This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology
[{'content': 'Which of the following statement is true about bacteriophage - \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is a bacterium, B. It helps in transformation, C. It imparts toxigenicity to bacteria, D. It transfers only chromosomal gene', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: When a bacteria becomes lysogenized, occasionally, extra genes carried by the phage gets expressed in the\nbacteria. This gene can change the properties of the bacteria. This process is known as lysogenic\nconversion or phage conversion.\nExample: Lysogenic conversion in corynebacterium diphtheria converts it into pathogenic bacteria. After\nlysogenic conversion, C. diphtheria acquires the ability to produce toxin.\nBacteriophage\n• Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.\n• Bacteriophages resemble most viruses in having a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds a\nmolecule of DNA or RNA.\n• Typical phages have hollow heads (where DA or RNA is stored) and tunnel tails.\nThe tail possesses many fibres. The fibres ha%re the ability to bind to specific molecules on the bacterial\ncell surface.\n• When a phage binds to bacterial cell surface it is called adsorption. The phage then undergoes\npenetration, in which the viral DNA is injected through the tail into the host.\nTypes of phages: Lytic or virulent phages and Temperate or prophages\n1. Lytic or virulent phages:\nLytic phages multiply inside the cell and release a burst of phages through the membrane, lysing the cell.\n2. Prophages or temperate phages:\nProphages or temperate phages, on the other hand, do not immediately lyse the bacteria they infect. Instead,\nthey integrate their DNA into host DNA creating a phage.\nThe phage DNA in this repressed state is called a prophage (because it is not a phage but it has the potential\nto produce phage)\nThe integrated state of phage DNA is termed prophage, whereas, the process is known as lysogeny and the\nbacteria harbouring the prophage are called lysogenic bacteria.\nSince the prophage contains genes, it can. confer new properties to the bacteria.\nWhen a bacteria becomes lysogenized, occasionally, extra genes carried by the phage gets expressed in the\xa0bacteria. This gene can change the properties of the bacteria. This process\nis known as lysogenic conversion or phage conversion.\nLysogenic conversion in Corynebacterium Diphtheria converts it into pathogenic bacteria. After lysogenic\xa0conversion, C. diphtheria acquires the ability' to produce toxin.\nLysogenic conversion is also seen in Salmonella typhi and Clostridium botulinum.\nTransduction\nTransduction occurs when bacteriophage carries a piece of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another.\n• Transduction is not only confined to transfer of chromosomal DNA, episomes and plasmid may also be\xa0transduced.\n• The plasmid is a DNA molecule that is separate from and can replicate independently of\xa0chromosomal.\n• Types of transduction.\n• Lytic phages cause generalized transduction.\n• Temperate phages cause specialized transduction", 'role': 'assistant'}]