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[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "De Materia Medica" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "almost seventeen centuries later. Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is \"De Materia Medica\", a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. \"De Materia Medica\" was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's \"Nabatean Agriculture\", Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's (828–896) the \"Book of Plants\", and Ibn Bassal's \"The Classification of Soils\". In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific", "title": "Botany" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "almost seventeen centuries later. Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is \"De Materia Medica\", a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. \"De Materia Medica\" was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's \"Nabatean Agriculture\", Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's (828–896) the \"Book of Plants\", and Ibn Bassal's \"The Classification of Soils\". In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific", "title": "Botany" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Animal welfare and rights in Canada Animal welfare and rights in Canada Canada is about the laws concerning and treatment of nonhuman animals in Canada. Canada has been considered to have weak animal welfare protections by the organization World Animal Protection. The vast majority of Canadians are for further animal protections. Sections 444 to 447 of Canada's Criminal Code constitute Canada's primary federal animal protection legislation. The Code prohibits causing \"unnecessary pain, suffering or injury to an animal or bird\" and \"causing damage or injury by wilful neglect\". The Criminal Code includes special protections for cattle, horses, mules, asses, pigs,", "title": "Animal welfare and rights in Canada" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "only the smaller XA-38 Grizzly military aircraft outweighing it. The Model 34 took to the air for the first time on October 1, 1947, with Beech Chief Pilot Vern L. Carstens at the controls. The first flight was uneventful and the initial report from the test pilot was, \"We have another outstanding Beechcraft!\" The prototype Model 34 had accumulated more than 200 hours of test flying when the reinforced belly was validated in a wheels-up landing. On January 17, 1949, in a severe forced landing a few miles northwest of the Beech plant shortly after taking off, the sole Beech", "title": "Beechcraft Model 34" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "mere object of rule and later of exploitation. This mentality permeates our individual psyches in a cumulative form up to the present day––not merely as capitalism but as the vast history of hierarchical society from its inception.\" \"The Ecology of Freedom\" received a positive review from Susan Marie Szasz in \"Library Journal\" and a negative review from the political scientist Alan Wolfe in \"The Nation\", which was followed by an exchange of letters between Bookchin and Wolfe. The book was also reviewed by R. Clarke in \"New Scientist\" and R. Williams in \"The Technology Review\". Szasz described the book as,", "title": "The Ecology of Freedom" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "criminal lawyer. In the quarter century preceding his death, he was involved in nearly every notable criminal proceeding in the Eastern United States. Among his most famous legal undertakings was the defense of Daniel Sickles during his trial for the murder of Philip Barton Key, the then Attorney General of the District of Columbia. During this trial, Brady worked with Edwin Stanton, who would go on to become the United States Secretary of War. Brady also defended Lew Baker at the murder trial of the infamous William \"Bill the Butcher\" Poole, whom Baker shot to death in 1855 at Stanwix", "title": "James T. Brady" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a High School All-American in wrestling in 1975 and won was a state champion three years. He has been inducted into the Farmington High School Sports Hall of Fame. Churella attended the University of Michigan where he was a member of the Michigan Wolverines wrestling team from 1976 to 1979. As a wrestler at Michigan, Churella compiled a record of 132–13; his .910 winning percentage is the second highest in University of Michigan wrestling history. He won the NCAA national championship in the 150-pound weight class in 1977 and 1978 and the national championship in the 167-pound weight class as", "title": "Mark Churella" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Ayvalık Ayvalık () is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey. It is a district of Balıkesir Province. The town center of Ayvalık is surrounded by the archipelago of Ayvalık Islands, which face the nearby Greek island of Lesbos. It was an ancient Aeolian port-town, called \"Kydonies\" (Κυδωνίες) and it served surrounding Greek Aeolian cities, such as Pergamos; since the Ottoman era, the name of the city changed to Ayvalik, the town remained predominantly Greek, and although the Turks used its Turkish name, its Greek population used indiscrimanantly its ancient name Kydonies and its new name Hellenized", "title": "Ayvalık" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for some two thousand years. His writings on zoology form about a quarter of his surviving work. Aristotle's pupil Theophrastus later wrote a similar book on botany, \"Enquiry into Plants\". In the \"History of Animals\", Aristotle sets out to investigate the existing facts (Greek \"hoti\", what), prior to establishing their causes (Greek \"dioti\", why). The book is thus a defence of his method of investigating zoology. Aristotle investigates four types of differences between animals: differences in particular body parts (Books I to IV); differences in ways of life and types of activity (Books V, VI, VII and IX); and differences", "title": "History of Animals" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "published in 2011 (). An edition by Jackie Pigeaud has also been announced. Anonymus Londinensis Anonymus Londinensis (or Anonymus Londiniensis) is the name given to an anonymous Ancient Greek author of approximately the 1st century AD whose work \"On Medicine\" (, ) is partially preserved in a papyrus in the British Library (PBrLibr inv. 137 = P.Lit.Lond. 165). It ranks as the most important surviving medical papyrus and provides important information about the history of Greek medical thought. While only fragments survive of some portions of the text, the papyrus containing the work of Anonymus Londinensis is exceptionally well preserved,", "title": "Anonymus Londinensis" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"placenta\" (\"a flat cake\"), itself a word of Greek origin. In Romanian, the term refers to the runny mixture used for the recipe and how it behaves in the pan; in common parlance, the name of the dish has been shortened only to \"clătită\", turning what was once an adjective (\"rinsed\", \"runny\") into a noun. The Romanian meaning is similar with one of the Ancient Greek name of the dish, \"tagenites\", derived from the Greek word for the frying pan. The name of the dish has followed a track of borrowing across several languages of central and south-eastern Europe. Austrian-German", "title": "Palatschinke" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "pappus function as a \"parachute\" which enables the seed to be carried by the wind. The name derives from the Ancient Greek word \"pappos\", Latin \"pappus\", meaning \"old man\", so used for a plant (assumed to be an \"Erigeron\" species) having bristles and also for the woolly, hairy seed of certain plants. Pappus (botany) The pappus is the modified calyx, the part of an individual floret, that surrounds the base of the corolla tube in flower heads of the plant family Asteraceae. The term is sometimes used in other plant families such as Asclepiadaceae (milkweeds), whose seeds have a similar", "title": "Pappus (botany)" } ]

[ "De Materia Medica" ]

[ "Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's (828–896) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils. In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific manner." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "state law" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual \"living law\" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next. At both the federal and state levels, with the exception of the state of Louisiana, the law of the United States is largely derived from the common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the American Revolutionary War. However, American law has diverged greatly from its English ancestor", "title": "Law of the United States" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "law over the past several decades. In most states, information gained within a confession or private conversation is considered privileged and may be exempted from mandatory reporting requirements. Proposed, but rejected, Rule 506 (Communications to Clergy) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides: According to New York state law, confessions and confidences made to a clergyman or other minister are privileged and cannot be used as evidence. This privilege is not limited to communications with a particular kind of priest or congregant, and it is not confined to statements made \"under the cloak of confession\". What matters is that the", "title": "Priest–penitent privilege" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a \"necessity test\", which is very stringent and applied to free speech cases. Justices Stewart and Douglas joined in an even stronger concurrence and denied even the \"possibility\" of an \"overriding statutory purpose\" that would justify such a law. Stewart wrote, \"We deal here with a criminal law which imposes criminal punishment. And I think it is simply not possible for a state law to be valid under our Constitution which makes the criminality of an act depend upon the race of the actor. Discrimination of that kind is invidious per se.\" Though the state claimed that Section 798.05 (prohibiting", "title": "McLaughlin v. Florida" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Contrary notwithstanding. As the Supreme Court stated in \"Altria Group v. Good\", 555 U.S. 70 (2008), a federal law that conflicts with a state law will trump, or \"preempt\", that state law: Consistent with that command, we have long recognized that state laws that conflict with federal law are \"without effect\". \"Maryland v. Louisiana\", 451 U. S. 725, 746 (1981) Although many concurrent powers are subject to federal preemption, some are usually not, such as the power to tax private citizens. In \"Altria Group v. Good\", the Court wrote: When the text of a pre-emption clause is susceptible of more", "title": "Federal preemption" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "by a state supreme court after Kelo. In the years since, the institute has continued its efforts to reform eminent domain laws. The organization also works to publicize what it sees as abuse of civil forfeiture laws. Civil forfeiture is the process by which law enforcement agencies in the United States can take property from citizens, based on the suspicion that the property was used in a crime of some kind, without a criminal charge or conviction. Depending on the state law, law enforcement agencies can keep some or all of the confiscated money and property, and apply it to", "title": "Institute for Justice" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "University. Langa was drafted by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the third round of the 2015 CFL Draft. He dressed in 16 games in the 2015 season. Jonathan Langa Jay Langa (born November 15, 1990) is a Canadian football defensive back for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted by the Tiger-Cats in the 3rd round, 20th overall, in the 2015 CFL Draft. He played CIS football for the Saint Mary's Huskies. Saint Mary's University (SMU) 2012-14 155 Total Tackles 2 Quarterback Sacks 2 Forced Fumbles 2 Fumble Recoveries 3 Time AUS All-Star CIS Defensive Player of", "title": "Jonathan Langa" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "community. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bloomfield has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps. Bloomfield, Montana Bloomfield (formerly, Adams) is a small unincorporated community in Dawson County, Montana. It is located 23 miles (37 km) northeast of the Yellowstone River and the city of Glendive, Montana, which is the county seat for Dawson County. Bloomfield is inside area code 406 and has a post office with ZIP code 59315. The population of the community was 150 at the 2010 United States Census. The town takes its name from Bloomfield, Nebraska, hometown of settlers J. Berton and", "title": "Bloomfield, Montana" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "profitable use. Sewage effluents (and, being usually very good, they are the most encouraging feature of the appalling situation) are hailed with delight as being the purest water which the rivers hold.\" The full importance of that statement will be realised when I remind hon. Members of the frequency with which residents in Bacup, Ramsbottom, Manchester and Salford are subjected to flooding from the waters of the Irwell. In 1951, it was announced that flood defence works were to be carried out on the stretch of the river passing through Lower Broughton between Cromwell Bridge and Gerald Road Bridge, although", "title": "River Irwell" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for a year as an assistant teacher, then left. He returned in 1822, as a permanent instructor in classical language. In 1838, he replaced Benjamin Abbot as principal of Exeter. He resigned as principal in 1873 citing old age as his reason. In 1856, he was awarded an LL.D degree by Harvard University. He was married to Elizabeth Phillips, with whom he had five children. His two daughters died in infancy, while his three sons, Charles Emery, Nicholas Emery, and Augustus Lord, lived into adulthood. Augustus Soule went on to become a New York Supreme Court Judge. He died in", "title": "Gideon Lane Soule" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "\"a bloodbath\". \"The Sunday Star-Times\" quoted him as expressing doubts that it would come to that, however, because the Commander knew too much. He did not elaborate. \"The Sunday Star-Times\" also noted that unlike previous crises, which were, or were widely seen to be, between indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians, the latter were largely absent from the latest conspiracies. In the aftermath of the crisis, a number of conspiracy theories have been advanced, some of which have sparked investigations and legal proceedings. Fiji Labour Party President Jokapeci Koroi issued a statement on 14 January 2006 accusing Lesi Korovavala, the Chief Executive", "title": "2005–06 Fijian political crisis" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "may just issue written resolutions. Chilean law contemplates a certain form of LLC known as \"Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada\" (Limited Liability Association). Also (LLC) These companies are regulated by law N° 3.918. Among their most important characteristics we can say that: Chilean law also contemplates a very special kind of individual owner LLC called \"Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada\" (Limited Liability Individual Company), which uses the E.I.R.L. abbreviation. Colombian legislation contemplates a very similar structure as mentioned above in the Chilean case. The \"Ltda.\" abbreviation is also used in Colombia. In Croatia, a private limited liability company is termed \"društvo", "title": "Private limited company" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "behind them an excellent report in respect of legal learning... For centuries following its compilation, the work of Justinian's commission was studied and incorporated into the legal systems of different nations and has profoundly impacted the Byzantine law and the Western legal tradition. Peter Stein asserts that the texts of ancient Roman law have constituted \"a kind of legal supermarket, in which lawyers of different periods have found what they needed at the time.\" The \"Corpus Juris Civilis\" remained the basis of Byzantine law until the publication of the \"Ecloga legum\" in 741 by Emperor Leo III and his son", "title": "Law school of Beirut" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "moot court competition (2008,2010) hosted by CMR Law School is one of the most widely contested moot court competitions, with law colleges from all over India participating in this event. Five Sitting Judges of the High Court of Karnataka preside over the finals of the moot court competition. This is a biannual event that is held by CMR law school the first of its kind in India. The first competition was held in 2009. The CMR Law School was ranked 13th by \"India Today\"s \"India's Best Colleges 2017: Law\", 17th in India by \"Outlook India\"s \"Top 25 Law Colleges In", "title": "CMR University School of Legal Studies" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "down and mapped out which characters in the gang could have songs written about them, or encouraged us to write songs about this concept.\" As Frey said of the album in an interview in 1973: \"It has its moments where it definitely draws some parallels between rock-and-roll and being an outlaw. Outside the laws of normality, I guess. I mean, I feel like I'm breaking a law all the time. What we live and what we do is kind of a fantasy.\" Henley also said that the album was to be their \"big artistic commentary on the evils of fame", "title": "Desperado (Eagles album)" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "depth is governed by Pascal's law: Using the SI system with pressures expressed in pascal, we have: Expressing the pressures in atmospheres yields a convenient formula (1 atm ≡ 101325 Pa): To simplify the algebra we will define formula_12. Combining the general formula and Pascal's law, we have: so that Since formula_15, the equivalent formula for the imperial system becomes Substituting R again, and noting that formula_17, we have the concrete formulas: Although not all dive tables are recommended for use in this way, the Bühlmann tables are suitable for use with these kind of calculations. At 27 metres the", "title": "Equivalent air depth" } ]

[ "state law" ]

