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Tracing Cosmic Dawn Abstract Observational effort is on the way to probe the 21-cm of neutral hydrogen from the epochs of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn. Our current poor knowledge of high redshift astrophysics results in a large uncertainty in the theoretically predicted 21-cm signal. A recent parameter study that is highlighted here explores the variety of 21-cm signals resulting from viable astrophysical scenarios. Model-independent relations between the shape of the signal and the underlying astrophysics are discussed. Finally, I briefly note on possible alternative probes of the high redshift Universe, specifically Fast Radio Bursts.

Behavior and performance of pigs previously housed in large groups. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of social familiarity and initial BW variation at mixing on performance and welfare of pigs born to group-housed lactating sows. A total of 180 pigs from 24 litters were used in a random design with 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 (social familiarity x initial BW uniformity) factorial arrangement. Pigs were born in group-farrowing rooms where they mingled in large groups of 66 to 80 pigs from 10 d of age. At 8 wk of age (BW=23+/-3.1 kg), pigs were allocated to 20 pens of 9 pigs (5 castrated males and 4 females) in a grow-finish room, with 5 pens assigned to each of 4 treatment combinations without consideration of relatedness. Familiar groups consisted of pigs from 1 farrowing room, and unfamiliar groups consisted of 3 pigs from each of 3 different farrowing rooms. Uniform BW groups were formed by using the middle 2 quartiles, and variable BW groups by using the heaviest and lightest quartiles of pigs. Aggression and activity behavior were directly observed by scan or continuous sampling during a period of 4 h on the first 3 d, d 7, and d 14 after grouping. Injury scores were assessed on all pigs immediately before and 48 h after grouping. Body weight gain and apparent feed intake were measured every 2 wk for 14 wk. Aggression in familiar groups was minimal throughout the observation periods. Compared with that in familiar groups, total duration of fighting was greater in unfamiliar groups on d 0 (upon grouping, 48.5 vs. 0.5+/-10.88 s/pig(-1).4 h(-1); P<0.001) and on d 1 (10.8 vs. 0.4+/-3.24 s/pig(-1).4 h(-1); P<0.05) after grouping. Unfamiliar pigs had greater injury scores (6.6 vs. 1.8+/-0.28; P<0.001) and spent less time eating on d 0 (5.1 vs. 8.8+/-0.92% of total observation time; P<0.01) after grouping compared with familiar pigs. The ADG and ADFI were decreased in unfamiliar groups during the initial 6 wk, but not for the entire 14-wk period in comparison with familiar groups. Body weight variation did not affect behavior and performance in familiar groups but increased aggression-induced injuries in unfamiliar groups. The results indicated that grouping unacquainted pigs derived from large groups induced overt aggression, associated injuries and initial reduction in performance, which causes welfare concerns on mixing pigs born to group-housed lactating sows.

Effect of oral administration of calcium carbonate, Camalox and Novalucol on plasma gastrin concentration in duodenal ulcer patients. In 6 patients having duodenal ulcer disease plasma gastrin concentrations were determined before and after the oral administration of 0.5--2 g of calcium carbonate, 2--4 tablets of Camalox and 2 tablets of Novalucol. No significant influence on basal plasma gastrin levels was noted indicating that antacids, whether they contain calcium carbonate or not, do not influence the basal plasma concentration of gastrin at occasional administration.

Stances and Skills to in-Habit the World: Pragmatic Agnosticisms and Religion This paper explores two routes along which a pragmatic philosophical approach can contribute to reflections on agnosticism. The first of these approaches is developed in dialogue with William James, and it is oriented towards the needs and obligations of individuals and the extent to which agnosticism affects our abilities to lead strenuous lives. The second is developed in dialogue with Richard Rorty. It is oriented towards how agnosticisms can be adopted within particular vocabularies vis-a-vis other vocabularies as a pragmatically helpful strategy or skill. I discuss the extent to which these can contribute to philosophical reflection on agnosticism and propose that they show that the agnosticism debate would benefit from a broadened focus where epistemic and pragmatic considerations are better integrated than presently. This would enable us to discuss different types of agnosticism that come to the fore in various contexts and whether they prevent us or allow us to better handle concrete problems in our interactions with the world.

IMPROVING MORTALITY IN SEPSIS: ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL TRIALS Sepsis accounts for a huge number of deaths in intensive care units worldwide. Encouraging data from recent studies show that some interventions are able to reverse such a picture. Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) bundles were built based on these interventions. Many studies were published analyzing the impact of sepsis protocol implementation on compliance, costs, and mortality, and the results are herein analyzed. Based on these studies, it is not clear if the reduction is secondary to improvement in the quality of care naturally associated with protocol implementation or to the improvement in compliance to strict goals. A high heterogeneity is present among institutions and countries, and the pitfalls for protocol implementation seem to depend on local characteristics. In the same way, the impact of interventions might be different according to each institution's epidemiological profile. Interventions not impacting in low-mortality-rate institutions can be important for places where mortality is high. In Brazil, mortality rates are very high, and the results of Brazilian SSC network are presented and discussed.

Molecular Cloning and mRNA Expression of the Liver-Specific Cathepsin L1 Gene of the Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus We isolated a homolog of cathepsin L from a cDNA library of the olive flounder liver. The flounder cathepsin L1 transcript consisted of 1,221 bp that encoded a polypeptide of 334 amino acids. The overall identity between flounder cathepsin L1 and other cathepsin Ls was 50–64%, and flounder cathepsin L1 contained the highly conserved ERFNIN-motif. A phylogenetic tree indicated that flounder cathepsin L1 is in the same monophyletic group as zebrafish cathepsin Lc. RT-PCR analysis revealed that cathepsin L1 transcripts were expressed only in the liver. They were detected from 28 d post-hatching. Under starvation conditions, cathepsin L1 expression was decreased at 30 d.

Research, Application and Promotion of New Isolation Layer The paper centers on research, application and promotion of a new seismic isolation layer technology, whose study achievement includes reinforced-asphalt seismic isolation layer and reinforced-asphalt seismic level isolation pier. The experimental results show that the proposed technology shares excellent seismic isolation performance, and provides low-cost expenditure and simple construction method, which is most suitable to vast rural areas’ building in China, and it can also be implemented to the third world countries. The reinforced-asphalt isolation layer technology has been applied to engineering practice, which is the first building adapting the new technology. Meanwhile, experimental testing is carried out on it, which suggests a superior damping effect. The proposed level isolation pier technology simplifies utilization of civil buildings in rural areas.

Influence of eugenol-containing temporary cement on bonding of self-etching adhesives to dentin. PURPOSE To investigate the influence of eugenol-containing temporary cement on bonding of resin composite to dentin mediated by self-etching adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces were produced by grinding of extracted human molars. The dentin surfaces were either used directly or after a one-week exposure to a zinc oxide-eugenol cement (IRM). A resin composite (Herculite XRV) was bonded to the dentin surfaces following treatment with 1 of 6 self-etching adhesives (AdheSE, Adper Prompt L-Pop, Clearfil SE Bond, iBond, OptiBond Solo Plus - Self-Etch Adhesive System, and Xeno III). An adhesive system containing 0.5 M EDTA as dentin conditioner (Gluma Classic) was included as negative control, and an etch-and-rinse adhesive system (OptiBond FL) was included as positive control. After storage in water at 37 degrees C for 1 week, the bonded specimens were fractured in shear (n = 8 in each group). RESULTS Previous contact of dentin with zinc oxide-eugenol cement significantly decreased the bond strength mediated by the negative control and did not affect the bond strength mediated by the positive control. For the self-etching adhesives, no effect was found of previous contact with zinc oxide-eugenol cement. With and without previous contact with zinc oxide-eugenol cement, the etch-and-rinse adhesive system yielded a significantly higher bond strength than all other adhesive systems. CONCLUSION Previous contact with zinc oxide-eugenol cement did not decrease the bond strength of resin composite to dentin mediated by self-etching adhesives. This finding suggests that eugenol-containing temporary cements may be safe to use in combination with self-etching adhesives.

Poster: Approximate Sensing with Vector Symbolic Architectures: The case of fault isolation in distributed automation systems Due to the stochastic and imprecise nature of sensory data, the current (exact computational) algorithms for their processing introduce unnecessary computational overhead. One of the major trends in the development of computation al elements for processing of sensory data is low-power imprecise electronics and accompanying algorithmic solutions for approximate computing. This poster introduces the usage of hyper-dimensional computing and vector-symbolic architectures in the context of wireless embedded systems. A problem of fault isolation in a distributed automation system is considered as a showcase. The poster presents the performance of the associative sensing approach as well as challenges associated with the design of communication techniques and network protocols for exchanging of VSA information.

High resolution DSM generation from ALOS PRISM - mosaic dataset - Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping, one of onboard sensors carried by Advanced Land Observing Satellite, was designed to generate worldwide topographic data with its high resolution and stereoscopic observation. More than six thousand scenes of digital surface model were processed so far from its images in Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The areas of processed scenes cover all Japan land areas and some foreign sites for specific research projects. This paper reports on the latest status of the digital surface model scene archives in all Japan land areas and a mosaicking process which combines them into 1°×1° geographic latitude/longitude tiles. The absolute and relative accuracies of mosaicked digital surface model tiles are validated with ground control points and a variety of height reference data including digital surface models produced by airborne light detection and ranging instruments.

Reliability of clinician judgements of bruxism. Bruxism is considered to be a parafunctional disorder requiring treatment and is viewed as a risk factor for the development of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). The purpose of this investigation is to examine the reliability of clinician judgements of bruxism severity. Twenty dentists who are faculty members in a dental school examined 29 stone casts and gold-plated models of individual teeth for evidence of bruxism. Ordinal ratings of bruxism severity for the 29 augmented models were made on two occasions, approximately 3 months apart. Inter-rater reliability among all clinicians, evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), was poor at both time one and time two (i.e. ICC = 0.33 and 0.32, respectively), with somewhat better reliability found among those clinicians with above-average time elapsed since completion of dental training (i.e. ICC = 0.48 and 0.50 for time 1 and time 2, respectively). Three-month test-retest reliabilities were fair (ICC = 0.46) for the full group of raters and were unrelated to clinicians' degree of confidence in their ratings. These results indicate a need to standardize methods for clinical assessment of bruxism. Additionally, they have implications for studies using clinical assessments of bruxism to test the association between bruxism and other conditions such as TMDs.

Motion capturing of biomechanical systems in traditional dance using IMU sensors This paper highlights a scientific approach to capture and analyze biomechanical data of authentic traditional dance motions with the aim to digitally preserve their inherent rhythmic dying features for future training and coaching purposes. IMU based sensor setup designed to capture threedimensional movement patterns of field experts in the original environment is employed to capture motion data. The captured velocity data will be used to investigate the key hidden features of the dance motions. Results will be used to identify and preserve these vital features for future generations. Methodology shows the effectiveness of the proposed setup in identifying the key parameters to be addressed. To illustrate, data from a professional UAE traditional ‘Ayala’ dancer is taken and analyzed.

A new fluid factor and its application using a deep learning approach Amplitude interpretation for hydrocarbon prediction is an important task in the oil and gas industry. Seismic amplitude is dominated by porosity, the volume of clay, pore‐filled fluid type and lithology. A few seismic attributes are proposed to predict the existence of hydrocarbon. This paper proposes a new fluid factor by adding a correct item based on the J attribute. The algorithm is verified through stochastic Monte Carlo modelling that contains various rock physical properties of sand and shale. Both gas and oil responses are separated by the new fluid factor. Furthermore, an approach based on the neural network model is trained using the deep learning method to predict the new fluid factor. The confusion matrix shows that this model performs well. This model allows the application of the new fluid factor in the seismic data. In this study, the Marmousi II data set is used to examine the performance of the new fluid factor, and the result is good. Most hydrocarbon reservoirs are identified in the shale–sandstone sequences. The combination of deep learning and the new fluid factor provides a more accurate way for hydrocarbon prediction.

Patterns of lipid changes among type 2 diabetes patients in Sudan. This study investigated the patterns and determinants of lipid disorders among a group of 250 type 2 adult diabetic patients and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy controls in Sudan. Demographic and clinical data, body mass index and waist circumference, and fasting blood samples were taken to estimate the glucose and lipid profile. The mean duration of diabetes was 9.4 years and 46.0% of patients had poor glycaemic control. Compared to controls we detected a statistically significant increase in triglycerides level and a decrease in HDL-C levels. Other lipid values showed a slight increase compared to controls. There was a statistically significant association of triglycerides and HDL-C with increasing age, female sex, obesity, physical inactivity and poor glycaemic control of diabetes.

