Datasets:

Yusuf5

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OpenCaselistTMP

like 0

2NC

A2s

A2: Action T/O DA

Policy deliberation good—simulation of ocean policy impacts mobilizes effective public action

Marx et al 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, “Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information”, 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf)

Marx et al 7

UNCLOS CP

Neg

1NC Shell

US should join UNCLOS- Help bolster US econ, Heg and solve biodiversity

Council of foreign Relations 13 (June 19, 2013, The Council on Foreign Relations is an American nonprofit, nonpartisan membership organization, publisher, and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs, “The Global Oceans Regime”, http://www.cfr.org/oceans/global-oceans-regime/p21035#p1)

Council of foreign Relations 13

AC – v1

The PRI Advantage

COVID exacerbates these challenges – the formerly incarcerated will be the last to get their jobs back

Amang 6/25/20 (Akua, associate director for Criminal Justice Reform at American Progress, she works to advance progressive policy solutions that will ensure a more equitable justice system, while providing protections and opportunities for those who have been directly affected by the criminal justice system. Prior to joining American Progress, Amaning served as the legislative fellow for U.S. Rep. Mary Gay Scanlon (D-PA), where she worked on a number of legislative and policy matters under the member’s House Judiciary Committee portfolio. She also served as the Nancy Hale Social Policy Fellow at Third Way, a nonprofit think tank in Washington, D.C., where she worked in several issue areas, including immigration and policing reform. Amaning holds a Master of Law from American University’s Washington College of Law and a J.D. from Atlanta’s John Marshall Law School. She is also a proud alumna of the University of Miami, where she graduated with a B.A. in English literature, “Advancing Clean Slate: The Need for Automatic Record Clearance During the Coronavirus Pandemic,” pg online @ https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/criminal-justice/news/2020/06/25/486857/advancing-clean-slate-need-automatic-record-clearance-coronavirus-pandemic/ //um-ef)

Amang 6/25/20

NEG

Solvency

War

Arctic cooperation effective nuclear deterrence

-Decrease of nuclear attacks

EEZ LEASING NEG

Frontlines to Federalism

No Modeling – Nigeria

Plan won’t be modeled – Nigerian resentment

Campbell 10—US Ambassador to Nigeria. Former history prof (John, Examining the U.S.-Nigeria Relationship in a Time of Transition, 23 February 2010, http://allafrica.com/stories/201002240888.html?page=2)

Campbell 10

AC

The PRI Advantage

COVID exacerbates these challenges – the formerly incarcerated will be the last to get their jobs back

Amang 6/25/20 (Akua, associate director for Criminal Justice Reform at American Progress, she works to advance progressive policy solutions that will ensure a more equitable justice system, while providing protections and opportunities for those who have been directly affected by the criminal justice system. Prior to joining American Progress, Amaning served as the legislative fellow for U.S. Rep. Mary Gay Scanlon (D-PA), where she worked on a number of legislative and policy matters under the member’s House Judiciary Committee portfolio. She also served as the Nancy Hale Social Policy Fellow at Third Way, a nonprofit think tank in Washington, D.C., where she worked in several issue areas, including immigration and policing reform. Amaning holds a Master of Law from American University’s Washington College of Law and a J.D. from Atlanta’s John Marshall Law School. She is also a proud alumna of the University of Miami, where she graduated with a B.A. in English literature, “Advancing Clean Slate: The Need for Automatic Record Clearance During the Coronavirus Pandemic,” pg online @ https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/criminal-justice/news/2020/06/25/486857/advancing-clean-slate-need-automatic-record-clearance-coronavirus-pandemic/ //um-ef)

Amang 6/25/20

Ocean Energy

Solves OTEC

OTEC market helps European trade balance – has huge potential

EOEA 2013 [European Ocean Energy Association, Ocean Energy Europe is the trade association for ocean renewables in Europe. It is based in Brussels and has nearly 80 members including some of the world’s leading utilities, engineering companies, device developers and research institutes. Their combined strength makes Ocean Energy Europe the largest and most powerful network of ocean energy professionals in Europe, “Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion”, Ocean Energy Europe, http://www.oceanenergy-europe.eu/index.php/en/association/about-the-association/articles-of-association] Li

EOEA 2013

AFF

Econ Adv

1AC—Economy

slow growth causes extinction

Eric Edelman & Hal Brands 17, Hal Brands is senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (CSBA) and Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). Eric Edelman is counselor at CSBA and the Hertog Distinguished Practitioner in Residence at SAIS., 6-21-2017, "America and the Geopolitics of Upheaval," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicyi.org/content/america-and-geopolitics-upheaval

Edelman & Brands 17

Case---Offense

Case

1NC - Disease

Disease causes extinction.

Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord ‘20 [Toby; reporter for the Guardian; 3-6-2020; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Tradeoff DA

FJG dismantles the social safety net and reifies the neoliberal view that social support must be earned by the lazy rabble.

Standing 18 (Guy Standing -- Fellow of the UK Academy of Social Sciences & Professorial Research Associate @ School of Oriental and African Studies @ University of London, “Guy Standing – Why a Job Guarantee is a bad joke for the precariat – and for freedom”, https://braveneweurope.com/guy-standing-why-a-job-guarantee-is-a-bad-joke-for-the-precariat-and-for-freedom, 12 September 2018, EmmieeM) – Recut by AT

Standing 18

RUSSIA ARCTIC DISAD & COUNTERPLAN

DA SECOND Negative Constructive

2NC – Link Ext.

US unilateral action in the arctic is perceived as a move to control resources

Stevens et al 12 – Stevens is a Senior Fellow at NYU/CIC and leads MGO’s Geopolitics of Scarcity Project, Hart is a doctoral candidate at University of Colorado, and Jones is a Senior Fellow and Director of the MGO at Brookings and New York University’s CIC (Andrew Hart, Bruce Jones and David Stevens, “Chill Out Why Cooperation is Balancing Conflict Among Major Powers in the New Arctic”, Brookings Institute, May 2012, http://www.cic.nyu.edu/mgo/docs/jones_arctic.pdf)

Stevens et al 12

Case

better track enemy weapons.

Evans 18 Hayley Evans is a Harvard Frank Knox and ASIL Fellow working at Rights and Security International. She graduated from Harvard Law School, where she was co‐president of the Harvard National Security and Law Association and Executive Editor for Online of the Harvard International Law Journal. Prior to law school, Hayley spent two years working for the Justice Department’s Antitrust Division., ; 4‐13‐2018; ”Too Early for a Ban: The U.S. and U.K. Positions on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems”; https://www.lawfareblog.com/too‐early‐ban‐us‐and‐uk‐positions‐lethal‐autonomous‐ weapons‐systems, Lawfare, accessed 12‐11‐2020

Evans 18

RUSSIA ARCTIC DISAD & COUNTERPLAN

CP SECOND Negative Constructive

2NC – CP Solves Conflict

Only cooperation with Russia solves – the Affs unilateral approach has no hope

Atland 3/25 (Dr. Kristian Åtland, Senior Research Fellow, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 3/25/14, “Russian-Western Relations in the Arctic: Perceptions, Policies, and Prospects,” http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/russian-western-relations-in-the-arctic-perceptions-policies-and-prospects_1280.html)

Atland 3/25 )

Court Politics DA

Stem Cell Impacts

!---Disease

New disease will cause extinction.

Ord 20 – (Toby Ord is a moral philosopher, Oxford University, Future of Life Institute. Ord has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the US National Intelligence Council, the UK Prime Minister’s Office, Cabinet Office, and Government Office for Science; “Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics”; The Guardian; D.A. April 18th 2020, [Published March 6th 2020]; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk) //LFS—JCM

Ord 20

Case

Turn: Legal compulsion is unjustified in a democratic government

Lever, Annabelle ‘10. “Compulsory Voting: A Critical Perspective.” British Journal of Political Science, vol. 40, no. 4, 2010, pp. 897–915. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40930591. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020. AK

Annabelle ‘10

AFF – MHC

Solvency

The precautionary principle demands a complete and preemptive ban – anything else creates insufficient moral stigma

Goose, 15 – (Stephen, Director of Human Rights Watch's Arms Division, “The Case for Banning Killer Robots” Viewpoints, Vol 58. No. 12., DOI:10.1145/2835963)//usc-br/

Goose, 15 – (Stephen, Director of Human Rights Watch's Arms Division, “The Case for Banning Killer Robots” Viewpoints, Vol 58. No. 12., DOI:10.1145/2835963)//usc-br/

1AC

1ac – MLATS

Data ADV – 1AC

Future biological risks cause extinction – BUT research solves.

Toby Ord 20. Philosopher and research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, and the author of The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity. 3-6-2020. “Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics.” https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk.

Ord 20

***Climate Advantage - CP #1

Aff Answers - Carbon Tax

Carbon Tax Empirically Fails-Australia’s Attempt Proves

Knox 13 [Robin, Heartland's Administrator of Foundation Support, The Heartland Institute, Australia May End Its Failed Carbon Tax, 9/12/13, http://heartland.org/policy-documents/leaflet-australia-may-end-its-failed-carbon-tax] MP

Knox 13

Uniqueness

Uniqueness – state of the economy

US economy improving – Consumer confidence US economy improving – consumer spending

Consumer spending rebounding

Reuters, July 16 2014 (“US economic recovery not yet complete, says Fed chairman” HYPERLINK "http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1555074/us-economic-recovery-not-yet-complete-says-fed-chairman%20accessed%20tm%207/16/14" http://www.scmp.com/business/economy/article/1555074/us-economic-recovery-not-yet-complete-says-fed-chairman accessed tm 7/16/14)

