<commit_before>#region Copyright notice and license

// Copyright 2015 gRPC authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#endregion

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Threading;

using Grpc.Core.Logging;
using Grpc.Core.Utils;

namespace Grpc.Core.Internal
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents a dynamically loaded unmanaged library in a (partially) platform independent manner.
    /// First, the native library is loaded using dlopen (on Unix systems) or using LoadLibrary (on Windows).
    /// dlsym or GetProcAddress are then used to obtain symbol addresses. <c>Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer</c>
    /// transforms the addresses into delegates to native methods.
    /// See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13461989/p-invoke-to-dynamically-loaded-library-on-mono.
    /// </summary>
    internal class UnmanagedLibrary
    {
        static readonly ILogger Logger = GrpcEnvironment.Logger.ForType<UnmanagedLibrary>();

        // flags for dlopen
        const int RTLD_LAZY = 1;
        const int RTLD_GLOBAL = 8;

        readonly string libraryPath;
        readonly IntPtr handle;

        public UnmanagedLibrary(string[] libraryPathAlternatives)
        {
            this.libraryPath = FirstValidLibraryPath(libraryPathAlternatives);

            Logger.Debug("Attempting to load native library \"{0}\"", this.libraryPath);

            this.handle = PlatformSpecificLoadLibrary(this.libraryPath, out string loadLibraryErrorDetail);

            if (this.handle == IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                throw new IOException(string.Format("Error loading native library \"{0}\". {1}",
                                                    this.libraryPath, loadLibraryErrorDetail));
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Loads symbol in a platform specific way.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="symbolName"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private IntPtr LoadSymbol(string symbolName)
        {
            if (PlatformApis.IsWindows)
            {
                // See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10473310 for background on this.
                if (PlatformApis.Is64Bit)
                {
                    return Windows.GetProcAddress(this.handle, symbolName);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Yes, we could potentially predict the size... but it's a lot simpler to just try
                    // all the candidates. Most functions have a suffix of @0, @4 or @8 so we won't be trying
                    // many options - and if it takes a little bit longer to fail if we've really got the wrong
                    // library, that's not a big problem. This is only called once per function in the native library.
                    symbolName = "_" + symbolName + "@";
                    for (int stackSize = 0; stackSize < 128; stackSize += 4)
                    {
                        IntPtr candidate = Windows.GetProcAddress(this.handle, symbolName + stackSize);
                        if (candidate != IntPtr.Zero)
                        {
                            return candidate;
                        }
                    }
                    // Fail.
                    return IntPtr.Zero;
                }
            }
            if (PlatformApis.IsLinux)
            {
                if (PlatformApis.IsMono)
                {
                    return Mono.dlsym(this.handle, symbolName);
                }
                if (PlatformApis.IsNetCore)
                {
                    return CoreCLR.dlsym(this.handle, symbolName);
                }
                return Linux.dlsym(this.handle, symbolName);
            }
            if (PlatformApis.IsMacOSX)
            {
                return MacOSX.dlsym(this.handle, symbolName);
            }
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Unsupported platform.");
        }

        public T GetNativeMethodDelegate<T>(string methodName)
            where T : class
        {
            var ptr = LoadSymbol(methodName);
            if (ptr == IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                throw new MissingMethodException(string.Format("The native method \"{0}\" does not exist", methodName));
            }
#if NETSTANDARD
            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>(ptr);  // non-generic version is obsolete
#else
            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer(ptr, typeof(T)) as T;  // generic version not available in .NET45
#endif
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Loads library in a platform specific way.
        /// </summary>
        private static IntPtr PlatformSpecificLoadLibrary(string libraryPath, out string errorMsg)
        {
            if (PlatformApis.IsWindows)
            {
                // TODO(jtattermusch): populate the error on Windows
                errorMsg = null;
                return Windows.LoadLibrary(libraryPath);
            }
            if (PlatformApis.IsLinux)
            {
                if (PlatformApis.IsMono)
                {
                    return LoadLibraryPosix(Mono.dlopen, Mono.dlerror, libraryPath, out errorMsg);
                }
                if (PlatformApis.IsNetCore)
                {
                    return LoadLibraryPosix(CoreCLR.dlopen, CoreCLR.dlerror, libraryPath, out errorMsg);
                }
                return LoadLibraryPosix(Linux.dlopen, Linux.dlerror, libraryPath, out errorMsg);
            }
            if (PlatformApis.IsMacOSX)
            {
                return LoadLibraryPosix(MacOSX.dlopen, MacOSX.dlerror, libraryPath, out errorMsg);
            }
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Unsupported platform.");
        }

