This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology
[{'content': 'Broadcast is characteristic of - \nSelect and explain. \nA. CRF, B. Ac GN, C. ARF, D. Renal TB', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Hyaline casts -\n\nThese are the most common type of casts and they can be found in normal urine samples.\nThey consist almost entirely of Tamm Horsfall protein.\nZero-to Two hyaline casts per low power field is considered normal.\nIncreased numbers of Hyaline casts can occur with exercise, heat exposure, dehydration, fever, congestive heart failure and diuretic.\n\nRenal tubular epithelial cell casts -\n\nThese casts results when the epithelial cells of the renal tubules are being excreted along with the casts.\nRenal tubular epithelial casts are most suggestive of tubular injury as in acute tubular necrosis.\nThey are also found in other disorders including eclampsia, heavy metal poisoning, ethylene glycol intoxication (most of these cases lead to acute tubular necrosis).\n\nGranular casts -\n\nThese casts are fairly common and occur in both pathological and non-pathological condition.\nGranular casts can result either from the breakdown of cellular casts to a point where the cells that once were within them are no longer distinguishable or they can result from the inclusion of aggregates of plasma proteins, fibrinogen or immune complexes within the cast upon formation.\nThey can be further divided into coarse granular casts and fine granular casts.\nFine granular casts can appear in non-pathological conditions such as vigorous exercise, but the presence of coarse granular cast is abnormal and presents in wide variety of clinical diseases.\nThey are common in renal parenchymal disease.\n\nBroadcasts -\n\nThese casts originate from dilated chronically damaged tubules or the collecting ducts, therefore, they are called renal failure casts. \nThese are formed in collecting duct as a result of urinary stasis.\nBroadcasts are two to six times the size of other types of casts.\nBroadcasts or renal failure casts are usually seen in patients with advanced renal failure.\n\nWaxy casts -\n\n\nWaxy casts are cylinders of smooth highly refractive material.\nWaxy casts are seen in final stages of degeneration of fine granular casts. Since the granules need time to degrade, this implies nephron obstruction.\nWaxy casts are seen in chronic renal diseases associated with renal failure seen in diabetic nephropathy, malignant hypertension, glomerulonephritis.', 'role': 'assistant'}]