Reuters, July 16 2014

AFF – MHC

Solvency

The precautionary principle demands a complete and preemptive ban – anything else creates insufficient moral stigma

Goose, 15 – (Stephen, Director of Human Rights Watch's Arms Division, “The Case for Banning Killer Robots” Viewpoints, Vol 58. No. 12., DOI:10.1145/2835963)//usc-br/

Goose, 15 /

Impact

China econ

1nc scenario- econ

Renewable energy is key to china’s economy

LaMonica 10 [Martin, independent technology and business reporter writing for MIT Technology Review. 12/1/10, “Ernst & Young: China clear leader in renewable energy” http://www.cnet.com/news/ernst-young-china-clear-leader-in-renewable-energy/ //jweideman]

LaMonica 10

2NC/1NR

Trust

No Disease ! – EXT

7 – Litany of modern developments check

Ord 20 [Toby Ord, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,” 2020, Hachette Books, EA]

Ord 20

WR AC

Advantage 1: Space Debris

It cascades with catastrophic results including nuclear war, mass starvation, and economic destruction.

Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 [language modified]

Johnson 13

2AC

AT: DA---SPILLOVER

2AC---Turn

Bioterror causes extinction.

Ord 20, research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the UK Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Office. (Toby, 3-6-2020, "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk)

Ord 20

***Disease - CP #1

AFF Answers - NIH CP

Perm solves best --- focus on ocean policies and fund NIH

Lord and Turekian 09 [ Kristin and Vaughn, Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World at Brookings, focusing on public diplomacy, U.S. foreign policy, and international security., Brookings, The Science of Diplomacy, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2009/05/05-diplomacy-lord] Schloss

Lord and Turekian 09

Ex-Im Bank Agenda Politics Disad

1NC

Export Import Bank will pass, but only if GOP and Dems work together – Bi-part is key.

Fricke 7/1(Peter, Political analyst at The Daily Caller, 7/1/14, “Democrats Rally support for Export-Import Bank”, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2014/07/01/democrats-rally-support-for-export-import-bank/)//

Fricke 7/1(Peter, Political analyst at The Daily Caller, 7/1/14, “Democrats Rally support for Export-Import Bank”, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2014/07/01/democrats-rally-support-for-export-import-bank/)//

1nc vs Peninsula LL

1nc – framing

Simpson concludes neg – it’s still worth it to prevent extinction – this is the conclusion of HIS article

Simpson 16 – (Fergus Simpson, Mathematician at the University of Barcelona, “Apocalypse Now? Reviving the Doomsday Argument,” https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.03072)kb

Simpson 16

**LINKS

-Icebreakers

1NC

There is huge Congressional opposition to icebreakers – perceived as waste

Song 11 – reporter, Seattle Times Washington Bureau (Kyung, “2 parties' icebreaker plans on collision course,” 11/7/11, http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2016713336_icebreaker08m.html, SJF)

Song 11

1AC

Solvency---1AC

Fracking isn’t even economically beneficial---it’s not a profitable industry and wealth goes elsewhere- there is no reason to not ban

Marusic 21. Staff writer. "Appalachia’s fracking boom has done little for local economies: Study". EHN. 2-12-2021. https://www.ehn.org/fracking-economics-2650429410.html accessed 7-23-2021

Marusic 21

AT: Economy DA

AT: Economy Link---2AC

No link. Fracking isn’t economically beneficial---it’s not a profitable industry and wealth goes elsewhere.

Kristina Marusic 21. Staff writer. "Appalachia’s fracking boom has done little for local economies: Study". EHN. 2-12-2021. https://www.ehn.org/fracking-economics-2650429410.html accessed 7-23-2021

Marusic 21. Staff writer. "Appalachia’s fracking boom has done little for local economies: Study". EHN. 2-12-2021. https://www.ehn.org/fracking-economics-2650429410.html accessed 7-23-2021

Aff

AT: Economy Impact

Econ—Impact D

Aggregate data from the recession refutes all of their warrants

Daniel Drezner 14, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession,” World Politics 66, No 1 (January 2014), 123-64

Drezner 14

1nr – T- statutory exemptions, case

T

2NC---AT: 2AC [X] Overlimits just the consumer welfare

Aff

No Exports

No Exports---Demand

No international demand for US gas exports – indigenous production and lower cost producers

Shaun Goho, lecturer on law @ Harvard, 1-2-2013, “In U.S., the Lure of Export May Further Fuel Natural Gas Boom,” environment 360, http://e360.yale.edu/feature/in_us_the_lure_of_export_may_further_fuel_natural_gas_boom/2605/

