instruction
stringclasses 1
value | output
stringlengths 4
233
| input
stringlengths 209
4.2k
|
|---|---|---|
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Aspirin and atorvastatin | Q:A 66-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with lower extremity pain. She reports that she has had worsening pain in her left calf over the past year while walking. The pain improves with rest, but the patient notes that she now has to stop walking more frequently than in the past to relieve the pain. The patient’s past medical history is otherwise notable for hypertension and coronary artery disease. Her home medications include hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril. Her family history is significant for diabetes mellitus in her father. On physical exam, her left lower extremity is slightly cool to the touch with palpable distal pulses. The skin of the left lower extremity appears smooth and shiny below the mid-calf. Laboratory testing is performed and reveals the following:
Serum:
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): 60 mg/dL
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): 96 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 140 mg/dL
This patient should be started on which of the following medication regimens??
{'A': 'Aspirin only', 'B': 'Aspirin and atorvastatin', 'C': 'Aspirin and cilostazol', 'D': 'Atorvastatin only', 'E': 'Atorvastatin and cilostazol'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay | Q:A 50-year-old man comes to the emergency department for evaluation of right-sided facial weakness that he noticed after waking up. One month ago, he also experienced right-sided neck pain and headache that began after returning from a hunting trip to New Hampshire the week before. He took ibuprofen to relieve symptoms, which subsided a week later. He has a 5-year history of hypertension controlled with drug therapy. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years and he drinks two beers daily. His vital signs are within the normal range. Physical examination shows right-sided drooping of the upper and lower half of the face. The patient has difficulties smiling and he is unable to close his right eye. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis??
{'A': 'Western blot', 'B': 'Polymerase chain reaction of the facial skin', 'C': 'Cerebrospinal fluid analysis', 'D': 'Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay', 'E': 'Noncontrast CT'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Salmonella enterica | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 10-day history of intermittent fevers and painful swelling of the right ankle. He has not had trauma to the ankle. He has a history of sickle cell disease and had an episode of dactylitis of his left index finger 3 years ago. Current medications include hydroxyurea and acetaminophen as needed for the ankle pain. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), blood pressure is 125/68 mm Hg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 14/min. Examination shows a tender, swollen, and erythematous right ankle with point tenderness over the medial malleolus. X-ray of the right ankle demonstrates marked periosteal thickening and elevation, as well as a central sclerotic lesion with a lucent rim over the right lateral malleolus. A bone biopsy culture confirms the diagnosis. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism??
{'A': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'B': 'Escherichia coli', 'C': 'Streptococcus pyogenes', 'D': 'Salmonella enterica', 'E': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Lunate dislocation | Q:A 34-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with moderate right wrist pain after falling on her outstretched hand. She has numbness in the 3 medial digits. The patient has no known previous medical conditions. Her family history is not pertinent, and she currently takes no medications. Physical examination shows her blood pressure is 134/82 mm Hg, the respirations are 14/min, the pulse is 87/min, and the temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). When asked to make a fist, the patient is able to flex only the lateral 2 digits. Tapping the anterior portion of her wrist elicits tingling in the medial 3 digits. The patient is taken to get an X-ray. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient’s injury??
{'A': 'Scaphoid fracture', 'B': 'Lunate dislocation', 'C': 'Fracture of distal radius', 'D': 'Palmar aponeurosis tear', 'E': 'Interosseous ligament rupture'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: It can cause anorgasmia. | Q:A 28-year-old woman visits the clinic expressing a desire to become pregnant. She was seen for depressed mood and disinterest in her usual leisure activities a few months ago. She also had decreased sleep and appetite and was not able to concentrate at work. She was started on fluoxetine and has been compliant for the last 6 months despite experiencing some of the side effects. She now feels significantly better and would like to stop the medication because she plans to become pregnant and thinks it is unnecessary now. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this patient’s current antidepressant therapy??
{'A': 'It can cause anorgasmia.', 'B': 'It has the shortest half-life of any drugs in the same class.', 'C': 'It is unsafe to take during pregnancy.', 'D': 'It decreases levels of concurrent neuroleptics.', 'E': 'Most side effects persist throughout therapy.'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cellular casts in urinalysis | Q:A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care provider because of fatigue and loss of appetite. He is also concerned that his legs are swollen below the knee. He has had type 2 diabetes for 35 years, for which he takes metformin and glyburide. Today his temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), the blood pressure is 165/82 mm Hg, and the pulse is 88/min. Presence of which of the following would make diabetic kidney disease less likely in this patient??
{'A': 'Nephrotic range proteinuria', 'B': 'Diabetic retinopathy', 'C': 'Cellular casts in urinalysis', 'D': 'Gradual reduction of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)', 'E': 'Normal-to-large kidneys on ultrasound'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) | Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of yellowish discoloration of her skin and eyes, mild fever, and body aches. She has had this problem for 6 months, but it has become worse over the past few weeks. She also complains of repeated bouts of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. The past medical history is noncontributory. She takes no medication. Both of her parents are alive with no significant disease. She works as a dental hygienist and drinks wine occasionally on weekends. Today, the vital signs include blood pressure 110/60 mm Hg, pulse rate 90/min, respiratory rate 19/min, and temperature 36.6°C (97.8°F). On physical examination, she appears uncomfortable. The skin and sclera are jaundiced. The heart has a regular rate and rhythm, and the lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. The abdomen is soft with mild hepatosplenomegaly. There is no tenderness or rebound tenderness. The digital rectal examination reveals blood and mucus in the rectal vault. Laboratory studies show:
Serum sodium 140 mEq/L
Serum potassium 3.8 mEq/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 250 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 170 U/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 120 U/L
Which of the following antibodies would you expect to find in this patient??
{'A': 'Anti-mitochondrial antibody', 'B': 'Anti-endomysial IgA', 'C': 'Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)', 'D': 'Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)', 'E': 'Anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Trinucleotide (GAA) repeat expansion on chromosome 9 | Q:An 11-year-old male presents to the pediatrician with his mother for evaluation of difficulty walking. His mother reports that the patient was walking normally until about a year ago, when he started to complain of weakness in his legs. He seems to be less steady on his feet than before, and he has fallen twice at home. Prior to a year ago, the patient had no difficulty walking and was active on his school’s soccer team. He has no other past medical history. The patient is an only child, and his mother denies any family history of neurological disease. On physical examination, the patient has mildly slurred speech. He has a wide-based gait with symmetric weakness and decreased sensation in his lower extremities. The patient also has the physical exam findings seen in Figures A and B. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s presentation??
{'A': 'Genetic mutation on chromosome 11q22', 'B': 'Infection with gram-negative rods', 'C': 'Trinucleotide (CGG) repeat expansion on chromosome X', 'D': 'Trinucleotide (CTG) repeat expansion on chromosome 19', 'E': 'Trinucleotide (GAA) repeat expansion on chromosome 9'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Shearing head injury | Q:A 4-month-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because of a 4-day history of vomiting, poor feeding, and more frequent napping. She appears lethargic. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a bulging, tense anterior fontanelle. Fundoscopic exam shows bilateral retinal hemorrhage. A complete blood count shows a leukocyte count of 8,000/mm3. An x-ray of the chest shows healing fractures of the 4th and 5th left ribs. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's condition??
{'A': 'Malnutrition', 'B': 'Shearing head injury', 'C': 'Inherited connective tissue disorder', 'D': 'Bleeding from the germinal matrix', 'E': 'Epidural hematoma'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Free thyroxine (T4) levels | Q:A 27-year-old G1P0 at 12 weeks estimated gestational age presents for prenatal care. The patient says she has occasional nausea and vomiting and a few episodes of palpitations and diarrhea this last week. Physical examination is unremarkable, except for a heart rate of 145/min. Basic thyroid function tests are shown in the table below. Which of the following additional laboratory tests would be most useful is assessing this patient’s condition?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
0.28 mIU/L (0.3–4.5 mIU/L)
Total T4
12 µg/dL (5.4–11.5 µg/dL)?
{'A': 'Total triiodothyronine (T3) levels', 'B': 'Free thyroxine (T4) levels', 'C': 'Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) levels', 'D': 'Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies', 'E': 'Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Decreased circulating T cells | Q:A 1-year-old girl is brought to the physician for follow-up examination 1 week after admission to the hospital for bacterial pneumonia. She has had multiple episodes of purulent otitis media and infectious diarrhea since the age of 6 months. She underwent treatment for oral thrush 1 month ago. There is no family history of serious illness. Her height and weight are both below the 10th percentile. Physical examination shows no visible tonsils and slightly decreased breath sounds in the left lower lobe. Laboratory studies show increased deoxyadenosine concentration in both the serum and urine. An x-ray of the chest shows an absent thymic shadow. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient??
{'A': 'Decreased circulating parathyroid hormone', 'B': 'Increased circulating IgE', 'C': 'Decreased circulating T cells', 'D': 'Decreased circulating platelets', 'E': 'Increased circulating neutrophils'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Continue escitalopram on day of surgery and continue afterwards for 4 more months | Q:A 30-year-old man presents to his primary care doctor for a 2 month follow-up appointment. He had recently separated from his male partner of 10 years and has been struggling to maintain his weight and the rigors of work in a new start-up company. At his initial visit, he was prescribed escitalopram. 2 weeks later, the patient was instructed to continue taking the medication despite feeling more depressed. After expressing increased desire to carry out suicidal thoughts, he was hospitalized for a brief course. During this visit, he reports that he is feeling much better, but he has an elective inguinal hernia repair scheduled for the end of the week. "The surgeon said to not take anything before the surgery. Besides, I'm feeling better and don't feel like taking escitalopram everyday." What is the most appropriate response??
