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          <h1 id="ud-for-latvian-">UD for Latvian <span class="flagspan"><img class="flag" src="../../flags/svg/LV.svg" /></span></h1>

<h2 id="tokenization-and-word-segmentation">Tokenization and Word Segmentation</h2>

<p>In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters and punctuation is separated. Description of exceptions follows:</p>
<ul>
  <li>A whitespace separating digits in a large number is not treated as a word separator. For example, <em>1 000 000</em> (“1,000,000” by English rules) is one token.</li>
  <li>Abbreviations without spaces are treated as single words and may contain punctuation (<em>utt.</em> “etc.”). In following cases we treat abbreviation as a single token even if whitespace is used between part of abbreviation and punctuation mark: <em>u.t.jpr.</em>, <em>u.c.</em>, <em>u.tml.</em>, <em>v.tml</em>, <em>u.t.t.</em>, <em>N.B.</em>, <em>P.S.</em> and <em>P.P.S.</em></li>
  <li>Double surnames such as <em>Vīķe-Freiberga</em> and words abbreviated with dashes such as <em>e-pasts</em> “e-mail”, <em>k-dze</em> “Ms.” are tokenized as a single token.</li>
  <li>In Latvian ordinal numerals are written with punctuation mark without whitespace like abbreviations (<em>1.</em>), so we tokenize ordinal numeral together with punctuation mark as one token.</li>
  <li>Multiple dots (<em>…</em> and <em>..</em> ) are considered as one token. Multiple <em>?!</em> are considered one token, <em>?!…</em> is considered to be two tokens (<em>?!</em> and <em>…</em>).</li>
</ul>

<p>Paragraph borders from the original text is indicated by comment line <code class="highlighter-rouge"># newpar</code> in cases when paragraph borders aligns sentence borders and <code class="highlighter-rouge">MISC</code> value <code class="highlighter-rouge">NewPar=Yes</code> for the token following mid-sentece paragraph break. <code class="highlighter-rouge">MISC</code> value <code class="highlighter-rouge">SpaceAfter=No</code> is used to note tokens lacking any whitespace after.</p>

<h2 id="morphology">Morphology</h2>

<h3 id="tags">Tags</h3>

<p>Latvian uses all 17 universal POS categories.</p>

<h4 id="particles">Particles</h4>

<p><a href="">PART</a> tag is used for following function words: <em>acīmredzot</em>, <em>ak</em>, <em>ar</em>, <em>arī</em>, <em>arīdzan</em>, <em>da</em>, <em>diemžēl</em>, <em>diez</em>, <em>diezin</em>, <em>droši</em>, <em>gan</em>, <em>i</em>, <em>ij</em>, <em>ik</em>, <em>ir</em>, <em>it</em>, <em>itin</em>, <em>ja</em>, <em>jau</em>, <em>jā</em>, <em>jel</em>, <em>jo</em>, <em>kaut</em>, <em>kā</em>, <em>lai</em>, <em>laikam</em>, <em>mjā</em>, <em>ne</em>, <em>nea</em>, <em>nebūt</em>, <em>nez</em>, <em>nezin</em>, <em>nē</em>, <em>nu</em>, <em>nudien</em>, <em>nujā</em>, <em>nū</em>, <em>nūja</em>, <em>nūjā</em>, <em>pat</em>, <em>patiesi</em>, <em>patiešām</em>, <em>protams</em>, <em>proti</em>, <em>taču</em>, <em>tad</em>, <em>tak</em>, <em>tā</em>, <em>tāpat</em>, <em>tātad</em>, <em>tiešām</em>, <em>tik</em>, <em>tikai</em>, <em>tikpat</em>, <em>tipa</em>, <em>tomēr</em>, <em>turklāt</em>, <em>vai</em>, <em>varbūt</em>, <em>vēl</em>, <em>vien</em>, <em>vienīgi</em>, <em>vis</em>.</p>

<p>Particles can be homonymous with other POS, most notably, conjunctions <a href="">CCONJ</a> and <a href="">SCONJ</a>, interjections <a href="">INTJ</a>, and adjectives <a href="">ADJ</a>, correct POS is assigned based on sentence context.</p>

<h4 id="pronouns-and-determiniers">Pronouns and Determiniers</h4>

<p>Effectively distinguishing <a href="">PRON</a> and <a href="">DET</a> categories in Latvian is very hard as words used as <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code> can also be used as <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, and, thus, traditional Latvian grammar does not define determiners as a distinct POS. The pronoun (<code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>) vs. determiner (<code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>) distinction is based on the role of the word in the UD tree: if the role in current sentence is <a href="">det</a> the word is tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>. In turn the role <code class="highlighter-rouge">det</code> is used for Latvian pronoun category, which modify nouns in the sentence and agree with this noun in gender, number and case. If these words are used independently in a given sentence, they are tagged as <a href="">PRON</a>. Pronominal quantifiers <em>daudzi</em> “many” and <em>vairāki</em> “several” , and personal possessives <em>manējais</em>, <em>tavējais</em>, <em>mūsējais</em>, <em>jūsējais</em>, <em>viņējais</em> are <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code> as well if they modify the noun in the sentence, however in Latvian grammar they are described as adjectives.</p>

