<commit_before><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html lang="en-GB" xml:lang="en-GB" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
    <title>Indonesian UD</title>
    <link rel="root" href=""/> <!-- for JS -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.4.0/css/font-awesome.min.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/jquery-ui-redmond.css"/>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/style.css"/>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/style-vis.css"/>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/hint.css"/>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../lib/ext/head.load.min.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../lib/ext/jquery.timeago.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/anchor-js/3.2.2/anchor.min.js"></script>
    <script>document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) {anchors.add();});</script>
    <!-- Set up this custom Google search at https://cse.google.com/cse/business/settings?cx=001145188882102106025:dl1mehhcgbo -->
    <script>
      (function() {
        var cx = '001145188882102106025:dl1mehhcgbo';
        var gcse = document.createElement('script');
        gcse.type = 'text/javascript';
        gcse.async = true;
        gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx;
        var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
        s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s);
      })();
    </script>
<!--     <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico"/> -->


  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="main" class="center">

      <div id="hp-header">
        <table width="100%"><tr><td width="50%">
          <span class="header-text"><a href="http://universaldependencies.org/#language-id">home</a></span>

          <span class="header-text"><a href="https://github.com/universaldependencies/docs/edit/pages-source/_id/index.md" target="#">edit page</a></span>
          <span class="header-text"><a href="https://github.com/universaldependencies/docs/issues">issue tracker</a></span>
        </td><td>
          <gcse:search></gcse:search>
        </td></tr></table>
      </div>

      <hr/>

      
      <div class="v2complete">
	This page pertains to UD version 2.
      </div>
      

      <div id="content">
	<noscript>
	  <div id="noscript">
	    It appears that you have Javascript disabled.
	    Please consider enabling Javascript for this page to see the visualizations.
	  </div>
	</noscript>

          <h1 id="ud-for-indonesian-">UD for Indonesian <span class="flagspan"><img class="flag" src="../../flags/svg/ID.svg" /></span></h1>

<h2 id="tokenization-and-word-segmentation">Tokenization and Word Segmentation</h2>

<ul>
  <li>
    <p>In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters. Special treatment is given to multiword tokens and punctuation.</p>
  </li>
  <li>Special treatment of multiword tokens:
    <ul>
      <li>Multiword tokens that end with particles <em>-lah/-kah/-tah/-pun</em> are split into two tokens. These particles are usually used to emphasize the word before them. Particles of -lah/-kah/-tah are clitics, while particle pun can be written as clitic or a single token. The examples of how to tokenize these clitic particles are as follows:
        <ul>
          <li><em>baca<strong>lah</strong></em> is split into <em>baca</em> “read” and <em><strong>lah</strong></em></li>
          <li><em>dia<strong>kah</strong></em> is split into <em>dia</em> “he/she” and <em><strong>kah</strong></em></li>
          <li><em>apa<strong>tah</strong></em> is split into <em>apa</em> “what” and <em><strong>tah</strong></em></li>
          <li><em>walau<strong>pun</strong></em> is split into <em>walau</em> “although” and <em><strong>pun</strong></em></li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li>Multiword tokens that contain clitics of <em>-ku</em> “me/my”, <em>-mu</em> “you/your”, <em>-nya</em> “he/him/she/her/it” are split into two tokens. For example: <em>mencintai<strong>nya</strong></em> “love him/her/it” is split into <em>mencintai</em> “love” and <em><strong>nya</strong></em> “him/her/it”. However, there are exceptions for words ending with <em>-nya</em>. All <em>-nya</em> that has role as pronoun and determiner will be separated from the main word, but if the word ending with <em>-nya</em> has a role as an adverb or adjective, we keep them unseparated. For example:
        <ul>
          <li>adverbs ending with <em>-nya</em>: <em>khusus<strong>nya</strong></em> “especially”, <em>awal<strong>nya</strong></em> “initially”, <em>akhir<strong>nya</strong></em> “finally”</li>
          <li>adjectives ending with <em>-nya</em>: <em>sebelum<strong>nya</strong></em> “previous”, <em>sesudah<strong>nya</strong></em> “next”</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Special treatment for punctuation. All punctuation symbols are separated from the words, except in two cases:
    <ul>
      <li>Hyphen in reduplicated words. Indonesian has many reduplicated words as nouns (both singular and plural), verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and so on. These reduplicated words are not split and remain one token. The examples of reduplicated words are:
        <ul>
          <li>Singular noun: <em>mata-mata</em> “spy”</li>
          <li>Plural noun: <em>anak-anak</em> “children”</li>
          <li>Verb: <em>merobek-robek</em> “shredding”</li>
          <li>Adjective: <em>hiruk-pikuk</em> “noisy”</li>
          <li>Adverb: <em>terus-menerus</em> “continuously”</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li>For abbreviations. All abbreviations such as Mr., M.Sc. Tn., are not split and remain one token.</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h2 id="morphology">Morphology</h2>