‘An intensive study of – feet!’ in two films by Lois Weber: Shoes and The Blot In Shoes (1916), Lois Weber re-examines the relationship between shoes and social mobility. Far from guiding the working-class protagonist’s progress, a pair of worn boots trap her into a moral compromise, which destroys her hope of future advancement, either romantically or socially. Weber’s investigation into wage inequality, the rights of women and the influence of consumer culture via footwear continues in The Blot (1921), which revisits the same plot in a lower middle-class milieu and expands on the theme. Here, shoes are again a danger to women, but also an indicator of genteel distress and a cheap, impractical commodity, good only for profiteering rather than practicality.

Abstract 5360: Temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cells are collaterally sensitive to ferroptosis through NRF2 high expression Glioblastoma patients have a poor prognosis with a low median survival rate mainly due to temozolomide (TMZ) resistance. NRF2 is an important transcript factor involved in chemotherapy resistance due to its ability to regulate genes related to the antioxidant response and to prevent cell death processes, such as ferroptosis. However, the relation between NRF2 and iron-dependent cell death is contradictory and poorly understood. This study aimed to analyze the role of NRF2 in ferroptosis modulation in glioblastoma cells. To this end, it was analyzed two human glioblastoma cell lines (U251MG and T98G) after treatment with TMZ, ferroptosis inducers (Erastin, RSL3, and Sorafenib), and ferroptosis inhibitor (Ferrostatin-1). Also, we performed gene expression analysis of glioma patients. Our results demonstrated that T98G compared to the U251MG was more resistant to chemotherapy and showed elevated levels of NRF2 expression and its targets xCT, HMOX1, and ABCC1. Interestingly, T98G cells revealed higher sensitivity and lipoperoxidation levels after ferroptotic treatment. Next, we established T98G NRF2 silenced cells and we observed a significant reduction in cellular viability after TMZ treatment when compared to wild-type cells. On the other hand, T98G-shNRF2 was more resistant to ferroptosis induction, indicating that NRF2 plays a key role in the modulation of chemoresistance and ferroptosis. After, we showed that NRF2 controls levels of ABCC1/MRP1 in glioblastoma cells, and ABCC1 silencing promotes sensitivity to TMZ and resistance to Erastin. These results support a possible mechanism of ferroptosis modulation by NRF2 on TMZ-resistant gliomas through ABCC1, which has been recently associated with ferroptosis induction by promoting efflux of glutathione out of the cell. Furthermore, we confirmed that NRF2 has a positive correlation with ABCC1 in glioma patients, and higher ABCC1 expression was associated with tumor aggressiveness. Also, we validated ABCC1 as an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival on glioma. Finally, we observed that T98G cells have sensitivity to the ferroptosis inducer FDA-approved, sorafenib. Altogether our data suggest that high levels of NRF2 may result in ferroptosis sensitivity on glioblastoma through the high levels of expression of its pro-ferroptotic target ABCC1, once the xCT system is blocked by Erastin. Thus, glioblastoma cell vulnerability to ferroptosis by NRF2 and ABCC1 high expression can be an Achilles’ heel to reverse drug resistance on glioblastoma through the treatment with ferroptosis inducers. Citation Format: Izadora de Souza, Linda Karolynne Monteiro, Camila Banca Guedes, Marcela Latancia, Marina Tomaz Andrade, Matheus Molina Silva, Bruna Contieri, Bruna Felício Milazzotto Ribeiro, Mariana Lazarini, Luciana Gomes, Clarissa Rocha. Temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cells are collaterally sensitive to ferroptosis through NRF2 high expression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5360.

The role of oestrogen in follicular development. Most of our knowledge of ovarian physiology is based upon studies that have demonstrated functional oestrogen receptors in the ovaries of lower animal species. The presence of oestrogen receptors in primate granulosa cells has been questioned by some investigators. However, we have found oestrogen receptor messenger RNA in human granulosa cells by reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Furthermore, using immortalized granulosa cell lines transfected with a plasmid containing an oestrogen response element, a functional oestrogen receptor was confirmed. These experiments strongly support the hypothesis that human granulosa cells express biologically active oestrogen receptor.

Ericameria austrotexana and Associated Range Forage Responses to Herbicides Canopy cover of false broomweed (Ericameria austrotexana M.C. Johnston) on the Rio Grande Plains of Texas was initially reduced by 96% by glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 2.2 kg/ha in the spring. Acceptable control of this shrub with glyphosate lasted at least 4 yr. Glyphosate severely reduced basal cover of perennial grasses during the year of treatment, but grasses completely recovered within 2 yr after treatment. Standing forage crop increased by an average of 83%, compared to untreated areas, and livestock carrying capacity increased from 1 animal unit (AU)/13 ha to 1 AU/7 ha. Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), and paraquat plus atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] applied in the spring were less effective than glyphosate. Canopy reductions of false broomweed 6 months after applications of 2.2 kg/ha of picloram, paraquat, or paraquat plus atrazine were equivalent to that from 1.1 kg/ha of glyphosate, and control with these herbicides was usually restricted to the season of application. Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), 2,4-D-[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], atrazine, and 2,4-D plus atrazine were not effective when applied in the spring or fall. Time required for recovery of false broomweed canopy apparently varied with amounts of rainfall received after herbicide application.

[Evaluation of per- and postoperative bleeding in 250 poro-metal total hip prostheses without cement]. Arthroplasty of the hip without cement in poro-metal (JUDET type) represents real progress. However, per-operative bleeding is greater, 48 per cent of patients losing more than 2000 ml and 25 per cent more than 3000 ml. Various factors may influence the degree of haemorrhage: the operative indication, the time of the operation and the administration of Calcium heparinate are studied. Postoperatively, overall blood loss then in relation to per-operative bleeding were evaluated.

Molecular force modulation spectroscopy revealing the dynamic response of single bacteriorhodopsins. Recent advances in atomic force microscopy allowed globular and membrane proteins to be mechanically unfolded on a single-molecule level. Presented is an extension to the existing force spectroscopy experiments. While unfolding single bacteriorhodopsins from native purple membranes, small oscillation amplitudes (6-9 nm) were supplied to the vertical displacement of the cantilever at a frequency of 3 kHz. The phase and amplitude response of the cantilever-protein system was converted to reveal the elastic (conservative) and viscous (dissipative) contributions to the unfolding process. The elastic response (stiffness) of the extended parts of the protein were in the range of a few tens pN/nm and could be well described by the derivative of the wormlike chain model. Discrete events in the viscous response coincided with the unfolding of single secondary structure elements and were in the range of 1 microNs/m. In addition, these force modulation spectroscopy experiments revealed novel mechanical unfolding intermediates of bacteriorhodopsin. We found that kinks result in a loss of unfolding cooperativity in transmembrane helices. Reconstructing force-distance spectra by the integration of amplitude-distance spectra verified their position, offering a novel approach to detect intermediates during the forced unfolding of single proteins.

Exploring Adolescents' Cancer Journey Through Photovoice: A Narrative Synthesis. PURPOSE Photovoice is a novel and promising intervention for working with youth in healthcare settings. Despite this, few studies have examined the efficacy of photovoice as a clinical tool for working with teenagers who are on their cancer journey. To better understand the needs of teenagers with cancer and the ways that photovoice can be utilized to address these needs, a systematic review of the literature was undertaken. METHODS Keyword searches of six databases were completed, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments. Searches were limited to articles focusing on the psychosocial needs of adolescents, aged 13-17, who were on active cancer treatment. RESULTS Sixty-four articles were identified that discussed the psychosocial needs of teenagers on active cancer treatment. The needs of these teenagers can be understood as being influenced by the physical changes and symptoms, psychological impact of diagnosis and treatment, short- and long-term social impacts of cancer, impact on holistic well-being, and need for clear, age-appropriate communication. Among these articles, only four articles used photovoice as a methodology and none examined the impact of photovoice as an intervention for teenagers who were currently on active treatment. CONCLUSION Photovoice is uniquely positioned among other psychosocial interventions to help address the needs of teenagers on their cancer journey. Despite this, few researchers have examined the efficacy of photovoice as a psychosocial intervention for teenagers who are currently on active treatment.

Pharmacokinetics of intravenous bepridil in patients with coronary disease. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous bepridil (1-[2-(N-benzylanilino)-1-(isobutoxymethyl)ethyl]pyrrolidine ) were studied in 16 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for evaluation of coronary disease, all with normal base-line hemodynamic and renal functions. Ten patients received 3 mg/kg and six patients received 4 mg/kg of bepridil infused over a period of 30 min. Plasma bepridil concentrations were measured by HPLC and analyzed by model-dependent and model-independent methods. The mean (+/- SD) maximum plasma bepridil concentrations at the end of the infusion were 2047 +/- 820 ng/mL (3 mg/kg) and 2478 +/- 1426 ng/mL (4 mg/kg). Postinfusion bepridil concentrations were best described by a two-compartment open model. The model-dependent harmonic mean distribution and elimination half-lives were 1.7 h (range: 1.1-2.2 h) and 19.7 h (range: 8.0-61.9 h), respectively. The harmonic mean elimination half-life from model-independent analysis was 14.9 h (range: 7.4-64.0 h). The arithmetic means of other model-independent kinetic parameters were systemic clearance, 0.524 +/- 0.215 L X kg-1 X h-1; Vd, 15.3 +/- 10.9 L/kg; and Vdss, 10.1 +/- 6.0 L/kg. Model-dependent and model-independent estimates of half-life and clearance agreed reasonably well. Bepridil was well tolerated, effecting little or no change in central hemodynamics or EKG intervals. The extensive distribution and relatively slow clearance of bepridil account for its long elimination half-life. Intravenous bepridil appears to be a safe calcium (II) antagonist that is suitable for once-a-day dosing.

C.T. Scan Based Dosimetry In Treating Carcinoma Of Oral Tongue It is a well established norm that a combination of external radiation and iridium implant in early stage squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of oral tongue gives good results. We have treated 10 consecutive patients of SCC of anterior 2/3 of tongue staged TI-2 NO by giving 4000 cGy external radiation and 3000 cGy boost with iridium-192 implant. Traditionally, orthogonal radiographs have been taken to determine the spatial distribution of sources. As we do not have a simulator, we have taken 2-4 C.T. scan images perpendicular to the axis of implant. By using this cross-sectional information, we identified the source points and a basal dose rate was calculated manually by following the geometric principles of Paris system, as our T.P.S. did not have the required software. Clinically, 9 out of the 10 patients are in remission (N.E.D. = No evidence of disease) at 18 months follow-up. Our aim of this presentation is to compare manual dosimetry with T.P.S. generated dosimetry and to show that manual dosimetry is also dependable.

Botswana Blood Commons: Visualizing blood services as a public-commons partnership What role can the commons play in improving citizen trust in healthcare services? We explore this question in the context of the chronic blood supply shortage in Botswana, where the Indigenous kgotla village governance system operates alongside the republican state. To address barriers to trust in the blood services ecosystem, we review the public-commons partnership model as a commons ecosystem model that could support participatory design of blood services between the kgotla and state. We apply this model to the ecosystem mapping tool used in the Jigsaw framework, a method previously used in Botswana to support ecosystem visualization, to prompt state consideration of this alternative public-commons partnership as a solution to the blood supply shortage. We also explore the re-visualized ecosystem as a pluriversal commons, where the kgotla and state cosmologies must interact to solve the collective action challenge of blood supply.

New Results on the Cryptanalysis of Low Exponent Rsa We show that if the private exponent d used in the RSA system is less than N 0:292 then the system is insecure. This is the rst improvement over an old result of Wiener showing that when d < N 0:25 RSA is insecure. We hope our approach can be used to eventually improve the bound to d < N 0:5 .

