This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine
[{'content': 'All are risk factors for the development of surgery associated chronic kidney disease, EXCEPT: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Older age, B. CCF, C. Emergency procedures, D. Spinal anaesthesia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Common risk factors for postoperative AKI include 1. Underlying chronic kidney disease, 2. Older age, 3. Diabetes mellitus, 4. Congestive hea failure 5. Emergency procedures. Cardiopulmonary bypass is a hemodynamic state characterized by nonpulsatile flow and exposure of the circulation to extracorporeal circuits. Longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass is a risk factor for AKI. Ref: Harrison-E-18, P-2296.', 'role': 'assistant'}]