<h3 id="tags">Tags</h3>

<ul>
  <li>We refer to <a href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/">KBBI</a> (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia/Indonesian Great Dictionary) as the reference dictionary. However, since this dictionary only defines 7 word classes: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, particle and number, we need to make adjustments so that the tags conform to UDv2.</li>
  <li>Indonesian PUD uses all 17 universal POS categories.</li>
  <li><a href="">PART</a> is used for:
    <ul>
      <li>negation words: <em>tidak</em> “no”, <em>tak</em> “no”, <em>bukan</em> “no”</li>
      <li>particles of <em>-lah, -kah, -tah, pun</em>, that have been discussed in the previous section.</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>The auxiliary (<a href="">AUX</a>) vs. <a href="">VERB</a> distinction is based on examples for English treebank, since initially there is no AUX type in KBBI. We defined 12 Indonesian words as AUX as follows:
    <ul>
      <li><em>akan</em> “will” for the future tense.</li>
      <li><em>sedang</em> “be” for the present tense.</li>
      <li><em>telah</em> and <em>sudah</em> “have” for the past tense.</li>
      <li><em>bisa, dapat</em> and <em>mampu</em> as the equivalents of modal “can”.</li>
      <li><em>boleh</em> as the equivalent of modal “may”.</li>
      <li><em>mungkin</em> as the equivalent of modal “might”.</li>
      <li><em>harus</em> as the equivalent of modal “must”.</li>
      <li><em>adalah</em> and <em>ialah</em> “be” serve as copulas.</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>The pronoun (<a href="">PRON</a>) vs. determiner (<a href="">DET</a>) distinction is also based on examples for English treebank, since DET word class also is not defined in KBBI.
    <ul>
      <li>The following word types are tagged as PRON:
        <ul>
          <li>personal pronouns, such as <em>saya/aku/ku</em> “I”, <em>kamu/mu/anda</em> “you”, <em>dia/ia/nya</em> “he/she/it/him/her/its”, <em>kami/kita</em> “we/us/our”, <em>mereka</em> “they/them/their”</li>
          <li>interrogative pronouns, <em>apa</em> “what”, <em>siapa</em> “who” as in <em><strong>Apa</strong> yang kamu inginkan?</em> “<strong>What</strong> do you want?”</li>
          <li>relative pronouns: <em>apa</em> “what”, <em>siapa</em> “who” as in <em>Saya tahu <strong>siapa</strong> yang kamu maksud.</em> “I know <strong>who</strong> you mean”</li>
          <li>indefinite pronouns: <em>seseorang</em> “seomeone/somebody”, <em>sesuatu</em> “something”</li>
          <li>total pronouns, such as <em>semua</em> “all” as in <em><strong>Semua</strong> kecuali bukumu</em> “<strong>All</strong> except your books”.</li>
          <li>demonstrative pronouns: <em>ini</em> “this” as in <em><strong>Ini</strong> bukan salahmu.</em> “<strong>This</strong> is not your fault”.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li>The following word types are tagged as DET:
        <ul>
          <li>possessive pronouns. All personal pronouns in Indonesian can also be used as possessive pronouns. For example:
            <ul>
              <li><em>-nya</em> as PRON as in <em>Aku membawa<strong>nya</strong> ke sini.</em> “I bring <strong>it</strong> here.”</li>
              <li><em>-nya</em> as DET as in <em>Rumah<strong>nya</strong> di Depok.</em> “<strong>His/her</strong> house is in Depok.”</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li>pronominal numerals: <em>beberapa</em> “some/many”, <em>semua</em> “all” as in <em><strong>semua</strong> siswa</em> “<strong>all</strong> students”</li>
          <li>demonstrative determiners: <em>ini</em> “this” as in <em>Kota <strong>ini</strong> sangat indah</em> “<strong>This</strong> city is beautiful”</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Indonesian has the following coordinating conjunction words (<a href="">CCONJ</a>):
    <ul>
      <li><em>dan, serta, maupun</em> as the equivalents of “and” in English</li>
      <li><em>atau</em> “or”</li>
      <li><em>tapi, tetapi, namun, melainkan</em> as the equivalents of “but” in English</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Indonesian also has (de)verbal form as ADJ, ADV or NOUN
    <ul>
      <li>Verbal adjecive as in <em>pesawat <strong>terbang</strong></em> (plane). Word <em>terbang</em> “fly” is a verb, but in this noun phrase it functions as an adjective.</li>
      <li>Verbal adverb as in <em>secara <strong>terpisah</strong></em> “separately”. Word <em>terpisah</em> “separated” is a verb, but when used together with <em>secara</em> “with”, the two tokens serve as an adverb.</li>
      <li>Verbal noun as in <em>Hobinya adalah <strong>memancing</strong></em> “His hobby is fishing”. In this sentence, <em>memancing</em> “fishing” functions as a noun.</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h3 id="features">Features</h3>