Goho 2013

Case

Spark

2AC---Nuke War = Extinction T/L

agriculture

Brian Kahn 18, journalist covering climate change, senior reporter @ Earther, BA in Anthropology from Hampshire College, MA in Climate and Society from Columbia University, writing has appeared in the Wall Street Journal, Grist, the Daily Kos, Mashable, Quartz, Salon and Yale Climate Connections and been cited in the New York Times, Washington Post and Slate, “This Is What Nuclear War Would Mean for Life on Earth”, Earther by Gizmodo, Jan 9 2018, https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-is-what-nuclear-war-would-mean-for-life-on-earth-1821910459

Kahn 18

off

1nc---k

Capitalism causes environmental destruction and wars

Parr 13—Associate Professor of Philosophy and Environmental Studies at the University of Cincinnati [Adrian, THE WRATH OF CAPITAL: Neoliberalism and Climate Change Politics, p. 145-147]

Parr 13

Top Shelf

1NC/2AC - Short

Hegemony causes war, proliferation, and terrorism

Mearsheimer 2018 - R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of ChicagoJohn, The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, Yale University Press, p. 2-3

Mearsheimer 2018

Case

Intel-Gathering ADV

Bio Terror Impact---AT: Defense

Bioterrorism can cause extinction

Toby Ord 20, philosopher and research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute, and the author of The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, “Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics,” Guardian, 3-6-2020, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk

Ord 20

Case

Squo solves – Federal agency privacy safeguards sufficiently guard rights

Lord 15 – Reporter on the project team at the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, focused on data, privacy and security. (2015, Rich, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, “Recording license plates can help solve crimes. But what becomes of all that data?”, http://www.post-gazette.com/local/region/2015/04/05/license-plate-recognition-homeland-security-privacy-data/stories/201504030307 // SM)

Lord 15

Neg – Hybrid Statutes

Chevron DA

2NC – OV – Disease

Despite COVID-19, disease does cause extinction.

Ord 20 – (Toby Ord is a moral philosopher, Oxford University, Future of Life Institute. Ord has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the US National Intelligence Council, the UK Prime Minister’s Office, Cabinet Office, and Government Office for Science; “Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics”; The Guardian; D.A. April 18th 2020, [Published March 6th 2020]; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk) //LFS—JCM

Ord 20

CP

1NC – States CP

That solves Zika REALLY WELL

Healthychildren.org 16 – it’s quoting the CDC, but the website itself is a database written by pediatricians. (Healthychildren.org, “Aerial Spraying to Control the Spread of Zika: FAQs”, 7-19-16, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/all-around/Pages/Aerial-Spraying-to-Control-the-Spread-of-Zika.aspx)//mj

Healthychildren.org 16 –

1NC

Saudi Arabia is the 202nd largest recipient of US security aid – we sent them $10k last year – the aff does literally nothing – we send RUSSIA more security aid than them

SAM citing the US government – (Security Assistance Monitor, “Data”, Available Online at https://www.securityassistance.org/data/country/military/country/2012/2019/all/Gulf%20Cooperation%20Council%20States//, accessed 12-22-18, HKR-AM) *note this is about security aid, which includes more categories than military aid, so the real aff amount is probably smaller

SAM citing the US government

Lex Round 5 AC

UV:

Even if realism’s foundations are problematic, it’s theoretically useful for understanding IR – rejecting it d causes worse violence by greenlighting ethically untenable positions like the alt

Abraham 17 [Kavi Joseph, Johns Hopkins University. “Making Machines: Unlikely Resonances between Realist and Postcolonial Thought,” https://academic.oup.com/ips/article-abstract/11/3/221/3798787]

Abraham 17

Electricity Prices DA

**Impacts**

2NC Aluminum Industry Impact

Maintaining global competitiveness is critical to US heg – solves great power war and multiple flashpoints of conflict – also ensures multilateral cooperation – retrenchment collapses it all

Ikenberry et. al, 13 – John Ikenberry, Ph. D in Political Science from Chicago, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, Co-Director of Princeton’s Center for International Security Studies; William Wohlforth, Ph. D in Political Science from Yale, Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College; Stephen Brooks, Ph. D in Political Science from Yale, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, Senior Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University; “Don’t Come Home, America: The Case Against Retrenchment”, http://live.belfercenter.org/files/IS3703_Brooks%20Wohlforth%20Ikenberry.pdf

Ikenberry et. al, 13

LINKS

Energy Popular

Iowa

Energy policies in are popular with dems – environmental groups

Politico, 14 – (“All Policy is Local, presented by Choose Energy: Welcome to Energy and the Midterms — Primary day in West Virginia, Nebraska — Outside spending roundup — Top Senate and House races”, Politico, 5/13/14, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/all-policy-is-local-presented-by-choose-energy-welcome-to-energy-and-the-midterms-primary-day-in-west-virginia-nebraska-106617.html)//EX