Resident Candidate Interviews: Best Practices Improving resident selection is of utmost importance. Reviewing the plastic surgery and medical education literature provided information on the types of candidates that we have, those that are most likely to be successful, and what candidates are looking for in a program. It also revealed that >30% of programs have had attrition and >60% placed a resident on probation in the last 10 years, despite a majority of surveyed program directors reporting satisfaction with their current process.1 A review of literature on human resources revealed 2 valuable lessons: screen for the necessary skill set and interview for cultural fit.2 Screening for skill set involves critically reviewing the application for objective data indicative of the skills needed to perform or learn the necessary tasks. For surgery residents, this translates to the ability to pass in-service examinations and boards, perform research, work well as a member of a team, educate subordinates, and exhibit good manual dexterity.3 Screening applications can be delegated to those uninvolved in the interview process to avoid biasing interviewers with the details of an application. The interview is for assessing an applicant’s suitability and fit into existing culture, defined as the values, habits, and beliefs of a society, people, or organization (ie, “the intangibles”). To interview for cultural fit, it is critical to honestly assess the traits valued in your most successful residents and what your program’s culture truly is. Not all programs put the same emphasis on research, interest in global health and international travel, or the ability to blend with the resident cohort. After establishing screening criteria and defining the program’s culture, the interview techniques can be addressed. There is a time and place for individual, panel, and group interviews. A panel interview of 2 to 3 interviewers to-1 interviewee is a high-yield format allowing applicants to meet more faculty and/or resident interviewers and for multiple interviewers to assess the same answers and responses from a candidate and compare reactions, impressions, and assessments. Within the interview, an unstructured, semi-structured, or structured approach may be taken. Semi-structured and structured interviews allow for direct comparison of applicants by an interviewer and provide applicants with a sense of uniformity, organization, and fairness about the process. Behavioral interviewing style questions, where applicants are asked questions about situations or traits and further required to give examples of how they dealt with a problem or achieved a goal or to define their role in a project or on a team, are the recommended means of obtaining information and assessing cultural fit. Once selection is complete, it is imperative to reflect and evaluate. External feedback should and can easily be obtained through surveys to be completed anonymously and placed in sealed envelopes at the completion of the interview day. Internal feedback with analysis of the process and its individual components (screening criteria and ease, flow of interview day, evaluation of the applicants, developing the rank list, and success of matching) should be scrutinized at the completion of each interview season, instead of repeating the same potential mistakes, resting on laurels, or settling for mediocrity.

Author Response: Pioglitazone Use and Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus With a History of Ischemic Stroke We appreciate the critical question that was raised by Dr. Feng. Because myocardial infarction and stroke are both risk factors of vascular dementia,1,2 we would expect the incidence of dementia to be higher in those with these illnesses. Unfortunately, we were only able to differentiate Alzheimer (F00, G30) from all other types of dementia (F01–F03, G31), including vascular dementia in our cohort. However, we have a few comments.

Multi-100 GbE and 400 GbE Interfaces for Intra-Data Center Networks Based on Arrayed Transceivers With Serial 100 Gb/s Operation We demonstrate a 2 × 100 Gb/s transmitter and a 4 × 100 Gb/s receiver as the key components for multi-100-GbE and 400-GbE optical interfaces in future intradata center networks. Compared to other approaches, the two devices can provide significant advantages in terms of number of components, simplicity, footprint, and cost, as they are capable of serial operation with nonreturn-to-zero on-off keying format directly at 100 Gb/s. The transmitter is based on the monolithic integration of a multimode interference coupler with two Mach-Zehnder modulators on an electro-optic polymer chip, and the hybrid integration of this chip with an InP laser diode and two multiplexing and driving circuits. The receiver on the other hand is based on the hybrid integration of a quad array of InP photodiodes with two demultiplexing circuits. Combining the two devices, we evaluate their transmission performance over standard single-mode fibers without dispersion compensation and achieve a BER of 10-10 after 1000 m and a BER below 10-8 after 1625 m at 2 × 80 Gb/s, as well as a BER below 10-7 after 1000 m at 2 × 100 Gb/s. Future plans including the development of tunable 100 GbE interfaces for optical circuit-switched domains inside data center networks are also discussed.

Responding to #AllMalePanels: A Collage Are all-male panels (AMPs) a symptom of continuing gender inequality that needs calling out? Undoubtedly. Does ensuring the presence of women on every panel, or even creating all-women panels, offer an effective solution? I’m unconvinced. Insisting that all panels should include women finds support because it is a direct and tangible response to a persistent phenomenon, made infinitely more frustrating by the blithe thoughtlessness that underpins its recurrence. It appears to be a small but welcome and quantifiable step toward correcting the chronic underrepresentation that women in the majority of professional fields still experience. However, settling for this quick fix has some potentially serious side effects for gender equity and diversity. Apparent practicality aside, a “just add women” response to AMPs risks perpetuating not only the notion that gender is binary, essentialized and visible, but also that gender parity between women and men should to be prioritized over other axes of diversity. The binary categorization of gender utilized in the AMP discourse, in which “woman” is the sole logical other of “man,” closes down space for other (non-western, non-binary) gender identities. It also reduces “women” to a reified identity husk, with the complexity and multiplicity of individual identity stripped out in favor of a single monolithic generic label. Gender binarism is a deficient basis on which to try and address difference and inclusivity. In the case of AMPs, it is compounded by reliance on visible markers of gender – principally appearance, but also names and gendered pronouns – to determine whether panelists are men or women. This further reduction of gender identity to what is not only visible but intelligible to the viewer is deeply

Daily rhythms of activity in horses housed in different stabling conditions Abstract Total locomotor activity was studied in 10 Thoroughbreds housed under a natural 12/12 light/dark cycle. Five horses were housed in individual boxes, and five were housed in individual boxes with a paddock. In order to record locomotor activity, on each horse was placed an Actiwatch-Mini® (Cambridge Neurotechnology Ltd, UK), actigraphy-based data loggers that record a digitally integrated measure of motor activity. Locomotor activity in the different experimental conditions was evaluated by visual inspection. Average amount of activity (bout of activity/hour) during light and dark phase and cosine Peak (time of peak activity) were calculate using Actiwatch Activity Analysis 5.06. Student's t-test was used to determine significant differences. The results from this study underline the influence of stabling conditions on activity rhythms in horses; furthermore, we clearly established that in horses, the activity rhythm reaches its peak in the middle of the day.

Adenovirus-mediated bcl-2 gene transfer inhibits renal ischemia/reperfusion induced tubular oxidative stress and apoptosis. Ischemia/reperfusion induces oxidative injury to proximal and distal renal tubular cells. We hypothesize that Bcl-2 protein augmentation with adenovirus vector mediated bcl-2 (Adv-bcl-2) gene transfer may improve ischemia/reperfusion induced renal proximal and distal tubular apoptosis through the mitochondrial control of Bax and cytochrome C translocation. Twenty-four hours of Adv-bcl-2 transfection to proximal and distal tubular cells in vitro upregulated Bcl-2/Bax ratio and inhibited hypoxia/reoxygenation induced cytochrome C translocation, O(2) (-) production and tubular apoptosis. Intra-renal arterial Adv-bcl-2 administration with renal venous clamping augmented Bcl-2 protein of rat kidney in vivo in a time-dependent manner. The maximal Bcl-2 protein expression appeared at 7 days after Adv-bcl-2 administration and the primary location of Bcl-2 augmentation was in proximal and distal tubules, but not in glomeruli. With a real-time monitoring O(2) (-) production and apoptosis analysis of rat kidneys, ischemia/reperfusion increased renal O(2) (-) level, potentiated proapoptotic mechanisms, including decrease in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, increases in caspase 3 expression and poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase fragments and subsequent proximal and distal tubular apoptosis. However, Adv-bcl-2 administration significantly enhanced Bcl-2/Bax ratio, decreased ischemia/reperfusion induced O(2) (-) amount, inhibited proximal and distal tubular apoptosis and improved renal function. Our results suggest that Adv-bcl-2 gene transfer significantly reduces ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative injury in the kidney.

Laser Induced Nonlinear Gyrotropy Effect in Biological Molecules Coherent transient signals such as echoes, bee induction decay, nutation etc. are known to originate from coherent sunmation of individual signals from different members of ensemble with inhomogneour distribution of resonant frequencies. Recently, coherent tIBllsients on single molecules have been observed [I]. Physical ream? for these observations i s the jumps of a selected molecule within a distribution of possible resonant transition frequencies which are sampled sequentially during a long time of experiment by applying the exciting pulses repeatedly. Therefore, instead of conventional ensemble averaging in bulktrpe measurements, in the latter case the temporal averaging takes place over many individual transient experiments on B single molecule. We present here a theory to describe the fluorescence detected (FD) coherent transients an single quantum system having long-lived triplet-state. The system i s subjected to the cw laser field to excite the fluorercencc and to the pulsed microwave (MW) field to induce the coherent transient signals f" triplet substates which are monitored as the changes in the fluorescence intensity. Two kinds of objects are considered: (i) A chmophore molecule in low-temperature host organic matrix where the frequency distribution is naturally generated by hyperfine interactions of a photoexcited triplet electron spin with differently configurated proton spins of the molecule. Spectral jumps within the distribution in this case result h m the flip-flops of the proton spins during the molecule slay in B singlet manifold. (ii) A single nitrogen-vacancy (WV) defect center in diamond having triplet ground slate. In the latter case the frequency distribution is inherently absent but can be organized artificially by applying the extemal magnetic field of strength changing slowly during the time of repeated transient experiments. We have used a Etochastic approach to dexribe the triplet spin pure dephasing resulting boom frequency fluctuations U' induced by host-matrix nuclear spin dynamics [2]. Modeling the fluctuations U' by a sum of h' random telegraph (RT) processes with the same jump rate Y but different variences a. we construct M exaci set of equations for the density matrix of a moleculelcenter averaged over fluctuation U' histories. These equations incorporate the non-Markav effects such as suppression of dephasing by strong MW field. In the case Y >> k; , where k; are inlersydem crossing rates or the ground triplet substater lifetimes, the simple anslytical exgrersionr for the FD transients (Hahn echo, free induction decay, nutation) are obtained and compared with exact calculations within N RT processes model. Available expmimmtal data OD FD nulalions and non-exponential Hahn echo at single pentacene molecules in crystalline p-terphenyl are fitted and the model characteristics Y = 30kHz, a = 85kHz (0' = za:) are determined. Analogous information is also presented for the dcpharing of the N-V centers. [ I ] 1. Wrachtrup, C. vonBorczyyskowski, J. Bernard, M. 0161, R. Brow, Phys. Rev. Len., 71 (1993)3565;1. Chem. Phys., 100(1994)7182. 121 S. Ya. Kilin. A. P. Nirovtsev, P. R. Berman, 1. Wrachtrup. C . van Borczyskowski, Phys. Rev. B, 56 (1997) 24; Phys. Rev. B, submitted. QTuG65

The Inter-Relations Between Social, Biological, and Medical Thought, 1750–1850: Saint-Simon and Comte In a paper which examined the ‘simultaneous emergence of evolutionary theories in biology and sociology in the nineteenth century’, J. C. Greene said of Comte that ‘it was not from biology that his inspiration [the inspiration of his evolutionary view] was drawn; his writings and letters in the formative period sing the praises of Bichat and Gall but not of Lamarck. His intellectual debt in social theory lay in a different direction—to Condorcet's Sketch of an historical picture of the progress of the human mind, to the historical writings of Hume and Robertson, and to the ideas of Saint-Simon’. This statement from a paper published almost twenty years ago as an exploratory reconnaissance of virgin territory is representative of the kind of confused judgements which still surround a discussion of the inter-relations between social, biological and medical thought in the century 1750 to 1850. It makes some valid points which a critical examination should not be allowed to overwhelm, the most significant being that Comte is unequivocally identified with the Enlightenment tradition represented here by Condorcet, Robertson and Hume. But since it is a very condensed statement about a complex set of relationships, it invites interpretations which the author did not necessarily intend.

Ocean wave directional distribution from GPS buoy observations off the west coast of Ireland: Assessment of a wavelet-based method Knowledge of the directional distribution of a wave field is crucial for a better understanding of complex air-sea interactions. However, the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ocean waves, combined with the limitations of existing measurement technologies and analysis techniques, make it difficult to obtain precise directional information, leading to a poor understanding of this important quantity. This study investigates the potential use of a wavelet-based method applied to GPS buoy observations as an alternative approach to the conventional methods for estimating the directional distribution of ocean waves. The results indicate that the wavelet-based estimations are consistently good when compared in the framework of widely used parameterisations for the directional distribution. The wavelet-based method presents advantages in comparison to the conventional methods, including being purely data-driven and not requiring any assumptions about the shape of the distribution. In addition, it was found that the wave directional distribution is narrower at the spectral peak and broadens asymmetrically at higher and lower scales, particularly sharply for frequencies below the peak. The directional spreading appears to be independent of the wave age across the entire range of frequencies, implying that the angular width of the directional spectrum is primarily controlled by nonlinear wave-wave interactions rather than by the wind forcing. These results support the use of the wavelet-based method as a practical alternative for the estimation of the wave directional distribution. In addition, this study highlights the need for continued innovation in the field of ocean wave measuring technologies and analysis techniques to improve our understanding of air-sea interactions.

