This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics
[{'content': 'Causes of polyhydraminos include:a) Diabetes mellitusb) Preeclampsiac) Esophageal atresiad) Renal agenesise) Anencephaly \nSelect and explain. \nA. acd, B. bde, C. cde, D. ace', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Friends, for a second - let’s forget the lists of conditions leading to Oligohydramnios/Polyhydramnios (This happens quite often in exams).\nLet’s reason out each option one by one.\nOption “a” Diabetes mellitus\nWe all know polyhydramnios is a complication of maternal diabetes.\nPathophysiology:\nMaternal hyperglycemia\n↓\nFetal hyperglycemia\n↓\nPolyuria (of fetus) and osmotic diuresis\n↓\nPolyhydramnios (Option “a” is correct)\nOption “b” Preeclampsia\nPreeclampsia\n↓\nDecreased uteroplacental circulation\n↓\nDecreased fetal renal blood flow\n↓\nDecrease urine production by fetus\n↓\nOligohydramnios\nOption “c” Esophageal atresia\nWe all know - Amniotic fluid is kept in balance with the rate of production, by fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid.\nIn case of oesophageal atresia\n↓\nDecrease fetal swallowing\n↓\ni.e., Decrease absorption\n↓\nPolyhydramnios (option “c” is correct)\nSame is the case with congenital diaphragmatic hernia/Facial clefts/Neck masses.\nOption “d” Renal agenesis\nRenal agenesis\n↓\nDecrease urine production\n↓\nOligohydramnios (Option “d” is incorrect)\nSame holds good for posterior urethral value in males.\nOption “e” Anencephaly\nIn anencephaly (or meningomyelocele or spina bifida)\n↓\nMeninges are exposed\n↓\nIncrease transudation of fluid from exposed meninges\n↓\nPolyhydramnios (Option “e” is correct)\nSo friends, it is not essential to mug up most of the causes of oligo/polyhydramnios.\nSome causes which need to mugged up are:', 'role': 'assistant'}]