        private static IntPtr LoadLibraryPosix(Func<string, int, IntPtr> dlopenFunc, Func<IntPtr> dlerrorFunc, string libraryPath, out string errorMsg)
        {
            errorMsg = null;
            IntPtr ret = dlopenFunc(libraryPath, RTLD_GLOBAL + RTLD_LAZY);
            if (ret == IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                errorMsg = Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(dlerrorFunc());
            }
            return ret;
        }

        private static string FirstValidLibraryPath(string[] libraryPathAlternatives)
        {
            GrpcPreconditions.CheckArgument(libraryPathAlternatives.Length > 0, "libraryPathAlternatives cannot be empty.");
            foreach (var path in libraryPathAlternatives)
            {
                if (File.Exists(path))
                {
                    return path;
                }
            }
            throw new FileNotFoundException(
                String.Format("Error loading native library. Not found in any of the possible locations: {0}", 
                    string.Join(",", libraryPathAlternatives)));
        }

        private static class Windows
        {
            [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
            internal static extern IntPtr LoadLibrary(string filename);<commit_msg>[csharp] Fix error loading library grpc_csharp_ext.*.dll on windows with non-ASCII encoding (#26762)<commit_after>#region Copyright notice and license

// Copyright 2015 gRPC authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#endregion

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Threading;

using Grpc.Core.Logging;
using Grpc.Core.Utils;

namespace Grpc.Core.Internal
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents a dynamically loaded unmanaged library in a (partially) platform independent manner.
    /// First, the native library is loaded using dlopen (on Unix systems) or using LoadLibrary (on Windows).
    /// dlsym or GetProcAddress are then used to obtain symbol addresses. <c>Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer</c>
    /// transforms the addresses into delegates to native methods.
    /// See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13461989/p-invoke-to-dynamically-loaded-library-on-mono.
    /// </summary>
    internal class UnmanagedLibrary
    {
        static readonly ILogger Logger = GrpcEnvironment.Logger.ForType<UnmanagedLibrary>();

        // flags for dlopen
        const int RTLD_LAZY = 1;
        const int RTLD_GLOBAL = 8;

        readonly string libraryPath;
        readonly IntPtr handle;

        public UnmanagedLibrary(string[] libraryPathAlternatives)
        {
            this.libraryPath = FirstValidLibraryPath(libraryPathAlternatives);

            Logger.Debug("Attempting to load native library \"{0}\"", this.libraryPath);

            this.handle = PlatformSpecificLoadLibrary(this.libraryPath, out string loadLibraryErrorDetail);