<ul>
  <li>We propose the use of 13 of 24 features defined in UDv2 that are relevant to Indonesian grammar:
    <ul>
      <li><a href="">Abbr</a>, with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Yes</code>. This feature can be applied to all UPOS categories, except <a href="">PUNCT</a> and <a href="">SYM</a>.</li>
      <li><a href="">Clusivity</a>, applies to <a href="">PRON</a> with two possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Ex</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">In</code>.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Clusivity=Ex</code> for <em>kami</em> “we/our”</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Clusivity=In</code> for <em>kita</em> “we/our”</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Degree</a>, applies to <a href="">ADJ</a> with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Sup</code>.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Degree=Sup</code> us used for <em>terbaik</em> “best”, <em>tercantik</em> “most beautiful”, etc.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Foreign</a>, with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Yes</code>. This feature only applies to <a href="">X</a>.</li>
      <li><a href="">Number</a>, applies to <a href="">NOUN</a>, <a href="">PRON</a>, and <a href="">DET</a> with two possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Sing</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">Plur</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">NumType</a>, applies to <a href="">NUM</a> and <a href="">ADJ</a>, with two possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Card</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">Ord</code>.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">NumType=Card</code> is used for <code class="highlighter-rouge">NUM</code>.</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">NumType=Ord</code> is used for ordinal numbers tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code>.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Person</a>, applies to <a href="">PRON</a> and <a href="">DET</a> with three possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">1</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">2</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">3</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">Polarity</a>, with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Neg</code>, applies to <a href="">PART</a> and <a href="">INTJ</a>.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Polarity=Neg</code> for <a href="">PART</a> applies for negation words as in <em>Saya <strong>tidak</strong> menyukainya</em> “I do <strong>not</strong> like him/her/it”. The word <em>tidak</em> “no” will be tagged with <code class="highlighter-rouge">Polarity=Neg</code>.</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Polarity=Neg</code> for <a href="">INTJ</a> as in <em><strong>Tidak</strong>, terima kasih</em> “<strong>No</strong>, thanks”. The word <em>tidak</em> “no” will be given feature <code class="highlighter-rouge">Polarity=Neg</code>.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Poss</a>, applies to <a href="">DET</a>, with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Yes</code>. This feature will be applied to all <a href="">DET</a> that serve as possessive pronouns.</li>
      <li><a href="">PronType</a>, applies to <a href="">PRON</a>, <a href="">DET</a>, and <a href="">ADV</a>. For Indonesian, 7 possible values can be applied:
        <ol>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Dem</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> such as for <em>itu</em> “that” in <em><strong>Itu</strong> masalahmu.</em> “<strong>That</strong> is your problem.”</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Emp</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code> such as for <em>sendiri</em> “self” in <em>Kamu harus percaya pada dirimu <strong>sendiri</strong></em> “You have to believe in your<strong>self</strong>”.</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Ind</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> such as for <em>seseorang</em> “someone/somebody” or <em>sesuatu</em> “something”</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Int</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>.
            <ul>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Int</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, such as for <em>apa</em> “what” and <em>siapa</em> “who” in interrogative sentences</li>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Int</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>, such as for <em>bagaimana</em> “how” and <em>kapan</em> “when” in interrogative sentences</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Prs</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code> for all personal and possessive pronouns or determiners.</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Rel</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>.
            <ul>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Rel</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, such as for <em>apa</em> “what”, <em>siapa</em> “who”, <em>yang</em> “that”.</li>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Rel</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>, such as for <em>bagaimana</em> “how” and <em>kapan</em> “when” in non-interrogative sentences</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Tot</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>, or <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>.
            <ul>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Tot</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, such as for <em>semua</em> “all” in <em><strong>Semua</strong> adalah milikmu.</em> “<strong>All</strong> is yours.”</li>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Tot</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>, such as for <em>semua</em> “all” in <em><strong>Semua</strong> siswa terlihat senang.</em> “<strong>All</strong> students look happy.”</li>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Tot</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>, such as for <em>selalu</em> “always” in <em>Dia <strong>selalu</strong> terlambat</em>. “She is <strong>always</strong> late.”</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
        </ol>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Reflex</a>, applies to <a href="">PRON</a> with one possible value: Yes.</li>
      <li><a href="">Typo</a>, with one possible value, <code class="highlighter-rouge">Yes</code>. This feature can be applied to all UPOS categories except <a href="">PUNCT</a> and <a href="">SYM</a>.</li>
      <li><a href="">Voice</a>, applies to <a href="">VERB</a> with two possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Act</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">Pass</code>. Voice alternation is treated as inflection and the active and passive counterparts have the same lemma.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Voice=Act</code> for active verbs that have characteristic of using base word, prefixes <em>me-, ber-</em>
            <ul>
              <li>Active verbs without affix: <em>duduk</em> “sit”, <em>pergi</em> “go”</li>
              <li>Active verbs with prefix <em>me-</em>: <em>memperbaiki</em> “fix”, <em>mengakui</em> “admit”</li>
              <li>Active verbs with prefix <em>ber-</em>: <em>belajar</em> “study”, <em>bekerja</em> “work”</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Voice=Pass</code> for passive verbs that have characteristic of using prefixes <em>di-, ter-</em> or circumfix <em>ke-an</em>.
            <ul>
              <li>Passive verbs with prefix <em>di-</em> : <em>dipublikasikan</em> “be published”, <em>dilepaskan</em> “be released”</li>
              <li>Passive verbs with prefix <em>ter-</em>: <em>terbakar</em> “on fire”, <em>terjatuh</em> “fell”, <em>terkejut</em> “shocked”</li>
              <li>Passive verbs with confix <em>ke-an</em>: <em>ketinggalan</em> “lag behind”, <em>kecurian</em> “be stolen”</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>These 11 UDv2 features are not relevant to Indonesian grammar:
    <ul>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Gender</code>. Indonesian words have no gender.</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Animacy</code>. Similar with Gender, there is no requirements of agreements between words in Indonesian.</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">NounClass</code>, with the same reason for Gender and Animacy</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Case</code>, with the same reason for Gender, Animacy, and NounClass</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Tense</code>. Indonesian verbs have the same form in all tenses.</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Aspect</code>, with the same reason for Tense.</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Evident</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Definite</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Mood</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Polite</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">VerbForm</code></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h2 id="syntax">Syntax</h2>

<h3 id="core-arguments-oblique-arguments-and-adjuncts">Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts</h3>

<ul>
  <li>Nominal subject (<a href="">nsubj</a>) is a noun phrase, usually written before the predicate.</li>
  <li>A verb may serve as the subject and is labeled as clausal subject, either as csubj or csubj:pass.</li>
  <li>Transitive verbs will have a noun phrase as the object (<a href="">obj</a>). The default word order is SVO, so the subject normally precedes and the object follows the verb (with the exception of inverted sentences).</li>
  <li>Passive verbs could be followed by agent (<a href="">obl:agent</a>), such as in <em>Pesan yang dikirimkan <strong>presiden</strong></em> “Messages sent by <strong>president</strong>”, <em>presiden</em> “president” is the agent of predicate <em>dikirimkan</em> “be sent”.</li>
  <li>Verbs can have oblique arguments. If the argument includes a preposition, we label it as <a href="">obl</a>. Special for temporal modifiers, we label it as <a href="">obl:tmod</a>.</li>
</ul>

<h3 id="non-verbal-clauses">Non-verbal Clauses</h3>

<ul>
  <li>The copula <em>ialah</em> or <em>adalah</em> (be) is optionally used in equational, attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses. The two forms are interchangeable but <em>adalah</em> is more common. For example: “This <strong>is</strong> my house.”, in Indonesian can be written as:
    <ul>
      <li><em>Ini rumahku.</em>, without copula</li>
      <li><em>Ini <strong>adalah</strong> rumahku.</em>, with copula <em>adalah</em></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h3 id="relations-overview">Relations Overview</h3>