[ "Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual \"living law\" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Nineteen Eighty-Four" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "has grown to be one of the most respected for its national and world rankings. In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", \"The Times\" has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements. Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London \"Times\" crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers. In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads \"The Times\". As described by Fleming in \"From Russia, with", "title": "The Times" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Telescreen Telescreens are devices that operate as both televisions, security cameras and microphones. They are featured in George Orwell's dystopian novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" as well as all film adaptations of the novel. In the novel and its adaptations, telescreens are used by the ruling Party in the totalitarian fictional State of Oceania to keep its subjects under constant surveillance, thus eliminating the chance of secret conspiracies against Oceania. All members of the Inner Party (\"nomenklatura\") and Outer Party (middle-class) have telescreens in their homes, but the proles (lower-class) are not typically monitored as they are unimportant to the Party. As", "title": "Telescreen" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "appears in Robert A. Heinlein's \"Space Cadet\", written at the same time as Orwell's book, where it simply refers to an instrument similar to a large television, but with none of Orwell's sinister connotations. Telescreen Telescreens are devices that operate as both televisions, security cameras and microphones. They are featured in George Orwell's dystopian novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" as well as all film adaptations of the novel. In the novel and its adaptations, telescreens are used by the ruling Party in the totalitarian fictional State of Oceania to keep its subjects under constant surveillance, thus eliminating the chance of secret conspiracies", "title": "Telescreen" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "has grown to be one of the most respected for its national and world rankings. In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", \"The Times\" has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements. Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London \"Times\" crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers. In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads \"The Times\". As described by Fleming in \"From Russia, with", "title": "The Times" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Newspeak Newspeak is the language of Oceania, a fictional totalitarian state and the setting of the novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" (1949), by George Orwell. The ruling Party of Oceania created the Newspeak language to meet the ideological requirements of English Socialism (Ingsoc). Newspeak is a controlled language, of restricted grammar and limited vocabulary, meant to limit the freedom of thought—personal identity, self-expression, free will—that ideologically threatens the régime of Big Brother and the Party, who thus criminalized such concepts as thoughtcrime, contradictions of Ingsoc orthodoxy. In \"The Principles of Newspeak\", the appendix to the novel, George Orwell explains that Newspeak usage", "title": "Newspeak" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of their past existence, is itself thoughtcrime; the concept that the person may have existed at one time and has disappeared cannot be expressed in Newspeak. Totalitarian regimes: Fiction: Newspeak Newspeak is the language of Oceania, a fictional totalitarian state and the setting of the novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" (1949), by George Orwell. The ruling Party of Oceania created the Newspeak language to meet the ideological requirements of English Socialism (Ingsoc). Newspeak is a controlled language, of restricted grammar and limited vocabulary, meant to limit the freedom of thought—personal identity, self-expression, free will—that ideologically threatens the régime of Big Brother and", "title": "Newspeak" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "a reference to the 1984 phrase \"Big Brother is watching\". Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four) Big Brother is a fictional character and symbol in George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". He is ostensibly the leader of Oceania, a totalitarian state wherein the ruling party Ingsoc wields total power \"for its own sake\" over the inhabitants. In the society that Orwell describes, every citizen is under constant surveillance by the authorities, mainly by telescreens (with the exception of the Proles). The people are constantly reminded of this by the slogan \"Big Brother is watching you\": a maxim that is ubiquitously on display. In", "title": "Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four) Big Brother is a fictional character and symbol in George Orwell's novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". He is ostensibly the leader of Oceania, a totalitarian state wherein the ruling party Ingsoc wields total power \"for its own sake\" over the inhabitants. In the society that Orwell describes, every citizen is under constant surveillance by the authorities, mainly by telescreens (with the exception of the Proles). The people are constantly reminded of this by the slogan \"Big Brother is watching you\": a maxim that is ubiquitously on display. In modern culture, the term \"Big Brother\" has entered the lexicon", "title": "Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Ingsoc The English Socialist Party, better known as Ingsoc (Newspeak for English Socialism), is the fictional political party of the totalitarian government of Oceania in George Orwell's dystopian novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". Oceania appears to have emerged as a formal political union of the United States and the countries of the British Commonwealth, which later annexed the remainder of the Americas and all of Southern Africa. Big Brother and Emmanuel Goldstein led the Party to power in Oceania after a revolution of some kind. After the Party achieved control of Oceania, Ingsoc became the official governing ideology and other political beliefs", "title": "Ingsoc" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the pig Napoleon tries to whitewash history by deleting a few characters from the minds of the other animals. This was perceived as a direct reference to the USSR under Stalin. The protagonist of his novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", set in a totalitarian dictatorship, is employed as a routine falsifier of the historical record to ensure that it is always in keeping with the party line. Czech writer Milan Kundera, in his novel \"The Book of Laughter and Forgetting\", described histories being revised with both text and photos being changed to take out unpopular dissidents or people on the wrong side", "title": "Whitewashing (censorship)" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of criticism, the previous portrayal of Sweden's welfare state as a ploy to mask what was allegedly a covert form of capitalism had evolved into a similar allegation that the welfare state masked what was allegedly a form of socialism. The point of the reference to \"Nineteen Eighty-four\", the dystopian novel by George Orwell, according to Grassman, was \"to shock by reimagining a democratic, egalitarian, and prosperous Western society as 'totalitarian.'\" Marklund wrote that in the tumult of debate, \"it became increasingly difficult to distinguish the foreign reporting on Sweden and the Swedish debate on Sweden from the Swedish discussion", "title": "Sweden-bashing" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Emmanuel Goldstein Emmanuel Goldstein is a fictional character in George Orwell's dystopian novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". He is the principal enemy of the state according to the Party of the totalitarian Oceania. He is depicted as the head of a mysterious (and possibly fictitious) dissident organization called \"The Brotherhood\" and as having written the book \"The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism\". He is only seen and heard on telescreen, and he may be a fabrication of the Ministry of Truth, the State's propaganda department. In the novel, Goldstein is a character rumoured to be a former top member of the", "title": "Emmanuel Goldstein" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "species can develop matched sets of adaptations. Here, the evolution of one species causes adaptations in a second species. These changes in the second species then, in turn, cause new adaptations in the first species. This cycle of selection and response is called coevolution. An example is the production of tetrodotoxin in the rough-skinned newt and the evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in its predator, the common garter snake. In this predator-prey pair, an evolutionary arms race has produced high levels of toxin in the newt and correspondingly high levels of toxin resistance in the snake. Not all co-evolved interactions between", "title": "Evolution" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The \"Rechtsstaat\" concept is based on the ideas, discovered by Immanuel Kant, for example, in his \"Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals\": \"The task of establishing a universal and permanent peaceful life is not only a part of the theory of law within the framework of pure reason, but per se an absolute and ultimate goal. To achieve this goal, a state must become the community of a large number of people, living provided with legislative guarantees of their property rights secured by a common constitution. The supremacy of this constitution… must be derived a priori from the considerations for", "title": "Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "intended for use as military combat shotguns. They typically have a high rate of fire and relatively low recoil, making them ideal for engaging targets in a fast-paced, close range combat situation. They are able to fulfill many different combat roles due to the wide variety of shotgun ammunition available. Automatic shotguns have not seen much use in the United States, but have been slightly more popular in some other countries. Automatic shotgun An automatic shotgun is an automatic firearm that fires shotgun shells and uses some of the energy of each shot to automatically cycle the action and load", "title": "Automatic shotgun" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "BAA), and member of the Supervisory Committee at Zwack Inc. He was a member of the Corvinus University of Budapest Economic Council. He resigned all of his company posts and board-memberships, when he entered the government as government commissioner, responsible for EU funds and national development. Bajnai first received a government post in 2006. On 1 July, Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány's called on him to be the Government Commissioner for Development Policy. In this position, he was overseeing the National Development Agency, that controls EU Funds to Hungary. He became minister in July 2007, in the Ministry of Local Government", "title": "Gordon Bajnai" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "war and M&GN services to the East Midlands and Birmingham were popular. . The 1951 summer timetable showed 14 trains MON-FRI (6 from Yarmouth Beach, 8 from South Town) and 19 on Saturday (10 from Yarmouth Beach or beyond and 9 from South Town) at irregular times. After the closure of the M&GN and the introduction of DMUs the Winter 1957-58 timetable showed 15 hourly departures from South Town between 7.29am and 9.29pm, rising to 20 in 1963-64 after the closure of the line to Beccles. By the final winter of 1969-70, this number had fallen to 12. The line", "title": "Yarmouth–Lowestoft line" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "L'Essor L'Essor (fr. \"Progress\") is the state-owned national daily newspaper published in Bamako, Mali. Its motto is \"\"La Voix du Peuple\"\" (\"The Voice of the People). \"L'Essor\" was first published in 1949, and from 1953 was the official publication of the Union Soudanaise-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, the leading anti-colonial political party of what was then French Soudan. Prior to independence, Bamako was home to a large number of such publications, produced by most political factions. Through the 1960s, most were outlawed, disbanded, or simply failed financially. Following the 1968 military coup, \"L'Essor\" became the organ of the CMLN, Mali's ruling junta.", "title": "L'Essor" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "vote). The Communist Party of Ukraine voted against the bill. In all, 233 deputies supported the bill—more than the minimum of 226 votes required to pass it into law. Another bill was sought by Yushchenko's administration to criminalize those disputing that the Holodomor was genocide, but such a law has never been adopted by the Ukrainian parliament. In a ruling of January 13, 2010, Kyiv's Court of Appeal recognized the leaders of the totalitarian Bolshevik regime as those guilty of 'genocide against the Ukrainian national group in 1932-33 through the artificial creation of living conditions intended for its partial physical", "title": "Holodomor genocide question" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of their \"Weltanschauung\", which are wholly compatible with the worst atrocities which actually occurred in the years 1938–1945. The goal of the Third Reich was genocidal war, and, in the end, that is what National Socialism was all about. From this it seems to follow that the regime is \"unique\", \"totalitarian\", \"revolutionary\", \"utopian\", devoted to an utterly novel principle for the public order, scientific racism. The leaders, in particular Hitler, demonstrably wanted all this, and it is thus, as Hildebrand recently suggested, wrong to talk of National Socialism; we should talk of Hitlerism. Mason wrote that part of the explanation", "title": "Timothy Mason" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the workers, the reason being that the workers in Russia still had not developed class consciousness and therefore needed to be educated to reach such a state. Lenin believed that the vanguard party could initiate policies in the name of the working class even if the working class did not support them, since the vanguard party would know what was best for the workers, since the party functionaries had attained consciousness. Lenin, in light of the Marx's theory of the state (which views the state as an oppressive organ of the ruling class), had no qualms of forcing change upon", "title": "Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "regulated, socially oriented market economy - with the production forces and relations of production the managements goal. Markets in the system - as far as possible, and state regulation - as needed. It considers the principles of state regulation as the best economic development incentive. The LSP ideology was based on the methodology of dialectical materialism, the theory of Marxism and contemporary social science. It believed that Socialists should unambiguously disassociate from Stalinist and totalitarian theories and practice. LSP propagated what it believed to be the new 21st century socialism. Socialist Party of Lithuania Socialist Party of Lithuania () was", "title": "Socialist Party of Lithuania" } ]

[ "Nineteen Eighty-Four" ]

[ "In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "1982" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to be gaining speed. The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot", "title": "Myanmar" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and represent a disproportionately high share of those with advanced (medical, engineering or doctorate) degrees in Burma. The figure would be higher still had it not been for the longstanding ban on those without Burmese citizenship from pursuing advanced degrees when Ne Win instigated the 1982 Citizenship Law further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese (as it stratified citizenship into three categories: full, associate, and naturalized) and severely limited Burmese Chinese, especially those without full citizenship and those holding FRCs, from attending professional tertiary schools, including medical, engineering, agricultural and economics institutions. Many wealthy Sino-Burmese families send their children to", "title": "Chinese people in Myanmar" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823. After he seized power through a military coup in 1962, General Ne Win ordered a large-scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalisation of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma. Indian-owned businesses as well as Burmese businesses were nationalised due to the so-called \"Burmese way to Socialism\". Many Indians", "title": "Burmese Indians" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "citizens under the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823. After seizing power through a military coup in 1962, General Ne Win ordered a large-scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalization of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma. Indian-owned businesses were nationalized and their owners were given 175 kyat for their trip to India. This caused", "title": "Anti-Indian sentiment" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "were looted and set on fire. Public attention was successfully diverted by Ne Win from the uncontrollable inflation, scarcity of consumer items and rising prices of rice. The 1982 Citizenship Law further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese (as it stratified citizenship into three categories: full, associate, and naturalized) and severely limited Burmese Chinese, especially those without full citizenship and those holding FRCs, from attending professional tertiary schools, including medical, engineering, agricultural and economics institutions. During this period, the country's failing economy and widespread discrimination accelerated an emigration of Burmese Chinese out of Burma. Despite the oppression, sporadic protests against", "title": "Ne Win" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "were exempted from the usual requirement to understand and speak English. When the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 1 January 1949, Cook Islanders, Niueans, Tokelauans and Western Samoans who were British subjects gained New Zealand citizenship. When Western Samoa achieved independence from New Zealand in 1962, the citizenship status of Western Samoans living in New Zealand became uncertain. As a result, many Western Samoans were staying in New Zealand illegally. On 28 July 1982, following a stiff tightening of Pacific Island immigration by the Muldoon government, the Privy Council ruled that because of", "title": "New Zealand nationality law" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to be gaining speed. The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot", "title": "Myanmar" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "meeting place between members of the Order, who were bound by vows of celibacy, and young females. During this period, it was common for the knights, priests and bishops to have mistresses, illegitimate children, or both; notably, the parish priest of the village of Żurrieq himself was known to organise meetings against payment between young mistresses and their knightly suitors in the whereabouts of the tower. The tower was requisitioned by the British military during World War II between 1939 and 1945, but was returned to its owners after the war. Thereafter, Bubaqra Tower and its gardens were restored, and", "title": "Bubaqra Tower" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "The third contract consists of the transfer of the Euro and the coincident declarations of intent to provide property by doing so. This doesn't mean that contracts in Germany are more complicated to the people involved. Especially the contracts of everyday life do not differ with those in other countries in their outer appearance. For instance, if someone buys a newspaper at a newsstand without saying one single word to the seller, all the three contracts which are mentioned above are fulfilled by conclusive demeanor. The procedural system of Germany is based on a highly active role of the judge", "title": "Law of Germany" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of the organisation were arrested as well. By the end of 1944, Scharff was transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. The SS executed him on March 16, 1945. Fancia Grün was executed in the concentration camp as well. Many other members of the community only survived thanks to the end of the war - otherwise they would have faced certain death. Werner Scharff Werner Scharff (August 16, 1912 – March 16, 1945) was a Jewish-German resistance activist against the Nazi regime. He was executed in Sachsenhausen concentration camp because of his activities in the \"Community for Peace and Development\" \"(German: \"Gemeinschaft", "title": "Werner Scharff" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "share of 5—10 % in Russian on-line marketing industry. In 2007, the annual gross volume of Ashmanov & Partners was estimated by Finam Holdings at US$2.5 million. According to annual web studios' rating by Factus, based on publicly available tax reports, gross volume of Ashmanov & Partners in 2015 was over ₽300 million, VAT not included. In 2001, Ashmanov & Partners developed antispam technologies and got a contract from Kaspersky Lab. The first version of Spamtest for \"FreeBSD\" and \"Linux\", as well as public Spamtest.ru service were released in 2002. A year later it was integrated into \"Mail.ru\", and the", "title": "Ashmanov & Partners" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the distinction is particularly difficult when dealing with misappropriations of property by employees. To prove embezzlement, the state must show that the employee had possession of the goods \"by virtue of her employment\"; that is, that the employee had the authority to exercise substantial control over the goods. Typically, in determining whether the employee had sufficient control the courts will look at factors such as the job title, job description and the particular employment practices. For example, the manager of a shoe department at a store would likely have sufficient control over the shoes that if she converted the goods", "title": "Larceny" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the feudal rights were purchased from Scottish dukes (after English-Scottish unification) by the United Kingdom in 1765. Due to local opposition, it was never merged into England as previously planned, and remains a distinct possession of the monarchy. Each jurisdiction has a locally elected parliament with broad but not unlimited autonomy. The British monarchy retains responsibility for defense, citizenship law, and foreign affairs of the dependencies, and has delegated these responsibilities to the UK government and parliament. The UK parliament generally acts in consultation or gains the consent of the local government when passing laws that have effect in the", "title": "Law of the United Kingdom" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "From 15 to 26 January 2003, the various parties met at Linas-Marcoussis in France to attempt to negotiate a return to peace. The parties signed a compromise deal on 26 January. President Gbagbo was to retain power and opponents were invited into a government of reconciliation and obtained the Ministries for Defense and the Interior. Soldiers of the CEDEAO and 4000 French soldiers were placed between the two sides, forming a \"peace line\". The parties agreed to work together on modifying national identity, eligibility for citizenship, and land tenure laws which many observers see as among the root causes of", "title": "First Ivorian Civil War" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "as it could apply within the UK: The \"Canadian Citizenship Act, 1976\" replaced the term \"British subject\" with \"Commonwealth citizen\" in 1977, but the UK did not follow suit until 1 January 1983, when the British Nationality Act 1981 went into effect. History of Canadian nationality law Canada established its own nationality law in 1946 with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946, which took effect on 1 January 1947. It was the second nation in the British Commonwealth to establish its own nationality law; the first was the Irish Free State, which was a Commonwealth member until 1949", "title": "History of Canadian nationality law" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to resume Australian citizenship, subject only to being of good character. Burma became independent outside the Crown's dominions on 4 January 1948. In the \"Burma Independence Act 1948\" the United Kingdom legislated to remove \"British subject\" status on that date from: Such persons who were domiciled in the United Kingdom or \"His Majesty's dependencies\" were given two years to elect to remain British. Australian legislation was not updated at the time and hence the \"common law\" applied. British subjects connected with Burma lost British subject status under Australian law only if resident in Burma. As a result, some British subjects", "title": "Australian nationality law" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "minority group in Burma, Canadian civil society groups and other protestors called for the revocation Aung San Suu Kyi's honorary citizenship. This included an online Change.org petition to the Prime Minister and the House of Commons of Canada. In 2018, the House of Commons unanimously voted to revoke her honorary citizenship. Honorary Canadian citizenship Honorary Canadian citizenship (French: \"citoyenneté canadienne honoraire\") is an honour whereby a symbolic form of Canadian citizenship is bestowed by the Governor-in-Council on foreigners of exceptional merit, with approval of a joint resolution by both houses of the Parliament of Canada. This honorary Canadian citizenship is", "title": "Honorary Canadian citizenship" } ]