{'A': 'Continue escitalopram on day of surgery and continue afterwards for 4 more months', 'B': 'Continue escitalopram until surgery and discontinue afterwards', 'C': 'Discontinue escitalopram', 'D': 'Hold escitalopram the day before surgery and continue afterwards for 4 more months', 'E': 'Hold escitalopram the day of surgery and continue afterwards for 4 more months'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption | Q:A 66-year-old man comes to the physician because of difficulty walking for the past year. He reports that his gait has become slower and that initiating steps has become more challenging. During the past 6 months, his family has noticed that he is starting to forget important family meetings and holidays. On a number of occasions, he has not been able to get to the bathroom in time in order to urinate. He has hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide. His father died of Parkinson's disease at the age of 63 years. The patient had smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years, but quit 10 years ago. His vital signs are within normal limits. On mental status examination, he is confused and has short-term memory deficits. He has a wide-based, shuffling gait. Muscle strength is normal. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. An MRI of the head is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Normal changes associated with aging', 'B': 'Increased cerebrospinal fluid production', 'C': 'Decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption', 'D': 'Obstructed passage of cerebrospinal fluid', 'E': 'Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the temporal lobe'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Wells’ clinical probability tool | Q:A 67-year-old woman presents with right leg pain and swelling of 5 days’ duration. She has a history of hypertension for 15 years and had a recent hospitalization for pneumonia. She had been recuperating at home but on beginning to mobilize and walk, the right leg became painful and swollen. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.7°F), the blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, and the pulse is 75/min. On physical examination, the right calf is 4 cm greater in circumference than the left when measured 10 cm below the tibial tuberosity. Dilated superficial veins are present on the right foot and the right leg is slightly redder than the left. There is some tenderness on palpation in the popliteal fossa behind the knee. Which of the following is the best initial step in the management of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Wells’ clinical probability tool', 'B': 'Computerized tomography (CT) with contrast', 'C': 'International randomized ratio (INR)', 'D': 'Thrombophilia screen', 'E': 'Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Perform ureteral stenting | Q:A 71-year-old man with Hodgkin lymphoma is admitted to the hospital with lower back pain and no urine output over the last 12 hours. Physical examination shows inguinal lymphadenopathy. There is no suprapubic fullness or tenderness. Serum creatinine is elevated compared to 1 week prior. A contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen shows retroperitoneal fibrosis, bilateral hydronephrosis, and a collapsed bladder. Which of the following is the next appropriate step in management of this patient??
{'A': 'Place a urethral catheter', 'B': 'Perform ureteral stenting', 'C': 'Initiate oxybutynin therapy', 'D': 'Place a suprapubic catheter', 'E': 'Initiate tamsulosin therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Monitoring | Q:A 30-year-old African-American woman comes to the physician for a routine checkup. She feels well. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus that is well-controlled with metformin. Her mother died of a progressive lung disease at the age of 50 years. The patient is sexually active with her husband, and they use condoms consistently. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years. She drinks one to two glasses of wine per day. She does not use illicit drugs. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination, including ophthalmologic evaluation, shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies, including serum creatinine and calcium concentrations, are within normal limits. An ECG shows no abnormalities. A tuberculin skin test is negative. A chest x-ray is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'ANCA testing', 'B': 'Lung biopsy', 'C': 'Oral methotrexate therapy', 'D': 'Monitoring', 'E': 'Oral isoniazid monotherapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: High partial pressure of CO2 in tissues facilitates O2 unloading in peripheral tissues | Q:A research scientist attempts to understand the influence of carbon dioxide content in blood on its oxygen binding. The scientist adds carbon dioxide to dog blood and measures the uptake of oxygen in the blood versus oxygen pressure in the peripheral tissue. He notes in one dog that with the addition of carbon dioxide with a pressure of 90 mmHg, the oxygen pressure in the peripheral tissue rose from 26 to 33 mmHg. How can this phenomenon be explained??
{'A': 'Binding of O2 to hemoglobin in lungs drives release of CO2 from hemoglobin', 'B': 'The sum of the partial pressures of CO2 and O2 cannot exceed a known threshold in blood', 'C': 'High partial pressure of CO2 in tissues facilitates O2 unloading in peripheral tissues', 'D': 'High partial pressure of CO2 in tissues decreases peripheral blood volume', 'E': 'High partial pressure of CO2 in tissues causes alkalemia, which is necessary for O2 unloading'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Conjugated polysaccharide | Q:A young man about to leave for his freshman year of college visits his physician in order to ensure that his immunizations are up-to-date. Because he is living in a college dormitory, his physician gives him a vaccine that prevents meningococcal disease. What type of vaccine did this patient likely receive??
{'A': 'Live, attenuated', 'B': 'Killed, inactivated', 'C': 'Toxoid', 'D': 'Conjugated polysaccharide', 'E': 'Killed, attenuated'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Spherules filled with endospores | Q:A 29-year-old woman comes to the military physician because of a 2-day history of fever, joint pain, dry cough, chest pain, and a painful red rash on her lower legs. Two weeks ago, she returned from military training in Southern California. She appears ill. Her temperature is 39°C (102.1°F). Physical examination shows diffuse inspiratory crackles over all lung fields and multiple tender erythematous nodules over the anterior aspect of both legs. A biopsy specimen of this patient's lungs is most likely to show which of the following??
{'A': 'Spherules filled with endospores', 'B': 'Broad-based budding yeast', 'C': 'Oval, budding yeast with pseudohyphae', 'D': 'Septate hyphae with acute-angle branching', 'E': 'Round yeast surrounded by budding yeast cells'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Cabergoline | Q:a 34-year-old G2P2 woman presents to her obstetrician because of new onset discharge from her breast. She first noticed it in her bra a few days ago, but now she notes that at times she's soaking through to her blouse, which is mortifying. She was also concerned about being pregnant because she has not gotten her period in 3 months. In the office ß-HCG is negative. The patient's nipple discharge is guaiac negative. Which of the following therapies is most appropriate??
{'A': 'Tamoxifine', 'B': 'Leuprolide', 'C': 'Haloperidol', 'D': 'Cabergoline', 'E': 'Carbidopa-levodopa'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Inhibit peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen | Q:A 65-year-old woman returns to the outpatient oncology clinic to follow up on her recently diagnosed breast cancer. A few months ago, she noticed a lump during a breast self-exam that was shown to be breast cancer. A lumpectomy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma that was estrogen- and progesterone receptor-positive with nodal metastases. She is following up to discuss treatment options. She had her last menstrual period 10 years ago and has not had any spotting since that time. Her mother had breast cancer and she remembered her taking chemotherapy and had a poor quality of life, thus she asks not to be treated similarly. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the best treatment option for this patient??
{'A': 'Antagonist for estrogen receptors in the breast', 'B': 'Cell cycle arrest', 'C': 'Antagonist for estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus', 'D': 'Inhibit peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen', 'E': 'Estrogen receptors downregulation in the breast'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Decreased cerebral blood flow | Q:A 17-year-old girl comes to the emergency department because of numbness around her mouth and uncontrolled twitching of the mouth for the past 30 minutes. Her symptoms began while she was at a concert. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 69/min, and respirations are 28/min. When the blood pressure cuff is inflated, painful contractions of the hand muscles occur. Arterial blood gas shows a pH of 7.53, pO2 of 100 mm Hg, and a pCO2 of 29 mm Hg. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient??
{'A': 'Decreased cerebral blood flow', 'B': 'Increased peripheral oxygen unloading from hemoglobin', 'C': 'Decreased total serum calcium concentration', 'D': 'Increased serum potassium concentration', 'E': 'Increased serum phosphate concentration'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm rupture | Q:A 68-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive in her bedroom in a nursing home facility. Her past medical history is relevant for hypertension, diagnosed 5 years ago, for which she has been prescribed a calcium channel blocker and a thiazide diuretic. Upon admission, she is found with a blood pressure of 200/116 mm Hg, a heart rate of 70/min, a respiratory rate of 15 /min, and a temperature of 36.5°C (97.7°F). Her cardiopulmonary auscultation is unremarkable, except for the identification of a 4th heart sound. Neurological examination reveals the patient is stuporous, with eye-opening response reacting only to pain, no verbal response, and flexion withdrawal to pain. Both pupils are symmetric, with the sluggish pupillary response to light. A noncontrast CT of the head is performed and is shown in the image. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm rupture', 'B': 'Arteriovenous malformation rupture', 'C': 'Dural arteriovenous fistula', 'D': 'Venous sinus thrombosis', 'E': 'Hemorrhagic transformation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Hydrochlorothiazide | Q:An 11-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician with muscle cramps and fatigue that have progressively worsened over the past year. His mom says that he has always had occasional symptoms including abdominal pain, muscle weakness, and mild paresthesias; however, since starting middle school these symptoms have started interfering with his daily activities. In addition, the boy complains that he has been needing to use the restroom a lot, which is annoying since he has to ask for permission to leave class every time. Labs are obtained showing hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalciuria. The most likely cause of this patient's symptoms involves a protein that binds which of the following drugs??
{'A': 'Amiloride', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Mannitol', 'E': 'Spironolactone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Renal ultrasound with Doppler | Q:A 67-year-old man with a 55-pack-year smoking history, diabetes type II, and hyperlipidemia presents to his primary care clinic for an annual exam. He has no complaints. He reports that his blood glucose has been under tight control and that he has not smoked a cigarette for the past 5 months. His temperature is 97.5°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 182/112 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. Physical examination is notable for bruits bilaterally just lateral of midline near his umbilicus. The patient is started on anti-hypertensive medications including a beta-blocker, a thiazide diuretic, and a calcium channel blocker. He returns 1 month later with no change in his blood pressure. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'CT abdomen/pelvis', 'B': 'Increase dose of current blood pressure medications', 'C': 'Lisinopril', 'D': 'Renal ultrasound with Doppler', 'E': 'Surgical revascularization'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes containing giant inclusion bodies | Q:A 7-year-old girl presents to a new pediatrician with fever, shortness of breath, and productive cough. She had similar symptoms a few weeks ago. The girl was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. A further review of her history reveals seizures, upper respiratory infections, and cellulitis. On physical examination, the patient is pale with white-blonde hair and pale blue eyes. Which of the following would you expect to see on a peripheral blood smear for this patient??
