Denis Basilica, built by Abbot Suger (1081-1151)." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The old Basilica was the traditional burial place of Saint Denis, and of the Kings of France, and was also a very popular pilgrimage destination, so much so that pilgrims were sometimes crushed by the crowds." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Suger became the abbot of Saint Denis in 1122." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "He became the friend and confident of two French Kings Louis VI and Louis VII, and He served the Regent for Louis VII during the absence of the King for the Second Crusade (1147–49)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nSuger, with the full support of the King, decided to enlarge the church and reconstruct it on a new model." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "His first modification was a new west facade, inspired in part by new churches in Normandy, with two towers and three deep portals." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Each of the portals had a tympanum of sculpture, telling a Biblical or inspiring story." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The tympana installed by Sugar depicted the Last Judgement over the main door and the martyrdom of Saint Denis over the other door." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The tympana over the east portals became a characteristic feature of later Gothic cathedrals." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "When the new facade was complete, Suger turned his attention to the choir and the ambulatory in the west of the church." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSuger was also a scholar of the philosophy of Plato, and he believed that light was a way through which the faithful could be elevated from the material to the immaterial and the divine." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The ambulatory of the old church was very dark, since Romanesque architecture, with barrel vaults, required thick walls and supporting walls between the small chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Suger decided to use a new form of vault, the rib vault, with pointed arches, which was higher and stronger." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "This allowed him to remove the walls between the chapels, and opened the space for seventy stained glass windows in the choir, filling the church with light." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, in the presence of the King." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The choir and west front of the Abbey of Saint-Denis both became the prototypes for other buildings in the royal domain of northern France and in the Duchy of Normandy." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Through the rule of the Angevin dynasty, the new style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain, northern Italy and Sicily." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The combination of innovations made Saint-Denis the first important example of Gothic architecture; The church was heavily modified over the following centuries, but the ambulatory and some other original elements remain." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe new features of Saint-Denis were quickly adapted in the construction of new cathedrals in the Ile-de-France." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "These included Noyon cathedral (begun 1150), Senlis Cathedral begun (1153); Sens Cathedral (begun 1160); and Laon Cathedral (begun 1160)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Two were built by Suger's personal friends, the bishops of Noyon and Senlis." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "The spread of the style was not limited to cathedrals; it also soon appeared in Abbey churches, at St. Leu d'Esserent in Braine, and, in the province of Champagne, at St. Remy in Rheims and Notre-Dame in Chalons-sur-Marne." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "It also appeared in simple churches, such as the Gothic church of Saint Quiriace in Provins Though each church employed the new style, each had a distinctly different appearance and personality." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nNoyon Cathedral replaced a Romanesque cathedral which burned in 1131." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Bishop of Noyon, Baudouin, used the choir of Saint Denis as his direct model." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He used the same masons as Suger, and much of the ornamentation is identical with Saint-Denis." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Like many early Gothic churches, the interior has both round and pointed arches, and it has some peculiar Germanic features, such as transepts with rounded ends." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSens Cathedral, begun in 1133, had a special place among cathedrals in France as the primate of Gaul, ranking of higher than Paris, a title it held through the 16th century." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "It attracted important medieval religious figures, including Saint Bernard, Abelard and Thomas Becket, who came there in 1164 to appeal the Pope for support against Henry II of England." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was begun as a Romanesque cathedral, but as the walls were" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In the 16th century, a transition began in Europe from Gothic toward the classicism of the Renaissance." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "It began in Italy, particularly in Florence, and was based on admiration for ancient Roman models." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It led to copying Greek and Roman sculpture, and then classical architectural models, such as the column, round arch and the dome." }, { "n_tokens": 65, "text": "\nIn France, the transition was most evident at the church of Saint-Eustache, Paris in Paris, located next to the city market of Les Halles, begun in 1532 by the Italian architect Domenico da Cortona, the favourite of King Francis I of France, who also designed many of the Renaissance elements of the Palace of Fontainebleau." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Because of technical and financial difficulties and the intervening Wars of Religion, it was not finished until 1640." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It was largely Gothic on the exterior, but the interior was a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance classicism, such as hanging pendants from keystones of the vaults, and orders of classical columns." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It received a new classical west front by Jules Hardouin-Mansart in 1754." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "During the French Revolution it was pillaged and turned into the Temple of Agriculture, and suffered a fire in 1844, but was restored." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe first Renaissance church in Germany, St. Anne's Church in Augsburg, also known as the Fugger Chapel (1509-1581), announced the transition with its classical decoration." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Martin Luther visited the church, and it became a Lutheran church in the 1545." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In England, the transition took much longer, because of the break between Henry VIII and Rome." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "English cathedrals and churches remained Gothic throughout most of the 16th century." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The English Renaissance emerged from a mixture of Tudor Gothic with Renaissance decoration, such as the realistic sculpture of Henry VII made for his tomb at Westminster Abbey by the Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiani (1509)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "During the Middle Ages, many of the Gothic cathedrals and churches were brightly painted, both inside and out." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "Traces of the paint have been found on the walls and sculpture." }, { "n_tokens": 66, "text": "A few cathedrals, like Albi Cathedral in the south of France, still have some of their original color, and others, notably Chartres Cathedral and the Church of Saint-Germain-des-Pres in Paris, have been restoring or recreating the earlier designs, or, in the case of Chartres, cleaning the walls and painting them white." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "This practice has been criticized by some, who prefer the walls covered with centuries of soot." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Gothic style first appeared in France in the mid-12th century in an Abbey, St Denis Basilica, built by Abbot Suger (1081-1151)." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The old Basilica was the traditional burial place of Saint Denis, and of the Kings of France, and was also a very popular pilgrimage destination, so much so that pilgrims were sometimes crushed by the crowds." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Suger became the abbot of Saint Denis in 1122." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "He became the friend and confident of two French Kings Louis VI and Louis VII, and He served the Regent for Louis VII during the absence of the King for the Second Crusade (1147–49)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nSuger, with the full support of the King, decided to enlarge the church and reconstruct it on a new model." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "His first modification was a new west facade, inspired in part by new churches in Normandy, with two towers and three deep portals." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Each of the portals had a tympanum of sculpture, telling a Biblical or inspiring story." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The tympana installed by Sugar depicted the Last Judgement over the main door and the martyrdom of Saint Denis over the other door." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The tympana over the east portals became a characteristic feature of later Gothic cathedrals." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "When the new facade was complete, Suger turned his attention to the choir and the ambulatory in the west of the church." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSuger was also a scholar of the philosophy of Plato, and he believed that light was a way through which the faithful could be elevated from the material to the immaterial and the divine." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The ambulatory of the old church was very dark, since Romanesque architecture, with barrel vaults, required thick walls and supporting walls between the small chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Suger decided to use a new form of vault, the rib vault, with pointed arches, which was higher and stronger." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "This allowed him to remove the walls between the chapels, and opened the space for seventy stained glass windows in the choir, filling the church with light." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, in the presence of the King." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The choir and west front of the Abbey of Saint-Denis both became the prototypes for other buildings in the royal domain of northern France and in the Duchy of Normandy." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Through the rule of the Angevin dynasty, the new style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain, northern Italy and Sicily." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The combination of innovations made Saint-Denis the first important example of Gothic architecture; The church was heavily modified over the following centuries, but the ambulatory and some other original elements remain." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe new features of Saint-Denis were quickly adapted in the construction of new cathedrals in the Ile-de-France." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "These included Noyon cathedral (begun 1150), Senlis Cathedral begun (1153); Sens Cathedral (begun 1160); and Laon Cathedral (begun 1160)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Two were built by Suger's personal friends, the bishops of Noyon and Senlis." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "The spread of the style was not limited to cathedrals; it also soon appeared in Abbey churches, at St. Leu d'Esserent in Braine, and, in the province of Champagne, at St. Remy in Rheims and Notre-Dame in Chalons-sur-Marne." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "It also appeared in simple churches, such as the Gothic church of Saint Quiriace in Provins Though each church employed the new style, each had a distinctly different appearance and personality." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nNoyon Cathedral replaced a Romanesque cathedral which burned in 1131." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Bishop of Noyon, Baudouin, used the choir of Saint Denis as his direct model." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He used the same masons as Suger, and much of the ornamentation is identical with Saint-Denis." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Like many early Gothic churches, the interior has both round and pointed arches, and it has some peculiar Germanic features, such as transepts with rounded ends." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSens Cathedral, begun in 1133, had a special place among cathedrals in France as the primate of Gaul, ranking of higher than Paris, a title it held through the 16th century." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "It attracted important medieval religious figures, including Saint Bernard, Abelard and Thomas Becket, who came there in 1164 to appeal the Pope for support against Henry II of England." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was begun as a Romanesque cathedral, but as the walls were" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Circular windows, called oculi, had existed in Roman times, and simple version had been used in Romanesque churches." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "One early example is Pomposa Abbey in Pomposa, Italy, from the 10th century." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Gothic windows had a more important position, over the portal on the west end, and surpassed the earlier windows in size and complexity." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The Abbey of Saint Denis had a small rose window on the west facade, above the three deep bays of the portals, an arrangement followed by subsequent cathedrals in France." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 12th century, large rose windows were also added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The transept roses at Notre Dame date to 1250 (north) and 1260 (south)." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Besides Notre Dame, other notable Rayonnant windows were constructed at Reims Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These featured additional subdividing bars, arches and circles." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "From France, the rose window spread to Spain (Burgos Cathedral), England (Lincoln Cathedral) and Italy (Carrara Cathedral)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The later Flamboyant rose windows became much more free in their designs, with sinuous, double-curved bars." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Examples are found at Beauvais Cathedral (early 16th century)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "By long Christian tradition, the altar of cathedrals was at the east end, facing the sunrise, while the main entrance was on the west." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Following the Romanesque tradition, the west facade of the Basilica of Saint Denis, built 1137-40, set the style for French Gothic cathedrals; three bays and three doors, each with." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "carved stone tympanum of sculpture within the arch over the lintel above the door." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The voussoirs, the wedge-shaped alongside the arches, were also filled with figures." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Unfortunately one original doorway was destroyed, and the sculptures on the remaining two are mostly 19th century recreations." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "\nThe three portals of Notre Dame de Paris, altogether forty meters wide, are among th finest examples of High Gothic The sculptural decoration of the central door is devoted to the Last Judgement, on the left to Virgin Mary, for whom the Cathedral is named, and on the right to Saint Anne." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The Voussures are crowded with small sculptures of angels and saints." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "In addition there are ranks of sculpture representing the occupations of the months, and the virtues and the vices, and above the portals are additional galleries representing the Kings of France and scenes of the life of the Virgin Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nIn the 13th century the facade sculpture became more natural and expressive, as in the famous smiling angel on the north portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The drapery of the figures and the sculpted plants and flowers were carved with realism and attention to detail." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn England, the sculpture was not confined to the portals, but was placed all across the facade, as on the gable of Wells Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Realistic sculpture also appeared in the 13th century on the west front of Strasbourg, begun in 1272, and in the German states, such as at Naumburg Cathedral (now a Protestant church) (1250)." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "These were in a delicate style called Muldenstil." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "\nIn Italy, the finest period for Cathedral sculpture was between 1250 and 1350, in the work of Nicola Pisano at the Pisa Baptistry (1259–60), and Siena Cathedral (1265–68), and in the work of his son, Giovanni Pisano, on he facade of Siena Cathedal." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Andrea Pisano (not related to Nicola and Giovanni) was celebrated for his bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The work of the Pisanos carried Italian sculpture from the Gothic age to the Roman models of the Renaissance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stained glass windows were a prominent feature of the Gothic church and cathedral from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Abbot Suger, who considered that light was a manifestation of the divine, installed colorful windows in the ambulatory of Basilica of Saint Denis, and they were featured in all the major cathedrals in France, England and the rest of Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 13th and 14th century they became larger and larger, until they filled entirely walls." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "However, they lost some of the original simplicity and richness of color, as the artists competed with painters and fresco artists in making huge windows crowded with naturalistic figures." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nIn the Middle Ages, glass makers and stained glass artists were separate professions." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Glass makers worked near forests, where there was abundant firewood for melting and forming glass, while the artists worked closer to the building sites." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In the earlier cathedrals and churches, the range of colors was limited, and the color was added when the glass was manufactured." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "with the use of metallic oxides; cobalt for blue, copper for a ruby red, manganese for purple, and antimony for yellow." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The glass was melted with the colors, blown, shaped into cylinders, rolled flat, and then cut into sheets of about 10-12 inches (25-30 centimetres)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The pieces of glass of early windows varied considerably in thickness, which gave more richness and variation than in later windows." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe colored glass was delivered to the workshop of the artist, where the window was made." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "A large whitewashed table was painted with the full-size drawing of the window, with colors indicated." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "the artisans used a hot iron to crack off pieces of colored glass to fit the pattern, \"grazed\" or smoothed the edges, then fit them into long strips of lead." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The strips of lead with glass were then assembled and soldered together." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Details such as faces, ornament and inscriptions were painted on the glass in vitreous enamel, then heated to fuse the enamel with the glass." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The window was then waterproofed with putty along the lead strips, and then, since the lead was flexible, cited into a larger iron frame." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nAs windows continued to grow in size, they needed further support against the wind, This was provided by tracery and mullions, thin stone ribs into which the sections of the windows were fit." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As the windows grew larger, the tracery became more and more intricate, taking on Rayonnant and flamboyant designs." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "In this way the architecture and windows gradually became blended together and inseparable." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Gothic elements, often called \"The French style\"." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "soon appeared in English cathedrals and abbeys." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "While English cathedrals tended to follow the French style, they had a few special charactersics of their own, Unlike French cathedrals, they tended to great length rather than great height." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "They also made extensive of Purbeck Marble for columns, floors and wall panels, which added colour and reflection to the interiors." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The early English style lasted from the late 12th century to the mid-14th century." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nCanterbury Cathedral (Early Gothic portion - 1174-85) One of the earliest to use Gothic features in the French way was Canterbury Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Following a fire in 1174 which destroyed much of the choir, a French master builder, William of Sens, who probably had participated in the construction of Sens Cathedral, was selected to conduct the reconstruction." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "It was rebuilt between 1174 and 1184." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "William of Sens himself fell fifty feet from the scaffolding and was seriously injured, and had to return to France, where he died in 1180." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was completed by an English builder, William the Englishman." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "While the choir is not as high some French cathedrals, it makes up for the difference by its dramatic length." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The choir is 180 ft (55 m) long and 71 ft (22 m) high." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe nave and much of the rest of the cathedral were rebuilt into the perpendicular style beginning in the late 14th century." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The new transepts and aisles were given the more decorative Lierne vault, where ribs were connected to each other for decorative rather than structural effect." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The crossing tower was begun in 1433, and is 237 ft (72 m) high." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Alterations to the Cathedral continued until 1834." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral (1192-1400) took on a Gothic form when it was rebuilt after a disastrous earthquake in 1185." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The builders made use of the Gothic rib vault in constructing the new nave and choir." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " Two rose windows, called the Bishops's Eye and the Dean's Eye, were added at about there same time." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The original cathedral had two towers on the wsst facade, and then a central tower was built in the 14th century, topped by a wooden spire, which made it the tallest structure in the world for two hundred years." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The other two towers were also given spires and raised in height." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The great spire fell during a windstorm and was not replaced." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nSalisbury Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Its chief patron was William Longsword, the 3rd Earl of Salisbury, who was recognized as a son by Henry II of France." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was sent by the King on missions to France, and was prisoner there for a time, and was familiar with the new French style." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The king provided timber for the Cathedral from Ireland and from his estates." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Longsword was buried in the cathedral in 1226." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The body of the cathedral was completed by September 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The west front, cloisters and chapter house were complete by about 1275." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nThe most famous feature of Salisbury Cathedral was added later, between 1300 and 1320, when it was given the tallest spire in England; 123 m (404 ft)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Cathedral received another innovation in 1386: the first clock in England that struck the hours." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Perpendicular Gothic in England, in the late 13th-16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Windows occupied the major part of the wall space." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the fan vault, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, and the chapel of Henry IV in Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nGloucester Cathedral (1089-1499) contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of Norman Architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is Decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The south porch uses the Perpendicular style fan vault, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351-1379." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the Harry Potter films." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\n Kings College Chapel at Cambridge University was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English Perpendicular Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was constructed by Henry VI of England." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The windows were added in 1531, and ornate rood screen, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532-36." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The immense decorative fan vaults are a distinctive perpendicular feature." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHenry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The chapel was built by Henry VII of England in the perpendicular style." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Strasbourg Cathedral (1176-1459) in Alsace, then separate from France and part of the Holy Roman Empire, was begun after a fire destroyed the earlier Romanesque cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The rebuilding began in the original Romanesque style, but when the builders saw the new French style at Chartres, they changed their plans and began anew." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The south transept was completed first, then the nave, completed in 1275." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They built on top of the original Romanesque foundations, which accounts for the unusual wide spacing of the pillars of the grand arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The facade was begun in 1277, using the reddish sandstone of the Vosges mountains." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "A spire was added to the north tower, completed in 1439." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "At 142 meters, it is the highest still existing medieval spire." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nCologne Cathedral was begun in 1248 as a pilgrimage site whose attraction was a reliquary of the Bibical Three Kings." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "An earlier Cathedral on the same site since 1176 had been destroyed by fire in 1248." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The choir was completed in 1320 and the cathedral was conscrated in 1322." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Work continued until 1560, but then construction ceased, leaving it unfinished until 1842, when work recommenced." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It was finally completed in 1880." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The structure was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II, but was back in service by 1948 and restoration was complete by 1956." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The Cathedral is best known for its gigantic size and height; it is the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The nave and choir are 144.5 m (474 ft) long and 86.25 m (283 ft) high." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The two towers are 157 m (515 ft) high." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nPrague Cathedral or St. Vitus's Cathedral, was originally begun in the French style 1344 by the French master builder Matthieu d'Arras." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "After his death in 1353, the King of Bohemia, Charles IV, selected a young Bohemian builder, Petr Parler, twenty-three years old, to continue the work." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The south tower and spire followed the model of the cathedrals of the Rhineland." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The great originality was in the interior, where Parler made imaginative use of more decorative vaults, in fan shapees, with their ribs rising through space, and decorative bosses hanging down the from the ceiling." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Many of the abbey churches of the Cistercian monastic order, particularly the later churches, had a unique austere form of Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The order, founded in 1098 by an English monk, Saint Stephen Harding, at the monastery of Citeaux, was based humility and discipline." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They were known as the \"white monks\" because of their white robes, while the Benedictines were the \"black monks\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They systematically forbade sculptural decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone towers on churches, and stained glass." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Abbeys were located in remote areas, far from the cities." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It spread rapidly, founding seven hundred monasteries across Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The early church architecture was based on the Romanesque model, with a long, high nave and side aisles, and an apse to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Gradually the rounded arches were replaced with the pointed arch, and the flying buttress appeared on some of the churches." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nCiteaux Abbey (1125–93) in France was the first Cistercian monastery, located in a remote part of the forest and the first monastery built in forest south of Dijon." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Several original Gothic portions survive, including parts of the great church (1140–1193) and the scriptorium, where the monks copied books and religious texts." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It is now a Trappist monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nClairvaux Abbey (1133–74) was founded by a monk from Citeaux, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, It gradually became the mother church of the growing order." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "By the time of the death of Saint Bernard, there were 338 Cistercian Abbeys, including 68 founded directly by Saint Bernard." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "They were found nearly every part of Europe, from Sweden and Scotland south to Portugal, and to the eastern end of the Mediterranean." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "But of the original Gothic abbey of Clairvaux, only a vaulted stone storehouse remains." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nFontenay Abbey in Burgundy was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, because he felt the monks of Clairvaux were not following the rules strictly enough." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was completed by 1200, and could shelter three hundred monks." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Much of the original Abbey still stands." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It was an early hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic: the barrel vaults are slightly pointed, rather than rounded, as are the windows." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nRievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In England, now in ruins, is one of the best examples of the style." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was built in 1132 by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians, as their mother church in England." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was closed in 1538 by Henry VIII and fell into ruin, but the chancel and chapel and transept are still standing." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nOther examples of Cistercian Gothic can be found across Europe, and several are UNESCO World Heritage Sites." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "These include Alcobaça Monastery in Portugal, Poblet Abbey in Spain, and Maulbronn Abbey in Germany." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Maulbronn, begun in Romanesque style, had portions rebuilt into Gothic style in the late 13th century, including the \"Paradise\", or narthex, the southern part of the cloisters, and the refectory, or monks' dining room." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe early Gothic style was also used in the reconstruction of several English Benedictine abbeys, notably Whitby Abbey All the English monasteries, including Westminister Abbey, were closed by Henry VIII in 1538, as part of his dissolution of monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Westminster Abbey was turned a Collegiate church by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, but most, like Whitby Abbey, are now picturesque ruins, or were destroyed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stained glass windows were a prominent feature of the Gothic church and cathedral from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Abbot Suger, who considered that light was a manifestation of the divine, installed colorful windows in the ambulatory of Basilica of Saint Denis, and they were featured in all the major cathedrals in France, England and the rest of Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 13th and 14th century they became larger and larger, until they filled entirely walls." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "However, they lost some of the original simplicity and richness of color, as the artists competed with painters and fresco artists in making huge windows crowded with naturalistic figures." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nIn the Middle Ages, glass makers and stained glass artists were separate professions." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Glass makers worked near forests, where there was abundant firewood for melting and forming glass, while the artists worked closer to the building sites." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In the earlier cathedrals and churches, the range of colors was limited, and the color was added when the glass was manufactured." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "with the use of metallic oxides; cobalt for blue, copper for a ruby red, manganese for purple, and antimony for yellow." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The glass was melted with the colors, blown, shaped into cylinders, rolled flat, and then cut into sheets of about 10-12 inches (25-30 centimetres)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The pieces of glass of early windows varied considerably in thickness, which gave more richness and variation than in later windows." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe colored glass was delivered to the workshop of the artist, where the window was made." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "A large whitewashed table was painted with the full-size drawing of the window, with colors indicated." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "the artisans used a hot iron to crack off pieces of colored glass to fit the pattern, \"grazed\" or smoothed the edges, then fit them into long strips of lead." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The strips of lead with glass were then assembled and soldered together." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Details such as faces, ornament and inscriptions were painted on the glass in vitreous enamel, then heated to fuse the enamel with the glass." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The window was then waterproofed with putty along the lead strips, and then, since the lead was flexible, cited into a larger iron frame." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nAs windows continued to grow in size, they needed further support against the wind, This was provided by tracery and mullions, thin stone ribs into which the sections of the windows were fit." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As the windows grew larger, the tracery became more and more intricate, taking on Rayonnant and flamboyant designs." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "In this way the architecture and windows gradually became blended together and inseparable." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Many of the abbey churches of the Cistercian monastic order, particularly the later churches, had a unique austere form of Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The order, founded in 1098 by an English monk, Saint Stephen Harding, at the monastery of Citeaux, was based humility and discipline." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They were known as the \"white monks\" because of their white robes, while the Benedictines were the \"black monks\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They systematically forbade sculptural decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone towers on churches, and stained glass." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Abbeys were located in remote areas, far from the cities." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It spread rapidly, founding seven hundred monasteries across Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The early church architecture was based on the Romanesque model, with a long, high nave and side aisles, and an apse to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Gradually the rounded arches were replaced with the pointed arch, and the flying buttress appeared on some of the churches." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nCiteaux Abbey (1125–93) in France was the first Cistercian monastery, located in a remote part of the forest and the first monastery built in forest south of Dijon." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Several original Gothic portions survive, including parts of the great church (1140–1193) and the scriptorium, where the monks copied books and religious texts." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It is now a Trappist monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nClairvaux Abbey (1133–74) was founded by a monk from Citeaux, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, It gradually became the mother church of the growing order." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "By the time of the death of Saint Bernard, there were 338 Cistercian Abbeys, including 68 founded directly by Saint Bernard." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "They were found nearly every part of Europe, from Sweden and Scotland south to Portugal, and to the eastern end of the Mediterranean." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "But of the original Gothic abbey of Clairvaux, only a vaulted stone storehouse remains." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nFontenay Abbey in Burgundy was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, because he felt the monks of Clairvaux were not following the rules strictly enough." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was completed by 1200, and could shelter three hundred monks." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Much of the original Abbey still stands." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It was an early hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic: the barrel vaults are slightly pointed, rather than rounded, as are the windows." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nRievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In England, now in ruins, is one of the best examples of the style." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was built in 1132 by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians, as their mother church in England." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was closed in 1538 by Henry VIII and fell into ruin, but the chancel and chapel and transept are still standing." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nOther examples of Cistercian Gothic can be found across Europe, and several are UNESCO World Heritage Sites." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "These include Alcobaça Monastery in Portugal, Poblet Abbey in Spain, and Maulbronn Abbey in Germany." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Maulbronn, begun in Romanesque style, had portions rebuilt into Gothic style in the late 13th century, including the \"Paradise\", or narthex, the southern part of the cloisters, and the refectory, or monks' dining room." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe early Gothic style was also used in the reconstruction of several English Benedictine abbeys, notably Whitby Abbey All the English monasteries, including Westminister Abbey, were closed by Henry VIII in 1538, as part of his dissolution of monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Westminster Abbey was turned a Collegiate church by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, but most, like Whitby Abbey, are now picturesque ruins, or were destroyed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In France, the last part of the long reign of King Philippe Auguste (1179-1223) marked the classic period of the Gothic Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was also a great builder, constructing the Louvre Palace and the first wall around Paris, and founding the University of Paris (1215)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": " He was succeeded by Louis IX of France, whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, Sainte-Chapelle." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called High Gothic.. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The great monuments of the style included Amiens Cathedral, the modified Notre Dame de Paris, and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, Sainte-Chapelle (consecrated 1248)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\n Chartres Cathedral was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters)." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Chartres has a number of innovative features." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite rib vault instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. {" }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "As of 2020, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the processs of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nNotre Dame de Paris during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The old sexpartite rib vaults vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Dramatic new Rayonnant rose windows were added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to clerestory." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The two towers were completed in 1245." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n Amiens Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nSainte-Chapelle (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by Louis IX of France at his palace on the Île de la Cité in Paris to shelter the relics of the Passion of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the r" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Gothic style first appeared in France in the mid-12th century in an Abbey, St Denis Basilica, built by Abbot Suger (1081-1151)." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The old Basilica was the traditional burial place of Saint Denis, and of the Kings of France, and was also a very popular pilgrimage destination, so much so that pilgrims were sometimes crushed by the crowds." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Suger became the abbot of Saint Denis in 1122." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "He became the friend and confident of two French Kings Louis VI and Louis VII, and He served the Regent for Louis VII during the absence of the King for the Second Crusade (1147–49)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nSuger, with the full support of the King, decided to enlarge the church and reconstruct it on a new model." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "His first modification was a new west facade, inspired in part by new churches in Normandy, with two towers and three deep portals." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Each of the portals had a tympanum of sculpture, telling a Biblical or inspiring story." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The tympana installed by Sugar depicted the Last Judgement over the main door and the martyrdom of Saint Denis over the other door." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The tympana over the east portals became a characteristic feature of later Gothic cathedrals." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "When the new facade was complete, Suger turned his attention to the choir and the ambulatory in the west of the church." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSuger was also a scholar of the philosophy of Plato, and he believed that light was a way through which the faithful could be elevated from the material to the immaterial and the divine." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The ambulatory of the old church was very dark, since Romanesque architecture, with barrel vaults, required thick walls and supporting walls between the small chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Suger decided to use a new form of vault, the rib vault, with pointed arches, which was higher and stronger." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "This allowed him to remove the walls between the chapels, and opened the space for seventy stained glass windows in the choir, filling the church with light." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, in the presence of the King." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The choir and west front of the Abbey of Saint-Denis both became the prototypes for other buildings in the royal domain of northern France and in the Duchy of Normandy." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Through the rule of the Angevin dynasty, the new style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain, northern Italy and Sicily." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The combination of innovations made Saint-Denis the first important example of Gothic architecture; The church was heavily modified over the following centuries, but the ambulatory and some other original elements remain." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe new features of Saint-Denis were quickly adapted in the construction of new cathedrals in the Ile-de-France." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "These included Noyon cathedral (begun 1150), Senlis Cathedral begun (1153); Sens Cathedral (begun 1160); and Laon Cathedral (begun 1160)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Two were built by Suger's personal friends, the bishops of Noyon and Senlis." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "The spread of the style was not limited to cathedrals; it also soon appeared in Abbey churches, at St. Leu d'Esserent in Braine, and, in the province of Champagne, at St. Remy in Rheims and Notre-Dame in Chalons-sur-Marne." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "It also appeared in simple churches, such as the Gothic church of Saint Quiriace in Provins Though each church employed the new style, each had a distinctly different appearance and personality." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nNoyon Cathedral replaced a Romanesque cathedral which burned in 1131." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Bishop of Noyon, Baudouin, used the choir of Saint Denis as his direct model." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He used the same masons as Suger, and much of the ornamentation is identical with Saint-Denis." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Like many early Gothic churches, the interior has both round and pointed arches, and it has some peculiar Germanic features, such as transepts with rounded ends." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSens Cathedral, begun in 1133, had a special place among cathedrals in France as the primate of Gaul, ranking of higher than Paris, a title it held through the 16th century." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "It attracted important medieval religious figures, including Saint Bernard, Abelard and Thomas Becket, who came there in 1164 to appeal the Pope for support against Henry II of England." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was begun as a Romanesque cathedral, but as the walls were" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Italy resisted the Gothic style, using the Romanesque style longer than in Northern Europe, and unlike Northern Europe, it only rarely imitated the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Also, building available building materials were different; Italian cathedrals were usually built of brick, not stone, and marble was abundant." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Italian architects did adapt the some aspects of the northern style, including the rib vault and columns attached to the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Early examples were the Pisa Baptistry (1259-60) and the facade of Siena Cathedral (1265-68)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Some builders modified some aspects of northern Gothic; Florence Cathedral (1294) used very large arcades to create greater interior space." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Notable examples of Italian Rayoannant include the facade of Orvieto Cathedral , the facade of Sienna Cathedral and the bell tower of Florence Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "begun by Giotto in 1334." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Milan Cathedral was the Italian cathedral most influenced by Northern Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "However, its distinctive flamboyant exterior, begun in 1386, was not completed until 1805 for the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as King of Italy." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The particular attractions of Gothic cathedrals and churches began to be rediscovered in early 19th century." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "One major reason was the enormous success of the novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame(1831) by Victor Hugo." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The French writer Prosper Merimée was designed by King Louis Philippe I to classify and, where possible, restore Gothic cathedrals and churches." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "He commissioned Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, and began with the restoration of Vezelay Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Even larger projects launched for the restoration of Sainte-Chapelle, the Basilica of Saint-Denis and Notre Dame de Paris." }, { "n_tokens": 51, "text": "Some of the restoration was made more on the basis of imagination than historical accuracy; so many cumulative modifications had been made over the centuries, that it was impossible to recreate any church exactly as it was at any one particular time, as Viollet-Duc acknowledged." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "He was criticized in particular for designing a taller and more ornate spire to the Notre Dame Cathedral to replace the original 13th century spire, which had been removed in 1786." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "He was also criticized for replacing the sculpture of gargoyles, chimeras and other mythical creatures, which had been removed int eh 18th century, with new versions." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nIn the mid-19th century, several notable Gothic cathedrals and churches were constructed in Europe and beyond." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "These included the Basilica of St. Clotilde (1846–57) in Paris, by the architect Leon Vautrin." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "This church served as a model for the facade of another new church, Sacred Heart Cathedral, built in Guangzhou, China between 1863–68, financed in part by contributions from French Emperor Napoleon III." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nIn the 20th century, Neo-Gothic cathedrals were constructed, particularly by the Eiscopal Church in the United States, taking advantage of the new technologies of iron and steel construction and reinforced concrete." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "combined with traditional forms." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Examples include the National Cathedral in Washington D.C. (begun 1907) and Grace Cathedral in San Francisco (1928-1964)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Construction of the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. in 1907, but was still underway at the beginning of the 21st century." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rose window (1977) was dedicated by President Jimmy Carter and Queen Elizabeth II of England." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Many of the abbey churches of the Cistercian monastic order, particularly the later churches, had a unique austere form of Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The order, founded in 1098 by an English monk, Saint Stephen Harding, at the monastery of Citeaux, was based humility and discipline." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They were known as the \"white monks\" because of their white robes, while the Benedictines were the \"black monks\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They systematically forbade sculptural decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone towers on churches, and stained glass." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Abbeys were located in remote areas, far from the cities." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It spread rapidly, founding seven hundred monasteries across Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The early church architecture was based on the Romanesque model, with a long, high nave and side aisles, and an apse to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Gradually the rounded arches were replaced with the pointed arch, and the flying buttress appeared on some of the churches." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nCiteaux Abbey (1125–93) in France was the first Cistercian monastery, located in a remote part of the forest and the first monastery built in forest south of Dijon." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Several original Gothic portions survive, including parts of the great church (1140–1193) and the scriptorium, where the monks copied books and religious texts." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It is now a Trappist monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nClairvaux Abbey (1133–74) was founded by a monk from Citeaux, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, It gradually became the mother church of the growing order." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "By the time of the death of Saint Bernard, there were 338 Cistercian Abbeys, including 68 founded directly by Saint Bernard." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "They were found nearly every part of Europe, from Sweden and Scotland south to Portugal, and to the eastern end of the Mediterranean." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "But of the original Gothic abbey of Clairvaux, only a vaulted stone storehouse remains." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nFontenay Abbey in Burgundy was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, because he felt the monks of Clairvaux were not following the rules strictly enough." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was completed by 1200, and could shelter three hundred monks." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Much of the original Abbey still stands." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It was an early hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic: the barrel vaults are slightly pointed, rather than rounded, as are the windows." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nRievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In England, now in ruins, is one of the best examples of the style." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was built in 1132 by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians, as their mother church in England." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was closed in 1538 by Henry VIII and fell into ruin, but the chancel and chapel and transept are still standing." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nOther examples of Cistercian Gothic can be found across Europe, and several are UNESCO World Heritage Sites." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "These include Alcobaça Monastery in Portugal, Poblet Abbey in Spain, and Maulbronn Abbey in Germany." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Maulbronn, begun in Romanesque style, had portions rebuilt into Gothic style in the late 13th century, including the \"Paradise\", or narthex, the southern part of the cloisters, and the refectory, or monks' dining room." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe early Gothic style was also used in the reconstruction of several English Benedictine abbeys, notably Whitby Abbey All the English monasteries, including Westminister Abbey, were closed by Henry VIII in 1538, as part of his dissolution of monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Westminster Abbey was turned a Collegiate church by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, but most, like Whitby Abbey, are now picturesque ruins, or were destroyed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "By long Christian tradition, the altar of cathedrals was at the east end, facing the sunrise, while the main entrance was on the west." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Following the Romanesque tradition, the west facade of the Basilica of Saint Denis, built 1137-40, set the style for French Gothic cathedrals; three bays and three doors, each with." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "carved stone tympanum of sculpture within the arch over the lintel above the door." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The voussoirs, the wedge-shaped alongside the arches, were also filled with figures." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Unfortunately one original doorway was destroyed, and the sculptures on the remaining two are mostly 19th century recreations." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "\nThe three portals of Notre Dame de Paris, altogether forty meters wide, are among th finest examples of High Gothic The sculptural decoration of the central door is devoted to the Last Judgement, on the left to Virgin Mary, for whom the Cathedral is named, and on the right to Saint Anne." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The Voussures are crowded with small sculptures of angels and saints." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "In addition there are ranks of sculpture representing the occupations of the months, and the virtues and the vices, and above the portals are additional galleries representing the Kings of France and scenes of the life of the Virgin Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nIn the 13th century the facade sculpture became more natural and expressive, as in the famous smiling angel on the north portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The drapery of the figures and the sculpted plants and flowers were carved with realism and attention to detail." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn England, the sculpture was not confined to the portals, but was placed all across the facade, as on the gable of Wells Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Realistic sculpture also appeared in the 13th century on the west front of Strasbourg, begun in 1272, and in the German states, such as at Naumburg Cathedral (now a Protestant church) (1250)." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "These were in a delicate style called Muldenstil." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "\nIn Italy, the finest period for Cathedral sculpture was between 1250 and 1350, in the work of Nicola Pisano at the Pisa Baptistry (1259–60), and Siena Cathedral (1265–68), and in the work of his son, Giovanni Pisano, on he facade of Siena Cathedal." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Andrea Pisano (not related to Nicola and Giovanni) was celebrated for his bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The work of the Pisanos carried Italian sculpture from the Gothic age to the Roman models of the Renaissance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "A Gothic cathedral or church was a house of worship and also a theater for ceremony, with a fixed ritual every day." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The most numerous participants in these ceremonies were the canons, or members of the Cathedral chapter." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The number of canons in a chapter varied from twelve in a small cathedral to fifty at Notre Dame de Paris and more than eighty at Laon Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In addition to celebrating Mass, every day, they were expected to celebrate the Liturgy of the Hours four times a day, with four additional offices on Sundays." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "To this very regular schedule were attached numerous additional duties and ceremonies." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nMost of these ceremonies took place in the choir (sometimes spelled 'quire') of the cathedral, toward the eastern end, between the nave to the west and the sanctuary to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The choir was like a church within the church; it was divided from the rest of the cathedral by an ornamental screen composed of bas-reliefs illustrating stories from the life of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It also featured a richly decorated tribune, used for reading the appropriate texts from the bible." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The main altar was also found within the choir, turned toward the east." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The canons were seated in two rows of carved wooden seats, facing each other, at right angles to the seats in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "There is just one remaining original medieval rood screen in a Gothic cathedral, at Albi Cathedral in the south of France." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Stained glass windows were a prominent feature of the Gothic church and cathedral from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Abbot Suger, who considered that light was a manifestation of the divine, installed colorful windows in the ambulatory of Basilica of Saint Denis, and they were featured in all the major cathedrals in France, England and the rest of Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 13th and 14th century they became larger and larger, until they filled entirely walls." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "However, they lost some of the original simplicity and richness of color, as the artists competed with painters and fresco artists in making huge windows crowded with naturalistic figures." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "\nIn the Middle Ages, glass makers and stained glass artists were separate professions." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Glass makers worked near forests, where there was abundant firewood for melting and forming glass, while the artists worked closer to the building sites." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "In the earlier cathedrals and churches, the range of colors was limited, and the color was added when the glass was manufactured." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "with the use of metallic oxides; cobalt for blue, copper for a ruby red, manganese for purple, and antimony for yellow." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The glass was melted with the colors, blown, shaped into cylinders, rolled flat, and then cut into sheets of about 10-12 inches (25-30 centimetres)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The pieces of glass of early windows varied considerably in thickness, which gave more richness and variation than in later windows." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nThe colored glass was delivered to the workshop of the artist, where the window was made." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "A large whitewashed table was painted with the full-size drawing of the window, with colors indicated." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "the artisans used a hot iron to crack off pieces of colored glass to fit the pattern, \"grazed\" or smoothed the edges, then fit them into long strips of lead." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The strips of lead with glass were then assembled and soldered together." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Details such as faces, ornament and inscriptions were painted on the glass in vitreous enamel, then heated to fuse the enamel with the glass." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The window was then waterproofed with putty along the lead strips, and then, since the lead was flexible, cited into a larger iron frame." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nAs windows continued to grow in size, they needed further support against the wind, This was provided by tracery and mullions, thin stone ribs into which the sections of the windows were fit." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "As the windows grew larger, the tracery became more and more intricate, taking on Rayonnant and flamboyant designs." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "In this way the architecture and windows gradually became blended together and inseparable." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Perpendicular Gothic in England, in the late 13th-16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Windows occupied the major part of the wall space." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the fan vault, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, and the chapel of Henry IV in Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nGloucester Cathedral (1089-1499) contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of Norman Architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is Decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The south porch uses the Perpendicular style fan vault, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351-1379." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the Harry Potter films." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\n Kings College Chapel at Cambridge University was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English Perpendicular Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was constructed by Henry VI of England." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The windows were added in 1531, and ornate rood screen, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532-36." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The immense decorative fan vaults are a distinctive perpendicular feature." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHenry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The chapel was built by Henry VII of England in the perpendicular style." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The particular attractions of Gothic cathedrals and churches began to be rediscovered in early 19th century." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "One major reason was the enormous success of the novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame(1831) by Victor Hugo." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The French writer Prosper Merimée was designed by King Louis Philippe I to classify and, where possible, restore Gothic cathedrals and churches." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "He commissioned Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, and began with the restoration of Vezelay Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Even larger projects launched for the restoration of Sainte-Chapelle, the Basilica of Saint-Denis and Notre Dame de Paris." }, { "n_tokens": 51, "text": "Some of the restoration was made more on the basis of imagination than historical accuracy; so many cumulative modifications had been made over the centuries, that it was impossible to recreate any church exactly as it was at any one particular time, as Viollet-Duc acknowledged." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "He was criticized in particular for designing a taller and more ornate spire to the Notre Dame Cathedral to replace the original 13th century spire, which had been removed in 1786." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "He was also criticized for replacing the sculpture of gargoyles, chimeras and other mythical creatures, which had been removed int eh 18th century, with new versions." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nIn the mid-19th century, several notable Gothic cathedrals and churches were constructed in Europe and beyond." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "These included the Basilica of St. Clotilde (1846–57) in Paris, by the architect Leon Vautrin." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "This church served as a model for the facade of another new church, Sacred Heart Cathedral, built in Guangzhou, China between 1863–68, financed in part by contributions from French Emperor Napoleon III." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nIn the 20th century, Neo-Gothic cathedrals were constructed, particularly by the Eiscopal Church in the United States, taking advantage of the new technologies of iron and steel construction and reinforced concrete." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "combined with traditional forms." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Examples include the National Cathedral in Washington D.C. (begun 1907) and Grace Cathedral in San Francisco (1928-1964)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Construction of the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. in 1907, but was still underway at the beginning of the 21st century." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rose window (1977) was dedicated by President Jimmy Carter and Queen Elizabeth II of England." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "A Gothic cathedral or church was a house of worship and also a theater for ceremony, with a fixed ritual every day." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The most numerous participants in these ceremonies were the canons, or members of the Cathedral chapter." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The number of canons in a chapter varied from twelve in a small cathedral to fifty at Notre Dame de Paris and more than eighty at Laon Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In addition to celebrating Mass, every day, they were expected to celebrate the Liturgy of the Hours four times a day, with four additional offices on Sundays." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "To this very regular schedule were attached numerous additional duties and ceremonies." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nMost of these ceremonies took place in the choir (sometimes spelled 'quire') of the cathedral, toward the eastern end, between the nave to the west and the sanctuary to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The choir was like a church within the church; it was divided from the rest of the cathedral by an ornamental screen composed of bas-reliefs illustrating stories from the life of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It also featured a richly decorated tribune, used for reading the appropriate texts from the bible." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The main altar was also found within the choir, turned toward the east." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "The canons were seated in two rows of carved wooden seats, facing each other, at right angles to the seats in the nave." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "There is just one remaining original medieval rood screen in a Gothic cathedral, at Albi Cathedral in the south of France." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Circular windows, called oculi, had existed in Roman times, and simple version had been used in Romanesque churches." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "One early example is Pomposa Abbey in Pomposa, Italy, from the 10th century." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Gothic windows had a more important position, over the portal on the west end, and surpassed the earlier windows in size and complexity." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The Abbey of Saint Denis had a small rose window on the west facade, above the three deep bays of the portals, an arrangement followed by subsequent cathedrals in France." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 12th century, large rose windows were also added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The transept roses at Notre Dame date to 1250 (north) and 1260 (south)." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Besides Notre Dame, other notable Rayonnant windows were constructed at Reims Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These featured additional subdividing bars, arches and circles." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "From France, the rose window spread to Spain (Burgos Cathedral), England (Lincoln Cathedral) and Italy (Carrara Cathedral)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The later Flamboyant rose windows became much more free in their designs, with sinuous, double-curved bars." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Examples are found at Beauvais Cathedral (early 16th century)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Perpendicular Gothic in England, in the late 13th-16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Windows occupied the major part of the wall space." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the fan vault, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, and the chapel of Henry IV in Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nGloucester Cathedral (1089-1499) contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of Norman Architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is Decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The south porch uses the Perpendicular style fan vault, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351-1379." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the Harry Potter films." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\n Kings College Chapel at Cambridge University was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English Perpendicular Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was constructed by Henry VI of England." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The windows were added in 1531, and ornate rood screen, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532-36." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The immense decorative fan vaults are a distinctive perpendicular feature." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHenry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The chapel was built by Henry VII of England in the perpendicular style." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Perpendicular Gothic in England, in the late 13th-16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Windows occupied the major part of the wall space." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the fan vault, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, and the chapel of Henry IV in Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nGloucester Cathedral (1089-1499) contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of Norman Architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is Decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The south porch uses the Perpendicular style fan vault, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351-1379." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the Harry Potter films." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\n Kings College Chapel at Cambridge University was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English Perpendicular Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was constructed by Henry VI of England." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The windows were added in 1531, and ornate rood screen, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532-36." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The immense decorative fan vaults are a distinctive perpendicular feature." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHenry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The chapel was built by Henry VII of England in the perpendicular style." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The Gothic style first appeared in France in the mid-12th century in an Abbey, St Denis Basilica, built by Abbot Suger (1081-1151)." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "The old Basilica was the traditional burial place of Saint Denis, and of the Kings of France, and was also a very popular pilgrimage destination, so much so that pilgrims were sometimes crushed by the crowds." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Suger became the abbot of Saint Denis in 1122." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "He became the friend and confident of two French Kings Louis VI and Louis VII, and He served the Regent for Louis VII during the absence of the King for the Second Crusade (1147–49)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nSuger, with the full support of the King, decided to enlarge the church and reconstruct it on a new model." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "His first modification was a new west facade, inspired in part by new churches in Normandy, with two towers and three deep portals." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Each of the portals had a tympanum of sculpture, telling a Biblical or inspiring story." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The tympana installed by Sugar depicted the Last Judgement over the main door and the martyrdom of Saint Denis over the other door." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The tympana over the east portals became a characteristic feature of later Gothic cathedrals." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "When the new facade was complete, Suger turned his attention to the choir and the ambulatory in the west of the church." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSuger was also a scholar of the philosophy of Plato, and he believed that light was a way through which the faithful could be elevated from the material to the immaterial and the divine." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The ambulatory of the old church was very dark, since Romanesque architecture, with barrel vaults, required thick walls and supporting walls between the small chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Suger decided to use a new form of vault, the rib vault, with pointed arches, which was higher and stronger." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "This allowed him to remove the walls between the chapels, and opened the space for seventy stained glass windows in the choir, filling the church with light." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nThe new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, in the presence of the King." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The choir and west front of the Abbey of Saint-Denis both became the prototypes for other buildings in the royal domain of northern France and in the Duchy of Normandy." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Through the rule of the Angevin dynasty, the new style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain, northern Italy and Sicily." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The combination of innovations made Saint-Denis the first important example of Gothic architecture; The church was heavily modified over the following centuries, but the ambulatory and some other original elements remain." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nThe new features of Saint-Denis were quickly adapted in the construction of new cathedrals in the Ile-de-France." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "These included Noyon cathedral (begun 1150), Senlis Cathedral begun (1153); Sens Cathedral (begun 1160); and Laon Cathedral (begun 1160)." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Two were built by Suger's personal friends, the bishops of Noyon and Senlis." }, { "n_tokens": 50, "text": "The spread of the style was not limited to cathedrals; it also soon appeared in Abbey churches, at St. Leu d'Esserent in Braine, and, in the province of Champagne, at St. Remy in Rheims and Notre-Dame in Chalons-sur-Marne." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "It also appeared in simple churches, such as the Gothic church of Saint Quiriace in Provins Though each church employed the new style, each had a distinctly different appearance and personality." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nNoyon Cathedral replaced a Romanesque cathedral which burned in 1131." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Bishop of Noyon, Baudouin, used the choir of Saint Denis as his direct model." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "He used the same masons as Suger, and much of the ornamentation is identical with Saint-Denis." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Like many early Gothic churches, the interior has both round and pointed arches, and it has some peculiar Germanic features, such as transepts with rounded ends." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "\nSens Cathedral, begun in 1133, had a special place among cathedrals in France as the primate of Gaul, ranking of higher than Paris, a title it held through the 16th century." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "It attracted important medieval religious figures, including Saint Bernard, Abelard and Thomas Becket, who came there in 1164 to appeal the Pope for support against Henry II of England." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was begun as a Romanesque cathedral, but as the walls were" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Circular windows, called oculi, had existed in Roman times, and simple version had been used in Romanesque churches." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "One early example is Pomposa Abbey in Pomposa, Italy, from the 10th century." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Gothic windows had a more important position, over the portal on the west end, and surpassed the earlier windows in size and complexity." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The Abbey of Saint Denis had a small rose window on the west facade, above the three deep bays of the portals, an arrangement followed by subsequent cathedrals in France." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 12th century, large rose windows were also added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The transept roses at Notre Dame date to 1250 (north) and 1260 (south)." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Besides Notre Dame, other notable Rayonnant windows were constructed at Reims Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These featured additional subdividing bars, arches and circles." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "From France, the rose window spread to Spain (Burgos Cathedral), England (Lincoln Cathedral) and Italy (Carrara Cathedral)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The later Flamboyant rose windows became much more free in their designs, with sinuous, double-curved bars." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Examples are found at Beauvais Cathedral (early 16th century)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "By long Christian tradition, the altar of cathedrals was at the east end, facing the sunrise, while the main entrance was on the west." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Following the Romanesque tradition, the west facade of the Basilica of Saint Denis, built 1137-40, set the style for French Gothic cathedrals; three bays and three doors, each with." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "carved stone tympanum of sculpture within the arch over the lintel above the door." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The voussoirs, the wedge-shaped alongside the arches, were also filled with figures." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Unfortunately one original doorway was destroyed, and the sculptures on the remaining two are mostly 19th century recreations." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "\nThe three portals of Notre Dame de Paris, altogether forty meters wide, are among th finest examples of High Gothic The sculptural decoration of the central door is devoted to the Last Judgement, on the left to Virgin Mary, for whom the Cathedral is named, and on the right to Saint Anne." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The Voussures are crowded with small sculptures of angels and saints." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "In addition there are ranks of sculpture representing the occupations of the months, and the virtues and the vices, and above the portals are additional galleries representing the Kings of France and scenes of the life of the Virgin Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nIn the 13th century the facade sculpture became more natural and expressive, as in the famous smiling angel on the north portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The drapery of the figures and the sculpted plants and flowers were carved with realism and attention to detail." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn England, the sculpture was not confined to the portals, but was placed all across the facade, as on the gable of Wells Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Realistic sculpture also appeared in the 13th century on the west front of Strasbourg, begun in 1272, and in the German states, such as at Naumburg Cathedral (now a Protestant church) (1250)." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "These were in a delicate style called Muldenstil." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "\nIn Italy, the finest period for Cathedral sculpture was between 1250 and 1350, in the work of Nicola Pisano at the Pisa Baptistry (1259–60), and Siena Cathedral (1265–68), and in the work of his son, Giovanni Pisano, on he facade of Siena Cathedal." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Andrea Pisano (not related to Nicola and Giovanni) was celebrated for his bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The work of the Pisanos carried Italian sculpture from the Gothic age to the Roman models of the Renaissance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In the 16th century, a transition began in Europe from Gothic toward the classicism of the Renaissance." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "It began in Italy, particularly in Florence, and was based on admiration for ancient Roman models." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It led to copying Greek and Roman sculpture, and then classical architectural models, such as the column, round arch and the dome." }, { "n_tokens": 65, "text": "\nIn France, the transition was most evident at the church of Saint-Eustache, Paris in Paris, located next to the city market of Les Halles, begun in 1532 by the Italian architect Domenico da Cortona, the favourite of King Francis I of France, who also designed many of the Renaissance elements of the Palace of Fontainebleau." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Because of technical and financial difficulties and the intervening Wars of Religion, it was not finished until 1640." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It was largely Gothic on the exterior, but the interior was a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance classicism, such as hanging pendants from keystones of the vaults, and orders of classical columns." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It received a new classical west front by Jules Hardouin-Mansart in 1754." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "During the French Revolution it was pillaged and turned into the Temple of Agriculture, and suffered a fire in 1844, but was restored." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nThe first Renaissance church in Germany, St. Anne's Church in Augsburg, also known as the Fugger Chapel (1509-1581), announced the transition with its classical decoration." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Martin Luther visited the church, and it became a Lutheran church in the 1545." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In England, the transition took much longer, because of the break between Henry VIII and Rome." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "English cathedrals and churches remained Gothic throughout most of the 16th century." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The English Renaissance emerged from a mixture of Tudor Gothic with Renaissance decoration, such as the realistic sculpture of Henry VII made for his tomb at Westminster Abbey by the Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiani (1509)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Many of the abbey churches of the Cistercian monastic order, particularly the later churches, had a unique austere form of Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The order, founded in 1098 by an English monk, Saint Stephen Harding, at the monastery of Citeaux, was based humility and discipline." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They were known as the \"white monks\" because of their white robes, while the Benedictines were the \"black monks\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They systematically forbade sculptural decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone towers on churches, and stained glass." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Abbeys were located in remote areas, far from the cities." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It spread rapidly, founding seven hundred monasteries across Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The early church architecture was based on the Romanesque model, with a long, high nave and side aisles, and an apse to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Gradually the rounded arches were replaced with the pointed arch, and the flying buttress appeared on some of the churches." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nCiteaux Abbey (1125–93) in France was the first Cistercian monastery, located in a remote part of the forest and the first monastery built in forest south of Dijon." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Several original Gothic portions survive, including parts of the great church (1140–1193) and the scriptorium, where the monks copied books and religious texts." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It is now a Trappist monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nClairvaux Abbey (1133–74) was founded by a monk from Citeaux, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, It gradually became the mother church of the growing order." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "By the time of the death of Saint Bernard, there were 338 Cistercian Abbeys, including 68 founded directly by Saint Bernard." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "They were found nearly every part of Europe, from Sweden and Scotland south to Portugal, and to the eastern end of the Mediterranean." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "But of the original Gothic abbey of Clairvaux, only a vaulted stone storehouse remains." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nFontenay Abbey in Burgundy was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, because he felt the monks of Clairvaux were not following the rules strictly enough." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was completed by 1200, and could shelter three hundred monks." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Much of the original Abbey still stands." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It was an early hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic: the barrel vaults are slightly pointed, rather than rounded, as are the windows." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nRievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In England, now in ruins, is one of the best examples of the style." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was built in 1132 by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians, as their mother church in England." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was closed in 1538 by Henry VIII and fell into ruin, but the chancel and chapel and transept are still standing." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nOther examples of Cistercian Gothic can be found across Europe, and several are UNESCO World Heritage Sites." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "These include Alcobaça Monastery in Portugal, Poblet Abbey in Spain, and Maulbronn Abbey in Germany." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Maulbronn, begun in Romanesque style, had portions rebuilt into Gothic style in the late 13th century, including the \"Paradise\", or narthex, the southern part of the cloisters, and the refectory, or monks' dining room." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe early Gothic style was also used in the reconstruction of several English Benedictine abbeys, notably Whitby Abbey All the English monasteries, including Westminister Abbey, were closed by Henry VIII in 1538, as part of his dissolution of monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Westminster Abbey was turned a Collegiate church by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, but most, like Whitby Abbey, are now picturesque ruins, or were destroyed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Perpendicular Gothic in England, in the late 13th-16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Windows occupied the major part of the wall space." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the fan vault, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, and the chapel of Henry IV in Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nGloucester Cathedral (1089-1499) contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of Norman Architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is Decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The south porch uses the Perpendicular style fan vault, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351-1379." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the Harry Potter films." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\n Kings College Chapel at Cambridge University was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English Perpendicular Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was constructed by Henry VI of England." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The windows were added in 1531, and ornate rood screen, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532-36." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The immense decorative fan vaults are a distinctive perpendicular feature." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHenry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The chapel was built by Henry VII of England in the perpendicular style." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In France, the last part of the long reign of King Philippe Auguste (1179-1223) marked the classic period of the Gothic Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was also a great builder, constructing the Louvre Palace and the first wall around Paris, and founding the University of Paris (1215)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": " The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": " He was succeeded by Louis IX of France, whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, Sainte-Chapelle." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "\nThe early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called High Gothic.. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "The great monuments of the style included Amiens Cathedral, the modified Notre Dame de Paris, and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, Sainte-Chapelle (consecrated 1248)." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\n Chartres Cathedral was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters)." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Chartres has a number of innovative features." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony." }, { "n_tokens": 42, "text": "Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite rib vault instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. {" }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "As of 2020, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the processs of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nNotre Dame de Paris during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The old sexpartite rib vaults vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Dramatic new Rayonnant rose windows were added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to clerestory." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "The two towers were completed in 1245." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\n Amiens Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nSainte-Chapelle (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by Louis IX of France at his palace on the Île de la Cité in Paris to shelter the relics of the Passion of Christ." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the r" } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Albi Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In the southwest of France, Albi Cathedral (begun 1282) is an example of Southern French Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It is built entirely of brick, due to the shortage of suitable stone." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In place of flying buttresses, it uses semicircular tower-like supports the height of the building." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It is austere in form, with no transept, There is a tower, but a minimum of other decoration." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It is massive in size, 113 meters long, 35 meters wide and 30 meters high." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The interior is filled with carved stalls and works of polychrome sculpture, largely in their original state." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "Strasbourg Cathedral (1176-1459) in Alsace, then separate from France and part of the Holy Roman Empire, was begun after a fire destroyed the earlier Romanesque cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "The rebuilding began in the original Romanesque style, but when the builders saw the new French style at Chartres, they changed their plans and began anew." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The south transept was completed first, then the nave, completed in 1275." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They built on top of the original Romanesque foundations, which accounts for the unusual wide spacing of the pillars of the grand arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "The facade was begun in 1277, using the reddish sandstone of the Vosges mountains." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "A spire was added to the north tower, completed in 1439." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "At 142 meters, it is the highest still existing medieval spire." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nCologne Cathedral was begun in 1248 as a pilgrimage site whose attraction was a reliquary of the Bibical Three Kings." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "An earlier Cathedral on the same site since 1176 had been destroyed by fire in 1248." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The choir was completed in 1320 and the cathedral was conscrated in 1322." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Work continued until 1560, but then construction ceased, leaving it unfinished until 1842, when work recommenced." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It was finally completed in 1880." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The structure was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II, but was back in service by 1948 and restoration was complete by 1956." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "The Cathedral is best known for its gigantic size and height; it is the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The nave and choir are 144.5 m (474 ft) long and 86.25 m (283 ft) high." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The two towers are 157 m (515 ft) high." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\nPrague Cathedral or St. Vitus's Cathedral, was originally begun in the French style 1344 by the French master builder Matthieu d'Arras." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "After his death in 1353, the King of Bohemia, Charles IV, selected a young Bohemian builder, Petr Parler, twenty-three years old, to continue the work." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The south tower and spire followed the model of the cathedrals of the Rhineland." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "The great originality was in the interior, where Parler made imaginative use of more decorative vaults, in fan shapees, with their ribs rising through space, and decorative bosses hanging down the from the ceiling." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "Italy resisted the Gothic style, using the Romanesque style longer than in Northern Europe, and unlike Northern Europe, it only rarely imitated the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Also, building available building materials were different; Italian cathedrals were usually built of brick, not stone, and marble was abundant." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Italian architects did adapt the some aspects of the northern style, including the rib vault and columns attached to the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Early examples were the Pisa Baptistry (1259-60) and the facade of Siena Cathedral (1265-68)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Some builders modified some aspects of northern Gothic; Florence Cathedral (1294) used very large arcades to create greater interior space." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Notable examples of Italian Rayoannant include the facade of Orvieto Cathedral , the facade of Sienna Cathedral and the bell tower of Florence Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 6, "text": "begun by Giotto in 1334." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Milan Cathedral was the Italian cathedral most influenced by Northern Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "However, its distinctive flamboyant exterior, begun in 1386, was not completed until 1805 for the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as King of Italy." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Perpendicular Gothic in England, in the late 13th-16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Windows occupied the major part of the wall space." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the fan vault, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, and the chapel of Henry IV in Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nGloucester Cathedral (1089-1499) contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of Norman Architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is Decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The south porch uses the Perpendicular style fan vault, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351-1379." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the Harry Potter films." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\n Kings College Chapel at Cambridge University was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English Perpendicular Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was constructed by Henry VI of England." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The windows were added in 1531, and ornate rood screen, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532-36." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The immense decorative fan vaults are a distinctive perpendicular feature." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHenry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The chapel was built by Henry VII of England in the perpendicular style." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "By long Christian tradition, the altar of cathedrals was at the east end, facing the sunrise, while the main entrance was on the west." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Following the Romanesque tradition, the west facade of the Basilica of Saint Denis, built 1137-40, set the style for French Gothic cathedrals; three bays and three doors, each with." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "carved stone tympanum of sculpture within the arch over the lintel above the door." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The voussoirs, the wedge-shaped alongside the arches, were also filled with figures." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Unfortunately one original doorway was destroyed, and the sculptures on the remaining two are mostly 19th century recreations." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "\nThe three portals of Notre Dame de Paris, altogether forty meters wide, are among th finest examples of High Gothic The sculptural decoration of the central door is devoted to the Last Judgement, on the left to Virgin Mary, for whom the Cathedral is named, and on the right to Saint Anne." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The Voussures are crowded with small sculptures of angels and saints." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "In addition there are ranks of sculpture representing the occupations of the months, and the virtues and the vices, and above the portals are additional galleries representing the Kings of France and scenes of the life of the Virgin Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nIn the 13th century the facade sculpture became more natural and expressive, as in the famous smiling angel on the north portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The drapery of the figures and the sculpted plants and flowers were carved with realism and attention to detail." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn England, the sculpture was not confined to the portals, but was placed all across the facade, as on the gable of Wells Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Realistic sculpture also appeared in the 13th century on the west front of Strasbourg, begun in 1272, and in the German states, such as at Naumburg Cathedral (now a Protestant church) (1250)." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "These were in a delicate style called Muldenstil." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "\nIn Italy, the finest period for Cathedral sculpture was between 1250 and 1350, in the work of Nicola Pisano at the Pisa Baptistry (1259–60), and Siena Cathedral (1265–68), and in the work of his son, Giovanni Pisano, on he facade of Siena Cathedal." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Andrea Pisano (not related to Nicola and Giovanni) was celebrated for his bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The work of the Pisanos carried Italian sculpture from the Gothic age to the Roman models of the Renaissance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Many of the abbey churches of the Cistercian monastic order, particularly the later churches, had a unique austere form of Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The order, founded in 1098 by an English monk, Saint Stephen Harding, at the monastery of Citeaux, was based humility and discipline." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "They were known as the \"white monks\" because of their white robes, while the Benedictines were the \"black monks\"." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "They systematically forbade sculptural decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone towers on churches, and stained glass." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Abbeys were located in remote areas, far from the cities." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It spread rapidly, founding seven hundred monasteries across Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "The early church architecture was based on the Romanesque model, with a long, high nave and side aisles, and an apse to the east." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Gradually the rounded arches were replaced with the pointed arch, and the flying buttress appeared on some of the churches." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "\nCiteaux Abbey (1125–93) in France was the first Cistercian monastery, located in a remote part of the forest and the first monastery built in forest south of Dijon." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "Several original Gothic portions survive, including parts of the great church (1140–1193) and the scriptorium, where the monks copied books and religious texts." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "It is now a Trappist monastery." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nClairvaux Abbey (1133–74) was founded by a monk from Citeaux, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, It gradually became the mother church of the growing order." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "By the time of the death of Saint Bernard, there were 338 Cistercian Abbeys, including 68 founded directly by Saint Bernard." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "They were found nearly every part of Europe, from Sweden and Scotland south to Portugal, and to the eastern end of the Mediterranean." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "But of the original Gothic abbey of Clairvaux, only a vaulted stone storehouse remains." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "\nFontenay Abbey in Burgundy was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, because he felt the monks of Clairvaux were not following the rules strictly enough." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was completed by 1200, and could shelter three hundred monks." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Much of the original Abbey still stands." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "It was an early hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic: the barrel vaults are slightly pointed, rather than rounded, as are the windows." }, { "n_tokens": 7, "text": "\nRievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "In England, now in ruins, is one of the best examples of the style." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was built in 1132 by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercians, as their mother church in England." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "It was closed in 1538 by Henry VIII and fell into ruin, but the chancel and chapel and transept are still standing." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\nOther examples of Cistercian Gothic can be found across Europe, and several are UNESCO World Heritage Sites." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "These include Alcobaça Monastery in Portugal, Poblet Abbey in Spain, and Maulbronn Abbey in Germany." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "Maulbronn, begun in Romanesque style, had portions rebuilt into Gothic style in the late 13th century, including the \"Paradise\", or narthex, the southern part of the cloisters, and the refectory, or monks' dining room." }, { "n_tokens": 45, "text": "\nThe early Gothic style was also used in the reconstruction of several English Benedictine abbeys, notably Whitby Abbey All the English monasteries, including Westminister Abbey, were closed by Henry VIII in 1538, as part of his dissolution of monasteries." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "Westminster Abbey was turned a Collegiate church by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, but most, like Whitby Abbey, are now picturesque ruins, or were destroyed." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Church bells were introduced into Christian religious ceremonies by Paulinus of Nola in 400 AD, and were formally approved by Pope Sabinian in 604 AD." }, { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "In Romanesque cathedrals and churches, the bells were often placed in a campanile, a tower separate from the cathedral itself, as in the Leaning Tower of Pisa." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The Pisa Tower was begun in 1173, but, because of its problems with sinking and tilting, was not finished until 1372, with the belfry in Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": " It had seven bells, one for each note on the scale." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "\nNotre Dame de Paris was particularly known for its bells." }, { "n_tokens": 64, "text": " They were rung to call members of the parish to church services, to mark the hours and the Angelus ceremony, and for special occasions, such as important funerals and weddings, or to celebrate special events, such as the military victories or the end of wars, or whenever the royal family attended mass at the Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Notre Dame has ten bells, eight in the south tower and two, the largest, in the north tower." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The principal bell, or bourdon, called Emmanuel, was installed in the north tower in the 15th century, and is still in place." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": " It rings the note F-sharp." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "It originally required the strength of eleven men, pulling on ropes from a chamber below, to ring that single bell." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The clapper of the bell alone weights one hundred ten kilos." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": " The four other early bells were melted down during the French Revolution." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": " The bells could be swung to make them rhyme, called tolling, or struck, called chiming." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The ringing was so loud that the bell-ringers were deafened for several hours afterwards." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": " The manual bell-pullers were replaced by foot pedals in the 19th century, and by an electric system in the 20th century that strikes the bells without swinging them." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "\nWinchester Cathedral in England has had its bells since the Saxon era." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "King Cnut is known to have donated two bells to the Old Minster church there in 1035." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": " In 1632 there were seven bells in place." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Today there are sixteen, the oldest dating to 1621." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": " Besides the daily services, funerals and other and special events, they traditionally were rung to announce the executions, a practice which continued until the death penalty was abolished in England 1965." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "Circular windows, called oculi, had existed in Roman times, and simple version had been used in Romanesque churches." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "One early example is Pomposa Abbey in Pomposa, Italy, from the 10th century." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "Gothic windows had a more important position, over the portal on the west end, and surpassed the earlier windows in size and complexity." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "The Abbey of Saint Denis had a small rose window on the west facade, above the three deep bays of the portals, an arrangement followed by subsequent cathedrals in France." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "In the 12th century, large rose windows were also added to the north and south transepts." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The transept roses at Notre Dame date to 1250 (north) and 1260 (south)." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "Besides Notre Dame, other notable Rayonnant windows were constructed at Reims Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "These featured additional subdividing bars, arches and circles." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "From France, the rose window spread to Spain (Burgos Cathedral), England (Lincoln Cathedral) and Italy (Carrara Cathedral)." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The later Flamboyant rose windows became much more free in their designs, with sinuous, double-curved bars." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "Examples are found at Beauvais Cathedral (early 16th century)." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "The Perpendicular Gothic in England, in the late 13th-16th centuries, roughly coincided with the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It aimed for rich visual effects through decoration, and gave predominance to vertical lines, especially in the window tracery." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "Windows occupied the major part of the wall space." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "The architects also experimented with various kinds of decorative vaults, such as the fan vault, where most of the thin ribs, springing upward from slender columns, were purely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "Major examples of the style include Gloucester Cathedral, King's College Chapel at Cambridge University, and the chapel of Henry IV in Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "\nGloucester Cathedral (1089-1499) contains elements from every period of Gothic architecture, as well as even earlier vestiges of Norman Architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The crypt is Norman, the nave early English Gothic, and the south transept is Decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "The south porch uses the Perpendicular style fan vault, while the cloisters north of the nave have has what are said to be the oldest surviving fan vaults in England, dating to 1351-1379." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The cloister also has the distinction of having been a set for three of the Harry Potter films." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\n Kings College Chapel at Cambridge University was built between 1446 and 1515, is a notable example of English Perpendicular Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "It was constructed by Henry VI of England." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The windows were added in 1531, and ornate rood screen, a Renaissance feature, was added in 1532-36." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The immense decorative fan vaults are a distinctive perpendicular feature." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In characteristic perpendicular style, the windows almost completely fill the walls." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nHenry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The chapel was built by Henry VII of England in the perpendicular style." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Westminster Abbey has a unique status in England; it was formerly a monastery, and then, to avoid being abolished when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, it was declared to be a cathedral for ten years." }, { "n_tokens": 16, "text": "Now it is a church specifically designated for the use of the King or Queen." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 3, "text": "Albi Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "In the southwest of France, Albi Cathedral (begun 1282) is an example of Southern French Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It is built entirely of brick, due to the shortage of suitable stone." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "In place of flying buttresses, it uses semicircular tower-like supports the height of the building." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It is austere in form, with no transept, There is a tower, but a minimum of other decoration." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "It is massive in size, 113 meters long, 35 meters wide and 30 meters high." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The interior is filled with carved stalls and works of polychrome sculpture, largely in their original state." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "In England, the second period of Gothic cathedrals is often called Decorated Gothic, as the decoration inside and outside became more elaborate, blurred the lines and overshadowed the architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It lasted from about the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The simple and functional quadrapartite rib vault was replaced by more elaborate lierne vault and fan fault, whose ribs were largely decorative." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nHenry III of England (1207–72) was an important patron of this new style, both with additions to Westminster Abbey (after 1245) and in the east end of Saint Paul's Cathedral (1258)." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "Some of his projects appear to have been be inspired by Sainte-Chapelle in France, built by Henry's brother-in-law, Louis IX of France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The second part of this period in England is often called Perpendicular, because of its strong emphasis on the appearance of height." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "\n Wells Cathedral (1176-1445) has features which illustrate almost all the periods of Gothic architecture." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Construction began in about 1175, after the Bishop, Reginald de Bohan, visited France and saw the early Gothic works." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "It was the first English cathedral to be Gothic from the beginning." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "Following the early Gothic style, it originally stressed width rather than height." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "The major achievement was the west front (1225–1240, decorated with 400 statues, of which 3200 still exist, depicting the Day of Judgement from the Book of Revelation." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The statues were originally painted in bright colours." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "In the early 14th century, following changes in the liturgy, the Cathedral saw major additions in the decorated style, which were finished in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "These included the addition of a new octagonal chapel, and a retro-choir with unusual scissor arches, built in 1338–48 to strengthen the support of the tower above." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "A major new building program began at Wells in the fourteenth century, finishing in 1326." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Innovations included an unusual retro-choir, in an octagonal shape, with the very decorative Lierne vault." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral ." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The (Angel Choir), (begun 1256, dedicated in 1280) was a notable early example of decorated Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "The new style was expressed in decorative ribs of the lierne vaults and especially in the elaborate tracery of the stained glass windows." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nYork Minster was reconstructed beginning in 1220 on the foundations of the old Norman cathedral, with the intention of rivalling Canterbury Cathedral, then under construction." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The new nave, in the perpendicular style, was not begun until 1280, and the ornate vaulting was not finished until 1360." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Exeter Cathedral (1112-1400) was built in Norman style in 1133, then rebuilt in Decorated Style beginning in 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "It was constructed with local stone, including Purbeck Marble." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "Completed in 1400, it claims to have the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling of any Gothic cathedral." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "Gothic elements, often called \"The French style\"." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "soon appeared in English cathedrals and abbeys." }, { "n_tokens": 34, "text": "While English cathedrals tended to follow the French style, they had a few special charactersics of their own, Unlike French cathedrals, they tended to great length rather than great height." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "They also made extensive of Purbeck Marble for columns, floors and wall panels, which added colour and reflection to the interiors." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "The early English style lasted from the late 12th century to the mid-14th century." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "\nCanterbury Cathedral (Early Gothic portion - 1174-85) One of the earliest to use Gothic features in the French way was Canterbury Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "Following a fire in 1174 which destroyed much of the choir, a French master builder, William of Sens, who probably had participated in the construction of Sens Cathedral, was selected to conduct the reconstruction." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "It was rebuilt between 1174 and 1184." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "William of Sens himself fell fifty feet from the scaffolding and was seriously injured, and had to return to France, where he died in 1180." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "It was completed by an English builder, William the Englishman." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "While the choir is not as high some French cathedrals, it makes up for the difference by its dramatic length." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The choir is 180 ft (55 m) long and 71 ft (22 m) high." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "\nThe nave and much of the rest of the cathedral were rebuilt into the perpendicular style beginning in the late 14th century." }, { "n_tokens": 27, "text": "The new transepts and aisles were given the more decorative Lierne vault, where ribs were connected to each other for decorative rather than structural effect." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The crossing tower was begun in 1433, and is 237 ft (72 m) high." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "Alterations to the Cathedral continued until 1834." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "\n Lincoln Cathedral (1192-1400) took on a Gothic form when it was rebuilt after a disastrous earthquake in 1185." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The builders made use of the Gothic rib vault in constructing the new nave and choir." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": " Two rose windows, called the Bishops's Eye and the Dean's Eye, were added at about there same time." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "The original cathedral had two towers on the wsst facade, and then a central tower was built in the 14th century, topped by a wooden spire, which made it the tallest structure in the world for two hundred years." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The other two towers were also given spires and raised in height." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The great spire fell during a windstorm and was not replaced." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nSalisbury Cathedral was begun in 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "Its chief patron was William Longsword, the 3rd Earl of Salisbury, who was recognized as a son by Henry II of France." }, { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "He was sent by the King on missions to France, and was prisoner there for a time, and was familiar with the new French style." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The king provided timber for the Cathedral from Ireland and from his estates." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "Longsword was buried in the cathedral in 1226." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The body of the cathedral was completed by September 1258." }, { "n_tokens": 14, "text": "The west front, cloisters and chapter house were complete by about 1275." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "\nThe most famous feature of Salisbury Cathedral was added later, between 1300 and 1320, when it was given the tallest spire in England; 123 m (404 ft)." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The Cathedral received another innovation in 1386: the first clock in England that struck the hours." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 31, "text": "At the beginning of the 13th century, Normandy was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque Norman architecture was distinct from the French style." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "In 1204, King Philip II of France claimed Normandy for France." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed." }, { "n_tokens": 10, "text": "The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "One of these was the Norman chevet, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The lantern tower was another popular feature in Norman Gothic." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "\nLessay Abbey (1098) in Normandy, a Benedictine Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by William the Conquerer." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as Durham Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making them among earliest Gothic vaults in Europe." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original style." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "\nLisieux Cathedral begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "\nBayeux Cathedral (1060-1070)." }, { "n_tokens": 13, "text": "The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "\nCoutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendative vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows." }, { "n_tokens": 8, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral (begun 1185)." }, { "n_tokens": 52, "text": "The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built Rouen Cathedral, The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades." }, { "n_tokens": 35, "text": "\nEvreux Cathedral begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style." }, { "n_tokens": 41, "text": "\nMont-Saint-Michel Abbey was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in th 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060-1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203-1228." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311." }, { "n_tokens": 44, "text": "The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in 19th century, particularly by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 28, "text": "By long Christian tradition, the altar of cathedrals was at the east end, facing the sunrise, while the main entrance was on the west." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "Following the Romanesque tradition, the west facade of the Basilica of Saint Denis, built 1137-40, set the style for French Gothic cathedrals; three bays and three doors, each with." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "carved stone tympanum of sculpture within the arch over the lintel above the door." }, { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The voussoirs, the wedge-shaped alongside the arches, were also filled with figures." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "Unfortunately one original doorway was destroyed, and the sculptures on the remaining two are mostly 19th century recreations." }, { "n_tokens": 59, "text": "\nThe three portals of Notre Dame de Paris, altogether forty meters wide, are among th finest examples of High Gothic The sculptural decoration of the central door is devoted to the Last Judgement, on the left to Virgin Mary, for whom the Cathedral is named, and on the right to Saint Anne." }, { "n_tokens": 12, "text": "The Voussures are crowded with small sculptures of angels and saints." }, { "n_tokens": 43, "text": "In addition there are ranks of sculpture representing the occupations of the months, and the virtues and the vices, and above the portals are additional galleries representing the Kings of France and scenes of the life of the Virgin Mary." }, { "n_tokens": 32, "text": "\nIn the 13th century the facade sculpture became more natural and expressive, as in the famous smiling angel on the north portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The drapery of the figures and the sculpted plants and flowers were carved with realism and attention to detail." }, { "n_tokens": 29, "text": "\nIn England, the sculpture was not confined to the portals, but was placed all across the facade, as on the gable of Wells Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Realistic sculpture also appeared in the 13th century on the west front of Strasbourg, begun in 1272, and in the German states, such as at Naumburg Cathedral (now a Protestant church) (1250)." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "These were in a delicate style called Muldenstil." }, { "n_tokens": 55, "text": "\nIn Italy, the finest period for Cathedral sculpture was between 1250 and 1350, in the work of Nicola Pisano at the Pisa Baptistry (1259–60), and Siena Cathedral (1265–68), and in the work of his son, Giovanni Pisano, on he facade of Siena Cathedal." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "Andrea Pisano (not related to Nicola and Giovanni) was celebrated for his bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 20, "text": "The work of the Pisanos carried Italian sculpture from the Gothic age to the Roman models of the Renaissance." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 17, "text": "The particular attractions of Gothic cathedrals and churches began to be rediscovered in early 19th century." }, { "n_tokens": 21, "text": "One major reason was the enormous success of the novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame(1831) by Victor Hugo." }, { "n_tokens": 25, "text": "The French writer Prosper Merimée was designed by King Louis Philippe I to classify and, where possible, restore Gothic cathedrals and churches." }, { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "He commissioned Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, and began with the restoration of Vezelay Abbey." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Even larger projects launched for the restoration of Sainte-Chapelle, the Basilica of Saint-Denis and Notre Dame de Paris." }, { "n_tokens": 51, "text": "Some of the restoration was made more on the basis of imagination than historical accuracy; so many cumulative modifications had been made over the centuries, that it was impossible to recreate any church exactly as it was at any one particular time, as Viollet-Duc acknowledged." }, { "n_tokens": 33, "text": "He was criticized in particular for designing a taller and more ornate spire to the Notre Dame Cathedral to replace the original 13th century spire, which had been removed in 1786." }, { "n_tokens": 30, "text": "He was also criticized for replacing the sculpture of gargoyles, chimeras and other mythical creatures, which had been removed int eh 18th century, with new versions." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "\nIn the mid-19th century, several notable Gothic cathedrals and churches were constructed in Europe and beyond." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "These included the Basilica of St. Clotilde (1846–57) in Paris, by the architect Leon Vautrin." }, { "n_tokens": 37, "text": "This church served as a model for the facade of another new church, Sacred Heart Cathedral, built in Guangzhou, China between 1863–68, financed in part by contributions from French Emperor Napoleon III." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "\nIn the 20th century, Neo-Gothic cathedrals were constructed, particularly by the Eiscopal Church in the United States, taking advantage of the new technologies of iron and steel construction and reinforced concrete." }, { "n_tokens": 5, "text": "combined with traditional forms." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Examples include the National Cathedral in Washington D.C. (begun 1907) and Grace Cathedral in San Francisco (1928-1964)." }, { "n_tokens": 24, "text": "Construction of the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. in 1907, but was still underway at the beginning of the 21st century." }, { "n_tokens": 19, "text": "The rose window (1977) was dedicated by President Jimmy Carter and Queen Elizabeth II of England." } ]

[ { "n_tokens": 18, "text": "The last phase of Gothic was called Flamboyant, named for its characteristic flame-like motifs." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "It appeared particularly in the 15th and early 16th century in France and Spain." }, { "n_tokens": 39, "text": "\nRouen Cathedral The west front of Rouen Cathedral has dense flamboyant decoration, as well as flamboyant decoration on portions of the right tower (15th century) and the central lantern tower (13th-16th century)." }, { "n_tokens": 15, "text": "\nChurch of Saint-Maclou in Rouen (1500-1514)." }, { "n_tokens": 23, "text": "This church, not far from Rouen Cathedral, is considered one of the finest examples of the Flamboyant style in France." }, { "n_tokens": 22, "text": "\nThe Tour Saint-Jacques, near the Louvre in central Paris, is a monument of the Flamboyant style." }, { "n_tokens": 36, "text": "It is all that remains of the former church of Saint-Jacques, located at the center of Les Halles, the old central produce market, built by the wealthy guild of butchers." }, { "n_tokens": 4, "text": "\nBurgos Cathedral." }, { "n_tokens": 38, "text": "Burgos Cathedral was first constructed between 1221 and 1257 in the French Rayonnant style, with its typical three story elevation, vaulting and tracery, and an abundance of rich sculpture, particularly around the portals." }, { "n_tokens": 40, "text": "Beginning in the mid-15th century, it was largely rebuilt and redecorated in the Flamboyant stye, with a new choir a cupola with star vaulting, a lantern tower, and new portals, grills and choir stalls." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The new work was not completed until 1567." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The Burgos workshop continued to train Spanish sculptors and artisans." }, { "n_tokens": 53, "text": "The design of golden stairway in the north transept by Diego de Siloe (1519) reappeared in larger form in the 18th century Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; then in 19th century on an even grander scale, in the grand stairway of the Palais Garnier in Paris by Charles Garnier." }, { "n_tokens": 26, "text": "\nSegovia Cathedral (1525-1577) is a notable example of the late Spanish Gothic, with elaborate decorative vaults and lavish ornament." }, { "n_tokens": 9, "text": "The dome was a 17th-century addition." }, { "n_tokens": 11, "text": "The domes replaced tall wooden spires made of American mahogany." } ]