[ "1982" ]

[ "The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide \"conclusive evidence\" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as \"among the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" But the origin of ‘most persecuted minority’ statement is unclear." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "a 12-year system" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "being brought under control. Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. tertiary education enrolment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education", "title": "Tajikistan" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Greece and converted to a museum. Newspapers published articles on her passion for riding sports, diet and exercise regimens, and fashion sense. She often shopped at the Budapest fashion house, \"Antal Alter\" (now Alter és Kiss), which had become very popular with the fashion-crazed crowd. Newspapers also reported on a series of reputed lovers. Although there is no verifiable evidence of her having an affair, one of her alleged lovers was George \"Bay\" Middleton, a dashing Anglo-Scot. He had been named as the probable lover of Lady Henrietta Blanche Hozier and father of Clementine Ogilvy Hozier (the wife of", "title": "Empress Elisabeth of Austria" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a station that is both elevated and above-track. By making a station above-track, the overall space inside the station can often be increased, making it easier to include facilities such as bathrooms and shops. Because of their structure, it is easy for over-track stations to connect with pedways. As a result, in heavily commercial areas, over-track stations are also sometimes introduced as a way of connecting commercial facilities. Also, in cases where an on-ground station was changed to an over-track station, the land where the old station building stood can be used to create facilities such as rotaries, which can", "title": "Over-track train station" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Catholic, and themes of guilt and repentance run through this early work. Between 1938 and 1955, Clarke published no new lyric or narrative poetry. He was co-founder of the Lyric Theatre Company and wrote a number of verse plays for them. He also worked as a journalist and had a weekly poetry programme on RTÉ radio. It seems likely that he also experienced some kind of personal crisis during this time and this had significant consequences for his later poetry. Clarke returned to publishing poetry with the 1955 collection \"Ancient Lights\", and was to continue writing and publishing prolifically for", "title": "Austin Clarke (poet)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "memory. Grimshawe's first publication was 'The Christian's Faith and Practice,' &c. (Preston, 1813); followed by 'A Treatise on the Holy Spirit' (1815). In 1822 he wrote a pamphlet on 'The Wrongs of the Clergy of the Diocese of Peterborough,' which was noticed by Sydney Smith in the 'Edinburgh Review' (article 'Persecuting Bishops'). In 1825 he issued 'An Earnest Appeal to British Humanity in behalf of Indian Widows.' His 'Memoir of the Rev. Legh Richmond,' a religious biography, was first published in 1828, and it reached an eleventh edition by 1846. His major work was the 'Life and Works of William", "title": "Thomas Shuttleworth Grimshawe" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "law as well as Bhai Raja. Rahul is broke, confused and helpless and adding to his problems, he is also pressurized by his brother-in-law to give a hefty amount to start a business. Helpless and desperate Rahul wants to get out of the nightmare. Will he be able to repay his loan and get the love of his life in the same day? Rahul has yet to experience a lot as the day is yet to be finished. Rajesh Murugesan composed the soundtrack and film score of the original movie \"Neram\". The soundtrack has been recreated for Time Bara Vait.", "title": "Time Bara Vait" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "December 2016, Ryan Reynolds revealed that he had been trying to convince Jackman to re-sign for a Wolverine and Deadpool crossover film. Urging fans to campaign online, he stated, \"I want Deadpool and Wolverine in a movie together. What we're gonna have to do is convince Hugh. If anything, I'm going to need to do what I can to get my internet friends back on board to help rally another cause down the line. Hugh Jackman is one of the best human beings. Part of the reason I want to do a Deadpool/Wolverine movie is not just because I think", "title": "Logan (film)" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "that the content wasn't in keeping with what we're all about.\" In response to Polizzi's comments about the advertisers, a rep for Domino's reiterated the company's previous statement saying, We have no issue with MTV or the programming it airs ... Just like viewers have a choice of what they want to watch, advertisers have a choice on what shows they want to advertise. We didn't pull a penny from MTV ... We love what they do. We never made any critical commentary. It was a 30-second call, and MTV said, 'OK,' and that was it. Dell also pulled its", "title": "Controversy and criticism of Jersey Shore" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the music he recorded with his brother and Clipse cohort No Malice, saying: \"Wrath of Caine is basically just me catering to my core. It's all about just street Hip Hop, street music. It's just something that I like to do. It's something that I feel like has no boundaries, no parameters. I can do what I really, really want to do…[my approach to the mixtape is] not about more of a creative [decision], I just think it's about more of what I want to hear for myself and what my fans want to hear. They want to hear lyrics,", "title": "Wrath of Caine" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "recording \"The Original Soundtrack\" the band was already being courted by Mercury Records (part of the Phonogram group) to leave Jonathan King's small UK Records label, where they were struggling financially. He said: \"I rang them. I said come and have a listen to what we've done, come and have a listen to this track. And they came up and they freaked, and they said, 'This is a masterpiece. How much money, what do you want? What sort of a contract do you want? We'll do anything.' On the strength of that one song, we did a five-year deal with", "title": "I'm Not in Love" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "with Knowles, for the music video. She said, \"When I was doing her video with her, she called me and she said, 'What do you want to do?' [...] And I'm like, 'I don't want to show up in some frickin' hair bow and be fashion Gaga in your video.' I said, 'I want to do you.' [...] I want to do my version of Beyoncé. So the whole time I was learning the choreography they were calling me \"Gee\"-yoncé.\" Later, during an interview with MTV News, she explained: \"What I was excited about is with B[eyoncé], I had no", "title": "Video Phone (song)" } ]

[ "a 12-year system" ]

[ "Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "three" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively", "title": "Seattle" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Gore. The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19–3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game, the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17, thanks to Malcolm Smith's interception, which was tipped by Richard Sherman. This clinched the Seahawks' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers. The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times: during the 2005 NFC Championship Game, which Seattle won 34–14; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs, which the Seahawks won", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "game would also be the last \"MNF\" game played in the Kingdome and the last in Seattle until 2002 (the Seahawks themselves didn't appear on \"MNF\" again until Mike Holmgren's return to Green Bay in 1999). Divisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC East. 1992 Seattle Seahawks season The 1992 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's 17th season with the National Football League. The 1992 season was the first of three seasons in Seattle for head coach Tom Flores. The Seahawks' 0.125 winning percentage in 1992 remains the worst in franchise history. The Seahawks' 140 points (8.8 points", "title": "1992 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the year, the team struggled, finishing only 2–6, and backing their way into the playoffs with the AFC's last wild-card slot. The Seattle Seahawks played host to their first playoff game since the 1984 Season. The Seahawks were dominated by the Dolphins defense, who held them to only 171 yards, with just 32 in the second half, and sacked Seahawks quarterback Jon Kitna six times, three by Trace Armstrong. Although Seattle jumped out to a 17–10 lead in the 3rd quarter, the Dolphins would rally back behind quarterback Dan Marino, who threw for 196 yards and a touchdown, leading his", "title": "1999 Miami Dolphins season" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "University of Phoenix Stadium twice in that span, as well as Super Bowl XLIII), the first time hosting the Denver Broncos since 2006 (having played them five times since then, all at Sports Authority Field at Mile High), the first time playing the San Diego Chargers on the road since 2006 (having played them four times since, all at home, and ultimately the Steelers last trip to San Diego before the Chargers returned to Los Angeles in 2017) and the first time visiting the Seattle Seahawks since 2003, having played them away from Seattle three times since, twice at home", "title": "2015 Pittsburgh Steelers season" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively", "title": "Seattle" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Steve Largent, Cortez Kennedy, Walter Jones, and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks. In addition to them, Dave Brown, Jacob Green, Dave Krieg, Curt Warner, and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross (radio announcer) and Chuck Knox (head coach). The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships. They are the only team to have played in both the AFC and NFC Championship Games. They have appeared in three Super Bowls:", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan on February 5, 2006 by a score of 21–10. Although the Seahawks outgained the Steelers, 396 yards to 339, Pittsburgh won on the strength of three big plays converted for touchdowns. Seattle, on the other hand, seemed unable to convert on many of their offensive opportunities, and many feel that several controversial calls by the officials during the game wrongfully nullified several key plays made by the Seahawks that some feel could have changed the outcome of the game. The several controversial calls made during Super Bowl XL were", "title": "2005 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Richard Sherman (American football) Richard Kevin Sherman (born March 30, 1988) is an American football cornerback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fifth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He has been selected to the Pro Bowl four times and voted All-Pro four times, including three times to the first team. He led the NFL in interceptions in 2013, when he also helped the Seahawks win their first Super Bowl. Sherman played college football for the Stanford Cardinal, beginning his career as a wide receiver before", "title": "Richard Sherman (American football)" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1997 season he played in three games as a center and long snapper. The following year, he participated in NFL Europe with the England Monarchs. Bloedorn's final season was with the Seahawks. Greg Bloedorn Greg Bloedorn (born November 15, 1972) was an American football offensive lineman for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was signed by the Seahawks in 1996. Bloedorn played college football at Cornell University. His professional career spanned three active roster seasons with the Seattle Seahawks: to until he was released in 2000. Bloedorn was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. He attended high school at", "title": "Greg Bloedorn" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "John Hilliard (American football) John Edward Hilliard (born April 16, 1976) is a former American football defensive end who played three seasons with the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Hilliard played college football at Mississippi State University and attended Sterling High School in Houston, Texas. He was also a member of the Green Bay Packers, New Orleans VooDoo and Grand Rapids Rampage. Hilliard was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks with the 190th pick in the 2000 NFL Draft. He was released by", "title": "John Hilliard (American football)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Greg Bloedorn Greg Bloedorn (born November 15, 1972) was an American football offensive lineman for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was signed by the Seahawks in 1996. Bloedorn played college football at Cornell University. His professional career spanned three active roster seasons with the Seattle Seahawks: to until he was released in 2000. Bloedorn was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. He attended high school at Glenbard South in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. Bloedorn played football and basketball in high school. He graduated in 1991. Bloedorn played college football at Cornell University from 1991 to 1995. His first year", "title": "Greg Bloedorn" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "overtime. Following the season, Hall of Fame defensive tackle John Randle retired after 14 seasons. Divisional matchups have the NFC West playing the NFC North and the AFC North. Shaun Alexander bulled the Seahawks to a 27–10 win as he rushed for 108 yards and a touchdown while also catching a touchdown. The Saints fumbled away the ball three times and also committed eleven penalties. After forcing four turnovers by the Saints, the Seahawks picked off Jeff Blake and Josh McCown four times while swallowing two fumbles en route to a 38–0 shutout win. Maurice Morris and Shaun Alexander split", "title": "2003 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Winston Guy Winston Guy Jr. (born April 23, 1990) is a former American football safety. He played college football at Kentucky. Guy was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars and Indianapolis Colts. Guy was selected in the sixth round (181st overall) by the Seattle Seahawks in the 2012 NFL Draft. On August 31, 2013, Guy was released by the Seahawks during final team cuts. Guy was claimed off waivers by the Jacksonville Jaguars on September 1, 2013. After starting at safety the first three", "title": "Winston Guy" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "For the 2010 UFL season, Francies signed with the Las Vegas Locomotives. In eight games, Francies made 11.5 tackles and two interceptions, and Las Vegas won the 2010 UFL championship. On December 14, 2011, Francies signed with the Seattle Seahawks to the practice squad. Francies re-signed with the team as a reserve and future free agent. Francies played three preseason games with Seattle in 2012, and he was waived by the Seahawks on August 27. Two days after the Seahawks waived him, Francies signed with the Oakland Raiders on August 29 and played the final preseason game for the Raiders", "title": "Coye Francies" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "and signed as an undrafted free agent for the 2010 season by the New Orleans Saints, Gresham was picked up on waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on August 1, 2010. On March 20, 2015, he re-signed with the Seahawks on a three-year contract worth $2.7 million total and a $300,000 signing bonus. He was released by the Seahawks on March 16, 2016. Gresham is a Christian, and a Young Life leader in Seattle. Gresham's father, Jim, played football at Texas from 1974–76. His cousin, Phil Pratt, played football at Oklahoma in the 1960s. In March 2015, Gresham married Matti Gresham", "title": "Clint Gresham" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "the Seahawks on August 25, 2003. Hilliard signed with the Green Bay Packers on January 19, 2004. He was released by the Packers on February 27, 2004. Hilliard was signed by the New Orleans VooDoo on October 28, 2004. Hilliard was traded to the Grand Rapids Rampage on March 29, 2005. John Hilliard (American football) John Edward Hilliard (born April 16, 1976) is a former American football defensive end who played three seasons with the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Hilliard played", "title": "John Hilliard (American football)" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "years in the cavalry) with the colours, seven or eight in the reserve and two in the Landwehr; in the case of men not drafted to the active army the same total period of service was spent in various special reserves. The common minister of war was the head for the administration of all military affairs, except those of the Austrian Landwehr and of the Hungarian Honved, which were committed to the ministries for national defence of the two respective states. But the supreme command of the army was nominally vested in the monarch, who had the power to take", "title": "Austria-Hungary" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Hans Nilsson (musician) Hans \"Hasse\" Nilsson (22 December 1972 is a Swedish current drummer for the band Dimension Zero. His experience within the Swedish metal scene goes back 17 years, and has included many of its luminaries; \"Liers in Wait\", with Kristian Wåhlin; \"Luciferion\", an early band of Dark Tranquillity's Michael Nicklasson; and \"Crystal Age\", consisting of Oscar Dronjak (HammerFall, ex-Ceremonial Oath) and Fredrik Larsson (ex-HammerFall). Dimension Zero features former In Flames guitarist Jesper Strömblad, also formerly of Ceremonial Oath and HammerFall. Nilsson's style generally sways within the \"blastbeat/double bass\" tempo that is typical of death metal. However, one exception", "title": "Hans Nilsson (musician)" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "containing new residential neighbourhoods were adopted in 2009 and 2010, including St. Germaine Creek on a recently annexed land northwest of the intersection of Highway 2 and Highway 743, and Citadel Park on land west of Highway 684 between the Pines and Upper West Peace. Future residential development is also planned in Westview on the lands adjacent to the Peace River Community Health Centre. In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Peace River recorded a population of 6,842 living in 2,601 of its 2,970 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of", "title": "Peace River, Alberta" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Inquiry under Sir Anthony Evans looking into financial irregularities in the Auditor General's Report. Mr. Burgess' testimony was abrasive and unhelpful labelling the Commission a \"Lynch Mob\". Derrick Burgess (politician) The Hon. Derrick V. Burgess, JP, MP, is a Bermudaian politician, former labour union leader and hotel executive. The Hon. Derrick V. Burgess was elected Deputy Leader of the Progressive Labour Party and Deputy Premier of Bermuda on 28 October 2010, immediately following the election of the Hon. Paula Cox, JP, MP as Premier of Bermuda. Four days later, he was named Minister of Public Works. A graduate from the", "title": "Derrick Burgess (politician)" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of town renovations. It can now only be discerned by looking at houses' positions or by looking over the town. The same effect was achieved when the town planner staggered the side lanes or had them meet the main streets at a slanted angle. By deftly planning the town in this way, even drafts were avoided. Another way of doing this same thing was to build houses out of alignment with their neighbours, or even whole blocks out of alignment with the rest of the street. This can still very clearly be seen around Obere Westheimer Straße. Such a thing", "title": "Homberg (Efze)" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Panthers–Seahawks rivalry The Panthers-Seahawks rivalry is a National Football League (NFL) series between the Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks. Both franchises have combined for 5 Super Bowl appearances, 23 playoff appearances, and 16 division championships (10 for Seattle and 6 for Carolina). Seattle leads the series 9–4, while matches between quarterbacks Russell Wilson and Cam Newton have drawn comparisons to the Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry. The Panthers and Seahawks first played each other in the 2000 regular season, with Carolina winning. The first playoff matchup between both teams dates to the 2005 NFC Championship game. The Seahawks won, defeating the", "title": "Panthers–Seahawks rivalry" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Matt Lytle Matthew Lytle (born September 4, 1975) is a former American football quarterback of the National Football League. He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as a street free agent in 2000. He played college football at Pittsburgh. Lytle was also a member of the Carolina Panthers, Baltimore Ravens and Colorado Crush. In the 2000 offseason, Lytle played for the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe and won World Bowl VIII. Lytle was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on August 28, 2000. He made his NFL debut on October 22 in a 31-3 loss to the Oakland Raiders,", "title": "Matt Lytle" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "5-9 record, winning their final two games in the process. In its second year, Seattle played all of the teams in the AFC as a member of the AFC West. 1977 Seattle Seahawks season The 1977 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's second campaign in the National Football League. The 1977 season was the team's first in the AFC West. The Seahawks lost five of their first six games. On October 30, the Seahawks earned their second win of the season when quarterback Jim Zorn returned from an injury and threw four touchdown passes in a 56-17 win over the", "title": "1977 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Paul Skansi. Divisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC Central. Even though the Seahawks did not qualify for the playoffs, their most memorable moment during the season was in the final seconds against the Kansas City Chiefs when Dave Krieg threw a game-winning touchdown pass to Paul Skansi. 1990 Seattle Seahawks season The 1990 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's 15th season with the National Football League. The team improved on its 7-9 record from 1989, finishing 9-7. Despite the winning record, the Seahawks missed the postseason. Seattle would start the season 0-3 before upsetting the Cincinnati Bengals", "title": "1990 Seattle Seahawks season" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the Miami Dolphins, as they lost in Miami 31-10 to a powerful Dolphins squad. Divisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC Central. The Seahawks saw the Patriots erase a 23-0 deficit with 38 unanswered points led by new quarterback Tony Eason, who took over halfway through the game for Steve Grogan. Seattle entered the postseason as the #4 seed in the AFC. 1984 Seattle Seahawks season The 1984 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's ninth season with the National Football League. The season opener was moved from Sunday to Monday afternoon on Labor Day to avoid a conflict", "title": "1984 Seattle Seahawks season" } ]

