This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: Kidney & Ureturs, Subject name: Surgery
[{'content': 'In complete duplication of ureters Proximal segment? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cephalad and lateral, B. Caudal and Medial, C. Cephalad and Medial, D. Caudal and Lateral', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. (c) Cephalad and medialRef Bailey and Love 26th Edition, Page 1286* Ectopic ureters are usually associated with duplicate ureters (in 80% cases) but may also occur in single ureters systems* More common in females* In the male, the posterior urethra is the most common site of termination of an ectopic ureter.Weigert - Meyer rule of Ectopic ureters:# Weigert Meyer rule states that upper pole ureter is the ectopic ureter and its orifice inserts inferomedially in bladder in relationship to the lower pole normal ureter.# The ureter of the upper pole moiety obstructs. The upper pole ureter is usually obstructed resulting in ureterocele and forms hydronephrosis of corresponding renal pelvis.# The ureter of the lower pole moiety refluxes. The lower pole ureter relaxes at its level often causes pyelonephritis# In a male patients the ectopic ureters opens always above the external urethral sphincter (the bulbar urethra is below the external urethral sphincter)# In females patient ectopic ureters may open above or below the external urethral sphincterMost common symptom# In males -- recurrent UTI# In females -- incontinence (paradoxical incontinence)# Ectopic opening below the external urethral sphincter leads to urinary incontinence: "continuous incontinence in a girl with an otherwise normal voiding pattern after toilet training is the classic symptom of an ectopic ureteral orifice"# Treatment: Reimplantation of ureter is done, if kidney is scarred', 'role': 'assistant'}]