{'A': 'Predominance of band leukocytes', 'B': 'Stippled eosinophils', 'C': 'Downey cells', 'D': 'Polymorphonuclear leukocytes containing giant inclusion bodies', 'E': 'Significant basophil predominance'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Explain that he will refer the patient to one of his partners who can fulfill this request | Q:A 16-year-old female presents to her pediatrician's office requesting to be started on an oral contraceptive pill. She has no significant past medical history and is not currently taking any medications. The physician is a devout member of the Roman Catholic church and is strongly opposed to the use of any type of artificial contraception. Which of the following is the most appropriate response to this patient's request??
{'A': 'The physician is obligated to prescribe the oral contraceptives regardless of his personal beliefs', 'B': 'Refuse to prescribe the oral contraceptive', 'C': 'Suggest that the patient remain abstinent or, if necessary, use an alternative means of birth control', 'D': 'Explain that he will refer the patient to one of his partners who can fulfill this request', 'E': 'Tell the patient that he is unable to prescribe this medication without parental consent'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Kiesselbach plexus | Q:A 14-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with an intractable nosebleed. Pinching of the nose has failed to stop the bleed. The patient is otherwise healthy and has no history of trauma or hereditary bleeding disorders. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/64 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for multiple clots in the nares which, when dislodged, are followed by bleeding. Which of the following location is the most likely etiology of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Carotid artery', 'B': 'Ethmoidal artery', 'C': 'Kiesselbach plexus', 'D': 'Septal hematoma', 'E': 'Sphenopalatine artery'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: 15 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure with inspiration | Q:A 27-year-old male arrives in the emergency department with a stab wound over the precordial chest wall. The patient is in distress and is cold, sweaty, and pale. Initial physical examination is significant for muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, and a 3 cm stab wound near the left sternal border. Breath sounds are present bilaterally without evidence of tracheal deviation. Which of the following additional findings would be expected on further evaluation??
{'A': "Decrease in the patient's heart rate by 15 beats per minute with inspiration", 'B': 'Elevated blood pressure to 170/110', 'C': 'Steadily decreasing heart rate to 60 beats per minute', 'D': '15 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure with inspiration', 'E': 'Decrease in central venous pressure by 5 mmHg with inspiration'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Neutrophilic infiltration of the pericardium | Q:A 51-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of worsening shortness of breath, nonproductive cough, and sharp substernal chest pain. The chest pain worsens on inspiration and on lying down. The patient was diagnosed with breast cancer 2 months ago and was treated with mastectomy followed by adjuvant radiation therapy. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Current medications include tamoxifen, valsartan, and pitavastatin. She has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 15 years but quit after being diagnosed with breast cancer. Her pulse is 95/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows a scratching sound best heard at the left lower sternal border. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia and ST segment elevations in leads I, II, avF, and V1–6. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Dystrophic calcification of the mitral valve', 'B': 'Embolic occlusion of a pulmonary artery', 'C': 'Neutrophilic infiltration of the pericardium', 'D': 'Subendothelial fibrosis of coronary arteries', 'E': 'Fibrotic thickening of the pericardium'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Lightheadedness | Q:A 45-year-old man is brought into the clinic by his wife. She reports that her husband has been feeling down since he lost a big project at work 2 months ago. The patient says he feels unmotivated to work or do things around the house. He also says he is not eating or sleeping as usual and spends most of his day pacing about his room. He feels guilty for losing such a project this late in his career and feels overwhelming fear about the future of his company and his family’s well-being. During the interview, he appears to be in mild distress and is wringing his hands. The patient is prescribed citalopram and buspirone. Which of the following side effects is most commonly seen with buspirone??
{'A': 'Lightheadedness', 'B': 'Dry mouth', 'C': 'Respiratory depression', 'D': 'Anterograde amnesia', 'E': 'Sleepwalking'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Pain relieved by sitting up and leaning forward | Q:A 35-year-old African-American female presents to the emergency room complaining of chest pain. She also complains of recent onset arthritis and increased photosensitivity. Physical examination reveals bilateral facial rash. Which of the following is most likely to be observed in this patient??
{'A': 'Pain improves with inspiration', 'B': 'Pain relieved by sitting up and leaning forward', 'C': 'High-pitched diastolic murmur', 'D': 'Fixed and split S2', 'E': 'Mid-systolic click'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Rivastigmine | Q:A 61-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor with her son who reports that his mother is not acting like herself. She has gotten lost while driving several times in the past 2 months and appears to be talking to herself frequently. Of note, the patient’s husband died from a stroke 4 months ago. The patient reports feeling sad and guilty for causing so much trouble for her son. Her appetite has decreased since her husband died. On examination, she is oriented to person, place, and time. She is inattentive, and her speech is disorganized. She shakes her hand throughout the exam without realizing it. Her gait is slow and appears unstable. This patient’s condition would most likely benefit from which of the following medications??
{'A': 'Bromocriptine', 'B': 'Levodopa', 'C': 'Reserpine', 'D': 'Rivastigmine', 'E': 'Selegiline'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Normal Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), low 02 content (Ca02) | Q:A 32-year-old female with Crohn's disease diagnosed in her early 20s comes to your office for a follow-up appointment. She is complaining of headaches and fatigue. Which of the following arterial blood findings might you expect??
{'A': 'Normal Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), normal 02 content (Ca02)', 'B': 'Low Pa02, low 02 saturation (Sa02), low 02 content (Ca02)', 'C': 'Low Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), normal 02 content (Ca02)', 'D': 'Normal Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), low 02 content (Ca02)', 'E': 'High Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), normal 02 content (Ca02)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Clarithromycin | Q:Four days into hospitalization for severe pneumonia, a 76-year-old woman suddenly becomes unresponsive. She has no history of heart disease. She is on clarithromycin and ceftriaxone. Her carotid pulse is not detected. A single-lead ECG strip is shown. Previous ECG shows QT prolongation. Laboratory studies show:
Serum
Na+ 145 mEq/L
K+ 6.1 mEq/L
Ca2+ 10.5 mEq/L
Mg2+ 1.8 mEq/L
Thyroid-stimulating hormone 0.1 μU/mL
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been initiated. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s recent condition??
{'A': 'Hypercalcemia', 'B': 'Thyrotoxicosis', 'C': 'Hyperkalemia', 'D': 'Clarithromycin', 'E': 'Septic shock'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y | Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She is doing well. She is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 75 kg (165 lb); BMI is 27 kg/m2. Her BMI had previously been stable at 24 kg/m2. The patient states that she has had decreased appetite over the past month. The patient's change in appetite is most likely mediated by which of the following??
{'A': 'Increased hepatic somatomedin C secretion', 'B': 'Decreased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y', 'C': 'Potentiation of cholecystokinin', 'D': 'Increased fatty acid oxidation', 'E': 'Inhibition of proopiomelanocortin neurons'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin | Q:A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after experiencing a seizure. According to his girlfriend, he has had fatigue for the last 3 days and became confused this morning, after which he started having uncontrollable convulsions throughout his entire body. He was unconscious throughout the episode, which lasted about 4 minutes. He has not visited a physician for over 10 years. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 12 years. His girlfriend admits they occasionally use heroin together with their friends. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F), pulse is 93/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation and examination shows normal heart sounds and no carotid or femoral bruits. He appears emaciated and somnolent. There are multiple track marks on both his arms. He is unable to cooperate for a neurological exam. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 3,000/mm3, a hematocrit of 34%, a platelet count of 354,000/mm3, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 27 mm/h. His CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 84/mm3 (normal ≥ 500). A CT scan of the head is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step considering this patient's CT scan findings??
{'A': 'Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin', 'B': 'Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole', 'C': 'CT-guided stereotactic aspiration', 'D': 'Albendazole', 'E': 'Glucocorticoids'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Reticulocyte count | Q:A 55-year-old woman presents with fatigue and flu-like symptoms. She says her symptoms started 5 days ago with a low-grade fever and myalgia, which have not improved. For the past 4 days, she has also had chills, sore throat, and rhinorrhea. She works as a kindergarten teacher and says several children in her class have had similar symptoms. Her past medical history is significant for depression managed with escitalopram, and dysmenorrhea. A review of systems is significant for general fatigue for the past 5 months. Her vital signs include: temperature 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse 99/min, blood pressure 115/75 mm Hg, and respiratory rate 22/min. Physical examination reveals pallor of the mucous membranes. Initial laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Hematocrit 24.5%
Hemoglobin 11.0 g/dL
Platelet Count 215,000/mm3
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 82 fL
Red cell distribution width (RDW) 10.5%
Which of the following is the best next diagnostic test in this patient??
{'A': 'Reticulocyte count', 'B': 'Serum folate level', 'C': 'Serum ferritin level', 'D': 'Serum iron level', 'E': 'Hemoglobin electrophoresis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cleavage of procollagen C- and N-terminals | Q:An investigator is studying collagen synthesis in human fibroblast cells. Using a fluorescent tag, α-collagen chains are identified and then monitored as they travel through the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and eventually into the extracellular space. Which of the following steps in collagen synthesis occurs extracellularly??
{'A': 'Glycosylation of pro-α chains', 'B': 'Hydroxylation of proline and lysine', 'C': 'Cleavage of procollagen C- and N-terminals', 'D': 'Triple-helix formation', 'E': 'Translation of pro-α chains'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Oral ectoderm | Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought in by his mother due to complaints of a headache with diminished vision of his temporal field. It has been previously recorded that the patient has poor growth velocity. On imaging, a cystic calcified mass is noted above the sella turcica. From which of the following is this mass most likely derived??