[ "three" ]

[ "The Seahawks' CenturyLink Field has hosted NFL playoff games in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2015. The Seahawks have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, sharing CenturyLink Field with the Seahawks, as a continuation of earlier teams in the lower divisions of American soccer. The Sounders have not won the MLS Cup but have, however, won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014 and the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "not well-studied" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, \"Thiomargarita namibiensis\" is up to half a millimetre long and \"Epulopiscium fishelsoni\" reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus \"Mycoplasma\", which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called \"cocci\" (\"sing\". coccus, from Greek \"kókkos\", grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called \"bacilli\" (\"sing\". bacillus,", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, \"Thiomargarita namibiensis\" is up to half a millimetre long and \"Epulopiscium fishelsoni\" reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus \"Mycoplasma\", which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called \"cocci\" (\"sing\". coccus, from Greek \"kókkos\", grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called \"bacilli\" (\"sing\". bacillus,", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to Praterm Company. 2005 - Over the course of the year, FŁT-Kraśnik implemented an integrated Management System which included: FŁT-Kraśnik FŁT-Kraśnik is a joint-stock company which belongs to the Polish Treasury. Its premises are located in Kraśnik, Poland, 50 km south-west of Lublin, near the eastern border of the European Union (EU). The main products of FŁT-Kraśnik are bearings and their components (products and semi-finished products after forging and pressing). FŁT-Kraśnik also manufactures grinding spindles, bearing repair kits, equipment, various tools and machines, and machine tool components along with their design documentation. FŁT-Kraśnik S.A. was founded in 1938 as Munition", "title": "FŁT-Kraśnik" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Christie Pits Christie Pits, originally Willowvale Park, is a public recreational area in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 750 Bloor Street West at Christie Street, just west of the Toronto Transit Commission Christie subway station. The park has an area of , about half of which is grassed picnic areas, the rest being various sports fields. Sports facilities on the site include three baseball diamonds (one full-sized and fenced named \"Dominico Field\"), basketball courts, a soccer/rugby/football field, and The Alex Duff Outdoor Pool, splash pad and adjacent outdoor ice rink which are located on the west edge of", "title": "Christie Pits" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of coherent set of Chetnik war objectives. Stevan Moljević was born to Jovan and Mitra Moljević (\"née\" Babić) on 6 January 1888 in Rudo, Austria-Hungary. He finished primary school in the town and later joined Young Bosnia, a revolutionary movement which aimed to unite all South Slavs into one common state. He was arrested by Austro-Hungarian authorities in 1910 after a member of Young Bosnia attempted to assassinate Marijan Varešanin, the region's governor. In 1915, Moljević was arrested and charged with treason by Austro-Hungarian authorities. He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to ten years of hard labour. He", "title": "Stevan Moljević" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "twenty seconds. He also took the overall lead, but soon lost it to van Garderen after losing time on stage four, a time trial. On stage six, the queen stage, Bernal attacked on the final climb, distancing all of the other riders. He won the stage with a 1:28 gap over Adam Yates. He took the overall lead back after the stage, and successfully defended it on the final stage. In July 2018, he was named in the start list for the 2018 Tour de France. Bernal rode as a domestique for team leaders Chris Froome and Geraint Thomas. He", "title": "Egan Bernal" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "another reason for this was the enormous cost of stone construction in man-hours and in material; so much masonry construction was carried out in the Third Reich that shortages occurred. Hence many of the viaducts were in simplified, modernized form, for example the series at the Drackensteiner Hang by Paul Bonatz and the bridge over the Lahn valley at Limburg, by Bonatz and Gottwalt Schaper. In addition, the Reichsautobahn was to have had a large amount of monumental sculpture. The viewing platforms from which travelers could admire the bridges often had obelisks or columns topped with eagles and swastikas. In", "title": "Reichsautobahn" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "members. Evidence supporting such behavior is lacking however; a review of the empirical economics literature is found in Bonin, Jones, and Putterman. But alternative behavioral models have been proposed. Peter Law examined LMFs that value employment as well as income. Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen examined pay according to work and according to need. Nobel Laureate James Meade examined behavior of an \"inegalitarian\" LMF. Generally, the evidence indicates that worker cooperatives have higher productivity than conventional companies although this difference may be modest in size. Economists have explained clustering of worker coops through leagues or \"supporting structures\" Regions where large clusters", "title": "Worker cooperative" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "be because soil scarification brought up and exposed more soil organic carbon and more was lost to degradation; however there was still a high concentration of soil carbon in those plantations as well. Afforestation is generally seen as a positive thing, and the re-establishment of forests in Japan has been positive overall. Large-scale afforestation is still a new concept, and there are some concerns associated with it. Afforested regions have impacts on local watersheds as well as species interactions. One study examined the reduced water quality of watersheds downstream of afforested conifer plantations. The concern was that there was no", "title": "Afforestation in Japan" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "director there from 1972 until his 2001 retirement. Weidenmüller is known above all for his work in the theory of nuclear reactions. He examined nuclear reactions in the shell model under inclusion of continuum states and developed a microscopic statistical theory of nuclear reactions; this statistical theory (now known as transport theory) had applications to the interpretation of the particle accelerator experiments with heavy ions as well as on highly excited compound nuclei. He also examined chaotic dynamism in atomic nuclei and nuclear reactions (as well as Bose–Einstein condensates) with the help of the method of random matrices. Weidenmüller has", "title": "Hans-Arwed Weidenmüller" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Keynes is that he denied the possibility to change the capitalist’s decision making. As is well known, Keynes devoted almost all his investigation to the demand-side and as far as the supply-side he only said that there remains almost no materials that is not known to us and Keynes left it as technically given. Okishio examined the capitalistic property of Keynes aggregate supply function Z(N) and showed an alternative way of raising employment by changing Aggregate Supply Function. His critical examination of Keynesian economics is the jointly published book “Keynesian Economics” in 1957. As is well known, one of Keynes's", "title": "Nobuo Okishio" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "should be very \"black\", she should have dainty hands and feet, small and well-recessed sexual organs and a set of twenty teeth. The girl is also observed for signs of serenity and fearlessness and her horoscope is examined to ensure that it is complementary to the King's. It is important that there not be any conflicts as she must confirm the King's legitimacy each year of her divinity. Her family is also scrutinized to ensure its piety and devotion to the King. Once the priests have chosen a candidate, she must undergo yet more rigorous tests to ensure that she", "title": "Kumari (goddess)" } ]

[ "not well-studied" ]

