<commit_before>.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"	@(#)3.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
.\"
.ds RH New file system
.NH
New file system organization
.PP
In the new file system organization (as in the
old file system organization),
each disk drive contains one or more file systems.
A file system is described by its super-block,
located at the beginning of the file system's disk partition.
Because the super-block contains critical data,
it is replicated to protect against catastrophic loss.
This is done when the file system is created;
since the super-block data does not change,
the copies need not be referenced unless a head crash
or other hard disk error causes the default super-block
to be unusable.
.PP
To insure that it is possible to create files as large as
$2 sup 32$ bytes with only two levels of indirection,
the minimum size of a file system block is 4096 bytes.
The size of file system blocks can be any power of two
greater than or equal to 4096.
The block size of a file system is recorded in the 
file system's super-block
so it is possible for file systems with different block sizes
to be simultaneously accessible on the same system.
The block size must be decided at the time that
the file system is created;
it cannot be subsequently changed without rebuilding the file system.
.PP
The new file system organization divides a disk partition
into one or more areas called
.I "cylinder groups".
A cylinder group is comprised of one or more consecutive
cylinders on a disk.
Associated with each cylinder group is some bookkeeping information
that includes a redundant copy of the super-block,
space for inodes,
a bit map describing available blocks in the cylinder group,
and summary information describing the usage of data blocks
within the cylinder group.<commit_msg>Represent the value 2**32 correctly in nroff.  Previously, the troff operator up was being omitted, and the result was 232, a slightly lower value.<commit_after>.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"	@(#)3.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
.\"
.ds RH New file system
.NH
New file system organization
.PP
In the new file system organization (as in the
old file system organization),
each disk drive contains one or more file systems.
A file system is described by its super-block,
located at the beginning of the file system's disk partition.
Because the super-block contains critical data,
it is replicated to protect against catastrophic loss.
This is done when the file system is created;
since the super-block data does not change,
the copies need not be referenced unless a head crash
or other hard disk error causes the default super-block
to be unusable.
.PP
To insure that it is possible to create files as large as
.if n 2 ** 32
.if t $2 sup 32$
bytes with only two levels of indirection,
the minimum size of a file system block is 4096 bytes.
The size of file system blocks can be any power of two
greater than or equal to 4096.
The block size of a file system is recorded in the 
file system's super-block
so it is possible for file systems with different block sizes
to be simultaneously accessible on the same system.
The block size must be decided at the time that
the file system is created;
it cannot be subsequently changed without rebuilding the file system.
.PP
The new file system organization divides a disk partition
into one or more areas called
.I "cylinder groups".
A cylinder group is comprised of one or more consecutive
cylinders on a disk.
Associated with each cylinder group is some bookkeeping information
that includes a redundant copy of the super-block,
space for inodes,
a bit map describing available blocks in the cylinder group,
and summary information describing the usage of data blocks
within the cylinder group.
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