<ul>
  <li>The following 13 relation subtypes are used in Indonesian PUD:
    <ul>
      <li><a href="">acl:relcl</a> for relative clauses that modify a noun phrase. In Indonesian, relative clauses usually use <em>yang</em> as the subject of the clause.</li>
      <li><a href="">advmod:emph</a> for particles (<a href="">PART</a>) <em>-lah, -kah, -tah, pun</em> that emphasize other words that could be a <a href="">NOUN</a>, <a href="">PRON</a>, <a href="">VERB</a>, or <a href="">SCONJ</a>. For example, token <em>itu<strong>lah</strong></em> “that” in tokenization phase was split into <em>itu</em> “that” and <em><strong>lah</strong></em>, then <em>lah</em> is annotated as the dependent of <em>itu</em> and the relation between them is <code class="highlighter-rouge">advmod:emph</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">case:adv</a> for adposition (<a href="">ADP</a>) that together with its following word of <a href="">ADJ</a>/<a href="">ADV</a>/<a href="">VERB</a> serve as an adverb. In this case the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code> word is annotated as the dependent of <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code>/<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>/<code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code> and the dependency relation between them is <code class="highlighter-rouge">case:adv</code>, and the relation between the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ/ADV/VERB</code> word and its parent is <a href="">advmod</a>. For example:
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code> + <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code> as adverb, such as <em>secara hati-hati</em> “carefully”, that consists of <em>secara</em> “with”_ (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code>) + <em>hati-hati</em> “careful” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code>)</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code> + <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code> as adverb, such as <em>dengan sungguh-sungguh</em> “seriously”, that consists of <em>dengan</em> “with” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code>) + sungguh-sungguh “serious” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>)</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code> + <code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code> as adverb, such as <em>secara terpisah</em> “separately”, that consists of <em>secara</em> “with” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code>) + <em>terpisah</em> “separated” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code>).</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">cc:preconj</a>, such as in <em>baik Mongolia maupun Tingkok</em> “both Mongolia and China”, <em>baik</em> “both” is considered as preconjunct.</li>
      <li><a href="">csubj:pass</a> for clausal subjects of passive verbs.</li>
      <li><a href="">det:poss</a> for possessive relationship between <code class="highlighter-rouge">NOUN/PROPN</code> and possessive pronoun that tagged as (<code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>). For example, in <em>temanku</em> “my friend” that is split into <em>teman</em> “friend” and <em>ku</em> “my”, token <em>ku</em> “my” will be given deprel <code class="highlighter-rouge">det:poss</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">flat:foreign</a> to label sequences of foreign words.</li>
      <li><a href="">flat:range</a> for noun phrases that consist of range, such as <em>2019-2020</em> will be separated into three tokens, and the relation between 2020 to 2019 is annotated as <code class="highlighter-rouge">flat:range</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">nmod:poss</a> for possessive relationship between <code class="highlighter-rouge">NOUN/PROPN</code> and another <code class="highlighter-rouge">NOUN/PROPN</code>. For example, in <em>istri Trump</em> “Trump’s wife”, token Trump will be given deprel <code class="highlighter-rouge">nmod:poss</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">nmod:tmod</a> for the head of time-related noun phrases that becomes dependent of a noun phrase. For example, in <em>pengeluaran <strong>tahun ini</strong></em> “<strong>this year</strong> spending”, <em>tahun ini</em> “this year” modifies <em>pengeluaran</em> “spending”, and the head of this phrase, <em>tahun</em> “year” will be annotated as the dependent of <em>pengeluaran</em> “spending” with the deprel <code class="highlighter-rouge">nmod:tmod</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">nsubj:pass</a> for nominal subjects of passive verbs</li>
      <li><a href="">obl:agent</a> for agents of passive verbs</li>
      <li><a href="">obl:tmod</a> for head of time-related noun phrases that depend on a <code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB/ADJ</code>. For example, in <em><strong>Kali ini</strong> saya setuju.</em> “<strong>This time</strong> I agree.”, <em>kali ini</em> “this time” describes the predicate <em>setuju</em> “agree”, and the head of this noun phrase, <em>kali</em> “time”, will be annotated as the dependent of <em>setuju</em> “agree” with the deprel <code class="highlighter-rouge">obl:tmod</code></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>The following relation types are not used in Indonesian PUD:
    <ul>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">clf</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">expl</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">reparandum</code></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h2 id="treebanks">Treebanks</h2>

<p>There are <a href="../treebanks/id-comparison.html">2</a> Indonesian UD treebanks:</p>

<ul>
  <li><a href="../treebanks/id_gsd/index.html">Indonesian-GSD</a></li>
  <li><a href="../treebanks/id_pud/index.html">Indonesian-PUD</a></li>
</ul>


      </div>

<!-- support for embedded visualizations -->
<script type="text/javascript">
    var root = '../'; // filled in by jekyll
    head.js(
        // External libraries
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.svg.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.svgdom.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.timeago.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery-ui.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/waypoints.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.address.min.js',

        // brat helper modules
        root + 'lib/brat/configuration.js',
        root + 'lib/brat/util.js',
        root + 'lib/brat/annotation_log.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/webfont.js',
        // brat modules
        root + 'lib/brat/dispatcher.js',
        root + 'lib/brat/url_monitor.js',
        root + 'lib/brat/visualizer.js',

        // embedding configuration
        root + 'lib/local/config.js',
        // project-specific collection data
        root + 'lib/local/collections.js',