Politico, 14

1NC v. Emory CR

2

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

1NC v. Emory CR

2

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

Capitalism Kritik vs. Gender Case

Impact

A2: Cap Good – Space Colonization

Space doesn’t prevent extinction – space only embraces a regressive mindset that stops reforms to prevent extinction level events

Jozef ’01 [Jozef Hand-Boniakowski, Ph.D, “THE STATE OF HUMANITY”, November, http://www.metaphoria.org/ac4t0111.html]

Jozef ’01 [Jozef Hand-Boniakowski, Ph.D, “THE STATE OF HUMANITY”, November, http://www.metaphoria.org/ac4t0111.html]

Next, Fetal Personhood:

The Cap K

1NC – AI (CCW)

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

NEG

Links

Link – Resource Extraction

Resource extraction turns nature into a collection of resources to be managed by technocratic elites

Luke 03 – Department of PoliSci @ Virginia Tech (Timothy W., 2003, “Eco-Managerialism: Environmental Studies as a Power/Knowledge Formation”, interview with Aurora Online Magazine, http://aurora.icaap.org/index.php/aurora/article/view/79/91)

Luke 03

2NC Essentials

2NC A2 FW

Reps precede policy on ‘the environment’

Luke 03 University Distinguished Professor of Political Science. Chair, Department of Political Science. Professor Luke's areas of research include environmental politics and cultural studies, as well as comparative politics, international political economy, and modern critical social and political theory, (Timothy, Aurora Online, http://aurora.icaap.org/index.php/aurora/article/view/79/91)//ED

Luke 03

AT CASE

A2 Solves minorities

Coercion DA

Lack of representation is not a result of low turnout.

Kouba and Mysicka 19 - Karel Kouba and Stanislav Mysicka[Karel Kouba is an assistant professor of political science at the University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. He graduated from Miami University (MA) and Palacký University in Olomouc (PhD). Stanislav Mysicka is an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science, philosophical faculty, University of Hradec Králové. He received his PhD from the Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.], 3-19, "," Sage, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244018817141

Kouba and Mysicka 19

Russia War Good

1NC – US First

The US would conduct a first strike on Russia in the event of war.

Zhao et al. ‘18 (Tong Zhao is fellow at Carnegie, PhD in Science, Technology, and International Affairs at Georgia Institute of Technology, MA in International Relations at Tsinghua University, “Reducing the Risks of Nuclear Entanglement”, https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/09/12/reducing-risks-of-nuclear-entanglement-pub-77236)(Shiv)

Zhao et al. ‘18 Reducing Risks of Nuclear Entanglement

Foucault Answers

General Foucault

Aff = Consistent

Their reading of Foucauldian philosophy is all wrong - the affirmative supports Foucault’s idea to deconstruct power systems instead of their radical critique.

Ferguson ’11

Ferguson ’11

***NEG***

2NC

2NC---Impact---Disease

Extinction---defense is wrong

Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028

Millett 17

1NC – Off

1NC – 1

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

The modern University is a house of mirrors, a banal and lifeless institution devoted to the endless circulation of representations, reflected with an objective indulgence and a perverse desire for illumination. Modern academia is grounded in the tyranny of transparency, a drive towards total omniscience as everything must be held to the light, studied, analyzed, brought under the aegis of meaning and reality. This is a profoundly violent and militaristic quest that has as its condition the eradication of all radical alterity, as the research we produce becomes grease for the wheels of capital, targets for the bomb, and the very means for cybernetic control by media technologies. Be wary of the injunction towards compulsory optimism and hope – this space is incapable of salvation. We must instead shatter the mirrors altogether.

Hoofd 17 (Ingrid, really bad academic, probably intentional. “Higher Education and Technological Acceleration: The Disintegration of University Teaching and Research. Chapter 1, Pages 28-33, 2017) // IES

Hoofd 17 (Ingrid, really bad academic, probably intentional. “Higher Education and Technological Acceleration: The Disintegration of University Teaching and Research. Chapter 1, Pages 28-33, 2017) // IES

OFF

2

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

Off

3

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

AFF Answers

AT: Tragedy of the Commons

A2: Neoliberalism K – 2AC

Rejection fails-it doesn’t promote further social change. Perm solves best because it uses neoliberal elements for AND it experiments with current structures for solutions

Ferguson, Stanford anthropology chair and professor, 2010

Ferguson, Stanford anthropology chair and professor, 2010

***Warming - Yes

Warming - Yes - Computer Models

Despite flaws climate change models are still accurate

Fahrenthold 10 (David, Washington Post Staff Writer,” Scientists' use of computer models to predict climate change is under attack” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/05/AR2010040503722.html)King

Fahrenthold 10

***Warming Bad

Warming Bad - Agriculture - Precipitation

Global warming will reduce snowfall- results in drought

Halter 2010 Reese, is a conservation biologist at California Lutheran University, public speaker and author of The Incomparable Honeybee Global Warming, drought, and the grim reaper October 18, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-reese-halter/global-warming-drought-an_b_766827.html grossman

Halter 2010

NC

Econ DA

Crisis causes world war 3 – there’s no buffer

08 recovery isn’t possible anymore

2

Capitalism causes climate change, global war, and racialized violence.