            if (this.handle == IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                throw new IOException(string.Format("Error loading native library \"{0}\". {1}",
                                                    this.libraryPath, loadLibraryErrorDetail));
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Loads symbol in a platform specific way.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="symbolName"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private IntPtr LoadSymbol(string symbolName)
        {
            if (PlatformApis.IsWindows)
            {
                // See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10473310 for background on this.
                if (PlatformApis.Is64Bit)
                {
                    return Windows.GetProcAddress(this.handle, symbolName);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Yes, we could potentially predict the size... but it's a lot simpler to just try
                    // all the candidates. Most functions have a suffix of @0, @4 or @8 so we won't be trying
                    // many options - and if it takes a little bit longer to fail if we've really got the wrong
                    // library, that's not a big problem. This is only called once per function in the native library.
                    symbolName = "_" + symbolName + "@";
                    for (int stackSize = 0; stackSize < 128; stackSize += 4)
                    {
                        IntPtr candidate = Windows.GetProcAddress(this.handle, symbolName + stackSize);
                        if (candidate != IntPtr.Zero)
                        {
                            return candidate;
                        }
                    }
                    // Fail.
                    return IntPtr.Zero;
                }
            }
            if (PlatformApis.IsLinux)
            {
                if (PlatformApis.IsMono)
                {
                    return Mono.dlsym(this.handle, symbolName);
                }
                if (PlatformApis.IsNetCore)
                {
                    return CoreCLR.dlsym(this.handle, symbolName);
                }
                return Linux.dlsym(this.handle, symbolName);
            }
            if (PlatformApis.IsMacOSX)
            {
                return MacOSX.dlsym(this.handle, symbolName);
            }
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Unsupported platform.");
        }

        public T GetNativeMethodDelegate<T>(string methodName)
            where T : class
        {
            var ptr = LoadSymbol(methodName);
            if (ptr == IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                throw new MissingMethodException(string.Format("The native method \"{0}\" does not exist", methodName));
            }
#if NETSTANDARD
            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>(ptr);  // non-generic version is obsolete
#else
            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer(ptr, typeof(T)) as T;  // generic version not available in .NET45
#endif
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Loads library in a platform specific way.
        /// </summary>
        private static IntPtr PlatformSpecificLoadLibrary(string libraryPath, out string errorMsg)
        {
            if (PlatformApis.IsWindows)
            {
                errorMsg = null;
                var handle = Windows.LoadLibrary(libraryPath);
                if (handle == IntPtr.Zero)
                {
                    int win32Error = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
                    errorMsg = $"LoadLibrary failed with error {win32Error}";
                    // add extra info for the most common error ERROR_MOD_NOT_FOUND
                    if (win32Error == 126)
                    {
                        errorMsg += ": The specified module could not be found.";
                    }
                }
                return handle;
            }
            if (PlatformApis.IsLinux)
            {
                if (PlatformApis.IsMono)
                {
                    return LoadLibraryPosix(Mono.dlopen, Mono.dlerror, libraryPath, out errorMsg);
                }
                if (PlatformApis.IsNetCore)
                {
                    return LoadLibraryPosix(CoreCLR.dlopen, CoreCLR.dlerror, libraryPath, out errorMsg);
                }
                return LoadLibraryPosix(Linux.dlopen, Linux.dlerror, libraryPath, out errorMsg);
            }
            if (PlatformApis.IsMacOSX)
            {
                return LoadLibraryPosix(MacOSX.dlopen, MacOSX.dlerror, libraryPath, out errorMsg);
            }
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Unsupported platform.");
        }

        private static IntPtr LoadLibraryPosix(Func<string, int, IntPtr> dlopenFunc, Func<IntPtr> dlerrorFunc, string libraryPath, out string errorMsg)
        {
            errorMsg = null;
            IntPtr ret = dlopenFunc(libraryPath, RTLD_GLOBAL + RTLD_LAZY);
            if (ret == IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                errorMsg = Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(dlerrorFunc());
            }
            return ret;
        }

        private static string FirstValidLibraryPath(string[] libraryPathAlternatives)
        {
            GrpcPreconditions.CheckArgument(libraryPathAlternatives.Length > 0, "libraryPathAlternatives cannot be empty.");
            foreach (var path in libraryPathAlternatives)
            {
                if (File.Exists(path))
                {
                    return path;
                }
            }
            throw new FileNotFoundException(
                String.Format("Error loading native library. Not found in any of the possible locations: {0}",
                    string.Join(",", libraryPathAlternatives)));
        }

        private static class Windows
        {
            [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, SetLastError = true)]
            internal static extern IntPtr LoadLibrary(string filename);
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