        // Annodoc
        root + 'lib/annodoc/annodoc.js',

        // NOTE: non-local libraries
        'https://spyysalo.github.io/conllu.js/conllu.js'
    );

    var webFontURLs = [
//        root + 'static/fonts/Astloch-Bold.ttf',
        root + 'static/fonts/PT_Sans-Caption-Web-Regular.ttf',
        root + 'static/fonts/Liberation_Sans-Regular.ttf'
    ];

    var setupAccordions = function() {
	// preserve state in URL hash, following in part
	// http://www.boduch.ca/2011/05/remembering-jquery-ui-accordion.html

        // Make subaccordions first, make them active to get height, and then close later
        $(".jquery-ui-subaccordion-closed").accordion({collapsible: true, disabled:false, active:0});

	var accordionChange = function(event, ui) {
	    var context = ui.newHeader ? ui.newHeader.context : null;
	    if (context) {
		var languageCode = context.getAttribute('data-lc');
		if (languageCode !== null) {
		    window.location.hash = languageCode;
		}
	    }
	}
        // jQuery UI "accordion" element initialization
	$(".jquery-ui-accordion").accordion({
	    collapsible: true,
	    active: false,
	    change: accordionChange
	});
	if ($(".jquery-ui-accordion").length) {
	    var matches = window.location.hash.match(/^\#(.*)$/);
	    console.log(matches);
	    if (matches !== null) {
		var languageCode = matches[1];
		var tab = $('[data-lc="'+languageCode+'"]');
		// the following will only work after accordion is initialized
		var index = $('.jquery-ui-accordion div.ui-accordion-header').index(tab);
		if (index !== -1) {
		    $(".jquery-ui-accordion").accordion({ active: index });
		}
	    }
	}
        //now reclose these accordions
        $(".jquery-ui-subaccordion-closed").accordion("option","active",false);
    };

    var setupTimeago = function() {
        jQuery("time.timeago").timeago();
    };

    var setupTabs = function() {
        // standard jQuery UI "tabs" element initialization
        $(".jquery-ui-tabs").tabs({ heightStyle: "auto" });

        // use jQuery address to preserve tab state
        // (see https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/docs/issues/65,
        // http://stackoverflow.com/a/3330919)
        if ($(".jquery-ui-tabs").length > 0) {
            $.address.change(function(event){
	        $(".jquery-ui-tabs").tabs("select", window.location.hash)
	    });
	    $(".jquery-ui-tabs").bind("tabsselect", function(event, ui) { 
	        window.location.hash = ui.tab.hash;
	    });
        }
    };

    head.ready(function() {
        // set up UI tabs on page
        setupTabs();
        setupAccordions();
        setupTimeago();

        // mark current collection (filled in by Jekyll)
        Collections.listing['_current'] = 'id';

	// perform all embedding and support functions
	Annodoc.activate(Config.bratCollData, Collections.listing);
    });
</script>


<!-- google analytics -->
<script>
  (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
  (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
  m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
  })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');

  ga('create', 'UA-55233688-1', 'auto');
  ga('send', 'pageview');

</script>


      <div id="footer">
	  <p class="footer-text">&copy; 2014–2020
	    <a href="http://universaldependencies.org/introduction.html#contributors" style="color:gray">Universal Dependencies contributors</a>.
	    Site powered by <a href="http://spyysalo.github.io/annodoc" style="color:gray">Annodoc</a> and <a href="http://brat.nlplab.org/" style="color:gray">brat</a></p>.
      </div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>
<commit_msg>autogenerated by https://github.com/spyysalo/jekyll-hook<commit_after><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html lang="en-GB" xml:lang="en-GB" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
    <title>Indonesian UD</title>
    <link rel="root" href=""/> <!-- for JS -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.4.0/css/font-awesome.min.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/jquery-ui-redmond.css"/>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/style.css"/>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/style-vis.css"/>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/hint.css"/>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../lib/ext/head.load.min.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../lib/ext/jquery.timeago.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/anchor-js/3.2.2/anchor.min.js"></script>
    <script>document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) {anchors.add();});</script>
    <!-- Set up this custom Google search at https://cse.google.com/cse/business/settings?cx=001145188882102106025:dl1mehhcgbo -->
    <script>
      (function() {
        var cx = '001145188882102106025:dl1mehhcgbo';
        var gcse = document.createElement('script');
        gcse.type = 'text/javascript';
        gcse.async = true;
        gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx;
        var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
        s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s);
      })();
    </script>
<!--     <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico"/> -->


  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="main" class="center">

      <div id="hp-header">
        <table width="100%"><tr><td width="50%">
          <span class="header-text"><a href="http://universaldependencies.org/#language-id">home</a></span>

          <span class="header-text"><a href="https://github.com/universaldependencies/docs/edit/pages-source/_id/index.md" target="#">edit page</a></span>
          <span class="header-text"><a href="https://github.com/universaldependencies/docs/issues">issue tracker</a></span>
        </td><td>
          <gcse:search></gcse:search>
        </td></tr></table>
      </div>

      <hr/>

      
      <div class="v2complete">
	This page pertains to UD version 2.
      </div>
      

      <div id="content">
	<noscript>
	  <div id="noscript">
	    It appears that you have Javascript disabled.
	    Please consider enabling Javascript for this page to see the visualizations.
	  </div>
	</noscript>

          <h1 id="ud-for-indonesian-">UD for Indonesian <span class="flagspan"><img class="flag" src="../../flags/svg/ID.svg" /></span></h1>

<h2 id="tokenization-and-word-segmentation">Tokenization and Word Segmentation</h2>