{'A': 'Oral ectoderm', 'B': 'Cholesterol', 'C': 'Neuroectoderm', 'D': 'Neurohypophysis', 'E': 'Paraxial mesoderm'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Intimal plaque in the posterior tibial artery | Q:A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 10-month history of crampy left lower extremity pain that is exacerbated by walking and relieved by rest. The pain is especially severe when he walks on an incline. He has a 20-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, for which he takes metformin. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. His blood pressure is 140/92 mm Hg. Physical examination shows dry and hairless skin over the left foot. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Osteophytic compression of the lumbar spinal canal', 'B': 'Thrombosing vasculitis of the popliteal artery', 'C': 'Intimal plaque in the posterior tibial artery', 'D': 'Fibrin clot in the left popliteal vein', 'E': 'Systemic hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Chlorthalidone | Q:A 65-year-old African-American man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after presenting with elevated blood pressure readings during his last visit. He has no history of major medical illness and takes no medications. He is 180 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 68 kg (150 lb); BMI is 22 kg/m2. His pulse is 80/min and blood pressure is 155/90 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy for this patient??
{'A': 'Valsartan', 'B': 'Metoprolol', 'C': 'Chlorthalidone', 'D': 'Aliskiren', 'E': 'Captopril'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Accumulation of deoxyadenosine | Q:A 7-month-old boy is brought in to his pediatrician’s office due to concern for recurrent infections. The parents state that over the last 3-4 months, the boy has had multiple viral respiratory infections, along with a fungal pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Currently he is without complaints; however, the parents are concerned that he continues to have loose stools and is falling off of his growth curve. Newborn screening is not recorded in the patient’s chart. On exam, the patient’s temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 108/68 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient is engaging appropriately and is able to grasp, sit, and is beginning to crawl. However, the patient is at the 20th percentile for length and weight, when he was previously at the 50th percentile at 3 months of age. Further screening suggests that the patient has an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency associated with absent T-cells. Which of the following is also associated with this disease??
{'A': 'Accumulation of deoxyadenosine', 'B': 'Dysfunctional cell chemotaxis', 'C': 'Mutation in ATM DNA repair gene', 'D': 'Negative nitroblue-tetrazolium test', 'E': 'Nonfunctional common gamma chain'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Try to obtain previous chest radiographs for comparison | Q:A 51-year-old woman with a history of palpitations is being evaluated by a surgeon for epigastric pain. It is discovered that she has an epigastric hernia that needs repair. During her preoperative evaluation, she is ordered to receive lab testing, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and a chest X-ray. These screening studies are unremarkable except for her chest X-ray, which shows a 2 cm isolated pulmonary nodule in the middle lobe of the right lung. The nodule has poorly defined margins, and it shows a dense, irregular pattern of calcification. The patient is immediately referred to a pulmonologist for evaluation of the lesion. The patient denies any recent illnesses and states that she has not traveled outside of the country since she was a child. She has had no sick contacts or respiratory symptoms, and she does not currently take any medications. She does, however, admit to a 20-pack-year history of smoking. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in evaluating this patient’s diagnosis with regard to the pulmonary nodule??
{'A': 'Obtain a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest', 'B': 'Send sputum for cytology', 'C': 'Order a positron emission tomography scan of the chest', 'D': 'Perform a flexible bronchoscopy with biopsy', 'E': 'Try to obtain previous chest radiographs for comparison'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Phase 2 | Q:You are currently employed as a clinical researcher working on clinical trials of a new drug to be used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Currently, you have already determined the safe clinical dose of the drug in a healthy patient. You are in the phase of drug development where the drug is studied in patients with the target disease to determine its efficacy. Which of the following phases is this new drug currently in??
{'A': 'Phase 1', 'B': 'Phase 2', 'C': 'Phase 3', 'D': 'Phase 4', 'E': 'Phase 0'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: CT scan | Q:A 37-year-old man is presented to the emergency department by paramedics after being involved in a serious 3-car collision on an interstate highway while he was driving his motorcycle. On physical examination, he is responsive only to painful stimuli and his pupils are not reactive to light. His upper extremities are involuntarily flexed with hands clenched into fists. The vital signs include temperature 36.1°C (97.0°F), blood pressure 80/60 mm Hg, and pulse 102/min. A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head shows a massive intracerebral hemorrhage with a midline shift. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis shows partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) of 68 mm Hg, and the patient is put on mechanical ventilation. His condition continues to decline while in the emergency department and it is suspected that this patient is brain dead. Which of the following results can be used to confirm brain death and legally remove this patient from the ventilator??
{'A': 'Electrocardiogram', 'B': 'More than a 30% decrease in pulse oximetry', 'C': 'Lumbar puncture and CSF culture', 'D': 'Electromyography with nerve conduction studies', 'E': 'CT scan'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Superomedial quadrant of the buttock | Q:A 45-year-old male presents to his primary care provider with an abnormal gait. He was hospitalized one week prior for acute cholecystitis and underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He received post-operative antibiotics via intramuscular injection. He recovered well and he was discharged on post-operative day #3. However, since he started walking after the operation, he noticed a limp that has not improved. On exam, his left hip drops every time he raises his left foot to take a step. In which of the following locations did this patient likely receive the intramuscular injection??
{'A': 'Anteromedial thigh', 'B': 'Superomedial quadrant of the buttock', 'C': 'Superolateral quadrant of the buttock', 'D': 'Inferomedial quadrant of the buttock', 'E': 'Inferolateral quadrant of the buttock'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Transfuse packed RBC, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet concentrate in a 1:1:1 ratio | Q:A 22-year-old woman in the intensive care unit has had persistent oozing from the margins of wounds for 2 hours that is not controlled by pressure bandages. She was admitted to the hospital 13 hours ago following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. Initial focused assessment with sonography for trauma was negative. An x-ray survey showed opacification of the right lung field and fractures of multiple ribs, the tibia, fibula, calcaneus, right acetabulum, and bilateral pubic rami. Laboratory studies showed a hemoglobin concentration of 14.8 g/dL, leukocyte count of 10,300/mm3, platelet count of 175,000/mm3, and blood glucose concentration of 77 mg/dL. Infusion of 0.9% saline was begun. Multiple lacerations on the forehead and extremities were sutured, and fractures were stabilized. Repeat laboratory studies now show a hemoglobin concentration of 12.4 g/dL, platelet count of 102,000/mm3, prothrombin time of 26 seconds (INR=1.8), and activated partial thromboplastin time of 63 seconds. Which of the following is the next best step in management??
{'A': 'Transfuse packed RBC, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet concentrate in a 1:1:1 ratio', 'B': 'Transfuse whole blood and administer vitamin K', 'C': 'Transfuse fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrate in a 1:1 ratio', 'D': 'Transfuse packed RBC', 'E': 'Transfuse packed RBC and fresh frozen plasma in a 1:1 ratio'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Intravenous morphine | Q:A 13-month-old boy with sickle cell anemia is brought to the emergency department because of continuous crying and severe left-hand swelling. His condition started 2 hours earlier without any preceding trauma. The child was given diclofenac syrup at home with no relief. The temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, and pulse is 100/min. The physical examination reveals swelling and tenderness to palpation of the left hand. The hemoglobin level is 10.4 g/dL. Which of the following is the best initial step in management of this patient condition??
{'A': 'Intravenous morphine', 'B': 'Intravenous meperidine', 'C': 'Joint aspiration', 'D': 'Incentive spirometry', 'E': 'Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the affected joint'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Splitting | Q:A 31-year-old male comedian presents to your mental health clinic for a psychotherapy appointment. He is undergoing psychodynamic psychotherapy for depressive symptoms. During the therapy session, you discuss his job as a successful comedian and identify ways that he channels his emotions about his abusive childhood into comedy routines. Though he enjoys his job overall and idolizes some of his coworkers, he complains about most of them being “totally incompetent.” When you attempt to shift the discussion back to his childhood, he avoids eye contact and he tells you he “doesn’t want to talk about it anymore.” Which of the following is an immature defense mechanism exhibited by this patient??
{'A': 'Denial', 'B': 'Humor', 'C': 'Reaction formation', 'D': 'Splitting', 'E': 'Suppression'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Nitric oxide | Q:An investigator is studying the physiological response during congestive heart failure exacerbations in patients with systolic heart failure. A hormone released by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased wall stress is isolated from a patient's blood sample. The intracellular mechanism by which this hormone acts is most similar to the effect of which of the following substances??
{'A': 'Nitric oxide', 'B': 'Human chorionic gonadotropin', 'C': 'Aldosterone', 'D': 'Angiotensin II', 'E': 'Platelet-derived growth factor'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Repeat dipstick on a separate occasion | Q:An asymptomatic 15-year-old high school wrestler with no family history of renal disease is completing his preseason physical exam. He submits a urine sample for a dipstick examination, which tests positive for protein. What is the next appropriate step in management??