Restorative Justice With Female Offenders: The Neglected Role of Gender in Restorative Conferencing This article presents findings from a new qualitative study into female offenders’ experiences of restorative conferencing in England and Wales. It is argued that gendered factors of crime and victimization have a definite impact on the restorative conference process, particularly in the areas of complex and interacting needs, differently natured conference engagements, and risks around shame, mental health, and stereotypical ideals of female behavior. For women to reap the full benefits of restorative justice, it is argued that the particular needs and circumstances of female offenders must not only be acknowledged, but also incorporated into the field and mainstreamed into practice.

Grower perceptions of native pollinators and pollination strategies in the lowbush blueberry industry Abstract Pollinator declines and dependence on insect pollination, particularly in fruit and vegetable crops, creates a pressing need to understand growers' interactions with pollinators and factors affecting pollination strategies. At present, many growers are dependent on commercial honey bees (Apis mellifera), but diversified strategies may be necessary to secure adequate crop pollination in the future. As of yet, little social science research exists on pollination practices. This article presents the results of a survey of lowbush blueberry growers in Maine. The survey was part of a five-year pollination security study focusing on four fruit and vegetables crops in the Northeast US. The survey assesses grower perceptions of native pollinators' effectiveness and their perceptions of native pollinators' contribution to fruit set. Results indicate a widespread perception among growers of native pollinators' importance. While native pollinators are not effective enough to replace rented honey bees for three-quarters of the industry, they are broadly seen as an important form of insurance in poor weather when honey bees' effectiveness is reduced. The main obstacle to greater utilization of native pollinators found in this study was uncertainty over native pollinators' contribution to yield and the associated difficulty monitoring native pollinators' population size. Scientists and extension experts must work to reduce these obstacles before more widespread use of native pollinators will occur.

Employability and entrepreneurship in the training of translators and interpreters: A proposal to develop the entrepreneurial skills of translation and interpreting graduates Since the Bologna Process came into force, many Higher Education (HE) institutions have started to include in their curricula professional competences and skills that help to develop entrepreneurship in their graduates in the context of a constantly evolving labour market. Within the framework of Translation and Interpreting (T&I) Studies, although numerous initiatives are being carried out in recent years to improve professional skills and encourage students' entrepreneurial attitudes, several recent research studies show that professional and entrepreneurship contents are not clearly integrated in all undergraduate T&I curricula. This article aims to describe the scene of T&I training in Spain in relation to entrepreneurship between 2015 and 2020. To do so, we will first analyse the concept of entrepreneurship in the current HE framework, paying special attention to its integration into the curricula for translator training in Spain. Subsequently, we will present a specific proposal for the development of employability and entrepreneurship skills in this context, developed at the University of Valladolid over several academic years.

A hidden Markov model framework for traffic event detection using video features A novel approach for highway traffic event detection in video is presented. The proposed algorithm extracts event features directly from compressed video and detects traffic event using a Gaussian mixture hidden Markov model (GMHMM). First, an invariant feature vector is extracted from discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain and macro-block vectors after MPEG video stream is parsed. The extracted feature vector accurately describes the change of traffic state and is robust towards different camera setups and illumination situations, such as sunny, cloud, and night. Six traffic patterns are studied and a GMHMM is trained to model these patterns in offline stage. Then, Viterbi algorithm is used to determine the most likely traffic condition. The proposed algorithm is efficient both in terms of computational complexity and memory requirement. The experimental results prove the system has a high detection rate. The presented model based system can be easily extended for detection of similar traffic events.

A fully synthetic four-component antitumor vaccine consisting of a mucin glycopeptide antigen combined with three different T-helper-cell epitopes. In a new concept of fully synthetic vaccines, the role of T-helper cells is emphasized. Here, a synthetic antitumor vaccine consisting of a diglycosylated tumor-associated MUC1 glycopeptide as the B-cell epitope was covalently cross-linked with three different T-helper-cell epitopes via squaric acid ligation of two linear (glyco)peptides. In mice this four-component vaccine administered without external immune-stimulating promoters elicit titers of MUC1-specific antibodies that were about eight times higher than those induced by a vaccine containing only one T-helper-cell epitope. The promising results indicate that multiple activation of different T-helper cells is useful for applications in which increased immunogenicity is required. In personalized medicine, in particular, this flexible construction of a vaccine can serve as a role model, for example, when T-helper-cell epitopes are needed that match human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in different patients.

The effect of intra-articular gadolinium-DTPA on synovial membrane and cartilage. This investigation evaluated the potential effect of gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA-dimeglumine on synovial membrane and joint cartilage, using macroscopic, microscopic, and x-ray fluorescent spectroscopic techniques. Thirteen New Zealand white rabbits (26 knees) were used in this study, ten receiving 500 micromolar injections of Gd-DTPA-dimeglumine in their right knees; the remainder of the knees served as controls. One injected knee had minimal joint effusion and one had mild hyperemia. Microscopically four knees exhibited mild focal hyperplasia of the synovium, another three minimal focal mononuclear cell infiltration. X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy demonstrated no evidence of Gd-DTPA-dimeglumine in the synovium or articular cartilage. Neither macroscopic nor microscopic evaluation detected any Gd-DTPA-dimeglumine related effects. Gd-DTPA-dimeglumine was found to be safe for intra-articular injection in this animal model.

A new age or just the same old cycle of extirpation? Massacre and the 1798 Irish rebellion Although the 1798 rebellion seldom figures prominently in histories of the Revolutionary Wars, it was probably the bloodiest political upheaval to occur in Ireland between the 1640s and the 1910s. The rebellion was largely inspired by the French Revolution, yet many had long anticipated such an event. They saw it as another round in a struggle that would only end with the extirpation of either Catholics or Protestants. Such beliefs lent ferocity to the fighting and encouraged massacre. Yet, at the same time, individuals on all sides sought to prevent or at least restrain bloodshed. Enlightenment and republican values and the ties of family and community were by no means submerged, and many marked for death were saved, although often deeply traumatized by their experiences. For, while the rebellion looked back to the sectarian massacres of the seventeenth century, it at the same time looked forward to the much less violent Irish nationalist struggles of the nineteenth century.

Voice onset time versus articulatory modeling for stop consonants Abstract Voice onset time (VOT) was developed as a parameter for the pattern-playback speech synthesizer developed approximately 50 years ago, in order to generate the acoustic effects of voiced-unvoiced differences in English stop consonants. However, problems arose when the VOT parameter was used to define stops in actual spoken language, to replace aerodynamic and physiological parameters. A representative physiological model from the same time-period that avoided these problems is sketched. In this model, the manner-of-articulation of a stop is determined by the duration, timing, and extent of laryngeal, articulatory, and respiratory gestures. It is concluded that the term voice onset time should be used only as a parameter in speech synthesis, as originally intended, and not for the analysis of actual speech.

Elucidating Comminution Steps to Enhance the Value of Surimi from Tropical Fish Biochemical and rheological properties of surimi were examined based on: (a) salting time (from 18 to 3 min) while maintaining 21 min for total chopping time; and (b) total chopping time (from 6 to 21 min) while salting during the final 3 min. Extending salting time, which was defined as time of salt contact with proteins during chopping, significantly increased breaking force and penetration distance, while chopping time extension with fixed salting time did not. Salt soluble proteins decreased when salting time decreased; however, this trend performed contrarily against chopping time. A relationship between gel texture and salt soluble proteins was not found. Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups could occur during the chopping process when chopping without salt was extended. Surface hydrophobicity, indicating a certain degree of protein unfolding, was affected differently by chopping versus salting time. Dynamic rheology demonstrated that total chopping time affected denaturation of the myosin tail region more than salting time.

A 10GHz Reconfigurable UWB LNA in 130nm CMOS A 10 GHz reconfigurable CMOS LNA for UWB receiver is presented. The LNA is fabricated with the 0.13 mum standard CMOS process. Measurement of the chip is performed on a ADS simulator. In the UWB low-band (3 to 5.15 GHz), the broadband LNA exhibit a gain of 17.5-18.2 dB, noise figure of 3.4-5dB, input/output return loss better than 10 dB, and input P1dB of -17 dBm, respectively. In the band from 2.4 to 3 G Hz (covering a 802.11 b/g band), the LNA exhibit a gain of 17.5- 18 dB and noise figure less than 3.5 dB. From 5.2 to 6 GHz, the noise figure of the LNA becomes higher than 5 dB. The gain also decrease to about 15 dB. The DC supply is 1.8 V.

SHM With Low-Cost, Low-Energy, and Low-Rate IoT Devices: Reducing Transmission Burden With Compressive Sensing Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a process aimed at studying variations in the expected behavior of a structure in order to locate damage, material deterioration and other abnormalities. To this aim, SHM is usually performed continuously, thus generating large amounts of data, often by employing wired, expensive and proprietary systems. Introducing low-cost, low-energy consumption and low-rate IoT devices allows for cheaper and easier installations also in scenarios where computation and transmission resources are limited. Since many structural signals (e.g., vibrations) are sparse in the frequency domain, it is possible to apply well-known compressive sensing (CS) techniques to limit the amount of information to be transmitted. CS allows recovering a vector using a reduced amount of entries, thus being able to perform sub-Nyquist sampling. This article shows the results obtained by applying CS to inertial signals coming from wireless IoT devices, developed as laboratory prototypes, applied to real structures (specifically, a bridge). Such findings are further expanded by discussing the efficiency of CS with respect to the number of used samples and its feasibility for IoT applications, from the transmission burden and energy consumption standpoints.

Regeneration of Articular Cartilage Surface: Morphogens, Cells, and Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds. The articular cartilage is a well-organized tissue for smooth and friction-free joint movement for locomotion in animals and humans. Adult articular cartilage has a very low self-regeneration capacity due to its avascular nature. The regeneration of articular cartilage surface is critical to prevent the progression to osteoarthritis (OA). Although various joint resurfacing procedures in experimental articular cartilage defects have been developed, no standardized clinical protocol has yet been established. The three critical ingredients for tissue regeneration are morphogens and growth factors, cells, and scaffolds. The concepts based on the regeneration triad have been extensively investigated in animal models. However, these studies in animal models have demonstrated variable results and outcomes. An optimal animal model must precisely mimic and model the sequence of events in articular cartilage regeneration in human. In this article, the progress and remaining challenges in articular cartilage regeneration in animal models are reviewed. The role of individual morphogens and growth factors in cartilage regeneration has been investigated. In normal articular cartilage homeostasis, morphogens and growth factors function sequentially in tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cell-based repair of articular cartilage defects, performed with or without various growth factors and scaffolds, has been widely attempted in animal models. Stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, have also been reported as attractive cell sources for articular cartilage surface regeneration. Several studies with regard to scaffolds have been advanced, including recent investigations based on nanomaterials, functional mechanocompatible scaffolds, multilayered scaffolds, and extracellular matrix scaffolds for articular cartilage surface regeneration. Continuous refinement of animal models in chondral and osteochondral defects provide opportunities that support further advances in tissue engineering for the optimal articular cartilage surface regeneration.

One year of court referrals to Tayside Area Forensic Psychiatry Service: A retrospective audit This study seeks to describe the demographic details, offence details, and psychiatric details and outcomes of individuals referred for court reports to the Tayside Area Forensic Psychiatry Service between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2001. Information was extracted by a review of the psychiatric casenotes of individuals referred during this period. In all, 232 referrals were received on 172 individuals; 58% of those seen received an Axis I diagnosis while 39% were felt to require inpatient psychiatric treatment. Twelve individuals were considered by the assessing psychiatrist to be unfit to plead and eight were insane at the time of the alleged index offence. One was considered to meet the criteria for diminished responsibility on grounds of mental disorder. A clinically inappropriate placement occurred in nearly 10% of cases, most commonly related to insufficient availability of forensic admission beds. These findings are discussed in the context of the need for expansion of Scottish forensic services to include medium secure units, in line with similar services in England and Wales.

