This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT
[{'content': 'Dysphagia is caused by all except- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Esophageal varices, B. Achalasia cardia, C. Stricture, D. Gastroesophageal reflux of long standing duration', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Esophageal causes of dysphagia\n\nThe lesions may lie in the lumen, in the wall or outside the wall of esophagus.\n\na) Lumen : Obstruction to lumen can occur in atresia, foreign body, strictures, benign or malignant tumors.\nb) Wall : It can be acute or chronic esophagitis, or motility disorders. The latter are : -\ni)\xa0\xa0Hypomotility disorders, e.g., achalasia scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.\nii) Hypermotility disorders, e.g., cricopharyngeal spasm, diffuse esophageal spasm.\nc) Outsite the wall : The lesions cause obstruction by pressing on the esophagus from outside : -\n\nHypopharyngeal diverticulum.\nHiatus hernia\nCervical osteophytes\nThyroid lesions, e.g., enlargement, tumors, Hashimoto's thyroiditis.\nMediastinal lesions, e.g., tumors of mediastinum, lymph node enlargement, aortic aneurysm, cardiac enlargement.\nVascular rings (dysphagia lusoria).\n\nNote :\n\nGastroesophageal reflux can cause esophageal stricture and thus dysphagia.", 'role': 'assistant'}]