Robinson 15. William Robinson is a Professor of Sociology, Global and International Studies as well as the Latin American and Iberian Studies Program and the Global and International Studies Program at UC Santa Barbara. “Global Capitalism: Crisis of Humanity and the Specter of 21st Century Fascism” http://www.globalresearch.ca/global-capitalism-and-the-global-police-state-crisis-of-humanity-and-the-specter-of-21st-century-fascism/5444340 “///” indicates paragraphs NT 17

Robinson 15.

Negative

A2: Economy Advantage

Frontline

1) No impact to economic decline – prefer new data

Daniel Drezner 14, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164

Drezner 14

1AC

Adv 1: Disease

Bioterror leads to extinction---there’s motive AND means

Ord 20, research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the UK Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Office. (Toby, 3-6-2020, "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk)

Ord 20

1

Federal job guarantee will dismantle the welfare state while forcing workers into low-skill, minimum wage, menial labor – it is forced subordination that weakens worker power and allows for all dissenters to be labelled as ungrateful and therefore deserving poverty. The employment crisis caused by the inward collapse of capitalism not individual policies – FJG is a dehumanizing ruse of solvency that orients energy away from the real proletariat struggle

Standing 18 (Guy Standing -- Fellow of the UK Academy of Social Sciences & Professorial Research Associate @ School of Oriental and African Studies @ University of London, “Guy Standing – Why a Job Guarantee is a bad joke for the precariat – and for freedom”, https://braveneweurope.com/guy-standing-why-a-job-guarantee-is-a-bad-joke-for-the-precariat-and-for-freedom, 12 September 2018, EmmieeM)

Standing 18 )

1NC---Northwestern---Round 3

1

1NC---DA

Extinction.

Ord 20, research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the UK Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Office. (Toby, 3-6-2020, "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk)

Ord 20

1AC r4

Advantage 1 – Automation

Income inequality causes economic decline and political instability.

Harkinson 11 (Josh Harkinson. Born in Texas and based in San Francisco, Josh covers tech, labor, drug policy, and the environment. “Study: Income Inequality Kills Economic Growth”. 10-4-2011. Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/study-income-inequality-kills-economic-growth/) //TruLe

Harkinson 11 //TruLe

biodiversity advantage

reserves key

Marine reserves solve biodiversity

Sala et. al. 13—Enric Sala, National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C., United States of America and Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes, Higher Council for Scientific Research, Blanes, Spain, 2013 (“A General Business Model for Marine Reserves,” Plos One, April 3rd, Available online at http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058799, Accessed 6/24/14)

Sala et. al. 13—

Offshore Ports Negative

Case Frontlines

Terrorism F/L – Ext. #4

And, terrorists will circumvent offshore ports via land borders.

Crady 6 [Kevin, Writer and contributor to The Libertarian Enterprise, “ Towards Real Security from Nuclear Terrorism,” Intelligent Universe, 5-1-2006, http://intelligentuniverse.blogspot.com/2006/05/towards-real-security-from-nuclear.html]

Crady 6

Case framing

[D]Evaluating consequences is good—creates meaningful discussion instead of hostile exchange

Bracey 06, Christopher A [Christopher Alan Bracey is an American law professor and former litigator. In 2017, he serves as a law professor at the George Washington University Law School and Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs at the George Washington University. He is a leading scholar on race, inequality, and the law.]. “The Cul De Sac of Race Preference Discourse.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, September 1, 2006. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2018352.~Anop

Bracey 06

Case

1NC—OFF

Multipolarity solves multiple scenarios for extinction—heg inevitably fails because of imperial overstretch

Sachs 16 Jeffrey Sachs (Professor of Sustainable Development and Professor of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University, is Director of Colombia’s Centre for Sustainable Development and of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network). “Learning to Love a Multipolar World.” Project Syndicate. December 29th, 2016. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/multipolar-world-faces-american-resistance-by-jeffrey-d-sachs-2016-12

Sachs 16

Neg

Links

Link – Epistemology

Political Concerns Trivialize Gender Enloe 04, Cynthia Enloe, Prof Women’s Studies Clark University, The Curious Feminist, 2004 pg. 74Thus we need to become more curious about the processes of trivialization. How exactly do regimes, opposition parties, judges, popular movements, and the press go about making any incident of violence against women appear trivial? The gendered violence can be explained as inevitable-that is, not worth the expenditure of political capital. Or it can be treated by the trivializers as numerically inconsequential, so rare that it would seem wasteful of scarce political will or state resources to try to prevent it. Third, trivialization can be accomplished by engaging in comparisons: how can one spend limited political attention on, say, domestic violence or forced prostitution when there are market forces like global competition, structural adjustment, or nuclear testing to deal with -- as if, that is, none of those had any relationship to the incidence of violence against women? Finally, trivialization may take the form of undermining the credibility of the messenger. As early as the 1800s, trivializers already were labeling women who spoke out publicly against violence against women as "loose," "prudish," or "disappointed" (it would be the trivializers' twentieth-century successors who would think to add "lesbian".