{'A': 'Repeat dipstick on a separate occasion', 'B': 'Urine culture', 'C': 'Renal ultrasound', 'D': '24 hour urine collection', 'E': 'Spot urine-protein-to-creatinine ratio'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | Q:A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter for a 1-week history of right leg weakness, unsteady gait, and multiple falls. During the past 6 months, he has become more forgetful and has sometimes lost his way along familiar routes. He has been having difficulties operating simple kitchen appliances such as the dishwasher and the coffee maker. He has recently become increasingly paranoid, agitated, and restless. He has HIV, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His last visit to a physician was more than 2 years ago, and he has been noncompliant with his medications. His temperature is 37.2 °C (99.0 °F), blood pressure is 152/68 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, and respirations are 14/min. He is somnolent and slightly confused. He is oriented to person, but not place or time. There is mild lymphadenopathy in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas. Neurological examination shows right lower extremity weakness with normal tone and no other focal deficits. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 9.2 g/dL
Leukocyte count 3600/mm3
Platelet count 140,000/mm3
CD4+ count 56/μL
HIV viral load > 100,000 copies/mL
Serum
Cryptococcal antigen negative
Toxoplasma gondii IgG positive
An MRI of the brain shows disseminated, nonenhancing white matter lesions with no mass effect. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
{'A': 'Vascular dementia', 'B': 'Neurocysticercosis', 'C': 'Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'D': 'Primary CNS lymphoma', 'E': 'Cerebral toxoplasmosis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Ranibizumab | Q:A 70 year-old man comes to the emergency department for sudden loss of vision in the right eye over the last 24 hours. He has noticed progressive bilateral loss of central vision over the last year. He has had difficulty reading his newspaper and watching his television. He has smoked 1 pack daily for 50 years. Ophthalmologic examination shows visual acuity of 20/60 in the left eye and 20/200 in the right eye. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. Tonometry reveals an intraocular pressure of 18 mm Hg in the right eye and 20 mm Hg in the left eye. Anterior segment exam is unremarkable. Slit-lamp examination shows subretinal fluid and small hemorrhage with grayish-green discoloration in the macular area in the right eye, and multiple drusen in the left eye with retinal pigment epithelial changes. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for the patient's illness??
{'A': 'Etanercept', 'B': 'Thermal laser photocoagulation', 'C': 'Ranibizumab', 'D': 'Macular translocation surgery', 'E': 'Photodynamic therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Acyclovir | Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department with confusion. The patient is generally healthy, but his wife noticed him becoming progressively more confused as the day went on. The patient is not currently taking any medications and has no recent falls or trauma. His temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 126/64 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a confused man who cannot participate in a neurological exam secondary to his confusion. No symptoms are elicited with flexion of the neck and jolt accentuation of headache is negative. Initial laboratory values are unremarkable and the patient's chest radiograph and urinalysis are within normal limits. An initial CT scan of the head is unremarkable. Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Acyclovir', 'B': 'CT angiogram of the head and neck', 'C': 'MRI of the head', 'D': 'PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid', 'E': 'Vancomycin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, and dexamethasone'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Ciprofloxacin | Q:A 70-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for ear pain. The patient states he has had ear pain for the past several days that seems to be worsening. The patient lives in a retirement home and previously worked as a banker. The patient currently is active, swims every day, and drinks 3 to 4 glasses of whiskey at night. There have been multiple cases of the common cold at his retirement community. The patient has a past medical history of myocardial infarction, Alzheimer dementia, diabetes, hypertension, vascular claudication, and anxiety. His current medications include insulin, metformin, aspirin, metoprolol, lisinopril, and buspirone. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 167/108 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. HEENT exam is notable for tenderness over the left mastoid process. Abdominal and musculoskeletal exam are within normal limits. Which of the following is the best management for this patient's condition??
{'A': 'Acetic acid drops', 'B': 'Amoxicillin', 'C': 'Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid', 'D': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'E': 'Observation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Hydrostatic pressure in the tubules | Q:A 53-year-old woman with endometriosis comes to the physician because of bilateral flank pain and decreased urine output for 1-week. She has not had any fevers, chills, or dysuria. Physical examination shows several surgical scars on her abdomen. Laboratory studies show a serum creatinine concentration of 3.5 mg/dL. A CT scan of the abdomen shows numerous intra-abdominal adhesions, as well as dilatation of the renal pelvis and proximal ureters bilaterally. An increase in which of following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's renal dysfunction??
{'A': 'Hydrostatic pressure in the tubules', 'B': 'Osmotic pressure in the glomeruli', 'C': 'Hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole', 'D': 'Osmotic pressure in the afferent arteriole', 'E': 'Osmotic pressure in the tubules'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Negri bodies | Q:A 43-year-old male visits the emergency room around 4 weeks after getting bitten by a bat during a cave diving trip. After cleansing the wound with water, the patient reports that he felt well enough not to seek medical attention immediately following his trip. He does endorse feeling feverish in the past week but a new onset of photophobia and irritability led him to seek help today. What would the post-mortem pathology report show if the patient succumbs to this infection??
{'A': 'Psammoma bodies', 'B': 'Pick bodies', 'C': 'Heinz bodies', 'D': 'Negri bodies', 'E': 'Howell-Jolly bodies'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Fluid restriction | Q:A 65-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband who found her lying unconscious at home. He says that the patient has been complaining of progressively worsening weakness and confusion for the past week. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus, and trigeminal neuralgia. Her medications include metoprolol, valsartan, prednisone, and carbamazepine. On admission, blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg, pulse rate is 100 /min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and temperature is 36.5°C (97.7ºF). She regained consciousness while on the way to the hospital but is still drowsy and disoriented. Physical examination is normal. Finger-stick glucose level is 110 mg/dl. Other laboratory studies show:
Na+ 120 mEq/L (136—145 mEq/L)
K+ 3.5 mEq/L (3.5—5.0 mEq/L)
CI- 107 mEq/L (95—105 mEq/L)
Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL (0.6—1.2 mg/dL)
Serum osmolality 250 mOsm/kg (275—295 mOsm/kg)
Urine Na+ 70 mEq/L
Urine osmolality 105 mOsm/kg
She is admitted to the hospital for further management. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Fluid restriction', 'B': 'Rapid resuscitation with hypertonic saline', 'C': 'Desmopressin', 'D': 'Lithium', 'E': 'Tolvaptan'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Expectant management | Q:A 22-year-old primigravid woman at 12 weeks' gestation comes to the physician because of several hours of abdominal cramping and passing of large vaginal blood clots. Her temperature is 36.8°C (98.3°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 110/65 mmHg. The uterus is consistent in size with a 12-week gestation. Speculum exam shows an open cervical os and blood clots within the vaginal vault. Transvaginal ultrasound shows an empty gestational sac. The patient is worried about undergoing invasive procedures. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management??
{'A': 'Dilation and curettage', 'B': 'Expectant management', 'C': 'Methotrexate therapy', 'D': 'Serial beta-hCG measurement', 'E': 'Oxytocin therapy'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: ANOVA | Q:A surgeon is interested in studying how different surgical techniques impact the healing of tendon injuries. In particular, he will compare 3 different types of suture repairs biomechanically in order to determine the maximum load before failure of the tendon 2 weeks after repair. He collects data on maximum load for 90 different repaired tendons from an animal model. Thirty tendons were repaired using each of the different suture techniques. Which of the following statistical measures is most appropriate for analyzing the results of this study??
{'A': 'ANOVA', 'B': 'Chi-squared', 'C': 'Pearson r coefficient', 'D': 'Student t-test', 'E': 'Wilcoxon rank sum'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Acute myelogenous leukemia | Q:A 67-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of generalized fatigue. On examination, he appears pale. He also has multiple pinpoint, red, nonblanching spots on his extremities. His spleen is significantly enlarged. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 8.3 g/dL, a leukocyte count of 81,000/mm3, and a platelet count of 35,600/mm3. A peripheral blood smear shows immature cells with large, prominent nucleoli and pink, elongated, needle-shaped cytoplasmic inclusions. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Myelodysplastic syndrome', 'B': 'Acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'C': 'Acute myelogenous leukemia', 'D': 'Chronic myelogenous leukemia', 'E': 'Hairy cell leukemia'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Epstein-Barr virus | Q:An investigator is studying the effect that mutations in different parts of the respiratory tract have on susceptibility to infection. A mutation in the gene encoding for the CD21 protein is induced in a sample of cells obtained from the nasopharyngeal epithelium. This mutation is most likely to prevent infection with which of the following viruses??
{'A': 'Rhinovirus', 'B': 'Epstein-Barr virus', 'C': 'Human immunodeficiency virus', 'D': 'Cytomegalovirus', 'E': 'Parvovirus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide | Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for gradually worsening pain in both wrists that began several months ago. The pain originally did not bother her, but it has recently begun to affect her daily functioning. She states that the early morning stiffness in her hands is severe and has made it difficult to tend to her rose garden. She occasionally takes ibuprofen for the pain, but she says this does not really help. Her medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. She is currently taking insulin, sertraline, and a daily multivitamin. The vital signs include: blood pressure 126/84 mm Hg, heart rate 82/min, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, her wrists and metacarpophalangeal joints are swollen, tender, erythematous, and warm to the touch. There are no nodules or vasculitic lesions. Which of the following antibodies would be most specific to this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Anti-Ro', 'B': 'Rheumatoid factor', 'C': 'Anti-Scl-70', 'D': 'c-ANCA', 'E': 'Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: TNF-α | Q:A 22-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up evaluation for chronic lower back pain. He has back stiffness that lasts all morning and slowly improves throughout the day. He has tried multiple over-the-counter medications, including ibuprofen, without any improvement in his symptoms. Physical examination shows tenderness over the iliac crest bilaterally and limited range of motion of the lumbar spine with forward flexion. The results of HLA-B27 testing are positive. An x-ray of the lumbar spine shows fusion of the lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints. The physician plans to prescribe a new medication but first orders a tuberculin skin test to assess for the risk of latent tuberculosis reactivation. Inhibition of which of the following is the most likely primary mechanism of action of this drug??
