This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology
[{'content': 'The following are predisposing factors for esophageal Ca Except - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Plummer-Vinson syndrome, B. Tylosis palmaris, C. Chronic Achalasia, D. Benzene therapy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Predisposing factors for Ca Esophagus \n\nFor Adenocarcinoma\n\nChronic gastric reflux (i,e Barrett's esophagus)\n\nFor Squamous cell Ca\nAlcohol\nCigarette\nMucosal damage from physical agents → Hot tea, Lye ingestion, Radiation-induced strictures, Chronic achalasia\nOther ingested carcinogens →\xa0Nitrates, Smoked opiates, Fungal toxins in pickled vegetables\nPlummer -Vinson - Paterson Kelly syndrome ( Esophageal Web + glossitis + Iron deficiency )\nTylosis palmaris et plantaris ( Congenital hyperkeratosis and pitting of palms and soles)\nDietary deficiencies of molybdenum, Zinc, Vitamin A.\nCeliac sprue\nChronic Achalasia\n\nFollowing information has been added in 8th/e of Robbins \n\nHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection has also been implicated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in high-risk areas but not in low-risk regions.", 'role': 'assistant'}]