Abstract LB301: Molecular pharmacology and broad synergy of the novel ATR inhibitor M1774 with DNA damaging anticancer agents Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) checkpoint kinase orchestrates DNA damage response and repair pathways stimulated by replicative stresses. Recent studies have established that pharmacological inhibition of ATR is clinically promising. As M1774 is an oral ATR inhibitor in clinical development, we explored the molecular basis by which M1774 induces cancer cell death. As a single agent, we found that M1774 suppresses cancer cell viability at nanomolar concentrations with a potency higher than ceralasertib and berzosertib, but lower than gartisertib (M4344) and elimusertib in the small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines H146, H82, and DMS114. We found that M1774 efficiently suppresses the ATR/CHK1 checkpoints. While M1774 alone induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest at micromolar concentrations, at a non-toxic low dose, M1774 enhanced TOP1 inhibitor-mediated cancer cell death by preventing replication arrest and inducing DNA damage detected by EdU and γH2AX staining. Tandem mass tagging (TMT) coupled with mass spectrometry revealed that M1774 combined with SN-38 increases the expression of replication-related proteins (TIPIN, CDC45, TIMELESS, and RPA1) and G2/M-related proteins (PLK1 and CCNB1). To establish the synergistic combinations of M1774 with clinical anticancer DNA damaging agents in preclinical models, we performed experiments in cancer cell lines, patient-derived organoids, and xenograft models. Low doses of M1774 significantly synergized with the clinical TOP1 inhibitor SN-38, the TOP2 inhibitor etoposide, cisplatin, and the PARP inhibitor talazoparib in SCLC cell lines. We also found that M1774 significantly reversed chemoresistance to DNA-damaging agents in cancer cells lacking SLFN11 expression, suggesting that SLFN11 expression can be utilized for combination therapy with M1774 as a biomarker. The synergistic efficacy between M1774 and DNA-damaging agents was confirmed in SCLC patient-derived organoids, colon cancer patient-derived organoids, and H82 SCLC xenografts. Together, these results provide insights into the molecular mechanism and potential combination strategies for M1774 in cancer therapy. Citation Format: Ukhyun Jo, Yasuhiro Arakawa, Astrid Zimmermann, Daiki Taniyama, Makito Mizunuma, Lisa M Jenkins, Suresh Kumar, Frank T Zenke, Yves Pommier. Molecular pharmacology and broad synergy of the novel ATR inhibitor M1774 with DNA damaging anticancer agents [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr LB301.

An inverse problem for Schrödinger equations with discontinuous main coefficient This article concerns the inverse problem of retrieving a stationary potential for the Schrödinger evolution equation in a bounded domain of ℝ N with Dirichlet data and discontinuous principal coefficient a(x) from a single time-dependent Neumann boundary measurement. We consider that the discontinuity of a is located on a simple closed hyper-surface called the interface, and a is constant in each one of the interior and exterior domains with respect to this interface. We prove uniqueness and Lipschitz stability for this inverse problem under certain convexity hypothesis on the geometry of the interior domain and on the sign of the jump of a at the interface. The proof is based on a global Carleman inequality for the Schrödinger equation with discontinuous coefficients, result also interesting by itself.

Delegation in Hard Times: The Financial Management of Arm's Length Bodies in the UK This paper explores the effectiveness of financial management tools in regulating the use of resources by arm’s length bodies (ALBs) in a period of fiscal stress. The paper presents research undertaken into the implementation of a new financial management tool for ALBs in the UK since the 2008 financial crisis. Drawing on conflict ambiguity theory, the paper shows how the effectiveness of such tools is affected by deep-rooted tensions implicit within arm’s length governance. This gives rise to micro-level conflict over the means of achieving fiscal regulation, underpinned by macro-level ambiguity over the logic of governance pursued by the government.

Frailty and Sarcopenia: Impact on Outcomes Following Elective Degenerative Lumbar Spine Surgery Study Design. This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Objective. The aim was to evaluate the impact of frailty and sarcopenia on outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. Summary of Background Data. Elderly patients are commonly diagnosed with degenerative spine disease requiring surgical intervention. Frailty and sarcopenia result from age-related decline in physiological reserve and can be associated with complications after elective spine surgery. Little is known about the impact of these factors on patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Methods. Patients older than 70 years of age undergoing elective lumbar spine surgery were included. The modified 5-item frailty index (mFI-5) was calculated. Sarcopenia was defined using total psoas index, which is obtained by dividing the mid L3 total psoas area by VB area (L3-TPA/VB). PROs included Oswestry disability index (ODI), EuroQual-5D (EQ-5D), numeric rating scale (NRS)-back pain, NRS leg pain (LP), and North American Spine Society (NASS) at postoperative 12 months. Clinical outcomes included length of stay (LOS), 90-day readmission and complications. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed. Results. Total 448 patients were included. The mean mFI-5 index was 1.6±1.0 and mean total psoas index was 1.7±0.5. There was a significant improvement in all PROs from baseline to 12 months (P<0.0001). After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status, levels fused, and baseline PROs, higher mFI-5 index was associated with higher 12-month ODI (P<0.001), lower 12-month EQ-5D (P=0.001), higher NRS-LP (P=0.039), and longer LOS (P=0.007). Sarcopenia was not associated with 12-month PROs or LOS. Neither sarcopenia or mFI-5 were associated with 90-day complication and readmission. Conclusions. Elderly patients demonstrate significant improvement in PROs after elective lumbar spine surgery. Frailty was associated with worse 12 months postoperative ODI, EQ-5D, NRS-LP scores, and longer hospital stay. While patients with sarcopenia can expect similar outcomes compared with those without, the mFI-5 should be considered preoperatively in counseling patients regarding expectations for disability, health-related quality of life, and leg pain outcomes after elective lumbar spine surgery. Level of Evidence. 3.

Effect of Obesity on Sympathovagal Activities in Hypertensive Indian Population. Decreased physical activity, increased psychosocial stress and work stress have contributed to the increased prevalence of obesity and Hypertension (HTN). Irrespective of the aetiology, sympathetic over activity has been recognized as the main pathophysiologic mechanism in the genesis of obesity and HTN. Sympathovagal imbalance or dysregulation of autonomic functions owing to sympathetic over activity and vagal withdrawal is reported to be the basis of many clinical disorders. Obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are known to be associated with dysregulation of autonomic functions independently. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has emerged as a practical, non-invasive tool to quantitatively investigate cardiac autonomic dysregulation. The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether obesity has any effect on further disruption of autonomic functions particularly in hypertensive patients. A total of 96 male and female adults aged between 40-50 years visiting the Primary Health Centre, Yelwala, Mysuru district, India were recruited for this study. They were grouped in to 3 (n=32) as Groups I (Obese hypertensive), II (non-obese hypertensive) and II (non-obese normotensive, control), HRV was determined using the One minute during deep breathing method. Data were presented as Mean ± SD, inferential statistics was by One Way ANOVA and Tukey's Post Hoc test p value <0.005 at α0.05 HRV was significantly decreased in obese hypertensive patients compared to the non-obese hypertensive patients. Our present study supports that obesity and hypertension probably has additive effect in causing autonomic dysregulation.

Spinning Reserve Constrained Static and Dynamic Economic Dispatch One of the recurring problems facing energy control center dispatchers each day is how to operate the system during the periods of high load pickup, such that there is sufflcient generation to follow the load pickup, while still maintaining reasonable reserve and/or regulation margin. This paper shows a technical solution to this problem which can be achieved with a very efficient use of computer resources. The problem is expressed as a dynamic programming scheduling problem, and a feasible, but suboptimal solution is proposed, which eliminates the usual search space problem. This method reduces the problem to a backward sequence of dispatch problems, with the generator limits being carefully adjusted between each time interval in the solution sequence. The paper also discusses an efficient algorithm for the solution of a reserve constrained economic dispatch, which is the static optimization technique used at each interval.

Reproducing inequity: the role of race in the business school faculty search ABSTRACT Despite an increase in students of colour in higher education, a concomitant rise in faculty diversity is not evident. The present research focuses on faculty composition in business schools, which prepare students to lead across worldwide sectors. We examine the role of race in faculty hiring in order to identify barriers that hinder racial diversity within business schools. We use Critical Race Theory (CRT) as an analytic framework to examine the ways racial inequality is reproduced through specific practices in the business school search process. A qualitative methodology is used to investigate the experiences of underrepresented minority faculty who have served on business school search committees. Our participants’ narratives reveal consistent themes across diverse institutions and draw attention to aspects of the business school recruiting process that may be modified to enhance the recruitment of racially diverse faculty in business schools.

Hierarchical Design of Distributed Fault Tolerant Control Systems This work deals with the description of a design procedure for hierarchical fault tolerant control (FTC) of large, distributed system. Following a functional perspective, a procedure for the modular design of the diagnostic and reconfiguration algorithms which run at different levels of the hierarchy is presented. The whole procedure is applied to an hydraulic benchmark system

Synthesis of benzobisoxazole-based D-π-A-π-D organic chromophores with variable optical and electronic properties A series of symmetrical D-π-A-π-D molecules comprised of benzo[1,2-d;4,5-d']bisoxazole (BBO) and various arylenevinylenes was synthesized via a Knoevenagel condensation of 2,6-dimethyl BBO and the corresponding aryl aldehydes. The resulting compounds had energy levels that were easily modulated and broad absorptions in the visible spectrum. They also demonstrated high fluorescence quantum yields in solution. The solvatochromism of several derivatives was examined in a number of solvents, and it was found that the emission of the triphenylamine derivative varied by almost 100 nm, depending on the polarity of the solvent. Collectively, these results indicate that the optical and electronic properties of benzobisoxazoles are readily tuned through the choice of aryl co-monomer.

Bending Bearing Capacity of Steel Tubular Columns Filled with Steel-Reinforced High-Strength Concrete Steel tubular column filled with steel-reinforced high-strength concrete (STSRHC) has higher bearing capacity and seismic performance, so STSRHC has a good application prospect in Engineering. So far, it is in the stage of research. To calculate the bending bearing capacity of steel tubular column filled with steel-reinforced high-strength concrete (STSRC), the bending resistance of STSRHC is predicted by the method of plastic stress distribution, and the formula of bending bearing capacity is successfully established. The results show that the calculated results based on the plastic stress distribution method and the experimental ones are in agreement well, and the formula can be used into columns that have different section form of inserted steel. The conclusions have a guiding significance on improving other performances of STSRHC.

Two-state pattern-recognition handoffs for corner-turning situations Handoff algorithms are used in wireless cellular systems to decide when and to which base station to handoff. Traditional handoff algorithms generally cannot keep both the average number of unnecessary handoffs and the handoff decision delay low. They do not exploit the relative constancy of path loss and shadow fading effects at any given location around a base station. However, handoff algorithms with both a negligible number of unnecessary handoffs and a negligible decision delay can be realized by exploiting this information. One example is the set of handoff algorithms using pattern-recognition introduced in previous work. In this paper, we describe how pattern-recognition handoff algorithms can be applied to the problem of turning a corner. This can be used as part of an integrated pattern-recognition handoff algorithm or together with a traditional handoff algorithm, in which case the pattern-recognition handles only the special cases like turning a corner.

Childhood stress, behavioural symptoms and mother-daughter pubertal development. Belsky, Steinberg and Draper (Child Development 1991, 62, 647-670) predicted that early childhood stress or conflict in the family environment would be associated with childhood behavioural symptoms, early puberty and early, less discriminate sexual behaviour. Their theory was tested in a retrospective self-report survey in 28 daughters (aged 12 to 15) and 21 mothers. In daughters, earlier menarche correlated with more family stress in a late childhood (age 7 to 11); more conflict with mother in early childhood (birth to age 6); more rejection from and less closeness to mother throughout childhood (birth to age 11); more anxiousness and internalizing symptoms (anxiousness/depression) in late childhood (age 7 to 11); earlier age at dating boys; and more boyfriends. An alternative interpretation is considered based on genetic transmission of maternal characteristics.

A Potential New Chalcopyrite Reference Material for LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS Copper Isotope Ratio Measurement A new natural chalcopyrite reference material TC1725 is prepared for in situ Cu isotope measurement by femtosecond laser ablation multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (fsLA‐MC‐ICP‐MS). Detailed textural examination and major element determination suggest the TC1725 chalcopyrite grains have no growth rim or zoning. The chalcopyrite grain is homogeneous with respect to Cu isotopes based on a large number of measurements performed by bulk solution nebuliser (SN)‐MC‐ICP‐MS, single‐grain SN‐MC‐ICP‐MS and fsLA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. The traditional bulk isotope analyses by SN‐MC‐ICP‐MS yielded a mean δ65Cu value of −0.06 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 132). Randomly selected single chalcopyrite grain of TC1725 determined by SN‐MC‐ICP‐MS without column chromatography gave a mean δ65Cu value of −0.06 ± 0.04‰ (2s, n = 188). The intermediate measurement precision for four measurement sessions was better than 0.04‰ (2s), suggesting TC1725 chalcopyrite is suitable as a microanalysis reference material for Cu isotope measurement. The mean δ65Cu value determined by fsLA‐MC‐ICP‐MS analyses on different individual chalcopyrite mounts and strips was −0.06 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 393), consistent with the bulk isotope composition within uncertainty. The recommended mean δ65Cu value for this chalcopyrite reference material is −0.06 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 132) as determined by bulk SN‐MC‐ICP‐MS.