[ "Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Bacteria" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bacteria Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "came in 1977 when Carl Woese recognised that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria. This new phylogenetic taxonomy depended on the sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA, and divided prokaryotes into two evolutionary domains, as part of the three-domain system. Bacteria Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Domain (biology) In biological taxonomy, a domain [/də(ʊ)ˈmeɪn/] (Latin: \"regio\"), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese. According to the Woese system, introduced in 1990, the tree of life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus. All life that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and multicellular organisms, is included in the Eukarya. The term \"domain\" was proposed by Woese et al. (1990) in his three-domain system. This term represents", "title": "Domain (biology)" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "further offshore and deeper into the water, where there are fewer host organisms. Viruses are an important natural means of transferring genes between different species, which increases genetic diversity and drives evolution. It is thought that viruses played a central role in the early evolution, before the diversification of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, at the time of the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth. Viruses are still one of the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on Earth. Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes,", "title": "Marine life" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bacteria Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the", "title": "Bacteria" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "last universal common ancestor of life on Earth. Viruses are still one of the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on Earth. Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Once regarded as plants", "title": "Marine microorganism" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bacteria – prokaryotic, consists of prokaryotic cells possessing primarily \"diacyl glycerol diester lipids\" in their membranes and bacterial rRNA, no nuclear membrane, traditionally classified as bacteria. Most of the known pathogenic prokaryotic organisms belong to bacteria (see for exceptions), and are currently studied more extensively than Archaea. Some examples of bacteria include Cyanobacteria photosynthesizing bacteria that are related to the chloroplasts of eukaryotic plants and algae, Spirochaetes – Gram-negative bacteria that include those causing syphilis and Lyme disease, and Actinobacteria --Gram-positive bacteria including \"Bifidobacterium animalis\" which is present in the human large intestine. Domain Eukarya – eukaryotes, organisms that contain", "title": "Three-domain system" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "mild skin reactions upon exposure. The last two toxins, anatoxin-a and saxitoxin, are thought to be shellfish neurotoxins. Research has shown that \"C. raciborskii\" can naturally produce butylated hydroxytoluene, an antioxidant, food additive, and industrial chemical. Domain – Bacteria The Tree of Life contains three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Kingdom – Bacteria Bacteria consists of prokaryotic microorganisms. They were among the first life forms to appear on Earth and appear in a wide variety of habitats. Phylum – Cyanobacteria This phylum is characterized by their ability to obtain energy through photosynthesis. They are often called the blue-green algae stemming", "title": "Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Microbiology Microbiology (from Greek , \"mīkros\", \"small\"; , \"bios\", \"life\"; and , \"-logia\") is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, parasitology, mycology and bacteriology. Eukaryotic microorganisms possess membrane-bound cell organelles and include fungi and protists, whereas prokaryotic organisms—all of which are microorganisms—are conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bound organelles and include Bacteria and Archaea. Microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy. However, less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. Microbiologists often rely on", "title": "Microbiology" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "waters adjacent to hydrothermal vents. Within the abyssal and hadal zones, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents and cold seeps have by far the greatest biomass and biodiversity per unit area. Fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids, these areas are often home to large and diverse communities of thermophilic, halophilic and other extremophilic prokaryotic microorganisms (such as those of the sulfide-oxidizing genus \"Beggiatoa\"), often arranged in large bacterial mats near cold seeps. In these locations, chemosynthetic archaea and bacteria typically form the base of the food chain. Although the process of chemosynthesis is entirely microbial, these chemosynthetic", "title": "Abyssal plain" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "in diverse range of pathogenic bacteria. These STPK are transmembrane receptors with an intracellular N-terminal kinase domain and extracellular C-terminal sensor domain. In the STPK, PknD, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the sensor domain forms a rigid, six-bladed b-propeller composed of NHL repeats with a flexible tether to the transmembrane domain. NHL repeat The NHL repeat, named after NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41, is an amino acid sequence found largely in a large number of eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins. For example, the repeat is found in a variety of enzymes of the copper type II, ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family which catalyse the C-terminus alpha-amidation", "title": "NHL repeat" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The term \"vibrion\" was adapted into the name of the \"Vibrio\" prokaryotic genus. Vibrion Vibrion may also refer to: the singular form of \"vibrio\", a genus of anaerobic bacteria with a comma-like shape. Vibrion is an antiquated term for microorganisms, especially pathogenic ones; see Germ theory of disease. The term was specifically used in reference to motile microorganisms, and the name of the \"Vibrio\" genus derives from this term. The term is closely tied to the history of the study of cholera. It was used in biological literature between the late 19th century and the 1920s. Bacteria with the same", "title": "Vibrion" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Microbiological Research Microbiological Research is an academic journal in microbiology, published by Elsevier. It has an impact factor of 2.561 as of 2014. The journal was established in 1896. The journal publishes research on prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protozoa, as well as on interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and their environments or hosts. It focuses in particular on microbiology and genetics; molecular and cell biology; metabolism and physiology; signal transduction and development; biotechnology; phytopathology; and environmental microbiology and ecology. The journal was originally published by Gustav Fischer Verlag. It was originally titled \"Centralblatt für", "title": "Microbiological Research" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Indeed, many cells are so fragile that when placed in distilled water, they immediately lyse from the change in osmotic conditions. Halophiles may use a variety of energy sources. They can be aerobic or anaerobic. Anaerobic halophiles include phototrophic, fermentative, sulfate-reducing, homoacetogenic, and methanogenic species. The Haloarchaea, and particularly the family Halobacteriaceae, are members of the domain Archaea, and comprise the majority of the prokaryotic population in hypersaline environments. Currently, 15 recognised genera are in the family. The domain Bacteria (mainly \"Salinibacter ruber\") can comprise up to 25% of the prokaryotic community, but is more commonly a much lower percentage", "title": "Halophile" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "appear to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to other prokaryotic bacteria. The current system has the following listed kingdoms in the three domains: Domain Archaea – prokaryotic, no nuclear membrane, distinct biochemistry and RNA markers from bacteria, possess unique ancient evolutionary history for which they are considered some of the oldest species of organisms on Earth; traditionally classified as archaebacteria; often characterized by living in extreme environments. Some examples of archaeal organisms are methanogens which produce the gas methane, halophiles which live in very salty water, and thermoacidophiles which thrive in acidic high temperature water. Domain", "title": "Three-domain system" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "CRM domain In molecular biology, the CRM domain is an approximately 100-amino acid RNA-binding domain. The name CRM (chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation) has been suggested to reflect the functions established for four characterised members of the family: \"Zea mays\" (Maize) CRS1, CAF1 and CAF2 proteins and the \"Escherichia coli\" protein YhbY. Proteins containing the CRM domain are found in eubacteria, archaea, and plants. The CRM domain is represented as a stand-alone protein in archaea and bacteria, and in single- and multi-domain proteins in plants. It has been suggested that prokaryotic CRM proteins existed as ribosome-associated proteins prior to", "title": "CRM domain" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live", "title": "Microorganism" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are from the NCBI database. There are no known or predicted paralogs in \"Homo sapiens\". That is, MALSU1 is a single-copy gene. The domain is from position 93 to 194 on the human protein and comprises 43.2% of the sequence. This conserved domain is also present in the plant gene iojap, a pattern-striping gene in maize. However, since its function has been solved at least in bacteria, it is no longer a \"domain of unknown function\". While the function of the protein in mitochondria is not conclusive its bacterial homolog has been shown to silence prokaryotic translation by blocking the", "title": "MALSU1" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "taxonomy classifies life into three domains. The time of their origin is uncertain. The Bacteria domain probably first split off from the other forms of life (sometimes called Neomura), but this supposition is controversial. Soon after this, by 2 Ga, the Neomura split into the Archaea and the Eukarya. Eukaryotic cells (Eukarya) are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells (Bacteria and Archaea), and the origin of that complexity is only now becoming known. Around this time, the first proto-mitochondrion was formed. A bacterial cell related to today's \"Rickettsia\", which had evolved to metabolize oxygen, entered a larger prokaryotic cell,", "title": "History of Earth" }, { "idx": 19, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Na ions depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane sufficiently to initiate an action potential. While single-cell organisms like bacteria would have little apparent need for the transmission of an action potential, a bacterial homologue to an LIC has been identified, hypothesized to act nonetheless as a chemoreceptor. This prokaryotic nAChR variant is known as the GLIC receptor, after the species in which it was identified; Gloeobacter Ligand-gated Ion C channel. Cys-loop receptors have structural elements that are well conserved, with a large extracellular domain (ECD) harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. Following the ECD, four transmembrane segments (TMSs) are connected by intracellular", "title": "Ligand-gated ion channel" }, { "idx": 20, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Monera Monera () (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), \"single\", \"solitary\") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria. They are single-celled organisms with no true nuclear membrane (prokaryotic organisms). The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Édouard Chatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system established by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Under the three-domain system of taxonomy, introduced by Carl Woese in 1977,", "title": "Monera" }, { "idx": 21, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of bioremediation is also possible although their activity is often not as robust and introducing the enzymes into certain environments such as soil has been challenging. In addition to terrestrial based microorganisms, marine based bacteria and their exoenzymes show potential as candidates in the field of bioremediation. Marine based bacteria have been utilized in the removal of heavy metals, petroleum/diesel degradation and in the removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons among others. Exoenzyme An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside of that cell. Exoenzymes are produced by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells", "title": "Exoenzyme" }, { "idx": 22, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "are the smallest of the Archaea. Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like Archaea, their membranes are made of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages. Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are two examples of bacteria. They characteristically do not have ether linkages like Archaea, and they are grouped into a different category—and hence a different domain. There is a great deal of diversity in this domain. Confounded by that diversity and horizontal gene transfer, it is next to impossible to determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet, or to organize them in a tree-structure,", "title": "Domain (biology)" }, { "idx": 23, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "thrush) and vagina (commonly called yeast infection). Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic size and are thus classified as microorganisms. However, some unicellular protists and bacteria are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye. Examples include: Unicellular organism A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell. Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but the group includes the protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular", "title": "Unicellular organism" }, { "idx": 24, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten\", then as the \"Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene\" until volume 136 (1981), and then as the \"Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie\" from volumes 137 (1982) to 148 (1993). It was renamed \"Microbiological Research\" in 1993. Formerly published in German, it is now an English language journal. Microbiological Research Microbiological Research is an academic journal in microbiology, published by Elsevier. It has an impact factor of 2.561 as of 2014. The journal was established in 1896. The journal publishes research on prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protozoa, as well as on", "title": "Microbiological Research" }, { "idx": 25, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Lithotroph Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. Known chemolithotrophs are exclusively microorganisms; no known macrofauna possesses the ability to use inorganic compounds as energy sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called \"prokaryotic symbionts\". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in giant tube worms or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Lithotrophs", "title": "Lithotroph" }, { "idx": 26, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "eukaryotes. The repertoire of membrane-related functions of \"Lokiarchaeum\" suggests that the common ancestor to the eukaryotes might be an intermediate step between the prokaryotic cells, devoid of subcellular structures, and the eukaryotic cells, which harbor many organelles. Carl Woese's three-domain system classifies cellular life into three domains: archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes; the last being characterised by large, highly evolved cells, containing mitochondria, which help the cells produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell), and a membrane-bound nucleus containing nucleic acids. Protozoa and all multicellular organisms such as animals, fungi, and plants are eukaryotes. The bacteria and archaea", "title": "Lokiarchaeota" }, { "idx": 27, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "thus in a similar range compared to actin (with a mass of ~42 kDa). In contrast, tubulin polymers (microtubules) tend to be much bigger than actin filaments due to their cylindrical nature. Tubulin was long thought to be specific to eukaryotes. More recently, however, several prokaryotic proteins have been shown to be related to tubulin. Tubulin is characterized by the evolutionarily conserved Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase protein domain. This GTPase protein domain is found in all eukaryotic tubulin chains, as well as the bacterial protein TubZ, the archaeal protein CetZ, and the FtsZ protein family widespread in Bacteria and Archaea. α-", "title": "Tubulin" }, { "idx": 28, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "archaeologists. Today, archaeologists use faunal remains as a guide to the environment. It helps archaeologists understand whether the fauna were present naturally or through activities of carnivores or people. Archaeologists deal with macrofauna and microfauna. Microfauna are better indicators of climate and environmental change than larger species. These can be as small as a bug or as big as a fish or bird. Macrofauna helps archaeologists build a picture of past human diet. Bacteria and Protists form two separate kingdoms, but both are fairly similar when compared. Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms, while protists are a group of eukaryotic organisms. Because", "title": "Archaeobiology" }, { "idx": 29, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Up to 10 billion bacterial cells inhabit each gram of soil in and around plant roots, a region known as the rhizosphere. In 2011, a team detected more than 33,000 bacterial and archaeal species on sugar beet roots. The composition of the rhizobiome can change rapidly in response to changes in the surrounding environment. Bacteria and Archaea are the smallest organisms in soil apart from viruses. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic. All of the \"other\" microorganisms are eukaryotic, which means they have a more advanced cell structure with internal organelles and the ability to reproduce sexually. A prokaryote has a", "title": "Soil microbiology" }, { "idx": 30, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "segments that are less crucial for an organism survival will be more likely to be lost over time. This selective pressure is stronger in large marine prokaryotic populations, because intra-species competition favours fast, efficient and inexpensive replication. This is because large population sizes increase competition among members of the same species, and thus increases selective pressure and causes the reduction in genome size to occur more readily among organisms of large population sizes, like bacteria. This may explain why genome streamlining seems to be particularly prevalent in prokaryotic organisms, as they tend to have larger population sizes than eukaryotes. It", "title": "Streamlining theory" }, { "idx": 31, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "involves discovering genes and their functions. Proteogenomics has become especially useful in the discovery and improvement of gene annotations in prokaryotic organisms. For example, various microorganisms have had their genomic annotation studied through the proteogenomic approach including, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium, and multiple species of \"Shewanella\" bacteria. Besides improving gene annotations, proteogenomic studies can also provide valuable information about the presence of programmed frameshifts, N-terminal methionine excision, signal peptides, proteolysis and other post-translational modifications. Proteogenomics has potential applications in medicine, especially to oncology research. Cancer occurs through genetic mutations such as methylation, translocation, and somatic mutations. Research has shown that both", "title": "Proteogenomics" }, { "idx": 32, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Mukondo Mine Mukondo Mine is a copper and cobalt mine in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 2011 it was operated by the Central African Mining and Exploration Company (CAMEC). It may be the richest cobalt reserve in the world. In July 2008 CAMEC said the resource estimate at Mukondo was 70 million tons of ore containing 1.5 million tons of copper and 500,000 tonnes of cobalt. The cobalt grade averages 1.2%, an exceptionally high concentration. The Mukondo mountain has a height of over . Mining is relatively cheap since waste rock can simply be pushed off", "title": "Mukondo Mine" }, { "idx": 33, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Austria, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, France, India, Japan, Kenya, New Zealand, Spain, Thailand, and Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, the International Student Exchange Program (ISEP) allows students to study at any of over 100 universities on six continents. In the U.S., students can study at American University in Washington, D.C., in New York City, in the Adirondack State Park, or at Fisk University, a distinguished, historically Black university in Nashville, Tennessee. The First-Year Program (FYP) at St. Lawrence is one of the oldest living/learning programs for first-year students in the country. Over the past 22 years,", "title": "St. Lawrence University" }, { "idx": 34, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "included in books and photo exhibits featured in galleries and museums, including the New York Public Library (1968), the Smithsonian (1980), the Howard Greenberg Gallery (1994), Eastman House (1998), The Colorado College (2000), Smith College (2005), a traveling exhibit, This Light of Ours (2010) and \"Time to Get Ready\" which included images from the civil rights movement and her work in northern New Mexico. Segment of Varela chapter http://www.press.uillinois.edu/wordpress/?p=6444 She graduated from University of Massachusetts. She was a visiting professor at Colorado College. She was adjunct professor at University of New Mexico. Maria Varela Maria Varela (born January 1, 1940)", "title": "Maria Varela" }, { "idx": 35, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the following month. In a June 2006 interview, Wiseman said, \"The third film is going to be a prequel. It will be the origin story and we find out things we didn't know about Lucian; he'll have a much bigger part in it. It will be about the creation [of the races] and what started the war. It will be a period piece. The movie will also focus for the first time through the Lycans' point of view.\" The director also shared, \"In terms of the writing, a lot of the writing has been done. We've been developing \"Underworld 3\"", "title": "Underworld: Rise of the Lycans" }, { "idx": 36, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "peaceful youth movement. In 1968, the Tate/LaBianca murders were committed by the youthful Charles Manson Family, and in 1970, the 26-year-old civil rights activist Angela Davis was implicated (although ultimately found not guilty) in the murder of a superior court judge. In 1970, the Container Corporation of America (CCA) released a poster that was widely distributed to colleges and universities in the United States. Under the direction of Walter Paepcke, the CCA had established itself as a leader in corporate graphics and design. The poster advertised a competition to design a graphic symbol which would be used on recycled paper", "title": "Gary Anderson (designer)" }, { "idx": 37, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "large. It can be fused to either the N-terminus or C-terminus of a protein. However, many commercially available sources of GST-tagged plasmids include a thrombin domain for cleavage of the GST tag during protein purification. Glutathione S-transferase Glutathione \"S\"-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification. The GST family consists of three superfamilies: the cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal—also known as MAPEG—proteins. Members of the GST superfamily are", "title": "Glutathione S-transferase" }, { "idx": 38, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "such as beets. Based on studies performed on a geosmin synthase (encoded by SCO6073) in \"Streptomyces coelicor\" and the high sequence similarity between this and other known or putative geosmin synthases (45-78% identity), it has been hypothesized that all geosmin synthases function in the same manner. Screening of available bacterial genomic data has resulted in the prediction of at least 55 putative geosmin synthases in this domain of prokaryotic organisms. Geosmin synthase is approximately 726 amino acids in length and has two distinctive active sites on the N-terminal and C-terminal halves, respectively (in \"S. coelicor\" the N-terminal domain consists of", "title": "Geosmin synthase" }, { "idx": 39, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "on Earth. Aristotle was the first person to classify organisms. Later, Carl Linnaeus introduced his system of binomial nomenclature for the classification of species. Eventually new groups and categories of life were discovered, such as cells and microorganisms, forcing dramatic revisions of the structure of relationships between living organisms. The cell is considered the structural and functional unit of life. There are two kinds of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, both of which consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane and contain many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cells reproduce through a process of cell division, in which the", "title": "Life" }, { "idx": 40, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "action of copper have been a subject of intensive research. Scientists are also actively demonstrating the intrinsic efficacy of copper alloy \"touch surfaces\" to destroy a wide range of microorganisms that threaten public health. The oligodynamic effect was discovered in 1893 as a toxic effect of metal ions on living cells, algae, molds, spores, fungi, viruses, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic microorganisms, even in relatively low concentrations. This antimicrobial effect is shown by ions of copper as well as mercury, silver, iron, lead, zinc, bismuth, gold, and aluminium. In 1973, researchers at Battelle Columbus Laboratories conducted a comprehensive literature, technology and patent", "title": "Antimicrobial properties of copper" }, { "idx": 41, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain Proteins that bind cyclic nucleotides (cAMP or cGMP) share a structural domain of about 120 residues. The best studied of these proteins is the prokaryotic catabolite gene activator (also known as the cAMP receptor protein) (gene crp) where such a domain is known to be composed of three alpha-helices and a distinctive eight-stranded, antiparallel beta-barrel structure. There are six invariant amino acids in this domain, three of which are glycine residues that are thought to be essential for maintenance of the structural integrity of the beta-barrel. cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cAPK and cGPK) contain two tandem", "title": "Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain" } ]

[ "Bacteria" ]