<ul>
  <li>
    <p>In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters. Special treatment is given to multiword tokens and punctuation.</p>
  </li>
  <li>Special treatment of multiword tokens:
    <ul>
      <li>Multiword tokens that end with particles <em>-lah/-kah/-tah/-pun</em> are split into two tokens. These particles are usually used to emphasize the word before them. Particles of -lah/-kah/-tah are clitics, while particle pun can be written as clitic or a single token. The examples of how to tokenize these clitic particles are as follows:
        <ul>
          <li><em>baca<strong>lah</strong></em> is split into <em>baca</em> “read” and <em><strong>lah</strong></em></li>
          <li><em>dia<strong>kah</strong></em> is split into <em>dia</em> “he/she” and <em><strong>kah</strong></em></li>
          <li><em>apa<strong>tah</strong></em> is split into <em>apa</em> “what” and <em><strong>tah</strong></em></li>
          <li><em>walau<strong>pun</strong></em> is split into <em>walau</em> “although” and <em><strong>pun</strong></em></li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li>Multiword tokens that contain clitics of <em>-ku</em> “me/my”, <em>-mu</em> “you/your”, <em>-nya</em> “he/him/she/her/it” are split into two tokens. For example: <em>mencintai<strong>nya</strong></em> “love him/her/it” is split into <em>mencintai</em> “love” and <em><strong>nya</strong></em> “him/her/it”. However, there are exceptions for words ending with <em>-nya</em>. All <em>-nya</em> that has role as pronoun and determiner will be separated from the main word, but if the word ending with <em>-nya</em> has a role as an adverb or adjective, we keep them unseparated. For example:
        <ul>
          <li>adverbs ending with <em>-nya</em>: <em>khusus<strong>nya</strong></em> “especially”, <em>awal<strong>nya</strong></em> “initially”, <em>akhir<strong>nya</strong></em> “finally”</li>
          <li>adjectives ending with <em>-nya</em>: <em>sebelum<strong>nya</strong></em> “previous”, <em>sesudah<strong>nya</strong></em> “next”</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Special treatment for punctuation. All punctuation symbols are separated from the words, except in two cases:
    <ul>
      <li>Hyphen in reduplicated words. Indonesian has many reduplicated words as nouns (both singular and plural), verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and so on. These reduplicated words are not split and remain one token. The examples of reduplicated words are:
        <ul>
          <li>Singular noun: <em>mata-mata</em> “spy”</li>
          <li>Plural noun: <em>anak-anak</em> “children”</li>
          <li>Verb: <em>merobek-robek</em> “shredding”</li>
          <li>Adjective: <em>hiruk-pikuk</em> “noisy”</li>
          <li>Adverb: <em>terus-menerus</em> “continuously”</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li>For abbreviations. All abbreviations such as Mr., M.Sc. Tn., are not split and remain one token.</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h2 id="morphology">Morphology</h2>

<h3 id="tags">Tags</h3>

<ul>
  <li>We refer to <a href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/">KBBI</a> (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia/Indonesian Great Dictionary) as the reference dictionary. However, since this dictionary only defines 7 word classes: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, particle and number, we need to make adjustments so that the tags conform to UDv2.</li>
  <li>Indonesian PUD uses all 17 universal POS categories.</li>
  <li><a href="">PART</a> is used for:
    <ul>
      <li>negation words: <em>tidak</em> “no”, <em>tak</em> “no”, <em>bukan</em> “no”</li>
      <li>particles of <em>-lah, -kah, -tah, pun</em>, that have been discussed in the previous section.</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>The auxiliary (<a href="">AUX</a>) vs. <a href="">VERB</a> distinction is based on examples for English treebank, since initially there is no AUX type in KBBI. We defined 12 Indonesian words as AUX as follows:
    <ul>
      <li><em>akan</em> “will” for the future tense.</li>
      <li><em>sedang</em> “be” for the present tense.</li>
      <li><em>telah</em> and <em>sudah</em> “have” for the past tense.</li>
      <li><em>bisa, dapat</em> and <em>mampu</em> as the equivalents of modal “can”.</li>
      <li><em>boleh</em> as the equivalent of modal “may”.</li>
      <li><em>mungkin</em> as the equivalent of modal “might”.</li>
      <li><em>harus</em> as the equivalent of modal “must”.</li>
      <li><em>sebaiknya</em> and <em>seharusnya</em> as the equivalent of modal ‘should’</li>
      <li><em>adalah</em> and <em>ialah</em> “be” serve as copulas.</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>The pronoun (<a href="">PRON</a>) vs. determiner (<a href="">DET</a>) distinction is also based on examples for English treebank, since DET word class also is not defined in KBBI.
    <ul>
      <li>The following word types are tagged as PRON:
        <ul>
          <li>personal pronouns, such as <em>saya/aku/ku</em> “I”, <em>kamu/mu/anda</em> “you”, <em>dia/ia/nya</em> “he/she/it/him/her/its”, <em>kami/kita</em> “we/us/our”, <em>mereka</em> “they/them/their”</li>
          <li>interrogative pronouns, <em>apa</em> “what”, <em>siapa</em> “who” as in <em><strong>Apa</strong> yang kamu inginkan?</em> “<strong>What</strong> do you want?”</li>
          <li>relative pronouns: <em>apa</em> “what”, <em>siapa</em> “who” as in <em>Saya tahu <strong>siapa</strong> yang kamu maksud.</em> “I know <strong>who</strong> you mean”</li>
          <li>indefinite pronouns: <em>seseorang</em> “seomeone/somebody”, <em>sesuatu</em> “something”</li>
          <li>total pronouns, such as <em>semua</em> “all” as in <em><strong>Semua</strong> kecuali bukumu</em> “<strong>All</strong> except your books”.</li>
          <li>demonstrative pronouns: <em>ini</em> “this” as in <em><strong>Ini</strong> bukan salahmu.</em> “<strong>This</strong> is not your fault”.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li>The following word types are tagged as DET:
        <ul>
          <li>possessive pronouns. All personal pronouns in Indonesian can also be used as possessive pronouns. For example:
            <ul>
              <li><em>-nya</em> as PRON as in <em>Aku membawa<strong>nya</strong> ke sini.</em> “I bring <strong>it</strong> here.”</li>
              <li><em>-nya</em> as DET as in <em>Rumah<strong>nya</strong> di Depok.</em> “<strong>His/her</strong> house is in Depok.”</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li>pronominal numerals: <em>beberapa</em> “some/many”, <em>semua</em> “all” as in <em><strong>semua</strong> siswa</em> “<strong>all</strong> students”</li>
          <li>demonstrative determiners: <em>ini</em> “this” as in <em>Kota <strong>ini</strong> sangat indah</em> “<strong>This</strong> city is beautiful”</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Indonesian has the following coordinating conjunction words (<a href="">CCONJ</a>):
    <ul>
      <li><em>dan, serta, maupun</em> as the equivalents of “and” in English</li>
      <li><em>atau</em> “or”</li>
      <li><em>tapi, tetapi, namun, melainkan</em> as the equivalents of “but” in English</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Indonesian also has (de)verbal form as ADJ, ADV or NOUN
    <ul>
      <li>Verbal adjecive as in <em>pesawat <strong>terbang</strong></em> (plane). Word <em>terbang</em> “fly” is a verb, but in this noun phrase it functions as an adjective.</li>
      <li>Verbal adverb as in <em>secara <strong>terpisah</strong></em> “separately”. Word <em>terpisah</em> “separated” is a verb, but when used together with <em>secara</em> “with”, the two tokens serve as an adverb.</li>
      <li>Verbal noun as in <em>Hobinya adalah <strong>memancing</strong></em> “His hobby is fishing”. In this sentence, <em>memancing</em> “fishing” functions as a noun.</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h3 id="features">Features</h3>