Nonlinear Deposition: a New Approach We introduce a new method for dealing with nonlinear stochastic systems. The method is based on a direct solution of coupled nonlinear integral equations for the static structure factor and the characteristic frequency. As an example we apply the new technique in its lowest order to the KPZ equation in two and three space dimensions. In two dimensions we obtain the known exact exponents and in three dimensions our result is in agreement with previous numerical results.

Tailoring Mechanical Properties of a-C:H:Cr Coatings The development of coatings with tunable performances is critical to meet a wide range of technological applications each one with different requirements. Using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, scientists can create hydrogenated amorphous carbon coatings doped with metal (a-C:H:Me) with a broad range of mechanical properties, varying from those resembling polymers to ones resembling diamond. These diverse properties, without clear relations between the different families, make the material selection and optimization difficult but also very rich. An innovative approach is proposed here based on projected performance indices related to fracture energy, strength, and stiffness in order to classify and optimize a-C:H:Me coatings. Four different a-C:H:Cr coatings deposited by PECVD with Ar/C2H2 discharge under different bias voltage and pressures are investigated. A path is found to produce coatings with a selective critical energy release rate between 5–125 J/m2 without compromising yield strength (1.6–2.7 GPa) and elastic limit (≈0.05). Finally, fine-tuned coatings are categorized to meet desired applications under different testing conditions.

The synergistic ratio of carbaryl with piperonyl butoxide as an indicator of the distribution of multifunction oxidases in the insecta. The synergistic ratio of carbaryl with piperonyl butoxide has been evaluated from LD50values with 54 species of insects from 8 orders and 37 families. The topical LD50 for carbaryl in µg per g ranged from 0.3 for the red milkweed beetle, Tetraopes tetrophthalmus (Forster), to 4000 for Sarcophaga bullata Parker and the synergistic ratio from 1.5 for the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin Meneville, to 400 for S. bullata . The wide ranges of susceptibility to carbaryl and of synergistic ratio are interpreted as response to differences in the activities of multifunction oxidase detoxication which is inhibited by piperonyl butoxide. It is evident that these factors are highly variable in the Insecta.

Chronic tendon pain: no signs of chemical inflammation but high concentrations of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Implications for treatment? Chronic musculo-tendinous pain syndromes are relatively common and associated with very high socio-economic costs. Their aetiology and pathogenesis are still unknown. In the athletic population, chronic tendon pain is most often seen among recreational male and female athletes in the age group between 30-60 years, and is considered to be associated with overuse of the aged tendon. Treatment is known to be difficult. In general, these chronic painful conditions have been considered to include an inflammatory component, and the nomenclature used (tendinitis, tendonitis) most often implies an inflammatory involvement. Despite that tendon biopsies have shown an absence of inflammatory cell infiltration, anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID'S, corticosteroidal injections) are most often included in the treatment. Our research has been focused on chronic painful conditions in the Achilles-, patellar-, and extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)-tendons. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that it is possible to use the microdialysis technique for in vivo investigations of human tendons, and that the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate exists in human tendons. We have identified and measured the concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in tendons as well. The results showed that chronic painful tendinosis (Achilles-, patellar-, ECRB-) had significantly higher concentrations of glutamate, but not PGE2, as compared to the pain-free normal tendons. With the use of immunohistochemical analyses and enzyme histochemistry of human Achilles- and patellar tendon biopsies, we have also, for the first time demonstrated that glutamate NMDARI-immunoreaction was present in nerve structures. These findings altogether, indicate that glutamate might be involved in chronic tendon pain, and further emphasizes that there is no chemical inflammation (normal PGE2 levels) in the chronic stage of these relatively common so-called tendinopathies. The findings of glutamate and it's NMDARI-receptors might have implications for treatment and be a potential target for drugs.

A compact, low-power 40 Gbit/s differential laser driver in SiGe BiCMOS technology A differential laser driver for 40 Gbit/s optical communications delivering a 10 mA current swing to a laser modeled as a 50 Ω resistance in parallel to a 100 fF capacitance is presented. The circuit employs multiple frequency compensation techniques to achieve very high speed without space-consuming inductors. The driver was implemented in a 180 GHz-fT, max SiGe BiCMOS technology. Measurements showed 15 dB gain with 26 GHz bandwidth and open eyes up to 50 Gbit/s. The driver's power consumption was only 80 mW making it the fastest and most power efficient of all inductor-free 40 Gbit/s SiGe laser drivers published to date.

[Pericardial effusion and aortitis: unusual main manifestations of giant cell arteritis]. Giant cell arteritis is a systemic vasculitis with segmentary vascular localisation, usually manifesting as temporal arteritis (Horton's disease). The predominant localisation in different vascular districts leads to clinical heterogeneity and poses a considerable diagnostic challenge. We describe a 77-year old woman with atypical presentation of giant cell arteritis, suffering from fever, weight loss and fatigue, but without classical symptoms such as polymyalgias, arthralgias and headache. The findings of pericardial effusion and thickening of aortic wall in chest-CT suggested the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, fully confirmed by the following biopsy and histologic examination of a macroscopically and palpatory normal arteria temporalis. Undergoing an appropriate corticosteroid-medication the patient has been free of symptoms since 8 months.

Spillover Effects of stock markets volatility, and Financial Contagion: Evidence from European sovereign debt crisis This study investigates the impact of sovereign rating announcements on stock market volatility and spillover effects. We focus on the main known fragile European countries of the past few years: Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Italy. We distinguish between twoperiods: the pre-euro crisis period (2008-2010) and the crisis period (2010-2012). Our results show that the stock market volatility reacts differently in response to credit rating changes in the two periods. During the sovereign crisis period, we observean asymmetric reaction of the domestic stock market volatility in favor of a ratings downgrade. However, in the pre-euro crisis period, we show that stock market volatility reacts to both downgrades and upgrades. Further, the results show a similarity between the two periods concerning the spillover effect occurring only in the case of foreign downgrades.

Application of a novel thermostable NAD(P)H oxidase from hyperthermophilic archaeon for the regeneration of both NAD+ and NADP+ A novel thermostable NAD(P)H oxidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 (TkNOX) catalyzes oxidation of NADH and NADPH with oxygen from atmospheric air as an electron acceptor. Although the optimal temperature of TkNOX is >90°C, it also shows activity at 30°C. This enzyme was used for the regeneration of both NADP+ and NAD+ in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)‐catalyzed enantioselective oxidation of racemic 1‐phenylethanol. NADP+ regeneration at 30°C was performed by TkNOX coupled with (R)‐specific ADH from Lactobacillus kefir, resulting in successful acquisition of optically pure (S)‐1‐phenylethanol. The use of TkNOX with moderately thermostable (S)‐specific ADH from Rhodococcus erythropolis enabled us to operate the enantioselective bioconversion accompanying NAD+ regeneration at high temperatures. Optically pure (R)‐1‐phenylethanol was successfully obtained by this system after a shorter reaction time at 45–60°C than that at 30°C, demonstrating an advantage of the combination of thermostable enzymes. The ability of TkNOX to oxidize both NADH and NADPH with remarkable thermostability renders this enzyme a versatile tool for regeneration of the oxidized nicotinamide cofactors without the need for extra substrates other than dissolved oxygen from air. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 53–62. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Asymmetric Dimers of Chiral Azobenzene Dopants Exhibiting Unusual Helical Twisting Power upon Photoswitching in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. In this study, we synthesized asymmetric dimeric chiral molecules as photon-mode chiral switches for reversible tuning of self-assembled helical superstructures. The chiral switches bearing two mesogen units-cholesterol and azobenzene moieties connected through flexible alkylenedioxy bridges-were doped into nematic liquid crystals, resulting in a chiral nematic (cholesteric) phase. Under irradiation with UV light, photoisomerization of the azobenzene units led to unprecedented switching of the cholesteric pitch and helical twisting power (HTP, β), with a higher HTP found in the cis-rich state (bent-form) than in the trans-state (rod-form). We attribute this behavior to the elongated cybotactic smectic clusters disrupting the helical orientation of the molecules in the cholesteric liquid crystals; their reversible decay and reassembly was evidenced upon sequential irradiation with UV and visible light, respectively. In addition to the photoisomerization of the azobenzene units, the odd/even parity of the alkylenedioxy linkers of the dimeric dopants also had a dramatic effect on the transitions of the cybotactic smectic domains. On the basis of the large rotational reorganization of the cholesteric helix and HTP switching (Δβ/βini of up to 50%), we could control the macroscopic rotational motion of microsized glass rods upon irradiating the surface of a cholesteric liquid crystal film featuring a polygonal fingerprint texture using UV and visible light.

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a constitutional, highly complex intrachromosomal rearrangement of chromosome 1, with 14 breakpoints and a 0.5 Mb submicroscopic deletion Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCR) have been considered to be very rare, however, recent studies suggest that they might be considerably more frequent thanpreviously considered [De Gregori et al., 2007]. Patsalis et al. [2004] studied 20 families with apparently balanced translocations and found additional, cryptic aberrations in 15%, which reclassified them as CCRs. This probably also holds true for intrachromosomal rearrangements, but to date, only 10 cases have been described [Romain et al., 1985; Tuck-Muller et al., 1996; Van Esch et al., 2002; Weise et al., 2003; Chudoba et al., 2004; Shim et al., 2004; de Vries et al., 2005; Gajecka et al., 2006; Piovani et al., 2006; Thienpont et al., 2006]. We here report on the detailed characterization of an extremely complex intrachromosomal rearrangement of chromosome 1, revealing 14 different breakpoints, 12 on thepand twoon theq-arm as well as a small deletion of 0.5 Mb on the p-arm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the hitherto most complex intrachromosomal rearrangement that has been reported. The female patient was born at term (41þ 5) as the second child to healthy, unrelated parents of Arabic descent. The family historywas unremarkable apart from developmental delay of unknown origin in two first cousins of the father. The delivery was normal and the neonatal period was without complications, but initial nursing problems were reported. The birth weight was 3,040 g, the birth length 49 cm and the head circumference 35 cm. During the first year, she had recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, and developed and was treated for infectious asthma until the age of 3 years. At the age of 11 months, the patient was referred for evaluation of psychomotor delay and hypotonia. CT-brain, EMG and EnEG were normal as well as blood chemistry, ASAT, ALAT, lactate, and metabolic screening of the urine. Ultrasound of the abdomen revealed an ectopic left kidney, but investigation with DMSA-scintography showed a normal function. Further examinations showed slight strabismus and myopia as well as a minor hearing disability involving the lower frequencies. Echocardiography was normal. The motor abilities progressed slowly and she started to walk unaided at 3 years of age. No obvious dysmorphic featureswerepresent, but some resemblance to patients with 1p36 deletion could be found, for example, flat nasal bridge, pointed chin and deep set eyes (Fig. 1a). At 4 years, she was still unsteady when walking, but had better fine motor function when using her hands. She has a vocabulary of approximately 10 words and is able to construct two word sentences. Due to problems with swallowing, she has some feeding difficulties and therefore prefers mashed food. She is at the 1.5 centile for both height and weight. Karyotyping of the patient showed an unusual banding pattern of one chromosome 1 (Fig. 1b). The karyotypes of the parents were normal. Metaphases from the patient were hybridized with the repetitive

Physician supply and medical education in California. A comparison with national trends. Concerns have been voiced about an impending oversupply of physicians in the United States. Do these concerns also apply to California, a state with many unique demographic characteristics? We examined trends in physician supply and medical education in California and the United States between 1980 and 1995 to better inform the formulation of workforce policies appropriate to the state's requirements for physicians. We found that similar to the United States, California has more than an ample supply of physicians in the aggregate, but too many specialists, too few underrepresented racial/ethnic minority physicians, and poor distribution of physicians across the state. However, recent growth in the supply of practicing physicians and resident physicians per capita in California has been much less dramatic than in the country overall. The state's unusually high rate of population growth has enabled California, unlike the United States as a whole, to absorb large increases in the number of practicing physicians and residents during 1980 to 1995 without substantially increasing the physician-to-population ratio. Due to a projected slowing of the state's rate of population growth, the supply of physicians per capita in the state will begin to rise steeply in coming years unless the state implements prompt reductions in the production of specialists. An immediate 25% reduction in specialist residency positions would be necessary to bring the state's supply of practicing specialists in line with projected physician requirements for the state by 2020. We conclude that major changes will be required if the state's residency programs and medical schools are to produce the number and mix of physicians the state requires. California's medical schools and residency programs will need to act in concert with federal and state government to develop effective policies to address the imbalance between physician supply and state requirements.