{'A': 'Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase', 'B': 'TNF-α', 'C': 'NF-κB', 'D': 'Calcineurin', 'E': 'mTOR kinase'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Schizophreniform disorder | Q:A 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of bizarre and agitated behavior for the last 6 weeks. He thinks that the NSA is spying on him and controlling his mind. His wife reports that the patient has become withdrawn and at times depressed for the past 3 months. He lost his job because he stopped going to work 4 weeks ago. Since then, he has been working on an invention that will block people from being able to control his mind. Physical and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities. On mental status examination, he is confused and suspicious with marked psychomotor agitation. His speech is disorganized and his affect is labile. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Delusional disorder', 'B': 'Schizophreniform disorder', 'C': 'Schizophrenia', 'D': 'Brief psychotic disorder', 'E': 'Schizotypal personality disorder'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: A low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta-agonist | Q:A 28-year-old man presents to his primary care provider because of shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing. He reports that in high school, he occasionally had shortness of breath and would wheeze after running. His symptoms have progressively worsened over the past 6 months and are now occurring daily. He also finds himself being woken up from sleep by his wheeze approximately 3 times a week. His medical history is unremarkable. He denies tobacco use or excessive alcohol consumption. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure is 121/82 mm Hg, and heart rate is 82/min. Physical examination is remarkable for expiratory wheezing bilaterally. Spirometry shows an FEV1 of 73% of predicted, which improves by 19% with albuterol. In addition to a short-acting beta-agonist as needed, which of the following is the most appropriate therapy for this patient??
{'A': 'A low-dose inhaled corticosteroid alone', 'B': 'A long-acting beta-agonist alone', 'C': 'A low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta-agonist', 'D': 'A medium-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta-agonist', 'E': 'A high-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta-agonist'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Granulomatous inflammation | Q:A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a dry cough and worsening shortness of breath with exertion for the past 6 months. She used to go running three times each week but had to stop because of decreased exercise tolerance and pain in the bilateral ankles. Two months ago, she was in Nigeria for several weeks to visit her family. She is allergic to cats and pollen. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 17 years. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows multiple 1.5- to 2-cm, nontender lymph nodes in the axillae. A few crackles are heard on auscultation of the chest. Her serum calcium concentration is 11.7 mg/dL. An x-ray of the chest shows enlarged hilar lymph nodes bilaterally and reticular opacities in both lungs. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings??
{'A': 'Necrotizing inflammation', 'B': 'Granulomatous inflammation', 'C': 'Neoplastic transformation', 'D': 'Viral infection', 'E': 'Air trapping'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Intravenous antibiotics and debridement of surgical wound | Q:A 78-year-old male presents to the emergency department after passing out. His wife reports that she and the patient were walking their dog when he suddenly lost consciousness. On physical exam, he has a loud crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur and is subsequently diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis. The patient undergoes open aortic valve replacement and has an uncomplicated postoperative course. His sternal wound drain is pulled for low output on post-operative day three. On post-operative day five, the patient complains of pain during deep inspiration and retrosternal chest pain. His temperature is 101.7°F (38.7°C), blood pressure is 125/81 mmHg, pulse is 104/min, and respirations are 18/min. On physical exam, the patient is tender to palpation around his sternal wound, and there is erythema around the incision without dehiscence. His chest radiograph shows a widened mediastinum with a small pleural effusion on the left. CT angiography shows stranding in the subcutaneous tissue and a fluid collection below the sternum.
Which of the following is the best next step in management??
{'A': 'Placement of a left-sided chest tube', 'B': 'Surgical repair of esophageal perforation', 'C': 'Surgical repair of aortic injury', 'D': 'Intravenous antibiotics and observation', 'E': 'Intravenous antibiotics and debridement of surgical wound'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Hydronephrosis | Q:A 66-year-old G3P3 presents with an 8-year-history of back pain, perineal discomfort, difficulty urinating, recurrent malaise, and low-grade fevers. These symptoms have recurred regularly for the past 5–6 years. She also says that there are times when she experiences a feeling of having a foreign body in her vagina. With the onset of symptoms, she was evaluated by a physician who prescribed her medications after a thorough examination and recommended a vaginal pessary, but she was non-compliant. She had 3 vaginal deliveries She has been menopausal since 51 years of age. She does not have a history of malignancies or cardiovascular disease. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus that is controlled with diet and metformin. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 110/60 mm Hg, heart rate 91/min, respiratory rate 13/min, and temperature 37.4℃ (99.3℉). On physical examination, there is bilateral costovertebral angle tenderness. The urinary bladder is non-palpable. The gynecologic examination reveals descent of the cervix to the level of the introitus. A Valsalva maneuver elicits uterine procidentia. Which pathology is most likely to be revealed by imaging in this patient??
{'A': 'Renal tumor', 'B': 'Hydronephrosis', 'C': 'Urinary bladder polyp', 'D': 'Renal calculi', 'E': 'Renal cyst'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Decreased renal perfusion | Q:A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of diarrhea and vomiting for the last 2 days. During this period, he has had about 12 watery, non-bloody bowel movements and has vomited three times. He came back from a trip to India 3 days ago, where he and his family were visiting relatives. He has not been able to eat anything since the symptoms started. The patient has not urinated since yesterday. He appears pale. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 106/min, and blood pressure is 96/60 mm Hg. Examination shows dry mucous membranes. The abdomen is soft with no organomegaly. Bowel sounds are hyperactive. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 13 g/dL
Serum
Na+ 148 mEq/L
Cl- 103 mEq/L
K+ 3.7 mEq/L
HCO3- 19 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 80 mg/dL
Glucose 90 mg/dL
Creatinine 2 mg/dL
Intravenous fluid resuscitation is begun. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's abnormal renal laboratory findings?"?
{'A': 'Decreased renal perfusion', 'B': 'Renal artery stenosis', 'C': 'IgA complex deposition', 'D': 'Glomerulonephritis', 'E': 'Urinary tract obstruction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Dengue virus | Q:A previously healthy 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-day history of fever, joint and body pain, diffuse headache, and pain behind the eyes. This morning he noticed that his gums bled when he brushed his teeth. He returned from a backpacking trip to the Philippines 4 days ago. His temperature is 39.4°C (103.0°F). Physical examination shows a diffuse maculopapular rash. His leukocyte count is 3,200/mm3 and platelet count is 89,000/mm3. Further evaluation shows increased serum levels of a flavivirus. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen??
{'A': 'Chikungunya virus', 'B': 'Ebola virus', 'C': 'Hanta virus', 'D': 'Lassa virus', 'E': 'Dengue virus'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Recall bias | Q:You are reviewing the protocol for a retrospective case-control study investigating risk factors for mesothelioma among retired factory workers. 100 cases of mesothelioma and 100 age and sex matched controls are to be recruited and interviewed about their exposure to industrial grade fiberglass by blinded interviewers. The investigators' primary hypothesis is that cases of mesothelioma will be more likely to have been exposed to industrial grade fiberglass. The design of this study is most concerning for which type of bias??
{'A': 'Interviewer bias', 'B': 'Recall bias', 'C': 'Observer bias', 'D': 'Lead-time bias', 'E': 'This study design is free of potential bias'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Sheets of normal hepatocytes without portal tracts or central veins | Q:A 40-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of abdominal pain. The patient reports a dull pain that has been present for 4 weeks now. The patient states that the pain is located to his right upper quadrant and does not change with eating. The patient denies any alcohol or illicit substance use, stating that he is meticulous about eating healthy since he is a professional bodybuilder. The patient reports no history of malignancy. On exam, the patient's temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 130/86 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient has an athletic build, and his exam is unremarkable for any palpable mass or abdominal tenderness. On further questioning, the patient does endorse a 5-year history of using anabolic steroids for bodybuilding. Imaging demonstrates an enhancing liver nodule. Which of the following is the most likely histopathologic finding of this patient’s disease??
{'A': 'Columnar cells with acinar structures', 'B': 'Hemorrhagic nests with atypical endothelial cells', 'C': 'Hypervascular lesion lined by normal endothelial cells', 'D': 'Multifocal tumor with multiple layers of hepatocytes with hemorrhage and necrosis', 'E': 'Sheets of normal hepatocytes without portal tracts or central veins'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Increased serum hematocrit | Q:A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of worsening shortness of breath and cough productive of frothy, whitish sputum. One year ago, he had a similar episode lasting 6 months. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years. Physical examination shows bluish discoloration of the tongue and lips. Scattered expiratory wheezing and rhonchi are heard throughout both lung fields. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings??
{'A': 'Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure', 'B': 'Normal FEV1', 'C': 'Increased FEV1/FVC ratio', 'D': 'Increased serum hematocrit', 'E': 'Increased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: pH: increased, HCO3- : decreased, Pco2: decreased | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after she was found agitated and screaming for help in the middle of the street. She says she also has dizziness and tingling in the lips and hands. Her past medical history is relevant for general anxiety disorder, managed medically with paroxetine. At admission, her pulse is 125/min, respiratory rate is 25/min, and body temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°C). Physical examination is unremarkable. An arterial blood gas sample is taken. Which of the following results would you most likely expect to see in this patient??
{'A': 'pH: increased, HCO3- : decreased, Pco2: decreased', 'B': 'pH: decreased, HCO3- : decreased, Pco2: decreased', 'C': 'pH: decreased, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased', 'D': 'pH: increased, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased', 'E': 'pH: normal, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Streptococcus viridans | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents to a medical office with complaints of fatigue, weight loss, and low-grade fever for 1 week. She noticed bleeding spots on her feet this morning. The past medical history is significant for a recent dental appointment. She is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol. She does not currently take any medications. On examination, the vital signs include temperature 37.8°C (100.0°F), blood pressure 138/90 mm Hg, respirations 21/min, and pulse 87/min. Cardiac auscultation reveals a pansystolic murmur in the mitral area with radiation to the right axilla. Laboratory studies show hemoglobin levels of 17.2 g/dL, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 25 mm/h, and a white blood cell (WBC) count of 12,000 cells/mm3. An echocardiogram (ECG) reveals valvular vegetations on the mitral valve with mild regurgitation. Blood samples are sent for bacterial culture. Empiric antibiotic therapy is initiated with ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The blood cultures most likely will yield the growth of which of the following organisms??