<h4 id="auxiliary-verbs">Auxiliary Verbs</h4>

<ul>
  <li>Latvian has dour auxiliary verbs <a href="">AUX</a>: <em>būt</em> “to be”, <em>kļūt</em> “to become”, <em>tikt</em> “to get”, and <em>tapt</em> “to become” (obsolete). The auxiliary verb is used in several types of constructions:
    <ul>
      <li>Analytic word forms of verbs (<em>būt</em>, <em>tikt</em>).</li>
      <li>The copula in non-verbal predicates (<em>būt</em>, <em>kļūt</em>) .</li>
      <li>The copula in infinitive predicates (<em>būt</em>).</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><em>Būt</em>, <em>tikt</em> and <em>tapt</em> may still occur as normal <a href="">VERB</a> if they are used in purely existential sentences or indicate location. Word <em>kļūt</em> always is tagged as <a href="">AUX</a>.</li>
  <li>Verbs with modal meaning are not considered auxiliary in Latvian.</li>
  <li>Deverbal nouns with endings <em>-šana</em>, <em>-šanās</em> (<em>skriešana</em> “running”) are tagged as <a href="">NOUN</a>. Most converbs with endings <em>-ot</em>, <em>-oties</em>, <em>-am</em>, <em>-ām</em>, <em>-amies</em>, <em>-āmies</em>, <em>-dams</em>, <em>-damies</em>, <em>-damās</em> are tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">AUX</code>. Most adjectival participles (<em>redzams</em>, <em>aizgājis</em>, <em>negaidīts</em>, <em>velkošs</em>) are tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code>.  Exceptions are lexicalized uses with separate meaning, like_protams_ “of course”, <em>acīmredzot</em> “obvious”, which are tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">PART</code>, and <em>iespējams</em> “possible”, which is tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code>.</li>
</ul>

<h3 id="features">Features</h3>

<h4 id="nominal-features">Nominal Features</h4>

<ul>
  <li>Nominal words (<a href="">NOUN</a>, <a href="">PROPN</a> and <a href="">PRON</a>) have an inherent <a href="">Gender</a> feature with one of two values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Masc</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">Fem</code>.</li><commit_msg>autogenerated by https://github.com/spyysalo/jekyll-hook<commit_after><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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          <h1 id="ud-for-latvian-">UD for Latvian <span class="flagspan"><img class="flag" src="../../flags/svg/LV.svg" /></span></h1>

<h2 id="tokenization-and-word-segmentation">Tokenization and Word Segmentation</h2>

<p>In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters and punctuation is separated. Description of exceptions follows:</p>
<ul>
  <li>A whitespace separating digits in a large number is not treated as a word separator. For example, <em>1 000 000</em> (“1,000,000” by English rules) is one token.</li>
  <li>Abbreviations without spaces are treated as single words and may contain punctuation (<em>utt.</em> “etc.”). In following cases we treat abbreviation as a single token even if whitespace is used between part of abbreviation and punctuation mark: <em>u.t.jpr.</em>, <em>u.c.</em>, <em>u.tml.</em>, <em>v.tml</em>, <em>u.t.t.</em>, <em>N.B.</em>, <em>P.S.</em> and <em>P.P.S.</em></li>
  <li>Double surnames such as <em>Vīķe-Freiberga</em> and words abbreviated with dashes such as <em>e-pasts</em> “e-mail”, <em>k-dze</em> “Ms.” are tokenized as a single token.</li>
  <li>In Latvian ordinal numerals are written with punctuation mark without whitespace like abbreviations (<em>1.</em>), so we tokenize ordinal numeral together with punctuation mark as one token.</li>
  <li>Multiple dots (<em>…</em> and <em>..</em> ) are considered as one token. Multiple <em>?!</em> are considered one token, <em>?!…</em> is considered to be two tokens (<em>?!</em> and <em>…</em>).</li>
</ul>

<p>Paragraph borders from the original text is indicated by comment line <code class="highlighter-rouge"># newpar</code> in cases when paragraph borders aligns sentence borders and <code class="highlighter-rouge">MISC</code> value <code class="highlighter-rouge">NewPar=Yes</code> for the token following mid-sentece paragraph break. <code class="highlighter-rouge">MISC</code> value <code class="highlighter-rouge">SpaceAfter=No</code> is used to note tokens lacking any whitespace after.</p>