[Bullying: Prevention and intervention strategies]. Bullying can be defined as when one (or more) individual engages in aggressive behaviour against another individual who seem to be unable to defend himself. This action is intentional and persistent and creates great distress and fear. There are not specific statistics in Greece but recent researches from EKKE showed that one out of four children in Athens have been bullied physically. Bullying is a multifaceted and complex problem. Modern psychological perspectives emphasize that aggressive and violent behaviours are learned responses to frustration. Learning occurs by observing models of such behaviour in the family, in the neighbourhood, in school. Ignoring the problem gives a bad example. Prevention and intervention strategies should include the family, the school personnel and the children. Bullying has negative effects on the physical and mental health of the child and it can also cost his life, some kids commit suicide. Therefore intervention strategies need to develop in the communities. The aim is to create a -physically and psychologically- safe environment.

Supporting user interaction of social network mobile application with multimodal interaction Developing commercial multimodal interfaces to date has been accommodation of the practical aspect of usability of the application. The advent of advanced mobile devices in combination with new interaction modalities and methods, opens new possibilities in user interface adaptation. In this paper we propose a framework to enhance the user interaction of a social network mobile application with multimodal adaptation. Our approach integrates the multimodality adaptation for both input and output modality interaction according to user needs.

Dynamics and Coarsening of Interfaces for the Viscous Cahn—Hilliard Equation in One Spatial Dimension In one spatial dimension, the metastable dynamics and coarsening process of an n‐layer pattern of internal layers is studied for the Cahn–Hilliard equation, the viscous Cahn–Hilliard equation, and the constrained Allen–Cahn equation. These models from the continuum theory of phase transitions provide a caricature of the physical process of the phase separation of a binary alloy. A homotopy parameter is used to encapsulate these three phase separation models into one parameter‐dependent model. By studying a differential‐algebraic system of ordinary differential equations describing the locations of the internal layers for a metastable pattern for this parameter‐dependent model, we are able to provide detailed comparisons between the internal layer dynamics for the three models. Layer collapse events are studied in detail, and the analytical theory is supplemented by numerical results showing the different behaviors for the different models. Finally, an asymptotic‐numerical algorithm, based on our asymptotic information of layer collapse events and the conservation of mass condition, is devised to characterize the entire coarsening process for each of these models. Numerical realizations of this algorithm are shown.

Constraints and Negotiation Processes in a Women's Recreational Sport Group Abstract Although research has found that people prefer to participate in recreation with others, work examining constraints to participation have primarily taken an individual perspective. Thus, this study examined constraints and negotiation strategies in a self-organized women's recreation group. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, informal interviews, and participant observation and were analyzed through a grounded theory approach. The findings highlight six constraint themes that affected the group. The findings describe how the group collectively employed strategies that enabled them to negotiate most constraints and how circumstances shaped the development of negotiation strategies over time. The challenge of delineating constraints strictly into intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural themes is also highlighted.

Impacts of Chemical Beauty Cosmetics are the group of products, including sun-cream, moisturizers, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, nail polishes, hair colors, shampoo, deodorants, baby products, and others. The use of cosmetic products is increasing day by day throughout the world. Both men and women are using cosmetics for their beautification and attractive looking. Cosmetic products contain a variety of chemical ingredients and some of these can create toxicity. There is a restriction to the use of toxic and non-permitted chemicals in cosmetics but, due to poor surveillance, sometime product contains unauthenticated chemicals. Thus, there is every time chance for the intoxication of cosmetics. The common effects of cosmetic toxicity are skin damage, hypersensitivity reaction and allergic dermatitis, skin rash, skin irritation, the appearance of acne, formation of dry and scaly skin, and carcinoma. The present work has focused on the main toxic chemical substances present in cosmetic products and the possible health complications related to cosmetic use. The side effects of cosmetics are now being an emerging issue of public health. Proper surveillance, authentication of the product and public awareness will be helpful to prevent cosmetic-related health problems.

Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans from pigeon droppings collected throughout Turkey. The six hundred and thirty-four samples of pigeon droppings were collected throughout Turkey, from 54 of 80 provinces. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 29 (4.6%, overall) of 634 samples and 29 isolates were from 18 provinces. Interestingly, 16 (88.9%) of these provinces occur on the three different coastlines of Turkey, therefore the ecological role of a humid climate was speculated. Almost all isolates [28/29] were recovered from samples collected from roofs (n=14) and dovecotes (n=14). All isolates were found to be C. neoformans var. neoformans.

Controlled Release of Mangiferin Using Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Matrix for Antioxidant Packaging This study investigated the use of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix in controlled release packaging. Mangiferin, having high antioxidant activity, was incorporated into the EVA matrix with different vinyl acetate (VA) contents. Mangiferin release rate increased with increasing VA content (or decreasing crystallinity). Linear relationship between mangiferin release rate and VA content was observed in the range of 18–40% VA. The diffusion coefficients of mangiferin released from the EVA matrices containing 12%, 18%, 25% and 40% VA were 0.482, 0.512, 2.81 and 2.88 (×10−14 m2/s), respectively. The enhancement factors of about 22‐fold and sevenfold were observed in the 12% and 18% VA matrices, respectively, when using triethyl citrate as a plasticizer. EVA film containing 40% VA had the highest antioxidant activity (81.90% radical scavenging capacity, (RSC)) because the highest amount of mangiferin was released in the food simulant (84.66 µg/ml). Addition of mangiferin in the polymer matrices had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on thermal and barrier properties of the films but decreased tensile strength and Young's modulus. The results of this study demonstrated that EVA matrices with varying degree of VA could potentially be used to control mangiferin release rate for antioxidant packaging. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The understanding and experience of falls among community-dwelling adults aged 50 and over living with mental illness: A qualitative study Abstract Objectives Compared to the general older population, older adults living with mental illness are at greater risk of falling and these risks can be present from middle age. This study aimed to explore the understanding of falls and the experiences community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and over living with mental illness who have had a fall, and to identify any falls prevention strategies valued by them. Methods A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted. Ten adults with past experience of falls were recruited at a community mental health service in Sydney, Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between July and September 2018. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data were thematically analysed. Results Three major themes emerged: (1) making sense of falls, (2) being self-reliant and enduring the consequences of falls, and (3) preventing future falls – perceptions and strategies. Most participants in this study were uncertain about the cause of their falls and seemed to have limited understanding of falls risk factors. They were also less likely to seek help after a fall, despite an injury. Consequences of falls included physical injuries and negative emotional impacts experienced following a fall. Most participants expressed a certain degree of concern regarding future falls, however, their strategy to prevent falls was to simply “be careful.” Conclusion Adults aged over 50 years and living with mental illness in the community need support to identify and manage their falls risk. Fall prevention interventions tailored to the needs of this population are needed.

Is supply chain finance an antidote to SMEs in the economic crisis? - A qualitative inquiry PurposeThis exploratory study aims to explore the operational and financial constraints faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper highlights the role of supply chain finance (SCF) in the uncertain business environment caused by the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopts an inductive approach and conducts convergent interviews with 32 SME owners and bank officials who are associated with SME-related financial transactions. The analysis of the interview data has been done through a grounded theory approach.FindingsThe findings portray four key themes representing the operational and financial constraints faced by SMEs during the pandemic. Further, the study identifies four drivers of SCF adoption among SMEs, including capital constraints, high inventory turnover cycle time, high order fulfilment cycle time and long debtors’ collection period.Practical implicationsThe study provides various insights to the managers and owners of SMEs to deal with the economic crisis and eliminate the financial pressure created by the pandemic. The study enlightens the policymakers about the struggles of the SMEs during the economic turmoil created by the pandemic and guides them to introduce the relevant policies to resolve their problems.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to identify the factors driving the SMEs to adopt SCF due to the economic chaos created by the pandemic. Also, the study theoretically contributes to the literature by developing a theoretical framework for SCF adoption based on grounded theory.

Trend in cases of gestational and congenital syphilis in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2009-2019: an ecological study. OBJECTIVE To analyze the trend of notifications of gestational and congenital syphilis in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2009 to 2019. METHODS This was an ecological time series study which took the state of Minas Gerais as its unit of analysis, based on data reported on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN). The Prais-Winsten autoregressive model was used to verify trends. RESULTS 20,348 cases of gestational syphilis and 11,173 cases of congenital syphilis were reported. Average percentage annual increase was 36.7% (95%CI 32.5;41.0), for gestational syphilis incidence rates, and 32.8% (95%CI 28.0;37.8) for congenital syphilis incidence rates (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The temporal trend analysis showed that gestational and congenital syphilis incidence rates had significant increasing trends, which may be related to inadequate treatment or failure to treat syphilis during pregnancy.

Application of faecal metabonomics on an experimental model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis by ultra performance liquid chromatography/high-sensitivity mass spectrometry with MSE data collection technique Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a major challenge for the public healthcare problem. A novel UPLC Q-TOF/MS method with MSE data collection mode was developed as a very effective biochemical analytical tool for precise identification of important biomarkers in the adenine-induced CRF rats. Nine endogenous metabolites were identified by using metabonomic method combined with multivariate data analysis, the accurate mass, isotopic pattern, MSE fragments information and MassLynx i-FIT algorithm. The identified metabolites indicated the perturbations of bile acid and phospholipid metabolism are related to CRF rats. This work shows that metabonomics method is a valuable tool in CRF mechanism study.

Multimedia Transmission over Optic, DSL and PLC Systems This work presents an analysis based on an multimedia transmission generated on optical fiber backbone and two combined access technologies, PLC (Power Line Communications) and ADSL2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), called of pDSL. This paper points a case study of multimedia traffic using pDSL combination with intention to present measured and simulated results that prove the proposal solution viability.

Data, information, knowledge, understanding: computing up the meaning hierarchy This paper discusses computational approaches to computing meaning, arguing that the following four steps are necessary intermediates between the appearance of words in natural language, in whatever medium, and the meaning we want to compute from natural language: pattern detection, information structure creation, knowledge extraction, and application to understanding. It presents computational models for each step as well, in the form of algorithms that detect repetitive or persistent patterns in otherwise unrestricted natural language text, construct information structures from those patterns, extract knowledge from those information structures, and apply the knowledge to problems of understanding situation descriptions obtained in natural language.

A novel dimensioning method for high throughput satellite design This work describes a novel methodology for the dimensioning of a Ka-Band high throughput satellite (HTS) for broadband communications. The method is based on the optimization of performance for a forward link, as a function of a set of input criteria and a given envelope of available power. This approach is based on a spacecraft architecture using a multi-beam coverage implementing frequency re-use. Among the input criteria, we use the percentage of covered service area with a certain type of earth stations, the service availability and the cost and mass of the system. The proposed methodology is adaptable to any kind of service area. A digital video broadcasting satellite second generation (DVB-S2) air interface with adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) is used as a reference. The method, employing iterative advanced link budget calculations including carrier-to-interference at antenna level, provides the highest capacity given a batch of antenna and pragmatic feed design.

Apes Unlike Us: Human-Ingroup Protection Against Encroaching Simianity in UK Newspapers We often pigeonhole our surroundings into dualistic categories. This capacity to function as reductionists may help us problem-solve when pressed in terms of survival or reproduction. Alternatively, binary categories may be reflective of certain socioecological conditions, and thus social constructs. This study explores classifications of nonhuman primate taxonomy via the coding of human–primate boundary categorizations during 16 years of UK newspaper reporting (1995–2010) to explore whether societal concepts of simianity reflect sociopolitical events – in other words, cultural influence resulting in ingroup boundary enforcement, with less inclusionality under more turbulent scenarios. The results indicate that societal shakiness accounts for the minimization of “human” ingroups at the expense of other primates. Human–primate infrahumanization possibly reflects a cognitive adaptation towards outgroup-directed dichotomous thinking in stress states. That said, the fluidity of the results in the context of societal change also suggests cultural influence on categorical dichotomous sets often accepted as “natural.”

Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Assessing Drug Disposition in Space Exposure to weightlessness induces physiologic changes that may lead to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations of drugs administered to crew members in flight. Preliminary data from flight and ground‐based studies indicate that pharmacologically significant changes occur in the kinetics of medications given in weightlessness and in simulated microgravity (head‐down bed rest). Conducting flight studies on all available medications to identify the changes in their pharmacokinetic behavior in weightlessness is not feasible. An alternative approach for obtaining such information is to use computer simulations employing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. Information thus obtained would be helpful in predicting the therapeutic effectiveness of medications in space, and also in developing plans for flight studies. This paper presents a brief review of relevant physiologic factors and pharmacokinetic implications of space flight, and includes a preliminary PBPK model for estimating plasma concentration‐time profiles of acetaminophen under different experimental conditions.

