This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology
[{'content': 'Nephrotic syndrome is characterised by -a)  Proteinuriab)  Hyperlipidemiac)  Oedemad)  Haematuriae) Lipiduria \nSelect and explain. \nA. bcde, B. abce, C. acde, D. abde', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome\nProteinuria\n\nThe most important feature of nephrotic syndrome is massive proteinuria (>3.5 gm/day)\nProteinuria results from altered permeability of glomerular filtration barrier for protein.\nThe largest proportion of protein lost in the urine is albumin but globulins are also excreted in some diseases.\nThe ratio of low to high molecular weight proteins in urine in various cases of syndrome is a manifestation of the selectivity of proteinuria. A highly selective proteinuria consists mostly of low molecular weight proteins, i.e. albumin & transferrin, where as a poorly selective proteinuria consists of higher molecular weight globulin in addition to albumin.\n\nEdema\n\nProteinuria leads to hypoalbuminemia that results in decreased colloid osmotic pressure edema.\n\nHyperlipidemia\n\nIncreased synthesis of lipoproteins by liver.\nDecreased catabolism of lipids.\nThere is increased cholesterol, triglycerides VLDL, and LDL.\n\nLipiduria\n\nHyperlipidemia results in lipiduria due to excessive leakiness of glomerular filtration barrier.', 'role': 'assistant'}]