{'A': 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'B': 'Actinomyces israelii', 'C': 'Streptococcus viridans', 'D': 'Group B Streptococcus', 'E': 'Coxiella burnetii'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Loop electrosurgical excision procedure | Q:A 38-year-old G2P2 presents to her gynecologist to discuss the results of her diagnostic tests. She has no current complaints or concurrent diseases. She underwent a tubal ligation after her last pregnancy. Her last Pap smear showed a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and a reflex HPV test was positive. Colposcopic examination reveals areas of thin acetowhite epithelium with diffuse borders and fine punctation. The biopsy obtained from the suspicious areas shows CIN 1. Which of the following is an appropriate next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Cryoablation', 'B': 'Loop electrosurgical excision procedure', 'C': 'Cold-knife conization', 'D': 'Test for type 16 and 18 HPV', 'E': 'Repeat cytology and HPV co-testing in 6 months'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Schedule lobectomy | Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after having been diagnosed with stage II adenocarcinoma of the left lower lung lobe without evidence of distant metastases 1 week ago following an evaluation for a chronic cough. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 years. His current medications include metformin, sitagliptin, and enalapril. He is 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 65 kg (143 lb); BMI is 20.7 kg/m2. He appears lethargic. Vital signs are within normal limits. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. Examination shows inspiratory wheezing at the left lung base. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, and liver enzymes are within the reference range. Spirometry shows an FEV1 of 1.6 L. The diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is 66% of predicted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient??
{'A': 'Schedule lobectomy', 'B': 'Radiation therapy', 'C': 'Schedule a wedge resection', 'D': 'Administer cisplatin and etoposide', 'E': 'Administer cisplatin and vinorelbine'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Factor VII | Q:An otherwise healthy 23-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of mild persistent bleeding from the site of a tooth extraction. He has no prior history of medical procedures or surgeries and no history of easy bruising. He appears well. Vital signs are within normal limits. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 12.4 g/dL
Platelets 200,000/mm3
Serum
Prothrombin time 25 seconds
Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 35 seconds
Deficiency of which of the following coagulation factors is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?"?
{'A': 'Factor VII', 'B': 'Factor V', 'C': 'Factor II', 'D': 'Factor XIII', 'E': 'Factor X'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Anterior pillars of the fornix | Q:A 64-year-old man presents to his primary care clinic for a regular checkup. He reports feeling depressed since his wife left him 6 months prior and is unable to recall why she left him. He denies any sleep disturbance, change in his eating habits, guilt, or suicidal ideation. His past medical history is notable for hypertension, gout, and a myocardial infarction five years ago. He takes lisinopril, aspirin, metoprolol, and allopurinol. He has a 50 pack-year smoking history and was previously a heroin addict but has not used in over 20 years. He drinks at least 6 beers per day. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 155/95 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 18/min. He appears somewhat disheveled, inattentive, and smells of alcohol. During his prior visits, he has been well-groomed and attentive. When asked what year it is and who the president is, he confidently replies “1999” and “Jimmy Carter.” He says his son’s name is “Peter” when it is actually “Jake.” This patient likely has a lesion in which of the following brain regions??
{'A': 'Anterior pillars of the fornix', 'B': 'Arcuate fasciculus', 'C': 'Dorsal hippocampus', 'D': 'Parahippocampal gyrus', 'E': 'Posterior pillars of the fornix'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Cranial nerve palsy | Q:A 21-year-old man comes to the physician's office due to a 3-week history of fatigue and a rash, along with the recent development of joint pain that has moved from his knee to his elbows. The patient reports going camping last month but denies having been bitten by a tick. His past medical history is significant for asthma treated with an albuterol inhaler. His pulse is 54/min and blood pressure is 110/72. Physical examination reveals multiple circular red rings with central clearings on the right arm and chest. There is a normal range of motion in all joints and 5/5 strength bilaterally in the upper and lower extremities. Without proper treatment, the patient is at highest risk for which of the following complications??
{'A': 'Cranial nerve palsy', 'B': 'Glomerular damage', 'C': 'Heart valve stenosis', 'D': 'Bone marrow failure', 'E': 'Liver capsule inflammation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Aortic dissection | Q:A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department with severe chest pain and uneasiness. He says that symptoms onset acutely half an hour ago while he was watching television. He describes the pain as being 8/10 in intensity, sharp in character, localized to the center of the chest and retrosternal, and radiating to the back and shoulders. The patient denies any associated change in the pain with breathing or body position. He says he has associated nausea but denies any vomiting. He denies any recent history of fever, chills, or chronic cough. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus for which he takes lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, simvastatin, and metformin. He reports a 30-pack-year smoking history and has 1–2 alcoholic drinks during the weekend. Family history is significant for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and an ST elevation myocardial infarction in his father and paternal uncle. His blood pressure is 220/110 mm Hg in the right arm and 180/100 mm Hg in the left arm. On physical examination, the patient is diaphoretic. Cardiac exam reveals a grade 2/6 diastolic decrescendo murmur loudest over the left sternal border. Remainder of the physical examination is normal. The chest radiograph shows a widened mediastinum. The electrocardiogram (ECG) reveals non-specific ST segment and T wave changes. Intravenous morphine and beta-blockers are started. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient??
{'A': 'Aortic dissection', 'B': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'C': 'Acute myocardial infarction', 'D': 'Myocarditis', 'E': 'Aortic regurgitation'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: 975 | Q:A study on cholesterol levels is performed. There are 1000 participants. It is determined that in this population, the mean LDL is 200 mg/dL with a standard deviation of 50 mg/dL. If the population has a normal distribution, how many people have a cholesterol less than 300 mg/dL??
{'A': '680', 'B': '840', 'C': '950', 'D': '975', 'E': '997'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: Defective lysosomal trafficking regulator gene | Q:A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for evaluation of recurrent infections and easy bruising. He has been hospitalized 3 times for severe skin and respiratory infections, which responded to treatment with antibiotics. Examination shows sparse silvery hair. The skin is hypopigmented and there are diffuse petechiae. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 8 g/dL, leukocyte count of 3000/mm3, and platelet count of 45,000/mm3. A peripheral blood smear shows giant cytoplasmic granules in granulocytes and platelets. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms??
{'A': 'Defective CD40 ligand', 'B': 'Defective tyrosine kinase gene', 'C': 'WAS gene mutation', 'D': 'Defective NADPH oxidase', 'E': 'Defective lysosomal trafficking regulator gene'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Neisseria meningitidis | Q:To protect against a potentially deadly infection, a 19-year-old female receives a vaccine containing capsular polysaccharide. This vaccine will stimulate her immune system to produce antibodies against which organism??
{'A': 'Measles', 'B': 'Smallpox', 'C': 'Neisseria meningitidis', 'D': 'Corynebacterium diphtheriae', 'E': 'Clostridium tetani'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Sickle cell disease | Q:A 6-year-old African American boy presents with fever, jaundice, normochromic normocytic anemia and generalized bone pain. He has a history of similar recurrent bone pain in the past which was partially relieved by analgesics. His vital signs include: blood pressure 120/70 mm Hg, pulse 105/min, respiratory rate 40/min, temperature 37.7℃ (99.9℉), and oxygen saturation 98% in room air. On physical examination, the patient is in severe distress due to pain. He is pale, icteric and dehydrated. His abdomen is full, tense and some degree of guarding is present. Musculoskeletal examination reveals diffuse tenderness of the legs and arms. A complete blood count reveals the following:
Hb 6.5g/dL
Hct 18%
MCV 82.3 fL
Platelet 465,000/µL
WBC 9800/µL
Reticulocyte 7%
Total bilirubin 84 g/dL
A peripheral blood smear shows target cells, elongated cells, and erythrocytes with nuclear remnants. Results from Hb electrophoresis are shown in the exhibit (see image). Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Sickle cell trait', 'B': 'Sickle cell disease', 'C': 'Von-Gierke’s disease', 'D': 'G6PD deficiency', 'E': 'HbC'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Decreased by 93.75% | Q:A 69-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with substernal, crushing chest pain. She is emergently moved to the cardiac catheterization lab where she undergoes cardiac angiography. Angiography reveals that the diameter of her left anterior descending artery (LAD) is 50% of normal. If her blood pressure, LAD length, and blood viscosity have not changed, which of the following represents the most likely change in LAD flow from baseline??
{'A': 'Increased by 6.25%', 'B': 'Increased by 25%', 'C': 'Decreased by 93.75%', 'D': 'Decreased by 87.5%', 'E': 'Decreased by 25%'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Inhibition of prostacyclin production | Q:A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of generalized fatigue and malaise for 2 months. He has been unable to engage in his daily activities. Three months ago, he was treated for a urinary tract infection with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. He has hypertension, asthma, and chronic lower back pain. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide, an albuterol inhaler, naproxen, and an aspirin-caffeine combination. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows conjunctival pallor. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 9.1 g/dL
Leukocyte count 8,900/mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 13 mm/h
Serum
Na+ 136 mEq/L
K+ 4.8 mEq/L
Cl- 102 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 41 mg/dL
Glucose 70 mg/dL
Creatinine 2.4 mg/dL
Calcium 9.8 mg/dL
Urine
Protein 1+
Blood 1+
RBCs none
WBCs 8–9/hpf
Bacteria none
Urine cultures are negative. Ultrasound shows shrunken kidneys with irregular contours and papillary calcifications. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's renal failure?"?
