This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology
[{'content': 'Heart failure cells are - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lipofuscin granules in cardiac cells, B. Pigmented alveolar macrophages, C. Pigmented pancreatic acinar cells, D. Pigment cells seen in liver', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Heart failure cells (siderophages) are hemosiderin containing macrophages in alveoli that are seen in left\xa0ventricular failure and denote previous episodes of pulmonary edema.\n\nLeft-sided heart failure\n\nThe major morphological and clinical effects of LVF are due to increased back pressure in the pulmonary\xa0circulation\xa0and the consequences of diminished peripheral blood pressure and flow,\nThe extracardiac organs involved commonly are -\n\n1. Lung (most common)\n2. Kidney\n3. Brain\nLung\n\nThe pressure in the pulmonary veins increases and transmitted\xa0retrogradely to capillaries and arteries,\nThis results in pulmonary congestion and pulmonary-oedema → Wet lung.\nThere is perivascular and interstitial translate, particularly in the interlobular septa → responsible for\xa0Kerley's B\xa0lines on X-rays.\nEdematous fluid accumulates in alveoli.\nIron-containing proteins and hemoglobin leak out from the capillaries and are phagocytosed by\xa0macrophages and converted to hemosiderin.\nHemosiderin - containing macrophages in the alveoli (called siderophages, or heart failure cells) denote\xa0previous episodes of pulmonary edema.\nThe clinical manifestations of LVF are primarily due to these changes in lungs —> Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.\n\nKidney\n\nDecreased cardiac output causes a reduction in renal perfusion.\nIf it is severe enough to impair the excretion of nitrogenous product (BUN, Creatinine), Prerenal ARF\xa0(Prerenal azotemia) may be precipitated.\n\nBrain\n\nReduced perfusion to the brain may cause hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy.", 'role': 'assistant'}]