<commit_before>The _tengwar_ (Quenya for "signs") were the Elvish script in
widest use during the Third Age. Following their invention
by the elf Fëanor, they were adapted to many languages and
in time became the dominant writing system of Middle-earth.

Even Sauron used _tengwar_ to inscribe the One Ring:

<p class="center text">
[.tai &#187;][.ti AE5,Ex26Yw1E<span class="tai">j</span>^z<span class="tai">H</span>&#186; AE5,ExxwP%1Ej^][.tai &#171;]
</p>
<p class="center text">
[.ti AE5,Ex37zE1E<span class="tai">j</span>^z<span class="tai">H</span>&#186; X#w6Ykt^AT`Bz7qpT1Ej^]
</p>

It is worth noting that the One Ring inscription is not
"in Elvish". Though the letters are of Elvish design, the
language is Sauron's Black Speech.
Transcribed into our Roman alphabet, the Ring inscription goes:

<p class="center text">
<em>
Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,<br/>
ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.
</em>
</p>

Not sounds that any Elf would want to utter!

The great versatility of the _tengwar_ in writing different
languages led in Middle-earth to an explosion of spelling
systems, called [.term tengwar modes], among which scribes
could choose according to their whim or the custom of their
time and place. Each mode was specific to a language—some
were only for Sindarin, some for Quenya, some for Westron—but
a single language could have many modes.
By the Third Age there were at least three
different Sindarin modes in use.

There was no mode in Middle-earth for writing English, of
course, but
Tolkien did create _tengwar_ inscriptions in several
different English modes.
One of them was used in the _Lord of the Rings_
films, and is presented here. Its first known use is in a Christmas letter Tolkien wrote
to a fan, <NAME>, so we'll call it the Brogan Mode.

Figure 1 shows the main letters with their English
equivalents.

<div class="figure">
<h4>Figure 1<br/>The Brogan <em>Tengwar</em> Mode</h4>
<table class="col-3 columns border">
<tr>
<td>
<ul>
<li>[.tab A][.t.letterform n]</li>
<li>[.tab B][.t.letterform w]</li>
<li>[.tab C][.t.letterform a]</li>
<li>[.tab CH][.t.letterform c]</li>
<li>[.tab D][.t.letterform 2]</li>
<li>[.tab E][.t.letterform l]</li>
<li>[.tab F][.t.letterform e]</li>
<li>[.tab G][.t.letterform x]</li>
<li>[.tab GH][.t.letterform v]</li>
<li>[.tab H][.t.letterform 9]</li>
<li>[.tab I][.t.letterform \`B]</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>[.tab J][.t.letterform f]</li>
<li>[.tab K][.t.letterform z]</li>
<li>[.tab L][.t.letterform j]</li>
<li>[.tab M][.t.letterform t]</li>
<li>[.tab N][.t.letterform 5]</li>
<li>[.tab NG][.t.letterform b]</li>
<li>[.tab O][.t.letterform h]</li>
<li>[.tab P][.t.letterform q]</li>
<li>[.tab QU][.t.letterform zê]</li>
<li>[.tab R][.t.letterform 6]</li>
<li>[.tab S][.t.letterform 8]</li>
</ul>
</td>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>[.tab SH][.t.letterform d]</li>
<li>[.tab T][.t.letterform 1]</li>
<li>[.tab TH][.t.letterform 3]</li>
<li>[.tab TH][.t.letterform 4]</li>
<li>[.tab U][.t.letterform y]</li>
<li>[.tab V][.t.letterform r]</li>
<li>[.tab W][.t.letterform 7]</li>
<li>[.tab X][.t.letterform z|]</li>
<li>[.tab Y][.t.letterform ~]</li>
<li>[.tab Z][.t.letterform k]</li>
<li>[.tab.salo Z][.t.letterform ,]</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

The two _tengwar_ letters corresponding to TH are used for
different sounds: [.t 3] as in _thin_ or _wreath_ and [.t 4] as in
_this_ or _wreathe_. The two letters for Z come from different
sources: Tolkien used [.t k], but [.t ,] was used in the
_Lord of the Rings_ movies.

When you're putting these together into words, make sure the central curly bits (_lúvar_ in Quenya) of the letters all sit on the same line. Here's an example:

!!example

[.t 4\`B8 whhz 1ljj8 he 4l jnbynxl8 he 4l ljrl8 n52 9h7 4l~ n6l 8qhzl5 n52 76\`B11l5]
<commit_msg>Add hwesta sindarinwa to the Brogan mode table<commit_after>The _tengwar_ (Quenya for "signs") were the Elvish script in
widest use during the Third Age. Following their invention
by the elf Fëanor, they were adapted to many languages and
in time became the dominant writing system of Middle-earth.