Enloe 04,

2AC

AT: DA---Fetal Personhood

AT: DA---Spillover---2AC

8. Bioterror causes extinction

Ord 20, research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the UK Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Office. (Toby, 3-6-2020, "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk)

Ord 20

Advantage 1 – Automation

Income inequality causes economic decline and political instability.

Harkinson 11 (Josh Harkinson. Born in Texas and based in San Francisco, Josh covers tech, labor, drug policy, and the environment. “Study: Income Inequality Kills Economic Growth”. 10-4-2011. Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/study-income-inequality-kills-economic-growth/) //TruLe

Harkinson 11 //TruLe

1NC

OFF

1NC

Disease causes extinction.

Ord ‘20 (Toby Ord is a moral philosopher, Oxford University, Future of Life Institute. Ord has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the US National Intelligence Council, the UK Prime Minister’s Office, Cabinet Office, and Government Office for Science; “Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics”; The Guardian; D.A. April 18th 2020, [Published March 6th 2020]; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk) //LFS—JCM

Ord ‘20

Case

Disad Answers

2AC Envt DA – Seepage Turn

Drilling reduces seepage – is net beneficial for the environment

Drew Thornley, policy analyst on energy, environmental, and natural resources, 2009, Energy and the Environment: Myths and Facts, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/energymyths/myth8.htm

Thornley 2009

1ac

1ac – entrapment

An embargo on maintenance, training and support for aircraft gets EU buy-in and Saudi Arabia can’t switch suppliers

Caverley, 18 - Jonathan Caverley is Associate Professor of Strategy in the Strategic & Operational Research Department of the Naval War College's Center for Naval Warfare Studies and a research scientist in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“Want to Punish Saudi Arabia? Cut Off Its Weapons Supply” New York Times, 10/12, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/opinion/saudi-arabia-arms-sales.html

Caverley, 18 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/opinion/saudi-arabia-arms-sales.html

1AC—Framing

Prioritize probability in decision calculus—risk calculus that focus on high-magnitude scenarios alone collapses in on itself.

Kessler 8 (Oliver; April 2008; PhD in IR, professor of sociology at the University of Bielefeld, and professor of history and theory of IR at the Faculty of Arts; Alternatives, Vol. 33, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” p. 211-232)

Kessler 8

OCS Cards

Extinction

Hirsch, 06 (Jorge Hirsch (San Diego Union Tribune) January 3, 2006 “America’s nuclear ticking bomb” http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060103/news_mz1e3hirsch.html)

Hirsch, 06

Saltwater 1AC

Our reading is a critical discourse and a surpassing of the invisible silence that shields the stories of oppression from being told. Talking about race is crucial, and the only option—the alternative is silence, which only perpetuates and reinforces current race relations. This is not a recreation of the dominant narrative: speaking for others is that. This is a recognition of the privilege we have and the need for start of a discussion that must be had. Whiteness is protected by silence. Privilege will exist inevitably if privileged people do not speak and if they leave the activism to the oppressed.

Crenshaw 97 (Carrie Crenshaw (1997) Resisting whiteness' rhetorical silence, Western Journal of Communication, 61:3, 253-278)

Crenshaw 97

Unfunded Mandates CP

Solvency

AT: Can’t Fund

State governments can borrow

IBD ’97 (Investors Business Daily 1/6/1997 p. lexis

IBD ’97

1ac

Mining---1AC

Debris cascades cause global nuke war

Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 [language modified]

Johnson 13

Case Answers

Oceans Answers

--- AT: Trawliwng

Global agreement already banned trawling in a quarter of the ocean.

Mongabay, 5/7/2007. “Deal to end destructive bottom trawling reached,” http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0507-trawling.html.

Mongabay 2007

Anthropocentrism Kritik

Speciesism Impacts– turns cap

Key to solve capitalism.

Best ’07, Associate Professor, Departments of Humanities and Philosophy University of Texas, El Paso [Steven, Charles Patterson, The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust New York: Lantern Books, 2002, 280 pp]

Best ’07, Associate Professor, Departments of Humanities and Philosophy University of Texas, El Paso

1AC

1AC – Innovation

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

Nuclear Modernization

Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would cause to atmospheric precipitation – results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

1AC

1AC – Innovation

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

Aff – China DA

Politics

2AC Link Turn—US Offshore Wind Boosts Cooperation

US offshore wind is uniquely situated to boost cooperation.