<h2 id="morphology">Morphology</h2>

<h3 id="tags">Tags</h3>

<p>Latvian uses all 17 universal POS categories.</p>

<h4 id="particles">Particles</h4>

<p><a href="">PART</a> tag is used for following function words: <em>acīmredzot</em>, <em>ak</em>, <em>ar</em>, <em>arī</em>, <em>arīdzan</em>, <em>da</em>, <em>diemžēl</em>, <em>diez</em>, <em>diezin</em>, <em>droši</em>, <em>gan</em>, <em>i</em>, <em>ij</em>, <em>ik</em>, <em>ir</em>, <em>it</em>, <em>itin</em>, <em>ja</em>, <em>jau</em>, <em>jā</em>, <em>jel</em>, <em>jo</em>, <em>kaut</em>, <em>kā</em>, <em>lai</em>, <em>laikam</em>, <em>mjā</em>, <em>ne</em>, <em>nea</em>, <em>nebūt</em>, <em>nez</em>, <em>nezin</em>, <em>nē</em>, <em>nu</em>, <em>nudien</em>, <em>nujā</em>, <em>nū</em>, <em>nūja</em>, <em>nūjā</em>, <em>pat</em>, <em>patiesi</em>, <em>patiešām</em>, <em>protams</em>, <em>proti</em>, <em>taču</em>, <em>tad</em>, <em>tak</em>, <em>tā</em>, <em>tāpat</em>, <em>tātad</em>, <em>tiešām</em>, <em>tik</em>, <em>tikai</em>, <em>tikpat</em>, <em>tipa</em>, <em>tomēr</em>, <em>turklāt</em>, <em>vai</em>, <em>varbūt</em>, <em>vēl</em>, <em>vien</em>, <em>vienīgi</em>, <em>vis</em>.</p>

<p>Particles can be homonymous with other POS, most notably, conjunctions <a href="">CCONJ</a> and <a href="">SCONJ</a>, interjections <a href="">INTJ</a>, and adjectives <a href="">ADJ</a>, correct POS is assigned based on sentence context.</p>

<h4 id="pronouns-and-determiniers">Pronouns and Determiniers</h4>

<p>Effectively distinguishing <a href="">PRON</a> and <a href="">DET</a> categories in Latvian is very hard as words used as <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code> can also be used as <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, and, thus, traditional Latvian grammar does not define determiners as a distinct POS. The pronoun (<code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>) vs. determiner (<code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>) distinction is based on the role of the word in the UD tree: if the role in current sentence is <a href="">det</a> the word is tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>. In turn the role <code class="highlighter-rouge">det</code> is used for Latvian pronoun category, which modify nouns in the sentence and agree with this noun in gender, number and case. If these words are used independently in a given sentence, they are tagged as <a href="">PRON</a>. Pronominal quantifiers <em>daudzi</em> “many” and <em>vairāki</em> “several” , and personal possessives <em>manējais</em>, <em>tavējais</em>, <em>mūsējais</em>, <em>jūsējais</em>, <em>viņējais</em> are <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code> as well if they modify the noun in the sentence, however in Latvian grammar they are described as adjectives.</p>

<h4 id="auxiliary-verbs">Auxiliary Verbs</h4>

<ul>
  <li>Latvian has dour auxiliary verbs <a href="">AUX</a>: <em>būt</em> “to be”, <em>kļūt</em> “to become”, <em>tikt</em> “to get”, and <em>tapt</em> “to become” (obsolete). The auxiliary verb is used in several types of constructions:
    <ul>
      <li>Analytic word forms of verbs (<em>būt</em>, <em>tikt</em>).</li>
      <li>The copula in non-verbal predicates (<em>būt</em>, <em>kļūt</em>) .</li>
      <li>The copula in infinitive predicates (<em>būt</em>).</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li><em>Būt</em>, <em>tikt</em> and <em>tapt</em> may still occur as normal <a href="">VERB</a> if they are used in purely existential sentences or indicate location. Word <em>kļūt</em> always is tagged as <a href="">AUX</a>.</li>
  <li>Verbs with modal meaning are not considered auxiliary in Latvian.</li>
  <li>Deverbal nouns with endings <em>-šana</em>, <em>-šanās</em> (<em>skriešana</em> “running”) are tagged as <a href="">NOUN</a>. Most converbs with endings <em>-ot</em>, <em>-oties</em>, <em>-am</em>, <em>-ām</em>, <em>-amies</em>, <em>-āmies</em>, <em>-dams</em>, <em>-damies</em>, <em>-damās</em> are tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">AUX</code>. Most adjectival participles (<em>redzams</em>, <em>aizgājis</em>, <em>negaidīts</em>, <em>velkošs</em>) are tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code>.  Exceptions are lexicalized uses with separate meaning, like <em>protams</em> “of course”, <em>acīmredzot</em> “obvious”, which are tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">PART</code>, and <em>iespējams</em> “possible”, which is tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code>.</li>
</ul>

<h3 id="features">Features</h3>

<h4 id="nominal-features">Nominal Features</h4>

<ul>
  <li>Nominal words (<a href="">NOUN</a>, <a href="">PROPN</a> and <a href="">PRON</a>) have an inherent <a href="">Gender</a> feature with one of two values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Masc</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">Fem</code>.</li>
{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.2041160061055845, 'fraction_numerical': 0.011053213327017211, 'mean_word_length': 4.483405483405483, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 887, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 887, 'https://': 13, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 4, 'xml': 4}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
{'dir': 'git-commits-cleaned', 'id': '6666285', 'n_tokens_mistral': 7263, 'n_tokens_neox': 6849, 'n_words': 1714}