<ul>
  <li>We propose the use of 13 of 24 features defined in UDv2 that are relevant to Indonesian grammar:
    <ul>
      <li><a href="">Abbr</a>, with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Yes</code>. This feature can be applied to all UPOS categories, except <a href="">PUNCT</a> and <a href="">SYM</a>.</li>
      <li><a href="">Clusivity</a>, applies to <a href="">PRON</a> with two possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Ex</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">In</code>.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Clusivity=Ex</code> for <em>kami</em> “we/our”</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Clusivity=In</code> for <em>kita</em> “we/our”</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Degree</a>, applies to <a href="">ADJ</a> with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Sup</code>.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Degree=Sup</code> us used for <em>terbaik</em> “best”, <em>tercantik</em> “most beautiful”, etc.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Foreign</a>, with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Yes</code>. This feature only applies to <a href="">X</a>.</li>
      <li><a href="">Number</a>, applies to <a href="">NOUN</a>, <a href="">PRON</a>, and <a href="">DET</a> with two possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Sing</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">Plur</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">NumType</a>, applies to <a href="">NUM</a> and <a href="">ADJ</a>, with two possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Card</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">Ord</code>.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">NumType=Card</code> is used for <code class="highlighter-rouge">NUM</code>.</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">NumType=Ord</code> is used for ordinal numbers tagged as <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code>.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Person</a>, applies to <a href="">PRON</a> and <a href="">DET</a> with three possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">1</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">2</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">3</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">Polarity</a>, with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Neg</code>, applies to <a href="">PART</a> and <a href="">INTJ</a>.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Polarity=Neg</code> for <a href="">PART</a> applies for negation particles as in <em>Saya <strong>tidak</strong> menyukainya</em> “I do <strong>not</strong> like him/her/it”. The word <em>tidak</em> “no” will be tagged with <code class="highlighter-rouge">Polarity=Neg</code>.</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Polarity=Neg</code> for <a href="">INTJ</a> as in <em><strong>Tidak</strong>, terima kasih</em> “<strong>No</strong>, thanks”. The word <em>tidak</em> “no” will be given feature <code class="highlighter-rouge">Polarity=Neg</code>.</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Poss</a>, applies to <a href="">DET</a>, with one possible value: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Yes</code>. This feature will be applied to all <a href="">DET</a> that serve as possessive pronouns.</li>
      <li><a href="">PronType</a>, applies to <a href="">PRON</a>, <a href="">DET</a>, and <a href="">ADV</a>. For Indonesian, 7 possible values can be applied:
        <ol>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Dem</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> such as for <em>itu</em> “that” in <em><strong>Itu</strong> masalahmu.</em> “<strong>That</strong> is your problem.”</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Emp</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code> such as for <em>sendiri</em> “self” in <em>Kamu harus percaya pada dirimu <strong>sendiri</strong></em> “You have to believe in your<strong>self</strong>”.</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Ind</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> such as for <em>seseorang</em> “someone/somebody” or <em>sesuatu</em> “something”</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Int</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>.
            <ul>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Int</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, such as for <em>apa</em> “what” and <em>siapa</em> “who” in interrogative sentences</li>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Int</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>, such as for <em>bagaimana</em> “how” and <em>kapan</em> “when” in interrogative sentences</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Prs</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code> for all personal and possessive pronouns or determiners.</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Rel</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>.
            <ul>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Rel</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, such as for <em>apa</em> “what”, <em>siapa</em> “who”, <em>yang</em> “that”.</li>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Rel</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>, such as for <em>bagaimana</em> “how” and <em>kapan</em> “when” in non-interrogative sentences</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Tot</code>, applies to <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>, or <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>.
            <ul>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Tot</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">PRON</code>, such as for <em>semua</em> “all” in <em><strong>Semua</strong> adalah milikmu.</em> “<strong>All</strong> is yours.”</li>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Tot</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>, such as for <em>semua</em> “all” in <em><strong>Semua</strong> siswa terlihat senang.</em> “<strong>All</strong> students look happy.”</li>
              <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">PronType=Tot</code> for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>, such as for <em>selalu</em> “always” in <em>Dia <strong>selalu</strong> terlambat</em>. “She is <strong>always</strong> late.”</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
        </ol>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">Reflex</a>, applies to <a href="">PRON</a> with one possible value: Yes.</li>
      <li><a href="">Typo</a>, with one possible value, <code class="highlighter-rouge">Yes</code>. This feature can be applied to all UPOS categories except <a href="">PUNCT</a> and <a href="">SYM</a>.</li>
      <li><a href="">Voice</a>, applies to <a href="">VERB</a> with two possible values: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Act</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">Pass</code>. Voice alternation is treated as inflection and the active and passive counterparts have the same lemma.
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Voice=Act</code> for active verbs that have characteristic of using base word, prefixes <em>me-, ber-</em>
            <ul>
              <li>Active verbs without affix: <em>duduk</em> “sit”, <em>pergi</em> “go”</li>
              <li>Active verbs with prefix <em>me-</em>: <em>memperbaiki</em> “fix”, <em>mengakui</em> “admit”</li>
              <li>Active verbs with prefix <em>ber-</em>: <em>belajar</em> “study”, <em>bekerja</em> “work”</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Voice=Pass</code> for passive verbs that have characteristic of using prefixes <em>di-, ter-</em> or circumfix <em>ke-an</em>.
            <ul>
              <li>Passive verbs with prefix <em>di-</em> : <em>dipublikasikan</em> “be published”, <em>dilepaskan</em> “be released”</li>
              <li>Passive verbs with prefix <em>ter-</em>: <em>terbakar</em> “on fire”, <em>terjatuh</em> “fell”, <em>terkejut</em> “shocked”</li>
              <li>Passive verbs with confix <em>ke-an</em>: <em>ketinggalan</em> “lag behind”, <em>kecurian</em> “be stolen”</li>
            </ul>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>These 11 UDv2 features are not relevant to Indonesian grammar:
    <ul>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Gender</code>. Indonesian words have no gender.</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Animacy</code>. Similar with Gender, there is no requirements of agreements between words in Indonesian.</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">NounClass</code>, with the same reason for Gender and Animacy</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Case</code>, with the same reason for Gender, Animacy, and NounClass</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Tense</code>. Indonesian verbs have the same form in all tenses.</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Aspect</code>, with the same reason for Tense.</li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Evident</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Definite</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Mood</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Polite</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">VerbForm</code></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h2 id="syntax">Syntax</h2>

