This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: Immunology, Subject name: Microbiology
[{'content': 'Hybridoma technique is used to obtain - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Specific antigen, B. Complement, C. Specific antibody, D. Interleukins', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Specific antibody o Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a specific antibody in huge numbers.Hvbridomaso Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a specific antibody in huge numberso To achieve this, qualities of two types of cells have to be combined together Le.Cells which can produce large amount of pure antibody, andCells which have the ability to grow- continually.o These two types of cells are then fused together to form hybridoma.Procedureo The pure antibody secreting cells are produced by injecting specific antigen in a mouse and obtaining the antigen specific plasma cells (antibody producing cell) from the mouse's spleen,o Ceil which can grow indefinitely in culture are myeloma cells (cancerous cells).o These two cell lines are fused together. The hybrid cell which is thus produced can be cloned to produce large number of identical daughter clones.o These daughter clone cells then produce antibodies. Since these antibodies come from only one type of cell {hybridoma cell) they are called monoclonal antibodies.o HAT (hypoxanthine, Aminopterin and thymidine) medium is used for preparation of monoclonal antibodies because it allows only fused hybridoma cells to grow. It does not allow the unfused myeloma and unfused antibody cells to grow. So HAT medium is a selective medium which allows (which allow selective growth offused hybridoma)How does this happen ?o Before we move on with the discussion, remember these few points about purine synthesis.o Purine synthesis is essential for the survival of cells.Purine can be synthesized in two way i.e.De novo synthesis (dihydrofolate reductase enzyme is required for this pathway).Salvage pathway (an enzyme hypoxanthine - guanine phosphoribosyl transferase is required for salvage pathways)o Myeloma cells lack HGPRTase enzyme therefore they cannot synthesize purine by salvage pathways,o Antibody cells have HGPRTase enzyme so they can use the salvage pathways,o Aminopterin inhibits dihydrofolate reductase an enzyme used in denovo synthesis of purineo When two cell lines i.e. antibody producing cell and myeloma cells are grown in HAT medium only the fused hybridoma cells survive.Myeloma cells die because they lack the enzyme HGPRTase so they cannot use the salvage pathways for purine synthesis. They also cannot use de-novo pathway, because Aminopterin present in the HAT medium inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (an enzyme essential for denovo synthesis ofpurine).o The unfused antibody producing cells die as they cannot grow indefinitely because of their limited life span,o Only fused hybridoma cells grow indefinitely because the antibody cell partner supplies HGPRTase and the myeloma partner gives it immortality, (as it is a cancer cell)", 'role': 'assistant'}]