This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology
[{'content': 'Edema occurs when plasma protein level is below? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5 mg/dl, B. 15 mg/dl, C. 10 mg/dl, D. 20 mg/dl', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Following conditions can cause edema:-\n1) The increased hydrostatic pressure of capillaries: It causes an increase in outward driving force. It may be\ndue to impaired venous return e.g. in CHF or DVT.\n2) Decreased plasma osmotic pressure of capillaries: It causes decrease\xa0in inward driving force.\nIt results from Hypoproteinemia. When total plasma protein is below 5 gm/dl (normal 6-8gm/dl) or\nalbumin is below 2∙5 gm/dl (normal 3.5-5 gm/dl) edema takes place. Conditions causing\nhypoproteinemia are a nephrotic syndrome, liver cirrhosis, protein-losing enteropathy, and PEM.\n3) Defective removal of interstitial fluid by lymphatics: It is due to lymphatic obstruction, which may\xa0be inflammatory, neoplastic, post-surgical and post-irradiation.\n4) Increased vascular permeability: It occurs in acute and chronic inflammation, and during\xa0angiogenesis (new vessels are leaky).\n5) Sodium (salt) and water retention: It causes expansion of plasma volume (hydrostatic pressure) and\xa0dilution of plasma proteins (↓ osmotic pressure). The conditions responsible for this\xa0type of edema\xa0are ARF, acute glomerulonephritis, renal hypoperfusion, and increase renin angiotensin aldosterone\xa0system (RAAS) activity.', 'role': 'assistant'}]