Hopkins 12 – Partner @ Duane Morris LLP w/ with a concentration on transportation, products liability and commercial litigation [Robert B. Hopkins, Duane Morris LLP, “Offshore Wind Farms in US Waters Would Generate Both US and Foreign Maritime Jobs,” Renewable Energy World, July 12, 2012, pg. http://tinyurl.com/9sbj8k6

Hopkins 12 – Partner @ Duane Morris LLP w/ with a concentration on transportation, products liability and commercial litigation [Robert B. Hopkins, Duane Morris LLP, “Offshore Wind Farms in US Waters Would Generate Both US and Foreign Maritime Jobs,” Renewable Energy World, July 12, 2012, pg. http://tinyurl.com/9sbj8k6

1NR

DA

1NR---CJR Inev.

3. Police reform debates will be massively divisive in Congress

Carney 6/3/20 Jordain Carmey is a reporter for the Hill, Calls for police reform sparks divisions in Congress, https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/500809-calls-for-police-reform-sparks-divisions-in-congress

Carney 6/3

Round 6 1nc

Escalation

Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would cause to atmospheric precipitation – results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

AC – Policy

AC – Advantage

Debris cascades cause global nuke war

Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 [language modified]

Johnson 13

1AC

1AC – Innovation

New pandemics cause extinction

Ord 20, [edited extract from The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord, published by Bloomsbury, Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics, March 6, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk]

Ord 20

1NC

2

This state of nature is brutish and has no conception of morality because we don’t have any unified truth to guide us, and thus outweighs on magnitude. The solution is the creation of the sovereign to mediate what is true and enforce the law; they are the ultimate ruler and arbitrator. It must eliminate all conflicts to bring peace to our violent natures. Thus, the standard is consistency with the will of the sovereign. Prefer it: [1] Bindingness: Only the sovereign can get everyone to follow their rule and enforce the law, it creates motivations for any moral rules we create. Otherwise, the framework collapses and truth becomes impossible. Impact calc: all theory, rotb, and procedurals is legitimate – just a quesiton of weighing

Solvency

Enforcement through IFAs is normal means – that solves credibility concerns and legal loopholes which encourages striking.

Neill 12 [Emily CM; “The Right to Strike: How the United States Reduces it to the Freedom to Strike and How International Framework Agreements can Redeem it,” 1/1/12; Labor & Employment Law Forum Volume 2 Issue 2 Article 6; https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1047&context=lelb]

Neill 12

1NC

1NC — Modelling

1NC — Turn — EU Alignment

ASEAN alignment with the EU is happening now and is key to being perceived as an honest broker, which is the only way to prevent US-China war

Bitas 3/16/22, former Associate Professor of Law at the Singapore Management University, where he taught Comparative Legal Systems, the Economic Analysis of Law, and Business Ethics and Social Responsibility. (Basil, 3/16/22, The EU answer to great power competition, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2022/03/16/the-eu-answer-to-great-power-competition/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-eu-answer-to-great-power-competition)

Bitas 3/16/22

Aquaculture Affirmative

2AC Blocks

2AC- T- “Ocean development”

Counter-interpretation- “ocean development” includes utilizing resources like fish

JIN ‘98 [Japan Institute of Navigation, http://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm]

JIN ‘98

Settler Colonialism K

Aff Answers

Ext – Settler Guilt

Their use of decolonization as Settlers themselves depoliticizes the term and resolves their guilt in order to continue colonization

Tuck & Yang 2012, Eve Tuck State University of New York at New Paltz K. Wayne Yang University of California, San Diego, “Decolonization is not a metaphor,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, http://decolonization.org/index.php/des/article/view/18630/15554, KEL

Tuck & Yang 2012,

Disad Answers

Law of the Sea Treaty Answers (2ac)

1ar: Deterrence Works

(--) Zero risk of Korean conflict

Rowland 10 (Ashley Rowland, Stars and Stripes, “Despite threats, war not likely in Korea, experts say,” http://www.stripes.com/news/despite-threats-war-not-likely-in-korea-experts-say-1.127344?localLinksEnabled=false, December 3, 2010)

Rowland 10 , December 3, 2010)

OCS AFF

ADV Economy – production

Econ ADV – OCS solves – Process

Initiation of project alone enhances economic activity

Hillegeist 13—President & COO @ Quest Offshore (Paul, “The Economic Benefits of Increasing U.S. Access to Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Resources in the Atlantic,” December, http://www.noia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/The-Economic-Benefits-of-Increasing-US-Access-to-Offshore-Oil-and-Natura....pdf)

Hillegeist 13