<jupyter_start><jupyter_text>Coal Characterization<jupyter_code>from IPython.display import set_matplotlib_formats as mpl_display_format, Image<jupyter_output><empty_output><jupyter_text>1. **void_fraction_coal** [FIX] = initial porosity of coal; use same number to compute density. Default value is 0.3, which is very high.     **Sources of data**:        •	“Thermal conductivity of U.S. coals,” <NAME> and <NAME>, Journal of Geophysical Research (1996), 101(Bll), pp 25,381-25,386, Table 1.          • Example: For Ill No 6, equilibrium moisture is between 11.5-12%; this agrees with Figure 4 in Thomas listing the Illinois coal as a High Volatile C rank. Given an inherent (equilibrium) moisture of 12%, the corresponding porosity of the coal is approximately 16%. (See figure below)      •	“Characteristics of Utah Coals in the University of Utah’s Coal Sample Bank” by Sommer, Bodily, & Whitney.           • Example: For Sufco coal, void_fraction=0.03.        •	“Petrographic and physical characteristics of Utah coal,” Hucka, Sommer & Tabet.          • Example: For upper Hiawatha seam (Sufco), void_fraction = 0.0284 (average of multiple samples).         •	“Internal surface area, moisture content, and porosity of Illinois coals: Variations with coal rank,” Thomas and Damberger.          • Example: Figure 11 (p. 25) shows the relationship between porosity and inherent moisture for Ill No. 6. (See figure below).<jupyter_code>Image (filename="IllNo6_porosity.png", width=700)<jupyter_output><empty_output><jupyter_text>2. **density** = apparent relative density (ARD) or coal mass per unit volume, including pores in coal; not bulk density or true relative density  ....          $ARD = TRD(1-void$_$fraction)$      From “Structure and Reactivity of Coal - A Survey of Selected Chinese Coals, Chapter 2 – Physical characteristics of coals”)        Example calculation for Ill No 6:      $ARD$ = 1.32 $g/cm^3$ * (1-0.16) = 1109 $kg/m^3$  (Harding)      $ARD$ = 1.45 $g/cm^3$ * (1-0.16) = 1218 $kg/m^3$  (Huang et al)        Example calculation for Sufco:      $ARD$ = 1.37 $g/cm^3$ * (1-0.03) = 1329 $kg/m^3$  (Herrin & Deming)        Values for TRD are given in the references below.        **Sources of data**:     •	“Density measurements of Argonne premium coal samples,” Huang et al., Energy & Fuels (1995), 9, 20-24.         •  Example: For Ill No 6, TRD = 1.4529 $g/cm^3$.     •	“Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples,” <NAME> (1982).          •  Example: For a medium-volatile bituminous coal, TRD = 1.35 $g/cm^3$.     •	“The characteristics of American coals in relation to their conversion into clean energy fuels,” Spackman et al., Quarterly Technical Progress Report, July-September 1977, FE-2030-9, Pennsylvania State University.         •  Example: for an HVC coal, water density = 1.327 $g/cm^3$ (C=79.0% on daf basis) and 1.359 $g/m^3$ (C=78.2% on daf basis).     •	<NAME> - “Using analyses from Riverview and Shay coals (Illinois basin coals) and calculating the percent carbon on a daf basis, I got %C values of 78.7% and 79.0%. Using the data from Table 1 (see below), TRD is 1.32 $g/cm^3$." Stan used He density because it penetrates into more pores than water.     •	For Sufco (from Upper Hiawatha Seam), Herrin & Deming list value of 1370 $kg/m^3$. Huang lists 1.31 & 1.405 $g/cm^3$ (Blind Canyon – high vol bit). Stanton lists 1.35 $g/cm^3$ (med vol bit). Spackman et al. list 1.319 $g/cm^3$ for HVC coal with 78.2% C on DAF basis, which is exactly the C content of Sufco.     •	“Porosity of coal and coal products,” <NAME> and <NAME>, Jr., DOE Report FE-2030-TR7, p. 12. (See table below).<jupyter_code>Image (filename="Porosity_of_coal.png", width=700)<jupyter_output><empty_output>
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