This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: Trauma, Subject name: Surgery
[{'content': 'All of the following are true about abdominal compament syndrome except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Characterized by a increased peak inspiratory pressure, decreased urinary output, B. Can lead to fatal complications due to pulmonary failure and mesenteric vascular compromise, C. A urinary bladder catheter is the gold standard indirect method used to measure IAP, D. Grade III abdominal compament syndrome is managed by hypovolemic resuscitation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: ABDOMINAL COMPAMENT SYNDOME - ACS is defined as increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP > 20mm Hg) resulting in compression of abdominal structures, producing fatal complications due to pulmonary failure and mesenteric vascular compromise. - Normal IAP = 5-7 mm Hg: intra-abdominal hypeension IAP >= 12 mm Hg - ACS occurs predominantly in: - Patients in profound shock: - Patients requiring large amounts of resuscitation fluids & blood - Those with major visceral or vascular abdominal injuries -IVC compresed -Decreased Venous return- Decrease Cardiac Output - Decrease systolic blood pressure - Decrease renal blood flow & vascular blood flow - decrease GFR - decrease urine output. Physiologic consequences of increased intra-abdominal Pressure Decreased Increased - Cardiac output - Central venous return - Visceral blood flow - Renal blood flow - Glomerular filtration - Cardiac rate - Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - Peak inspiratory pressure - Central venous pressure - Intrapleural pressure - Systemic vascular resistance Abdominal Compament syndrome grading system Grade Bladder pressure (mm Hg) Clinical features Treatment I 12-15 None Normovolemic resuscitation II 16-20 Oliguria, splanchnic hypoperfusion Hypovolemic resuscitation III 21-25 Anuria, increased ventilation pressure Decompression IV > 25 Anuria, increased ventilation pressure & decreased PO2 Emergency re-exploration', 'role': 'assistant'}]