This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine
[{'content': 'All of the following drugs are used for treatment of hyperkalaemia, EXCEPT: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calcium gluconate, B. Sodium bicarbonate, C. Intravenous infusion of glucose with insulin, D. Beta blockers', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Beta agonists are used for shifting potassium into the cells in patients with hyperkalemia with ECG changes. Drugs used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with ECG changes are: Intravenous calcium gluconate (stabilize cardiac membrane) IV insulin, beta 2 agonists, IV NaHCO3 (shift potassium into cells) Methods of potassium removal are: Dialysis Diuretics Cation exchange resins In patients with hyperkalemia without ECG changes: Remove offending agents Use dialysis, diuretics and/or cation exchange resins Ref; Civetta, Taylor, & Kirby's Critical Care edited by Andrea Gabrielli, page 622.", 'role': 'assistant'}]