[ "Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Kansas City" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "University of Kansas The University of Kansas, also referred to as KU, is a public research university in the U.S. state of Kansas. The school is occasionally, though incorrectly, called Kansas University due to its KU nickname. The main campus in Lawrence, is on Mount Oread, the highest elevation in Lawrence. Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area: the university's medical school and hospital in Kansas City, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and a hospital and research center in Topeka. There are also educational and research sites in Garden City, Hays, Leavenworth, Parsons, and Topeka, and", "title": "University of Kansas" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "University of Kansas The University of Kansas, also referred to as KU, is a public research university in the U.S. state of Kansas. The school is occasionally, though incorrectly, called Kansas University due to its KU nickname. The main campus in Lawrence, is on Mount Oread, the highest elevation in Lawrence. Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area: the university's medical school and hospital in Kansas City, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and a hospital and research center in Topeka. There are also educational and research sites in Garden City, Hays, Leavenworth, Parsons, and Topeka, and", "title": "University of Kansas" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "to nearby Baker University to play the first college football game in Kansas to start that season. After playing an abbreviated three-game season in 1890, KU played its first full schedule in 1891 and immediately found success, posting a 7–0–1 record under head coach E. M. Hopkins. The 1891 season also featured the school's first football game against the University of Missouri, the first game in what would become the long-running Border War rivalry, a 22–8 KU victory in Kansas City. In 1899, Hall-of-Famer Fielding H. Yost served one season as KU's football coach, posting the first perfect season in", "title": "Kansas Jayhawks football" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Research and a Masters in Public Health graduate degree program. The KU-MPH program ranks the sixth best community health graduate degree program in the country by \"U.S. News & World Report\". University of Kansas School of Medicine The University of Kansas School of Medicine is a public medical school located on the University of Kansas Medical Center campuses in Kansas City, Kansas, and also Salina, Kansas, and Wichita, Kansas. The Kansas City campus is co-located with the independent University of Kansas Hospital, and they are commonly known collectively as KU Med. Medical instruction in the University of Kansas School of", "title": "University of Kansas School of Medicine" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "the physical performances of its large cast of characters. The large animation workload required Variable State engage the help of Niamh Herrity and Aoife Doyle, Irish animators who run Pink Kong Studios animation company. During development, Variable State expanded the \"Virginia\" development team to include programmer Kieran Keegan, the lead programmer on \"Kitty Powers' Matchmaker\". Additional contributors included technical artist Matt Wilde, 3D artist Stephen Brown and animators Abby Roebuck, Steve James Brown and Mikael Persson. 3D artist Wayne Peters assisted in an outsourcing capacity. On Metacritic, it holds a score of 82% on Xbox One, 77% on PlayStation 4", "title": "Virginia (video game)" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "A Few Quick Ones All the stories in the collection feature recurring Wodehouse characters and themes: four Drones Club members (two Freddie Widgeon and two Bingo Little), two golf stories (with the Oldest Member), two Mr Mulliner, one Jeeves and Bertie Wooster, and one Ukridge. The book's title comes from the informal phrase \"a quick one\", which is British slang for an alcoholic drink consumed quickly. \"A Tithe for Charity\" did not appear in the original U.S. edition, which instead featured a 1958 \"exclusive\" pseudo-Drones story entitled \"Unpleasantness at Kozy Kot\" (actually a rewritten version of the 1928 Jeeves story", "title": "A Few Quick Ones" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "CB Simulator CompuServe CB Simulator was the first dedicated online chat service that was widely available to the public. It was developed by a CompuServe executive, Alexander \"Sandy\" Trevor, and released by CompuServe on February 21, 1980, as the first public, commercial multi-user chat program. At that time, most people were familiar with citizens band radio, often abbreviated as CB radio, but multi-user chat and instant messaging were largely unknown. CompuServe CB used the CB radio paradigm to help users understand the new concept. Like CB radio it had 40 \"channels\" and commands like \"tune\", \"squelch\", and \"monitor\". CompuServe CB", "title": "CB Simulator" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "(given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Director Lê Hoàng - Khánh Thi- Director Nguyễn Quang Dũng - Chí Anh. The results of the voting is combined with the ranking of the panel of judges, and the celebrities have the higher scores in total are survive.\" \"Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Director Lê Hoàng - Khánh Thi- Director Nguyễn Quang Dũng - Chí Anh. The results of the voting is combined with the ranking of the panel of judges, and the celebrities", "title": "Bước nhảy hoàn vũ (season 1)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "were growing and called on the League to embrace violent action in trying to overthrow the capitalist system. By autumn 1889 the anarchists had taken over the League's executive committee and Morris was stripped of the editorship of \"Commonweal\" in favour of the anarchist Frank Kitz. This alienated Morris from the League, which had also become a financial burden for him; he had been subsidising its activities with £500 a year, a very large sum of money at the time. By the autumn of 1890, Morris left the Socialist League, with his Hammersmith branch seceding to become the independent Hammersmith", "title": "William Morris" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Q.E.H.) is located in Barbados' capital city Bridgetown, which is located in the parish of Saint Michael. The hospital is the main General Hospital for the southern part of the island. The hospital can perform most surgeries, and specialised care includes the areas of: gynaecology, paediatrics, obstetrics, cardiac surgery, plastic surgery, psychotherapy, radiology, radiography and ophthalmology. The Q.E.H. boasts also having a series of operating theaters. The Q.E.H. is a 600-bed complex lying in the Eastern section of Bridgetown, it can be found along the southeast shore of the Careenage canal. The", "title": "Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "patients. The museum has a wide display of reproductive and medical history: however, majority of their collection is not displayed in the museum due to space. Instead, this information such as their collection on smallpox and dermatology as well as other exhibits can be found online through their website. The museum's galleries include but are not limited to: Diagnostic Instruments, Doctor's Office 1870's, Doctor's Office 1930's, Early Medical Practice and Education, Hospital Medicine, 1865-1920, Laboratory Medicine 1865-1920, Microscopes, Millikin Room, Pharmacy 1880's, Stecher Room, Science, Technology, Medicine 1895-1950, Surgery, Obstetrics Instruments, Castele Gallery, Virtue, Vice, and Contraband: A history of", "title": "Dittrick Museum of Medical History" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "City Hospital (Roosevelt Island) City Hospital (also known as Island Hospital or Charity Hospital) was a historic hospital on Roosevelt Island, Manhattan in New York City. Originally named Penitentiary Hospital and located on what was then known as Blackwell's Island, the first hospital was built in 1832 to serve the prisoners housed at Blackwell's Penitentiary. After the hospital was destroyed by a fire in 1858, architect James Renwick, Jr. designed a new building to be called City Hospital, on which prisoners completed construction in 1861. It served both inmates and New York City's poorer population. In 1870, the hospital was", "title": "City Hospital (Roosevelt Island)" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Science in 2019. The YCU Graduate School of Medicine is engaged in \"Joint Graduate School Programs\" with various establishments include the following. The YCU Hospital in Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama has 654 beds, and in the 2012 fiscal year, treated 465,918 out-patients and 213,149 in-patients. The Hospital is a designated hospital as a Regional Cancer Care Hospital, AIDS Care Central Core Hospital and an approved as a Specific Function Hospital. YCU has exchange agreements with the following universities. Some graduate schools have engaged in joint research with the following African universities. Honorary doctoral degree recipients include the following. Yokohama City University", "title": "Yokohama City University" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "may be to this day the largest empire ever.\" Though it is generally believed that Zarathushtra's teachings maintained influence on Cyrus's acts and policies, so far no clear evidence has been found to indicate that Cyrus practiced a specific religion. Pierre Briant wrote that given the poor information we have, \"it seems quite reckless to try to reconstruct what the religion of Cyrus might have been.\" His views are believed expressed in the content of the Cylinder: \"û-mi-Ša-am ma- h ar iluBel ù iluNabu Š a a-ra-ku ume-ia li-ta-mu-ú lit-taŠ-ka-ru a-ma-a-ta du-un-ki-ia ù a-na iluMarduk beli-ia li-iq-bu-ú ' Ša Ku-ra-aŠ", "title": "Cyrus the Great" } ]

[ "Kansas City" ]

[ "The university's Medical Center and University Hospital are located in Kansas City, Kansas. The Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas, in the Kansas City metropolitan area. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons and Topeka, and branches of the University of Kansas School of Medicine in Wichita and Salina. The university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "Alexander Glazunov." ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Balanchine at the start of his career. The choreography of Michel Fokine was of paramount importance in the initial success of the Ballets Russes. Fokine had graduated from the Imperial Ballet School in Saint Petersburg in 1898, and eventually become First Soloist at the Mariinsky Theater. In 1907, Fokine choreographed his first work for the Imperial Russian Ballet, \"Le Pavillon d'Armide\". In the same year, he created \"Chopiniana\" to piano music by the composer Frédéric Chopin as orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. This was an early example of creating choreography to an existing score rather than to music specifically written for", "title": "Ballets Russes" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "written in 1936, to replace what Douglas called \"very bad orchestrations of Chopin's music\". Les Sylphides Les Sylphides () is a short, non-narrative \"ballet blanc\". Its original choreography was by Michel Fokine, with music by Frédéric Chopin orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Glazunov had already set some of the music in 1892 as a purely orchestral suite, under the title Chopiniana, Op. 46. In that form, it was introduced to the public in December 1893, conducted by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The ballet, described as a \"romantic reverie\", is frequently cited as the first ballet to be simply about mood and dance. \"Les", "title": "Les Sylphides" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Les Sylphides Les Sylphides () is a short, non-narrative \"ballet blanc\". Its original choreography was by Michel Fokine, with music by Frédéric Chopin orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Glazunov had already set some of the music in 1892 as a purely orchestral suite, under the title Chopiniana, Op. 46. In that form, it was introduced to the public in December 1893, conducted by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The ballet, described as a \"romantic reverie\", is frequently cited as the first ballet to be simply about mood and dance. \"Les Sylphides\" has no plot but instead consists of several white-clad sylphs dancing in the", "title": "Les Sylphides" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty", "title": "Frédéric Chopin" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "went straight through to the live shows, but were not announced during the show. \"Advanced\" \"Eliminated\" \"Unaired Auditions\": Several performances were unaired during Judgment Week. Which have been confirmed as eliminated from the competition. Some acts withdrew like other acts from past seasons. Some of the acts listed below appeared but were cut from the broadcast. Note Performers were invited to submit a video of their performance to \"The Today Show\" website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on \"The Today Show\" on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes filled the 48th spot", "title": "America's Got Talent (season 9)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a \"survivor-run, student-driven campaign to end campus sexual violence.\" Goals include clarifying misconceptions regarding Title IX, explaining statutory requirements, and documenting complaint filing protocols. The organization's website explains: Running on grassroots energy, we educate students across the country about their civil right to education free from sexual violence and harassment while also pushing policy and legislative change on the national level for better federal enforcement of that same right. In July 2016, Mahroh Jahangiri became Executive Director of Know Your IX. In fall of 2017, Sage Carson assumed leadership of the organization. The Know Your IX website hosts resources including", "title": "Know Your IX" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "For the same reason, this location has been used as a checkpoint for the Bullrun rally race; the lengthy airstrip allowed for the staging of a challenge involving chasing a semi-trailer. A two-mile freeway loop was constructed on the base for the filming of a lengthy car chase sequence for the movie \"The Matrix Reloaded\". The loop cost over $1.5 million to construct and was used solely for shooting the film's chase scenes (a seven-week-long process) before it was demolished. The route is still visible on some aerial photography on the former 07/25 and 13/31 runways. Since 2000, the city", "title": "Naval Air Station Alameda" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "offer curbside service. The Varsity, Jr. closed in August 2010 after more than 40 years at that location, after the city of Atlanta failed to approve the chain's plans to replace that building. The plans for the new Varsity, Jr. were instead used for the new location in Dawsonville. In addition, the main location is responsible for more retail sales of Coca-Cola, on an annual basis than any other single location in the world, a record which has stood for many years. The restaurant also offers catering services to the metro Atlanta region for both corporate and non-corporate functions, going", "title": "The Varsity" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "but in 2011 rejoined the ranks of senior football, with teams in the Brisbane men's and women's leagues. The oldest club in its original form and still using its original name that has played continuously in the Brisbane senior competitions appears to be Taringa Rovers, formed in 1949. The club plays at Jack Speare Park at Indooroopilly, where it has been since 1955. History of soccer in Brisbane, Queensland The earliest known records of regular association football (soccer) games in Brisbane date from the early 1880s, when a group comprising mostly Scottish immigrants commenced playing at Queen's Park, adjacent to", "title": "History of soccer in Brisbane, Queensland" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "who enters it: those who are pure will make it a paradise, while those who are evil will transform it into a dark realm. In \"Skyward Sword\", the Triforce was sought by a demon king named Demise, and after a long battle, Demise was sealed away within the Temple of the goddess Hylia, guardian of the Triforce. Hylia, placing the Hylians on a floating island (called Skyloft) in the sky to protect them, orchestrated a means to stop the demon from escaping: creating the Goddess Sword (later becoming the Master Sword) for her chosen hero and discarding her divinity to", "title": "The Legend of Zelda" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "chart at number one selling almost one million copies in its first week. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on November 29, 2010, also entering the sales chart at number one. Sex and the City 2 original motion picture soundtrack was released on May 25, 2010. The score was recorded and mixed by Dennis S. Sands and Steve Kempster and performed by a large ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by Stephen Coleman who orchestrated Zigman's score. Patrick Kirst also orchestrated. In December 2016, \"Radar Online\" reported that a script for the third film had", "title": "Sex and the City 2" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of Fauré's orchestration, finding in it the transparency he strove for in his own 1913 ballet \"Jeux\"; Poulenc, by contrast, described Fauré's orchestration as \"a leaden overcoat ... instrumental mud\". Fauré's best-known orchestral works are the suites \"Masques et bergamasques\" (based on music for a dramatic entertainment, or \"divertissement comique\"), which he orchestrated himself, \"Dolly\", orchestrated by Henri Rabaud, and \"Pelléas et Mélisande\" which draws on incidental music for Maeterlinck's play; the stage version was orchestrated by Koechlin, but Fauré himself reworked the orchestration for the published suite. In the chamber repertoire, his two piano quartets, in C minor and", "title": "Gabriel Fauré" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Fokine's ballet premiered in Paris as part of Diaghilev's \"Saison Russe\" in 1909, Diaghilev commissioned re-orchestrations of all the dances, except for the Glazunov-orchestrated Waltz, by Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev, Nikolai Tcherepnin and Igor Stravinsky. This version, now titled \"Les Sylphides\", was first staged at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 2 June 1909. The version of the ballet \"Les Sylphides\" includes: The New York City Ballet (NYCB) produced its own staging of the standard version, omitting the Polonaise in A major (and leaving the Prelude in A major in its original position), under the original title, \"Chopiniana\". The NYCB premiere", "title": "Les Sylphides" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "moonlight with the \"poet\" or \"young man\" dressed in white tights and a black tunic. Identifying the premiere of the fuller ballet poses a challenge. One might say that it premiered in 1907 at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg as \"Rêverie Romantique: Ballet sur la musique de Chopin\". However, this also formed the basis of a ballet, \"Chopiniana\", which took different forms, even in Fokine's hands. As \"Les Sylphides\", what we consider the work was premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes on 2 June 1909 at Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris. The Diaghilev premiere is the most famous, as its", "title": "Les Sylphides" } ]

[ "Alexander Glazunov." ]