{'A': 'Inhibition of prostacyclin production', 'B': 'Excess amount of light chain production', 'C': 'Precipitation of drugs within the renal tubules', 'D': 'MUC1 gene mutation', 'E': 'Hypersensitivity reaction'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| B: Decreased FEV1: FVC and increased total lung capacity | Q:A 60-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a 3-month history of shortness of breath that worsens on exertion. She also complains of chronic cough that has lasted for 10 years. Her symptoms are worsened even with light activities like climbing up a flight of stairs. She denies any weight loss, lightheadedness, or fever. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, for which she takes amlodipine daily. She has a 70-pack-year history of cigarette smoking and drinks 3–4 alcoholic beverages per week. Her blood pressure today is 128/84 mm Hg. A chest X-ray shows flattening of the diaphragm bilaterally. Physical examination is notable for coarse wheezing bilaterally. Which of the following is likely to be seen with pulmonary function testing??
{'A': 'Increased FEV1: FVC and decreased total lung capacity', 'B': 'Decreased FEV1: FVC and increased total lung capacity', 'C': 'Increased FEV1: FVC and normal total lung capacity', 'D': 'Decreased FEV1: FVC and decreased total lung capacity', 'E': 'Normal FEV1: FVC and decreased total lung capacity'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: 5-alpha reductase inhibition | Q:A 54-year-old male presents to clinic complaining that he is not sleeping well because he has to get up from bed to urinate multiple times throughout the night. He says that he strains to void, has terminal dribbling, and has urinary urgency. Past medical history is significant for orthostatic hypotension. On digital rectal exam, you note symmetric firm enlargement of the prostate. Free Prostate-Specific-Antigen (PSA) level is 4.6 ng/mL. Before you finish your physical exam, the patient asks if there is anything you can do for his male-pattern baldness. What is the mechanism of action of the drug that would pharmacologically treat this patient’s urinary issues and his male-pattern baldness??
{'A': 'Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition', 'B': 'Alpha-1 blockade', 'C': 'Squalene epoxidase inhibition', 'D': '5-alpha reductase inhibition', 'E': '17,20-desmolase inhibition'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Continuous loop recorder | Q:A 75-year-old man presents to the emergency department after an episode of syncope while walking outside with his wife. His wife states that he suddenly appeared pale and collapsed to the ground. She says he remained unconscious for 1 minute. He says noticed a fluttering in his chest and excessive sweating before the episode. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension, and chronic stable angina. He has not started any new medications in the past few months. Vital signs reveal: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 135/72 mm Hg, and pulse 72/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. ECG shows an old bifascicular block. Echocardiogram and 24-hour Holter monitoring are normal. Which of the following is the best next step in the evaluation of this patient’s condition??
{'A': 'Electroencephalography (EEG)', 'B': 'Tilt-table test', 'C': 'Continuous loop recorder', 'D': 'Valsalva maneuver', 'E': 'Cardiac enzymes'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Acute kidney injury | Q:Two days after undergoing emergency cardiac catherization for myocardial infarction, a 68-year-old woman has pain in her toes. During the intervention, she was found to have an occluded left anterior descending artery and 3 stents were placed. She has hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and coronary artery disease. Prior to admission, her medications were metoprolol, enalapril, atorvastatin, and aspirin. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 93/min, and blood pressure is 115/78 mm Hg. Examination shows discoloration of the toes of both feet. A photograph of the right foot is shown. The lesions are cool and tender to palpation. The rest of the skin on the feet is warm; femoral and pedal pulses are palpable bilaterally. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following conditions??
{'A': 'Acute kidney injury', 'B': 'Lipodermatosclerosis', 'C': 'Basophilia', 'D': 'Permanent flexion contracture', 'E': 'Migratory thrombophlebitis'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: 400 / (400+50) | Q:A novel PET radiotracer is being evaluated for its ability to aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The study decides to use a sample size of 1,000 patients, and half of the patients enrolled have AD. In the group of patients with AD, 400 are found positive on the novel type of PET imaging examination. In the control group, 50 are found positive. What is the PPV of this novel exam??
{'A': '400 / (400+100)', 'B': '450 / (450 + 50)', 'C': '400 / (400+50)', 'D': '400 / (400 + 150)', 'E': '450 / (450 + 100)'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Synthesis requires vitamin B2 and B6 | Q:A 17-year-old girl is brought in by her mother due to rapid weight loss over the past month. The patient says she has been having episodes of diarrhea, which she attributes to laxatives she takes regularly to keep her weight down. She also says she has not had her period yet. The patient’s mother adds that the patient has been underperforming at school and acting very strangely at home. Her current BMI is 16.8 kg/m2. On physical examination, the skin on her limbs and around her neck is inflamed and erythematous. Her tongue is bright red and smooth. She states that over the last 2 weeks, she has been eating nothing but small portions of fruit. She is diagnosed with a vitamin deficiency. Which of the following statements is true about the vitamin most likely deficient in this patient??
{'A': 'It is derived from tyrosine', 'B': 'Synthesis requires vitamin B1 and B6', 'C': 'It is used to treat hypertension', 'D': 'Synthesis requires vitamin B2 and B6', 'E': 'It increases the GI absorption of iron'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| C: Cardiac output: ↓, systemic vascular resistance: ↑, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↓ | Q:A 57-year-old man is admitted to the burn unit after he was brought to the emergency room following an accidental fire in his house. His past medical history is unknown due to his current clinical condition. Currently, his blood pressure is 75/40 mmHg, pulse rate is 140/min, and respiratory rate is 17/min. The patient is subsequently intubated and started on aggressive fluid resuscitation. A Swan-Ganz catheter is inserted to clarify his volume status. Which of the following hemodynamic parameters would you expect to see in this patient??
{'A': 'Cardiac output: ↓, systemic vascular resistance: ↔, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↔', 'B': 'Cardiac output: ↑, systemic vascular resistance: ↑, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↔', 'C': 'Cardiac output: ↓, systemic vascular resistance: ↑, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↓', 'D': 'Cardiac output: ↑, systemic vascular resistance: ↓, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↔', 'E': 'Cardiac output: ↔, systemic vascular resistance: ↔, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↔'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Probe A: -6 mm Hg; Probe B: 0 mm Hg | Q:A 35-year-old woman volunteers for a study on respiratory physiology. Pressure probes A and B are placed as follows:
Probe A: between the parietal and visceral pleura
Probe B: within the cavity of an alveoli
The probes provide a pressure reading relative to atmospheric pressure. To obtain a baseline reading, she is asked to sit comfortably and breathe normally. Which of the following sets of values will most likely be seen at the end of inspiration??
{'A': 'Probe A: 0 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg', 'B': 'Probe A: -4 mm Hg; Probe B: 0 mm Hg', 'C': 'Probe A: -4 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg', 'D': 'Probe A: -6 mm Hg; Probe B: 0 mm Hg', 'E': 'Probe A: -6 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| D: Testicular torsion | Q:A 16-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 2-hour history of sudden-onset abdominal pain. He was playing football when his symptoms started. The patient’s past medical history is notable only for asthma. Social history is notable for unprotected sex with 4 women in the past month. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 120/88 mmHg, pulse is 117/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is noted for a non-tender abdomen. Testicular exam reveals a right testicle which is elevated with a horizontal lie and the scrotum is neither swollen nor discolored. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
{'A': 'Appendicitis', 'B': 'Epididymitis', 'C': 'Seminoma', 'D': 'Testicular torsion', 'E': 'Traumatic urethral injury'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| A: Pain control and rest | Q:Please refer to the summary above to answer this question
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"
"Patient Information
Age: 23 years
Gender: F, self-identified
Ethnicity: unspecified
Site of Care: office
History
Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: “I can't run anymore because my knee hurts.”
History of Present Illness:
2-day history of right knee pain
pain is localized “somewhere under the kneecap”
pain is achy; rated 5/10; increases to 8/10 with prolonged sitting
reports an occasional “popping” sound and sensation when she rises from a seated position
no history of trauma to the knee
Past Medical History:
right clavicular fracture 2 years ago, treated with a shoulder sling
Medications:
multivitamin
Allergies:
no known drug allergies
Psychosocial History:
does not smoke
drinks up to three glasses of wine weekly
Physical Examination
Temp Pulse Resp BP O2 Sat Ht Wt BMI
37°C
(98.6°F)
65/min 15/min 108/62 mm Hg –
173 cm
(5 ft 8 in)
54 kg
(119 lb)
18 kg/m2
Appearance: no acute distress
Pulmonary: clear to auscultation
Cardiac: regular rate and rhythm; normal S1 and S2; no murmurs, rubs, or gallops
Abdominal: thin; no tenderness, guarding, masses, bruits, or hepatosplenomegaly
Extremities: no joint erythema, edema, or warmth; dorsalis pedis, radial, and femoral pulses intact
Musculoskeletal: diffuse tenderness to palpation over the right anterior knee, worse with full extension of the knee; no associated effusion or erythema; full, symmetric strength of quadriceps, hip abductors, and hip external rotators; crepitus with knee range of motion; antalgic gait
Neurologic: alert and oriented; cranial nerves grossly intact; no focal neurologic deficits"?
{'A': 'Pain control and rest', 'B': 'Physical therapy', 'C': 'Arthroscopy of the knee', 'D': 'Synovial fluid analysis', 'E': 'Intraarticular steroid injection'}, |
### Instruction:
Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
| E: NADPH oxidase complex | Q:A 12-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for a 4-week history of fever, malaise, cough, and difficulty breathing. He has had recurrent episodes of gastroenteritis since birth. Cardiopulmonary examination shows subcostal retractions and crackles bilaterally. There is enlargement of the cervical, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes. An x-ray of the chest shows bilateral consolidations. A sputum culture shows colonies of Burkholderia cepacia. A blood sample is obtained and after the addition of nitroblue tetrazolium to the sample, neutrophils remain colorless. A defect in which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition??
{'A': 'B cell maturation', 'B': 'Microtubule polymerization', 'C': 'T cell CD40 ligand', 'D': 'Actin filament assembly', 'E': 'NADPH oxidase complex'}, |