<commit_before># Hypoxia effects on the spatial dynamics of a coastal fishery

<NAME>^1*^, <NAME>^1^, <NAME>^2^, <NAME>^3^

^1^ Beaufort Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, NC, USA  
^2^ Galveston Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston, TX, USA  
^3^ Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA  
^*^ E-mail: Corresponding <EMAIL>  

## Abstract


## Introduction
importance of knowledge of spatial distribution of a fishery
how fishermen make spatial decisions for the application of fishing effort
What impact environmental disturbances play in the the decision making process and what impacts that has on the resource management.  

Marine and coastal ecosystems are being increasingly affected by patterns of environmental hypoxia which have been documented in over 400 marine systems affecting greater than 240,000 km^2^ [@diaz_spreading_2008].  Environmental hypoxia, a condition of < 2 mgL^-1^ dissolved oxygen (DO), is generally a product of excess consumption of oxygen through respiration and chemical processes relative to the rate of production.  Hypoxia, especially in shallow water coastal systems, is more common in areas with high nutrient inputs, longer residence times and physical stratification, characteristics common to coastal and estuarine systems [@rabalais_global_2009].  Currently, the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) experiences one of the largest seasonal hypoxia events in the western hemisphere [@rabalais_beyond_2002].  The areal extent of Gulf hypoxia coverage has been estimated annually since 1985 and has shown significant variation exceeding 20,000 km^2^ in recent years (Rabalais ?, Turner et al. 2008 via aggregations: Figure 1).  Hindcasting models and paleo-indicator studies show indications of low oxygen stress within the Gulf beginning in the early 1900s becoming increasingly severe during the 1960s and 1970s [@justic_forecasting_2007; @rabalais_sediments_2007; @greene_multiple_2009].  The causal mechanisms for natural and anthropogenically mediated hypoxia have been extensively discussed in the literature [@bianchi_science_2010; @rabalais_dynamics_2010; @zhang_natural_2010] with a clear consensus that Gulf hypoxia is driven by increased eutrophication subsequent to the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River systems which is directly adjacent to the Louisiana coastal shelf.  The increased nutrient loading to the coastal shelf and the vertical stratification that result from seasonal river flow creates ideal conditions for the annual development of bottom water hypoxia [@rabalais_beyond_2002; @bianchi_science_2010].  The hypoxic zone (region with < 2.0 mgL^-1^ DO) is highly variable spatially, depending on prevailing weather patterns and coastal currents [@feng2012relative; @hetland_skill_2012; @wiseman_seasonal_1997].

The Gulf shrimp fishery is an open access, otter trawl fishery occurring throughout the coastal shelf of the Gulf of Mexico Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), from southern Florida to the Texas-Mexico border.  The majority of fishing effort occurs in the northwestern Gulf and predominantly targets three Penaeid shrimp species: the Brown *Farfantepenaeus aztecus* and to a lesser extent the White *Litopenaeus setiferus* and Pink *Farfantepenaeus duorarum* shrimp.  The fishery began in 1917 with an inshore artisanal fleet focusing on a single species *L. setiferus* and has grown to a large commercialized fleet in excess of 20,000 vessels [@condrey_us_2005; @diamond_bycatch_2004].  Historically, Gulf shrimp landings provided roughly 73% of the total shrimp landings in the US [@iverson_fisheries_2009] and the fishery was valued at < $500M USD annually, making it one of the most profitable fisheries in the US [@nance_effort_1993; @diamond_bycatch_2004]. 
<commit_msg>outlined first paragraph for intro<commit_after># Hypoxia effects on the spatial dynamics of a coastal fishery

<NAME>^1*^, <NAME>^1^, <NAME>^2^, <NAME>^3^

^1^ Beaufort Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, NC, USA  
^2^ Galveston Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston, TX, USA  
^3^ Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA  
^*^ E-mail: Corresponding <EMAIL>  

## Abstract


## Introduction
While fishery catches or landings are decreasing globally the spatial footprint of global fisheries is expaning.  Recently a number of studies [@Steart;@Swartz...] have examined the spatial extent of fisheries and they are growing.

importance of knowledge of spatial distribution of a fishery
how fishermen make spatial decisions for the application of fishing effort
What impact environmental disturbances play in the the decision making process and what impacts that has on the resource management.  

Marine and coastal ecosystems are being increasingly affected by patterns of environmental hypoxia which have been documented in over 400 marine systems affecting greater than 240,000 km^2^ [@diaz_spreading_2008].  Environmental hypoxia, a condition of < 2 mgL^-1^ dissolved oxygen (DO), is generally a product of excess consumption of oxygen through respiration and chemical processes relative to the rate of production.  Hypoxia, especially in shallow water coastal systems, is more common in areas with high nutrient inputs, longer residence times and physical stratification, characteristics common to coastal and estuarine systems [@rabalais_global_2009].  Currently, the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) experiences one of the largest seasonal hypoxia events in the western hemisphere [@rabalais_beyond_2002].  The areal extent of Gulf hypoxia coverage has been estimated annually since 1985 and has shown significant variation exceeding 20,000 km^2^ in recent years (Rabalais ?, Turner et al. 2008 via aggregations: Figure 1).  Hindcasting models and paleo-indicator studies show indications of low oxygen stress within the Gulf beginning in the early 1900s becoming increasingly severe during the 1960s and 1970s [@justic_forecasting_2007; @rabalais_sediments_2007; @greene_multiple_2009].  The causal mechanisms for natural and anthropogenically mediated hypoxia have been extensively discussed in the literature [@bianchi_science_2010; @rabalais_dynamics_2010; @zhang_natural_2010] with a clear consensus that Gulf hypoxia is driven by increased eutrophication subsequent to the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River systems which is directly adjacent to the Louisiana coastal shelf.  The increased nutrient loading to the coastal shelf and the vertical stratification that result from seasonal river flow creates ideal conditions for the annual development of bottom water hypoxia [@rabalais_beyond_2002; @bianchi_science_2010].  The hypoxic zone (region with < 2.0 mgL^-1^ DO) is highly variable spatially, depending on prevailing weather patterns and coastal currents [@feng2012relative; @hetland_skill_2012; @wiseman_seasonal_1997].

The Gulf shrimp fishery is an open access, otter trawl fishery occurring throughout the coastal shelf of the Gulf of Mexico Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), from southern Florida to the Texas-Mexico border.  The majority of fishing effort occurs in the northwestern Gulf and predominantly targets three Penaeid shrimp species: the Brown *Farfantepenaeus aztecus* and to a lesser extent the White *Litopenaeus setiferus* and Pink *Farfantepenaeus duorarum* shrimp.  The fishery began in 1917 with an inshore artisanal fleet focusing on a single species *L. setiferus* and has grown to a large commercialized fleet in excess of 20,000 vessels [@condrey_us_2005; @diamond_bycatch_2004].  Historically, Gulf shrimp landings provided roughly 73% of the total shrimp landings in the US [@iverson_fisheries_2009] and the fishery was valued at < $500M USD annually, making it one of the most profitable fisheries in the US [@nance_effort_1993; @diamond_bycatch_2004]. 

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