Even Sauron used _tengwar_ to inscribe the One Ring:

<p class="center text">
[.tai &#187;][.ti AE5,Ex26Yw1E<span class="tai">j</span>^z<span class="tai">H</span>&#186; AE5,ExxwP%1Ej^][.tai &#171;]
</p>
<p class="center text">
[.ti AE5,Ex37zE1E<span class="tai">j</span>^z<span class="tai">H</span>&#186; X#w6Ykt^AT`Bz7qpT1Ej^]
</p>

It is worth noting that the One Ring inscription is not
"in Elvish". Though the letters are of Elvish design, the
language is Sauron's Black Speech.
Transcribed into our Roman alphabet, the Ring inscription goes:

<p class="center text">
<em>
Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,<br/>
ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.
</em>
</p>

Not sounds that any Elf would want to utter!

The great versatility of the _tengwar_ in writing different
languages led in Middle-earth to an explosion of spelling
systems, called [.term tengwar modes], among which scribes
could choose according to their whim or the custom of their
time and place. Each mode was specific to a language—some
were only for Sindarin, some for Quenya, some for Westron—but
a single language could have many modes.
By the Third Age there were at least three
different Sindarin modes in use.

There was no mode in Middle-earth for writing English, of
course, but
Tolkien did create _tengwar_ inscriptions in several
different English modes.
One of them was used in the _Lord of the Rings_
films, and is presented here. Its first known use is in a Christmas letter Tolkien wrote
to a fan, <NAME>, so we'll call it the Brogan Mode.

Figure 1 shows the main letters with their English
equivalents.

<div class="figure">
<h4>Figure 1<br/>The Brogan <em>Tengwar</em> Mode</h4>
<table class="col-3 columns border">
<tr>
<td>
<ul>
<li>[.tab A][.t.letterform n]</li>
<li>[.tab B][.t.letterform w]</li>
<li>[.tab C][.t.letterform a]</li>
<li>[.tab CH][.t.letterform c]</li>
<li>[.tab D][.t.letterform 2]</li>
<li>[.tab E][.t.letterform l]</li>
<li>[.tab F][.t.letterform e]</li>
<li>[.tab G][.t.letterform x]</li>
<li>[.tab GH][.t.letterform v]</li>
<li>[.tab H][.t.letterform 9]</li>
<li>[.tab I][.t.letterform `B]</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>[.tab J][.t.letterform f]</li>
<li>[.tab K][.t.letterform z]</li>
<li>[.tab L][.t.letterform j]</li>
<li>[.tab M][.t.letterform t]</li>
<li>[.tab N][.t.letterform 5]</li>
<li>[.tab NG][.t.letterform b]</li>
<li>[.tab O][.t.letterform h]</li>
<li>[.tab P][.t.letterform q]</li>
<li>[.tab QU][.t.letterform zê]</li>
<li>[.tab R][.t.letterform 6]</li>
<li>[.tab S][.t.letterform 8]</li>
</ul>
</td>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>[.tab SH][.t.letterform d]</li>
<li>[.tab T][.t.letterform 1]</li>
<li>[.tab TH][.t.letterform 3], [.t.letterform 4]</li>
<li>[.tab U][.t.letterform y]</li>
<li>[.tab V][.t.letterform r]</li>
<li>[.tab W][.t.letterform 7]</li>
<li>[.tab WH][.t.letterform o]</li>
<li>[.tab X][.t.letterform z|]</li>
<li>[.tab Y][.t.letterform ~]</li>
<li>[.tab Z][.t.letterform k]</li>
<li>[.tab.salo Z][.t.letterform ,]</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

The two _tengwar_ letters corresponding to TH are used for
different sounds: [.t 3] as in _thin_ or _wreath_ and [.t 4] as in
_this_ or _wreathe_. The two letters for Z come from different
sources: Tolkien used [.t k], but [.t ,] was used in the
_Lord of the Rings_ movies.

When you're putting these together into words, make sure the central curly bits (_lúvar_ in Quenya) of the letters all sit on the same line. Here's an example:

!!example

[.t 4\`B8 whhz 1ljj8 he 4l jnbynxl8 he 4l ljrl8 n52 9h7 4l~ n6l 8qhzl5 n52 76\`B11l5]

{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.17219237321451972, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0167736862796488, 'mean_word_length': 4.378435517970401, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 219, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 219, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
{'dir': 'git-commits-cleaned', 'id': '5856376', 'n_tokens_mistral': 3252, 'n_tokens_neox': 3049, 'n_words': 1013}