[ "Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "ten times" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size. Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium.", "title": "Brain" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "The blue whale may be the largest animal on the planet, yet the testicles of the right whale are ten times the size of those of the blue whale. They also exceed predictions in terms of relative size, as well – they are six times larger than would be expected on the basis of body mass. Together, the testicles make up nearly 1% of the right whale's total body weight. This strongly suggests sperm competition is important in mating, which correlates to the fact that right whales are highly promiscuous. Many of southern right whales are seen with rolls of", "title": "Right whale" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "following year, physicians from four of the centers that participated in the workshop laid the groundwork for a North American Fetal Therapy Network, whose Steering Committee is now composed of representatives from 18 fetal treatment centers. NAFTNet members are physicians from various specialties involved in fetal medicine, including maternal-fetal medicine, pediatric surgery, genetics, neonatology and fetal cardiology. The Primary Mission of the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet) is The Secondary Mission of NAFTNet is Fetal therapy, or fetal treatment, is part of fetal medicine. It includes interventions performed on a “sick” fetus with the aim of achieving fetal well", "title": "North American Fetal Therapy Network" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "also because many critics noted that there was nothing new being offered on \"01011001\". He then focused on other projects, such as Guilt Machine's first album, Star One's second album, and a new solo album. On 23 August 2012 Lucassen published on his YouTube channel that he started composing a new project, and on 9 October 2012 revealed it via YouTube again to be a new Ayreon album, planned for 2013. On 26 March 2013 Lucassen revealed the name of the next album to be \"The Theory of Everything\". Since then, Lucassen progressively revealed the singers and musicians involved in", "title": "The Theory of Everything (Ayreon album)" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Business routes of Interstate 40 Interstate business routes are roads connecting a central or commercial district of a city or town with an Interstate bypass. These roads typically follow along local streets often along a former U.S. route or state highway that had been replaced by an Interstate. Interstate business route reassurance markers are signed as either loops or spurs using a green shield shaped and numbered like the shield of the parent Interstate highway. Along Interstate 40 (I-40), business routes are found in the five westernmost states through which I-40 passes, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma, as", "title": "Business routes of Interstate 40" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "are Albert Edelfelt, the Von Wright brothers, Fanny Churberg and Helene Schjerfbeck. Apart from the permanent collections the museum also hosts temporary exhibitions and is used, among other things, as concert venue. Cygnaeus Gallery The Cygnaeus Gallery (, ) is an art gallery in Helsinki. The art gallery was founded by the professor of aesthetics Fredrik Cygnaeus. It was built as a villa in 1869-1870 to designs by architect J.F.W. Mieritz. Cygnaeus donated the gallery to the Finnish nation in his testament. It opened to the public in 1882, and is today owned by the National Board of Antiquities of", "title": "Cygnaeus Gallery" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "occurs between June and August. The larvae feed on \"Trema micrantha\" and \"Piper\" species. Hypanartia paullus Hypanartia paullus (Antillean mapwing) is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. It occurs in a wide variety of wooded habitats from sea level to 1,900 meters. The length of the forewings is about 29 mm. Adults have two hindwing tails. They are most frequently encountered perching along the forest edge on the tops of leaves with the wings half open or nectaring on a variety of flowers, including \"Eupatorium\", \"Daucus\", \"Palicourea\", \"Tournefortia\", \"Urera\", \"Senecio\"", "title": "Hypanartia paullus" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "66 million years ago emptied ecological space once filled by non-avian dinosaurs and other groups of reptiles, as well as various other mammal groups, and underwent an exponential increase in body size ([[megafauna#In terrestrial mammals|megafauna]]). Then mammals diversified very quickly; both birds and mammals show an exponential rise in diversity. For example, the earliest known bat dates from about 50 million years ago, only 16 million years after the extinction of the dinosaurs. Molecular phylogenetic studies initially suggested that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the", "title": "Mammal" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "simple attraction to the same limited resources such as the mangrove habitat and prey associated with such a habitat. Many studies have related brain size with complex social behaviors in mammals and birds. The brain of a lemon shark, being comparable in relative mass to that of a mammal or bird, suggests they have the ability to learn from social interactions, cooperate with other individuals, and have the potential to establish dominance hierarchies and stable social bonds. Lemon sharks congregate for reproduction at special mating grounds. Females give birth to their young in shallow nursery waters to which they are", "title": "Lemon shark" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in the past caused great excitement in scientific circles, and even among some segments of the general public. Buckland did describe the jaw of a small primitive mammal, \"Phascolotherium\", that was found in the same strata as \"Megalosaurus\". This discovery, known as the Stonesfield mammal, was a much discussed anomaly. Cuvier at first thought it was a marsupial, but Buckland later realized it was a primitive placental mammal. Due to its small size and primitive nature, Buckland did not believe it invalidated the overall pattern of an age of reptiles, when the largest and most conspicuous animals had been reptiles", "title": "History of paleontology" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "way to calculate encephalization quotient is by dividing the actual weight of an animal's brain with its predicted weight according to Jerison's formula. This measurement of approximate intelligence is more accurate for mammals than for other classes and phyla of Animalia. Intelligence in animals is hard to establish, but the larger the brain is relative to the body, the more brain weight might be available for more complex cognitive tasks. The EQ formula, as opposed to the method of simply measuring raw brain weight or brain weight to body weight, makes for a ranking of animals that coincide better with", "title": "Encephalization Quotient (EQ)" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "example of the rock-paper-scissors game. The male European green lizards develop a blue throat patch, which shows high reflectance in the ultraviolet (UV) range, which females prefer since throat brightness correlates with a larger body size, a larger head size and less ectoparasites, though it is costly in energy. Females can then rely on throat color in male European green lizards to be an honest signal. Sexual dimorphisms are phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. The objective of many sexual dimorphic studies done on snakes focuses more on broad comparisons between species from different regions and", "title": "Sexual selection in scaled reptiles" } ]

[ "ten times" ]

[ "The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "demonstrative and probable" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And, Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: \"relations of ideas\" and \"matters of fact\" (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical", "title": "Empiricism" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And, Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: \"relations of ideas\" and \"matters of fact\" (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical", "title": "Empiricism" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "In 2008 the city estimated that 32,234 people lived there. The median age was 36, older than the city as a whole. The percentage of residents aged 65 and older was among the county's highest. The neighborhood was considered \"moderately diverse\" in 2000, with 71.3% of residents being of black or African-American ancestry, 17.3% Latino, 4.7% Asian, 3.3% white and 3.4% of other backgrounds. The neighborhood had the fifth-highest concentration of black residents in the city. The average household size was 2.3 people, low compared to the city as a whole. Almost 32% of the 2,400 families living in Baldwin", "title": "Baldwin Hills/Crenshaw, Los Angeles" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which do not model the distribution over the observations. CRFs were proposed by John D. Lafferty, Andrew McCallum and Fernando C.N. Pereira in 2001. Markov random fields find application in a variety of fields, ranging from computer graphics to computer vision and machine learning. MRFs are used in image processing to generate textures as they can be used to generate flexible and stochastic image models. In image modelling, the task is to find a suitable intensity distribution of a given image, where suitability depends on the kind of task and MRFs are flexible enough to be used for image and", "title": "Markov random field" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "University any authority over Texas A&M. This internal legal conflict in Texas was nullified in 1948 when Texas A&M became the flagship school of the newly created Texas A&M University System, a clear and separate institution from the University of Texas System. A&M's Board of Directors continued to oversee the system. Enrollment soared as many former soldiers used the G.I. Bill to further their education. Unprepared for the growth, between 1949 and 1953 Texas A&M used the former Bryan Air Force Base as an extension of the campus. An estimated lived, studied, ate, showered, and attended classes at the base,", "title": "History of Texas A&M University" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "for Nieves to drink before and after the birth of our children\". Also he made an herbal drink to cure his second daughter of a youthful, diabetic-like condition. Much later he prepared plant extracts to serve as a contraceptive for one of his five daughters. His early patients usually were poor mestizos and people of the forest tribes. While living on remote Áquino Isla, he attended a friend with a severe skin rash erupting all over his body that was thought to be leprosy but which Córdova diagnosed as pellagra (due to a poor diet), and a woman with a", "title": "Manuel Córdova-Rios" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "from old sentiments, customs, and poetic conventions... Ross seeks 'something of the sharper tang of Canada' in the surface reflections and dark shadows of pine-surrounded lakes, where reality is recognized as profound and mysterious. The modern poet of the New World seeks illumination by objectifying the ordinary sensations of sight and sound. His explorations of the land of lake and loon thereby serve as metaphors for illumination and rejuvenation.\" \"In an early draft for his 'Introduction' to \"The Penguin Book of Canadian Verse\" (1958), Ralph Gustafson explained what these poems meant to him: 'A modern awareness, with its concomitant experimentation", "title": "W. W. E. Ross" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "gives rise to these puzzles. In ethics, Smart was a defender of utilitarianism. Specifically, he defended \"extreme\", or act utilitarianism, as opposed to \"restricted\", or rule utilitarianism. The distinction between these two types of ethical theory is explained in his essay \"Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism\". Smart gave two arguments against rule utilitarianism. According to the first, rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism because there is no adequate criterion on what can count as a \"rule\". According to the second, even if there were such a criterion, the rule utilitarian would be committed to the untenable position of preferring to follow", "title": "J. J. C. Smart" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "a medium of summary or reductionism – it reduces everything to slogans. And that's one criticism of it, that it requires everything to be packaged and reduced and announced in a slogan-type form. But let me say this: the book is not really four arguments, it's really hundreds of arguments broken down into four categories. And the categories have to do with a variety of effects that are not normally discussed. Most criticisms of television have to do with the television program content. People say if there is less violence on television or less sexism on television, or less this", "title": "Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "or a variable then the parentheses may be omitted, e.g., %.TIME instead of %(.TIME). A doubled % requests that the valued be quoted. SuperWylbur has two types of constants: SuperWylbur operators whose names contain only special characters need not be separated by spaces. Operators whose names contain a period and letters must be separated by spaces. SuperWylbur has the following types of operators: The name of a macro function begins with a period. If there are arguments, a colon separates them from the name. A semicolon separates successive arguments. SuperWylbur provides the following types of macro functions: arithmetic functions accounting", "title": "ORVYL and WYLBUR" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "described the latter as \"what people think of\" \"when you say hardcore\". According to the website \"Vice\", \"there are two types of hardcore. Well, actually, there are about a thousand different subgenres of hardcore but you can put them all into two main categories: tough guy hardcore and non-tough guy hardcore.\" \"Vice\" explained the difference between the two by describing heavy hardcore (also known as tough guy hardcore) as \"all well and good for when you want to be mad at the world and lift weights and stuff.\" Aubin Paul of Punknews.org wrote that \"the brand of metal-infused hardcore that", "title": "Heavy hardcore" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "clause initial. Arguments are expressed with noun phrases and often the arguments follow the verb. Absolutive and ergative arguments can be interchangeable. The following example shows the ergative argument before the absolutive argument. However, in the next example, the absolutive argument precedes the ergative argument. NR thus say Art 3.sPos children Art Erg Trickster \"Then this is what the trickster told his children\" The morpheme tə marks an oblique or possessive, which occurs throughout the Salish language family. The following two example reveals -tə acting as the oblique marker. Tsú k’wɛn wus- ú’s -u tɬə də- ‘úmnatt’ɬ -ədja cu k’ween", "title": "Miluk language" } ]

[ "demonstrative and probable" ]

[ "The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities—by ‘proofs’ meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And," ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully", "title": "Alfred North Whitehead" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between \"A. planci\" and \"Acanthaster brevispinus\" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that \"A. planci\", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from \"A. brevispinus\", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of \" A. planci\", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity", "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Inter he became a Serie A champion, having won it in the 2007–2008 season and 2008-2009. He was loaned to A.S. Livorno Calcio during the 2009–2010 season where he played a total of 16 games, scoring two goals. On 31 August 2011 the Colombian stopper became a free agent after his contract at Inter was rescinded by mutual consent. On 2 October 2011 Nelson Rivas signed with Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer. On 4 August 2012, at the 67th minute during a match between Montreal vs Philadelphia, Rivas was thrown to the ground by Antoine Hoppenot, prompting Rivas to", "title": "Nelson Rivas" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Argentine quota law The Argentine law 24,012 or Argentine quota law () seeks to increase the number of women in government in Argentina, by setting quotas for the minimum representation of women on the ballots of each party at the legislative elections. The law was enacted in 1991, during the presidency of Carlos Menem, and was the first gender quota law to be passed in Latin America. Following Argentina's lead, eleven other Latin American countries have since introduced gender quotas to increase female representation at the national level. The number of female legislators elected in the 1983 general election (the", "title": "Argentine quota law" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "he released a seminal study on consumer attitudes toward classical music events and how those attitudes affect attendance at orchestras in the United States and Europe. The study was featured in The Strad magazine. In 2009, The Amati Foundation moved its headquarters to Nevada and opened an office in Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. In 2010, The Amati Foundation partnered with ABC Television's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. Townsend created \"Stripes to Strings\", a program of Amati Foundation, a 501(c)3 nonprofit, that retrains physically handicapped military veterans to become financially empowered citizens with trade skills in guitar and bass instrument making", "title": "Bill Townsend" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Feminist Theory of the State\" as an answer to this perceived problem. MacKinnon takes Marxism as the theory's point of departure, arguing that unlike liberal theories, Marxism \"confronts organized social dominance, analyzes it in dynamic rather than static terms, identifies social forces that systematically shape social imperatives, and seeks to explain social freedom both within and against history.\" She elaborates: MacKinnon rejects social reform that proceeds through pluralistic models of liberalism: \"To proliferate 'feminisms' in the face of women's diversity is the latest attempt of liberal pluralism to evade the challenge women's reality poses to theory, simply because the theoretical", "title": "Toward a Feminist Theory of the State" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "already taken over most of the duties of collecting and accounting for state taxes), and was subsequently elected. In 1995, the Texas Legislature passed a proposed constitutional amendment to abolish the office, which was approved by the voters later that same year. The office was formally dismantled in 1996. On her last day in office, 31 August 1996, she scraped her name and title off the glass front of the Treasurer's headquarters. Martha Whitehead Martha Whitehead is a former elected official from the U.S. state of Texas. She was the last Texas State Treasurer before the position was abolished by", "title": "Martha Whitehead" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "its importance in conservation. Harshberger traveled widely to study and collect plants. He did botanical work throughout most of the United States and also traveled internationally to botanize in Mexico (1896), the West Indies (1901), Europe (1898, 1907 and 1923), South America (1927) and northern Africa (1928). He was a member of more than 25 scientific and conservation organizations, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Philosophical Society, the Botanical Society of America, and the American Forestry Association. During the last ten years of his life he was an active participant in the Wildflower Preservation Society", "title": "John William Harshberger" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "until October 1888. In November 1888 he was among a group of four officers ordered to Mexico and Central America to make astronomical observations to determine the longitude of Coatzacoalcos and Salina Cruz in Mexico, La Libertad in El Salvador, and San Juan del Sur in Nicaragua; the group then traveled to Washington, D.C., to complete its calculations. In September 1889, Wood requested a return to sea duty and was assigned to the Asiatic Squadron, where he served consecutively aboard the screw sloop-of-war , the gunboat , and the tug as executive officer and navigator before spending his final year", "title": "Spencer S. Wood" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Adrian Whitehead Adrian Whitehead (born 25 August 1975) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton. A defender, he was the youngest member of the club's premiership winning side of 1995, playing in every game. Whitehead, originally from Wodonga, started to suffer from a foot injury during the 1996 pre-season. It flared up against Geelong late in 1997 and he was forced off the ground injured. He had damaged the nerves and tendons in his foot and did not play in the 1998 AFL season. Whitehead's last game came in round 13 the following season and he was", "title": "Adrian Whitehead" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "and sister Denise Whitehead. Bud Whitehead Ruben Agnus \"Bud\" Whitehead (born January 1, 1939) is a former American football defensive back in the American Football League. A 16th-round selection (127th overall pick) of the 1961 AFL Draft, Whitehead played eight seasons with the San Diego Chargers (1961–1968). He had 10 interceptions his senior year of college football at Florida State. Born and raised in Marianna, Florida, he played football for Marianna High School before attending Florida State. He was the second child of Clara Peacock and Alter Whitehead, with one older brother, Jim Whitehead, and four younger siblings, brothers Gary,", "title": "Bud Whitehead" } ]