Single-Channel Recording of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels. Single-channel recordings reveal the microscopic properties of individual ligand-gated ion channels. Such recordings contain much more information than measurements of ensemble behavior and can yield structural and functional information about the receptors that participate in fast synaptic transmission in the brain. With a little care, a standard patch-clamp electrophysiology setup can be adapted for single-channel recording in a matter of hours. Thenceforth, it is a realistic aim to record single-molecule activity with microsecond resolution from arbitrary cell types, including cell lines and neurons.

Conversion of biomass hydrolysates and other substrates to ethanol and other chemicals by Lactobacillus buchneri * Aims:  A Lactobacillus buchneri strain NRRL B‐30929 can convert xylose and glucose into ethanol and chemicals. The aims of the study were to survey three strains (NRRL B‐30929, NRRL 1837 and DSM 5987) for fermenting 17 single substrates and to exam NRRL B‐30929 for fermenting mixed substrates from biomass hydrolysates.

Evaluation of Interventions for Individuals with Special Needs After an Earthquake: Teacher Perspective Türkiye is in a geography where many large and small-scale earthquakes occur due to its location in the earthquake zone. The Kahramanmaraş earthquake on February 6, 2023, and the Hatay earthquake on February 20, 2023, affected individuals with special needs and their families as well as individuals with typical development. This research aims to determine the experiences of experts who meet/support individuals with special needs and their families in the earthquake zone or any province and their recommendations regarding future disasters. Therefore, focus group interviews were conducted with five special education teachers and a psychological counsellor. According to the results of the research, four themes were reached: the needs, the difficulties, the positive aspects of interventions for individuals with special needs after the earthquake and recommendations for a future earthquake. The results obtained from the findings of this study were discussed together with previous studies in the literature and suggestions were made regarding before, during and after disasters.

Analysis of differences in opinion and perception between home and apartment users based on residential satisfaction This study analyzed the differences of opinion about architectural characteristics and perception of satisfaction with housing among Brazilian users who live in houses and apartments. Through a questionnaire, a sample of 278 participants with their own property was collected. In all, 12 variables were selected that include the constructs of Housing Satisfaction (HS) and Architectural Characteristics (AC). Data were analyzed using SPSS software through descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis (correlation and discriminant). Descriptive results raised sociodemographic characteristics and life cycle of respondents. In general, the correlation analysis between the constructs showed a significant correspondence of Satisfaction with the Internal Environment (SH3) for users of houses with the CA group. It was possible to discriminate between house and apartment dwellers by means of four variables that make up CA and one linked to SH, through the Matrix of structures and Mann-Whitney test.

Optimal Taxation in a Limited Commitment Economy This paper studies optimal Ramsey taxation when risk sharing in private insurance markets is imperfect due to limited enforcement. In a limited commitment economy, there are externalities associated with capital and labor because individuals do not take into account that their labor and saving decisions affect aggregate supply, wages and thus the value of autarky. Due to these externalities, the Ramsey government has an additional goal, which is to internalize the externalities of labor and capital to improve risk sharing, in addition to its usual goal - minimizing distortions when financing government expenditures. These two goals drive capital and labor taxes in opposite directions. By balancing these conflicting goals, the steady-state optimal capital income taxes are levied only to remove the negative externality of the capital, and optimal labor income taxes are set to meet the budgetary needs of the government in the long run, despite positive externalities of labor.

Trilattice-Based Access Control Models: How to Secure Current Computer Network Mikhail Designing security, from the hardware level, is essential to ensure the integrity of the intelligent cyberphysical infrastructure that is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). If intelligent cyber-physical infrastructure fails to do the right things because it is insecure and vulnerable, then there will be negative social consequences [1]. Security is, in a sense, the access control to IIoT systems, which increasingly relies on the ability to compose different policies. Therefore, the advantage in any framework for compiling policies is that it is intuitive, formal, expressive, application-independent, as well as expandable to create domain-specific instances. Recently, such a scheme was proposed based on Belnap logic FOUR2 [2]. Four values of the Belnap bilattice have been interpreted as grant, deny, conflict, or unspecified with respect to access-control policy. Belnap's four-valued logic has found a variety of applications in various fields, such as deductive database theory, distributed logic programming, and other areas. However, it turns out that the truth order in FOUR2 is a truth-and-falsity order at the same time [3]. The smallest lattice, where the orders of truth and falsity are independent of each other, which is especially important for security policy, is that of Shramko-Wansing’s SIXTEEN3. This generalization is well-motivated and leads from the bilattice FOUR2 with an information and a truth-and-falsity ordering to another algebraic structure, namely the trilattice SIXTEEN3 with an information ordering together with a truth ordering and a (distinct) falsity ordering. Based on SIXTEEN3 and new Boolean predicates to control access [4], we define an expressive access-control policy language, having composition statements based on the statements of Schramko-Wansing’s logic. Natural orderings on politics are obtained by independent lifting the orders of truth and falsity of trilattice, which results in a query language in which conflict freedom analysis can be developed. The reduction of formal verification of queries to that on predicates over access requests enables to carry out policy analysis. We evaluate our approach through examples of control access model policy.

Experiencing breast cancer in the context of mental illness in New Zealand ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the experiences of women with mental illness who had also experienced breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, in particular, to identify barriers and facilitators to cancer treatment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten breast cancer survivors who had had contact with secondary mental health services prior to their cancer diagnosis. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes. Participants described positive experiences of cancer treatment, expressing surprise at both how well they coped with diagnosis and treatment and how well they were treated by services. Many contrasted this with their less positive experience of mental illness and mental health services. The women interviewed were active participants in their cancer treatment and did not report feeling stigmatised because of their mental health experiences. A lack of connection between cancer and mental health services was described, but this was not regarded as necessarily a bad thing. This study begins to counter the stereotypes of the difficult patient or the person unable to understand and cooperate in their own care which are prevalent in the literature. Further work is needed to understand the reasons for disparities in cancer outcomes.

Designing External Aids That Support Older Pilots' Communication Voice communication with air traffic control (ATC) taxes pilots' cognitive abilities, contributing to errors that reduce safety. External aids such as note-taking help pilots manage communication demands, and may especially benefit older pilots. Emerging technologies provide new opportunities for external aids that are integrated with other systems. We compared an electronic notepad (epad) positioned next to the instrument panel of a flight simulator to conventional note-taking (kneepad) on a read-back task. In Experiment 1, 6 older and 6 younger instrument-rated pilots listened to and read back ATC messages while using the epad, kneepad, or no aid. Epad use in this communication-only condition was compared to a condition in which pilots used the epad to support communication while flying the simulator. Read-back accuracy was higher when pilots used either aid compared to no aid, and the pattern of results suggested a smaller age difference with either aid than in the no-aid condition. Accuracy supported by the epad was not reduced in the multitask condition, suggesting the epad would support communication during flight. In Experiment 2, 12 younger and 12 older pilots performed the same tasks, with a modified epad interface. Further evidence was found for smaller age differences when communication was supported by either aid. The results replicate note-taking benefits for older pilots' communication (Morrow et al., 2003) and extend this finding to the novel epad.

Atrial pressure gradients in isolated secundum atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. The left and right atrial pressures were studied with highly amplified withdrawal pressure tracings in 57 patients: 44 with isolated secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), eight with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAVR) and five with isolated patent foramen ovale (PFO) in normal hearts. Patients with isolated PFO had higher right atrial “v” waves and left to right atrial mean pressure gradients as compared to patients with PAVR or isolated ASD. When compared to patients with isolated ASD, patients with PAVR had higher right atrial “a” and “v” waves as well as higher right and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was normal in patients with ASD, but was elevated in patients with PAVR as compared to patients with PFO. Patients with PAVR associated with PFO had higher left atrial to right atrial “v” wave gradient and higher left ventricular to right ventricular end-diastolic pressure difference than patients having PAVR associated with ASD. A small or absent left-to-right atrial mean pressure gradient was not essential for diagnosis of ASD. There were patients with ASD and patients with PAVR who had large pulmonary blood flow and a significant mean left-to-right atrial gradient On the other hand, there were persons with PFO who had very small mean left-to-right atrial gradients. The variables which appeared to influence the left-to-right atrial mean pressure gradient were the volume of the left-to-right shunt, the relative compliance of the two ventricles and the relative compliance of the two atria.

Development of a track in global and humanitarian health for neurology residents Neurology trainee interest in global health is rapidly increasing, but few neurology residency programs have formal opportunities for residents to pursue training in global health.1 Residents who participate in rotations abroad are at times inadequately prepared or insufficiently supported, which can lead to a detrimental burden on the host institution and negatively impact residents' experiences.2 We report the development of a track in global and humanitarian health aimed to provide a structured curriculum in the practice of neurology in resource-limited settings for neurology residents.

Computational Tool for Estimating Pumped Hydropower Generation a MATLAB GUI This research aims to create a user-friendly Matlab Graphic User Interface (GUI) platform that can be used to design a Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity (PHS). The research highlights these systems' eco-friendly and effective nature, which are critical for sustainable development, particularly in rapidly advancing developing countries. Introducing a user-friendly Matlab GUI application aims to streamline the calculation of essential PHS design components, promoting accessibility for users without programming expertise. The GUI developed as part of this research can define all the components required to build a pumped hydroelectric system and produce the same design specifications as those obtained through manual calculations.

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND RECOVERY OF DRUG-IMPAIRED HOST RESISTANCE AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS INFECTION BY OXOGLAUCINE. The immunosuppressive action of aporphinoid alkaloid oxoglaucine was studied in experimental Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection in mice. The alkaloid augmented host resistance to pathogen applied to mice (6-8 weeks of age) at a low dose of 2 mg kg(-1)in 3 days and impaired it at a high dose of 10 mg kg(-1). The suppressive activity observed under the latter schedule correlated with the inhibited proliferative response of splenic cells to mitogens and with decreased popliteal lymph node (PLN) reaction to C. albicans. Treatment of mice with oxoglaucine (at the age of 5 days) at a dose of 5 mg kg(-1)in 3 consecutive days increased the susceptibility to Candida inoculation at the age of 6 weeks. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to C. albicans was enhanced after pretreatment of adult mice and was suppressed after administration to newborn mice. Long-time treatment (10 days) with oxoglaucine, cyclophoshamide or prednisolone at a dose of 10 mg kg(-1)increased the rate of mortality of Candida -infected mice. Combined pretreatment of mice with cyclophosphamide or prednisolone (5 days at a dose of 5 mg kg(-1)) followed by oxoglaucine (5 days at a dose of 5 mg kg(-1)), prolonged the survival of infected mice. 2000 Academic Press@p$hr Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Excretion of free and conjugated steroids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): evidence for branchial excretion of the maturation-inducing steroid, 17,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. The goal of this study was to identify excretory routes of three main steroids produced by sexually mature male and female rainbow trout: 17,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta-P), sulfated 17,20 beta-P (17,20 beta-P-S), and testosterone glucuronide (TG). Spermiating males or maturing trout were cannulated via the dorsal aorta and urinary bladder and injected with tritiated steroids. Blood, water, and urine were sampled over the next 12 hr when the fish were killed and bile was collected. The identities of the excreted products were determined by anion-exchange chromatography, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, enzyme hydrolysis, acid solvolysis, microchemical modification, and thin-layer chromatography. Following the injection of tritiated 17,20 beta-P, 25% of the radioactivity rapidly appeared unmodified in the water; 15% appeared slowly in the urine, mainly as 17,20 beta-P-S; and 40% was recovered in the bile, mainly as 17,20 beta-P-glucuronide. 17,20 beta-P was shown to be released into the water via the gills. Over the 12-hr sampling period, 20% of the 17,20 beta-P released into the water was taken up again by the fish (also branchially). A mathematical analysis showed that 40% of the 17,20 beta-P would have been released into the water in the absence of uptake. Following the injection of tritiated 17,20 beta-P-S, 63% appeared very rapidly, in an unmodified form, in the urine, and 15% was recovered in the bile. Following the injection of tritiated TG, 9% appeared slowly, mainly untransformed, in the urine, and 59% was recovered in the bile. These results show that the three types of steroids are released into the water by three different routes: free steroids, gills; sulfated steroids, urine; and glucuronidated steroids, bile.