<commit_before>---
layout: base
title:  'Simple Noun Phrases'
udver: '2'
---

# Simple Noun Phrases

Noun phrases are a fundamental type of linguistic structure that we expect to find in all languages. Noun phrases occur as core arguments of predicates and typically refer to objects (in a wide sense), but they have a range of other functions as well (including predicative uses). This chapter focuses on noun phrases headed by a noun or pronoun, possibly accompanied by grammatical markers and modifier phrases. Later chapters will cover more complex and atypical types of noun phrases:

* Noun phrases with clausal modifiers
* Apposition and flat structures in noun phrases (names, titles)
* Elliptical noun phrases 

<span style="color: blue">**TO DO:** Decide on groupings and provide links to later chapters (above).</span>

This chapter is structured as follows:

* [Nominal Heads](#nominal-heads)
* [Case Markers](#case-markers)
* [Determiners](#determiners)
* [Numerals](#numerals)
* [Classifiers](#classifiers)
* [Nominal Modifiers](#nominal-modifiers)
* [Adjectival Modifiers](#adjectival-modifiers)


## Nominal Heads

In the simplest case, a noun phrase consists of a single head word, which is typically a noun, proper noun or pronoun.

~~~ sdparse
hon/PRON såg/VERB filmen/NOUN \n she saw the-film
nsubj(såg, hon)
obj(såg, filmen)
~~~
~~~ sdparse
hon/PRON såg/VERB Batman/PROPN \n she saw Batman
nsubj(såg, hon)
obj(såg, Batman)
~~~
~~~ sdparse
hon/PRON såg/VERB den/PRON \n she saw it
nsubj(såg, hon)
obj(såg, den)
~~~

In all of the Swedish examples above, the subject is the pronoun "hon" (she), while the object is respectively the noun "filmen" (the-movie), the proper noun "Batman", and the pronoun "den" (it). 

### Morphological Annotation of Nominal Heads

Nominal head words should normally be tagged [NOUN](), [PROPN](), or [PRON](). 

Depending on the language, nominal head words may in addition carry a number of morphological features, of which the most common are: 

* For NOUN: [Case](), [Definite](), [Gender](), [Number]()
* For PRON: [Case](), [Definite](), [Gender](), [Number](), [Person](), [Poss](), [PronType](), [Reflex]()

For example, in the Swedish examples above, we find the following morphological analyses:

* For "filmen" (the-movie): <span style="color: blue">NOUN + Case=Nom\|Definite=Yes\|Gender=Com\|Number=Sing</span>
* For "Batman" (the-movie): <span style="color: blue">NOUN + Case=Nom</span>
* For "den": <span style="color: blue">PRON + Definite=Yes\|Gender=Com\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|PronType=Prs</span>

## Case Markers

Case marking is one of the strategies that languages use to encode the grammatical function of a noun phrase. Case marking can be realized through morphological inflection (captured by the feature [Case]() mentioned above) or by clitics or adpositions (prepositions and postpositions). In the interest of cross-linguistic parallelism, UD takes a radical approach and treats all adpositions as case markers, attaching them to the nominal head with the [case]() relation.
This allows us to analyze the following examples as both having a direct dependency relations from the predicate to the noun phrase filling the (oblique) agent role of a passive, despite the fact that Czech uses a noun in the instrumental case ("kočkou") while Swedish adds a preposition ("av"):

~~~ sdparse
pes/NOUN byl/AUX honěn/VERB kočkou/NOUN \n cat was chased by dog
nsubj:pass(honěn, pes)
obl(honěn, kočkou)
aux:pass(honěn, byl)
~~~
<commit_msg>Update simple_noun_phrases.md<commit_after>---
layout: base
title:  'Simple Noun Phrases'
udver: '2'
---

# Simple Noun Phrases

Noun phrases are a fundamental type of linguistic structure that we expect to find in all languages. Noun phrases occur as core arguments of predicates and typically refer to objects (in a wide sense), but they have a range of other functions as well (including predicative uses). This chapter focuses on noun phrases headed by a noun or pronoun, possibly accompanied by grammatical markers and modifier phrases. Later chapters will cover more complex and atypical types of noun phrases:

* Noun phrases with clausal modifiers
* Apposition and flat structures in noun phrases (names, titles)
* Elliptical noun phrases 

<span style="color: blue">**TO DO:** Decide on groupings and provide links to later chapters (above).</span>

This chapter is structured as follows:

* [Nominal Heads](#nominal-heads)
* [Case Markers](#case-markers)
* [Determiners](#determiners)
* [Numerals](#numerals)
* [Classifiers](#classifiers)
* [Nominal Modifiers](#nominal-modifiers)
* [Adjectival Modifiers](#adjectival-modifiers)


## Nominal Heads

In the simplest case, a noun phrase consists of a single head word, which is typically a noun, proper noun or pronoun.

~~~ sdparse
hon/PRON såg/VERB filmen/NOUN \n she saw the-film
nsubj(såg, hon)
obj(såg, filmen)
~~~
~~~ sdparse
hon/PRON såg/VERB Batman/PROPN \n she saw Batman
nsubj(såg, hon)
obj(såg, Batman)
~~~
~~~ sdparse
hon/PRON såg/VERB den/PRON \n she saw it
nsubj(såg, hon)
obj(såg, den)
~~~

In all of the Swedish examples above, the subject is the pronoun "hon" (she), while the object is respectively the noun "filmen" (the-movie), the proper noun "Batman", and the pronoun "den" (it). 

### Morphological Annotation of Nominal Heads

Nominal head words should normally be tagged [NOUN](), [PROPN](), or [PRON](). 

Depending on the language, nominal head words may in addition carry a number of morphological features, of which the most common are: 

* For NOUN: [Case](), [Definite](), [Gender](), [Number]()
* For PRON: [Case](), [Definite](), [Gender](), [Number](), [Person](), [Poss](), [PronType](), [Reflex]()

For example, in the Swedish examples above, we find the following morphological analyses:

* For "filmen" (the-movie): <span style="color: blue">NOUN + Case=Nom\|Definite=Yes\|Gender=Com\|Number=Sing</span>
* For "Batman" (the-movie): <span style="color: blue">NOUN + Case=Nom</span>
* For "den": <span style="color: blue">PRON + Definite=Yes\|Gender=Com\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|PronType=Prs</span>

## Case Markers

Case marking is one of the strategies that languages use to encode the grammatical function of a noun phrase. Case marking can be realized through morphological inflection (captured by the feature [Case]() mentioned above) or by clitics or adpositions (prepositions and postpositions). In the interest of cross-linguistic parallelism, UD takes a radical approach and treats all adpositions as case markers, attaching them to the nominal head with the [case]() relation.
This allows us to analyze the following examples as both having a direct dependency relations from the predicate to the noun phrase filling the (oblique) agent role of a passive, despite the fact that Czech uses a noun in the instrumental case ("kočkou") while Swedish adds a preposition ("av"):

~~~ sdparse
pes/NOUN byl/AUX honěn/VERB kočkou/NOUN:Case=Ins \n cat was chased by dog
nsubj:pass(honěn, pes)
obl(honěn, kočkou)
aux:pass(honěn, byl)
~~~

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