This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology
[{'content': 'Hypehyroid state is characterized by ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increased protein synthesis, B. Decreased glycolysis, C. Lipolysis, D. Increased cholesterol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. is 'c' i.e., LipolysisIn hypehyroidism all effects of thyroid hormone are aggravated :-i) Calorigenic effect :- Thyroid hormones enhance oxygen consumption, and hence the basal metabolic rate (BMR). This may be at least paly due to increase in the activity of membrane Nall(' ATPase. Thyroid hormones also increase the number and activity of mitochondria, which may be the cause or the effect of increase in oxygen consumption. By increasing the BMR, thyroid hormones raise body temperature, loss of body weight and increase urinary nitrogen loss.ii) Growth and development :- Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development.iii) Carbohydrate metabolism :- Thyroid hormones have both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic effects. The hypoglycemic effect is the increased glycolysis. The hyperglycemic effects are stimulation of glycogenolysis and glucoconeogenesis. The net effect is hyperglycemia and depletion of glycogen.iv) Fat metabolism :- Thyroid hormone stimulates both lipogenesis and lipolysis. The lipolysis exceeds lipogenesis. Thus thyroid hormones moblize fat from adipose tissue, leading to an increase in plasma concentration of FFAs.v) Protein metabolism : - Thyroid hormone has a protein anabolic effect but in large doses, it has a protein catabolic effect. Thus thyroid hormone increases both protein synthesis and protein degradation.vi) Cardiovascular effects :- The thyroid hormones increase the hea rate, cardiac contractility, stroke volume and cardiac output, and consequently also the systolic BP. But the diastolic BP may fall due to vasodilatation in several vascular beds with decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. The cardiovascular effects of thyroid hormones are paly mediated by potentiation of effects of catecholamines.vii) GIT :- Thyroid hormones increase GI secretion, absorption and motility.viii) Nervous system :- Thyroid hormones are essential for normal formation of synapses and myelination in the developing brain.ix) Respiratory system :- Thyroid hormones increase the rate and depth of respiration.About option a & dIn low concentration thyroid hormone increases protein synthesis, but in high concentration (as in hypehyroidism) it is catabolic.Hypehyroidism causes decrease in cholesterol due thyroxine induced increased LDL receptor synthesis in liver, and consequent increase in the removal of LDL from circulation.", 'role': 'assistant'}]