[ "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council" ]

[ "In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "two" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations. Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center). There are other annual events,", "title": "Seattle" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations. Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center). There are other annual events,", "title": "Seattle" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "organization, Home Alive, and an album \"Viva Zapata\" by Seven Year Bitch, a Seattle band who had counted her as a mentor. Among Seattle's best-known annual cultural events and fairs are Seattle Art Fair, Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout the summer months (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, and Bumbershoot over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by over 100,000 people annually, as are Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations. Additionally, the city is also home to the Seattle Polish", "title": "Arts in Seattle" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Trinity\" from which the temple takes its name. Up the hill from the hermitage, past a group of chortens, is Palden Lhamo Cave, a cave known to have been a meditation chamber of Songstan Gampo himself and contains statues of himself, his two wives and a rock carving of Palden Lhamo, the protectress. The hermitage notably has its own tradition of monthly and yearly ritual cycles. The most important of these yearly ritual events (at least for the laity) are the six-day (three sets of two-day) Avalokiteśvara fasting rituals that take place during the Tibetan New Year (Losar) celebrations, the", "title": "Sera Monastery" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "same-sex relationship was taken under the care of a Friends meeting in 1982 (University MM, North Pacific Yearly Meeting, Seattle, WA) the scene was set for ongoing discernment and disagreement. Quakers as a whole do not have a specific, set creed. The Richmond Declaration is a confession of faith that expresses the experience of two branches of American Quakerism, but does not reflect the views of others. Quakers in Australia are overwhelmingly accepting of homosexuality and will celebrate same sex marriages as they would an opposite sex marriage. In 1975 Australia Yearly Meeting officially stated: The Religious Society of Friends", "title": "Homosexuality and Quakerism" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "marked by patriotic speeches and special church services. From the 1970s onwards, however, Independence Day celebrations have taken livelier forms, with shops decorating their windows in the blue and white of the Finnish flag, and bakeries producing cakes with blue and white icing. Today, rock stars and entertainers have been accepted as worthy interpreters of Finnish patriotism. It is traditional for Finnish families to light two candles in each window of their home in the evening. This custom dates to the 1920s; but even earlier, candles had been placed in Finnish windows on poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg's birthday as a", "title": "Independence Day (Finland)" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "In 2006 there were 23,317 persons of Colombian origins in Harris County, making them one of the largest South American groups there. The Colombian Fest, which celebrates the Colombian independence day, is held annually. Many Colombians in Houston favored prosecuting Joe Horn, who fatally shot two Colombian illegal immigrants stealing from his house in 2007. The Asociacion Peruana de Houston is the Peruvian-American association in the city. It engages in charity work in the United States and Peru, as well as holding celebrations for Peruvian Independence Day. Juan Alfonso Verastegui and some other Peruvians co-founded the organization in 1976. Hispanics", "title": "Hispanics and Latinos in Houston" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "Independence Day (Croatia) Croatian Independence Day () is a national public holiday marked yearly on 8 October that celebrates the unanimous decision of the Croatian Parliament to declare the independence of Croatia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Croatian referendum on independence was held in May 1991, with 93% of voters supporting the independence. On 25 June, the Croatian Parliament, called the Sabor, proclaimed Croatian independence. Seven days later, on 7 July, Croatia and Slovenia both signed the Brioni Declaration, in which the two countries agreed to suspend all declarations and acts passed by the Croatian and Slovenian", "title": "Independence Day (Croatia)" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": true, "paragraph_text": "localities where the crimes occurred. There are many cases of people who sit in jail simple because their case files were misplaced. Malawi still has a death penalty, but no execution has been ordered by the last two presidents. The current president and the previous president have made an attempt to show amnesty and at the same time relieve the pressure on prisons by pardoning large numbers of prisoners at one time. The previous president Dr Baliki Muluzi in 1995 released 650 prisoners on Malawi's 31st Independence Day celebrations. The former president Dr Bingu Wa Mutharika, ordered the release of", "title": "Malawi Prison System" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "in circadian physiology. Brown’s statistical methods were critical for: estimating accurately the period and internal time on human circadian clocks from continuous core temperature measurement; showing that bright lights could be used to shift the phase of the human circadian clock; properly timed administration of light and dark periods could be used to realign the internal clocks of shift workers with external time; and that, contrary to beliefs at the time, the period of the human biological clock, like that of other animals, was closer to 24 hours rather than 25 hours. Brown later focused his statistics research on developing", "title": "Emery N. Brown" }, { "idx": 10, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "drying of the varnished fabric. This consisted of twenty foot high clothes line-type poles that were 100 feet apart and further protected by wind-break fences of canvas. Between the poles were strung wires for laying the wet varnished fabric onto for drying. After drying the fabric was then rewound onto rollers and varnished over and over again several more times to each side and thoroughly dried each time. Each application of new varnish added a thin layer. The basement of the house was used for generating hydrogen gas and pure oxygen. The hydrogen making apparatus consisted of a tank half", "title": "Carl Edgar Myers" }, { "idx": 11, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to 360 are best for corrugation-resistant rails. Trains may vary speed on the tracks in an effort to prevent corrugation from affecting sections or rail on a transit systems. Varying a train’s speed, direction, and tonnage are beneficial for combating the growth of rail, as corrugation is caused by continually uniform friction. On subways and major transit systems, it is not possible to vary the direction of trains, making the use of annual and biennial rail grinding processes more applicable. Preventive rail grinding is done before any signs of rail corrugation development. Rail corrugation will develop exponentially if the first", "title": "Railgrinder" }, { "idx": 12, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In the C1 event, he finished second in the qualification round, thus progressing to the semifinals. In the semifinals, Benzien finished twelfth, failing to reach the top eight and the final round. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, he placed fourth in the C2 event, together with teammate Franz Anton. Benzien serves with the German Army and has a degree in sport management from the Vocational Academy of Riesa. He is married to the Olympic canoeist Mandy Planert; they have children, Justus Jonas and Mika. In 2014, he launched a canoe rental company in", "title": "Jan Benzien" }, { "idx": 13, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "concept in Hinduism. The Quran and the Hadiths permit the institution of slavery of non-Muslims in Islam, using the words \"abd\" (slave) and the phrase \"ma malakat aymanukum\" (\"that which your right hand owns\"). Under Islamic law, Muslim men can have sexual relations with female captives or concubines and slaves with or without her consent. Slaves, in Islamic belief, were master's property and the slaves did not have a right to own property, right to free movement, right to marry without their owner's permission, or right to consent. Islam, in some cases, encouraged a slave's manumission, but only after a", "title": "Hindu–Islamic relations" }, { "idx": 14, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "parentheses. Days that are not fixed to the Gregorian calendar are sorted by their 2017 occurrences. National day A national day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the nationhood of a nation or non-sovereign country. This nationhood can be symbolized by the date of independence, of becoming a republic or a significant date for a patron saint or a ruler (birthday, accession, removal, etc.). Often the day is not called \"National Day\" but serves and can be considered as one. The national day will often be a national holiday. Many countries have more than one national day. Most", "title": "National day" }, { "idx": 15, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Samuel Pepys noted how Welsh celebrations in London for Saint David's Day would spark wider counter-celebrations amongst their English neighbours: life-sized effigies of Welshmen were symbolically lynched, and by the 18th century the custom had arisen of confectioners producing \"taffies\"—gingerbread figures baked in the shape of a Welshman riding a goat—on Saint David's Day. Unlike Saint Patrick's Day in Ireland, Saint David's Day is not a national holiday, though there is strong support for it becoming a bank holiday in Wales. In the past, schools have taken a half-day holiday, which continues in some parts of Wales. Saint David's Day", "title": "Saint David's Day" }, { "idx": 16, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day. Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. According to , Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on", "title": "Independence Day (United States)" }, { "idx": 17, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "of a dead tradition. As many Russians have returned to practicing Christianity, the tradition is still being revived. With increasing secularization many Russians do not abstain from meat and Maslenitsa celebrations can be accompanied by shashlik vendors. Nevertheless, \"meat still does not play a major role in the festivities\". Many countries with a significant number of Russian immigrants consider Maslenitsa a suitable occasion to celebrate Russian culture, although the celebrations are usually reduced to one day and may not coincide with the date of the religious celebrations. Maslenitsa Maslenitsa (, , ; also known as Butter Week, Crepe week, or", "title": "Maslenitsa" }, { "idx": 18, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "special occasions such as weddings, Independence Day celebrations and birthday ceremonies. For weddings, the fabric used to sew the outfit of the bride and groom is usually directly imported from Nigeria or bought from local Nigerian traders and then taken to a local tailor who then sews it into the preferred style. Due to the large number of Nigerians living in America and the cultural enrichment that these communities provide to non-Nigerians, the traditional attire has been adopted in many parts of the country as a symbol of African ethnicity, for example, clothes worn during Kwanzaa celebrations are known to", "title": "Nigerian Americans" } ]

[ "two" ]

[ "Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations." ]

[ "" ]

[ { "date": { "day": "", "month": "", "year": "" }, "number": "", "spans": [ "That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four" ] } ]

[ { "idx": 0, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "I respect you as a lady, but I regret that you were the wife of that man.” The repression and mass torture at Montjuich was a direct factor behind Michele Angiolillo's decision to assassinate Cánovas. The \"New York Times\" wrote: Angiolillo allowed the authorities to capture him and vehemently denied other parties' involvement in the assassination. He was executed by garrote in the nearby town of Vergara. Michele Angiolillo Michele Angiolillo Lombardi (; 5 June 1871 – 20 August 1897) was an Italian anarchist, born in Foggia, Italy. He assassinated Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas in 1897 and was captured", "title": "Michele Angiolillo" }, { "idx": 1, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "USS Wilkes (DD-441) USS \"Wilkes\" (DD-441) was a commissioned in the United States Navy from 1941 to 1946. After spending several decades in the reserve fleet, the destroyer was scrapped in 1972. \"Wilkes\" was the third ship of the U.S. Navy to be named for Charles Wilkes, who was an American naval officer and explorer. She was laid down on 1 November 1939 by the Boston Navy Yard, launched on 31 May 1940; sponsored by Mrs. Bessie Wilkes Styer; and commissioned on 22 April 1941, Lieutenant Commander J. D. Kelsey in command. \"Wilkes\" was ready for sea on 1 June", "title": "USS Wilkes (DD-441)" }, { "idx": 2, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "which led to a large amount of criticism in the media, and his suspension of the show. In August 2014, he made anti-Semitic remarks on a Montreal radio show. According to Proulx, Jews not only attract hatred from other minorities or groups of individuals — resulting in possible persecution — but also control governments with economic power. On June 18, 2008, he received the 2008 Édouard-Raymond Fabre Award from the Association of the descendants of the Patriotes of 1837. Gilles Proulx Gilles Proulx (born April 5, 1940) is a historian, radio and television host in the province of Quebec, Canada.", "title": "Gilles Proulx" }, { "idx": 3, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Señorita Panamá Señorita Panamá is a national beauty pageant in Panama. Winners to represent Panama to Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International and Miss Earth. The first national pageant was Miss Panamá held from 1982 to 1987. In 1982, Señorita Panamá was created as an alternative to send its winners to the Miss World contest in London. These pageants, along with smaller pageants such as Miss International Panamá and Miss World Panamá celebrated to select delegates for international representations. After 28 years, the Señorita Panamá pageant, organized by Medcom Corporation, was discontinued. A new organization took over in 2011 with", "title": "Señorita Panamá" }, { "idx": 4, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "to 800-1000 CE. Ifá Oracle priests and priestesses bear the titles \"Babalawo\" and \"Iyanifa\" respectively. Priests and priestesses of the varied \"Orisha\", when not already bearing the higher ranked oracular titles mentioned above, are referred to as \"babalorisa\" when male and \"iyalorisa\" when female. Initiates are also given an Orisa or Ifá name that signifies under which deity they are initiated; for example a priestess of Oshun may be named \"Osunyemi\" and a priest of \"Ifá\" may be named \"Ifáyemi\". Zoroastrian priests in India are required to be male. However, women have been ordained in Iran and North America as", "title": "Ordination of women" }, { "idx": 5, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "ranked #3 in the newly formed College Football Playoff poll, which coincided with the new College Football Playoff system, whose format selects the Top 4 teams in the rankings at the end of the season to participate in a four-team playoff system to decide a National Champion. TCU soundly defeated Iowa State in their final regular season game to finish the 2014 season with an 11–1 record. Due to the Big 12 recognizing co-champions in football through 2014, the Horned Frogs also claimed a share of the Big 12 Conference Championship along with Baylor, despite their earlier head-to-head loss to", "title": "TCU Horned Frogs football" }, { "idx": 6, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Crusaders for the 2010 season. Hanbury enjoyed a successful Crusaders season in 2010. First picked on the bench against Wakefield Trinity, he scored his first two tries against York City Knights in the Carnegie Challenge Cup. Hanbury would finish the 2010 season joint top scorer with 12 tries; yet he had only twenty appearances, four less than joint top scorer Vince Mellars. His 2011 season did not go to plan however. Plagued with injuries, he made just ten appearances with four tries. It was announced that he would move to Widnes for the 2012 season alongside team mates Lloyd White", "title": "Rhys Hanbury" }, { "idx": 7, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Waltrip got a run, and tapped Stewart from behind, causing Stewart to spin and Waltrip to spin into the pack, causing a Big One that involved 23 cars, the largest crash of the season to date. Stewart flipped over, hitting the roofs of several other cars, including Kasey Kahne, Paul Menard, and Clint Bowyer, before landing upright. On November 9, it was announced that Kevin Harvick would be joining Stewart's team starting in 2014. Stewart would finish ninth in points, with two top fives and four top tens in the Chase, for a final season total of three wins, 12", "title": "Tony Stewart" }, { "idx": 8, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "2011 Saint Lucia Gold Division The 2011 Saint Lucia Gold Division is the 31st season of the highest division of Saint Lucian football. VSADC won the title. None reported. Following the regular stage, the top four clubs competed in a two-legged playoff series to determine the league champion. Villa Clara won the tournament and thus the 2010–11 season. Rovers United 2-2 Challengers FC Square United 0-1 Pakis FC Northern United 0-2 VSADC Lancers FC 2-0 Big Players FC Rovers United 2-1 Pakis FC Square United 5-3 Northern United All Stars Challengers FC 2-1 Lancers FC VSADC 2-4 Big Players FC", "title": "2011 Saint Lucia Gold Division" }, { "idx": 9, "is_supporting": false, "paragraph_text": "Championship competition for nearly two seasons. She only finished on the podium once during the 2010–11 World Cup season, though her consistent top-10 finishes allowed her to finish in third place for the overall season. Humphries slid to fifth place for the overall 2011–12 World Cup season, though she did have four podium finishes, including three gold medals, by the end of the season. Humphries teamed up with brakeman Emily Baadsvik, then brakeman Jennifer Ciochetti, for the consecutive wins in the last two races of the 2011–12 World Cup season. Humphries and Ciochetti also won the 2012 World Championship race", "title": "Kaillie Humphries" } ]

[ "That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four" ]

[ "The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the \"Big Four\" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four. In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of \"super clubs\" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the \"Big Four\" to win since 1994–95. That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994–95." ]

[ "" ]