<h3 id="core-arguments-oblique-arguments-and-adjuncts">Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts</h3>

<ul>
  <li>Nominal subject (<a href="">nsubj</a>) is a noun phrase, usually written before the predicate.</li>
  <li>A verb may serve as the subject and is labeled as clausal subject, either as csubj or csubj:pass.</li>
  <li>Transitive verbs will have a noun phrase as the object (<a href="">obj</a>). The default word order is SVO, so the subject normally precedes and the object follows the verb (with the exception of inverted sentences).</li>
  <li>Passive verbs could be followed by agent (<a href="">obl:agent</a>), such as in <em>Pesan yang dikirimkan <strong>presiden</strong></em> “Messages sent by <strong>president</strong>”, <em>presiden</em> “president” is the agent of predicate <em>dikirimkan</em> “be sent”.</li>
  <li>Verbs can have oblique arguments. If the argument includes a preposition, we label it as <a href="">obl</a>. Special for temporal modifiers, we label it as <a href="">obl:tmod</a>.</li>
</ul>

<h3 id="non-verbal-clauses">Non-verbal Clauses</h3>

<ul>
  <li>The copula <em>ialah</em> or <em>adalah</em> (be) is optionally used in equational, attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses. The two forms are interchangeable but <em>adalah</em> is more common. For example: “This <strong>is</strong> my house.”, in Indonesian can be written as:
    <ul>
      <li><em>Ini rumahku.</em>, without copula</li>
      <li><em>Ini <strong>adalah</strong> rumahku.</em>, with copula <em>adalah</em></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h3 id="relations-overview">Relations Overview</h3>

<ul>
  <li>The following 13 relation subtypes are used in Indonesian PUD:
    <ul>
      <li><a href="">acl:relcl</a> for relative clauses that modify a noun phrase. In Indonesian, relative clauses usually use <em>yang</em> as the subject of the clause.</li>
      <li><a href="">advmod:emph</a> for particles (<a href="">PART</a>) <em>-lah, -kah, -tah, pun</em> that emphasize other words that could be a <a href="">NOUN</a>, <a href="">PRON</a>, <a href="">VERB</a>, or <a href="">SCONJ</a>. For example, token <em>itu<strong>lah</strong></em> “that” in tokenization phase was split into <em>itu</em> “that” and <em><strong>lah</strong></em>, then <em>lah</em> is annotated as the dependent of <em>itu</em> and the relation between them is <code class="highlighter-rouge">advmod:emph</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">case:adv</a> for adposition (<a href="">ADP</a>) that together with its following word of <a href="">ADJ</a>/<a href="">ADV</a>/<a href="">VERB</a> serve as an adverb. In this case the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code> word is annotated as the dependent of <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code>/<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>/<code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code> and the dependency relation between them is <code class="highlighter-rouge">case:adv</code>, and the relation between the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ/ADV/VERB</code> word and its parent is <a href="">advmod</a>. For example:
        <ul>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code> + <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code> as adverb, such as <em>secara hati-hati</em> “carefully”, that consists of <em>secara</em> “with”_ (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code>) + <em>hati-hati</em> “careful” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADJ</code>)</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code> + <code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code> as adverb, such as <em>dengan sungguh-sungguh</em> “seriously”, that consists of <em>dengan</em> “with” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code>) + sungguh-sungguh “serious” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADV</code>)</li>
          <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code> + <code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code> as adverb, such as <em>secara terpisah</em> “separately”, that consists of <em>secara</em> “with” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">ADP</code>) + <em>terpisah</em> “separated” (<code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB</code>).</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="">cc:preconj</a>, such as in <em>baik Mongolia maupun Tingkok</em> “both Mongolia and China”, <em>baik</em> “both” is considered as preconjunct.</li>
      <li><a href="">csubj:pass</a> for clausal subjects of passive verbs.</li>
      <li><a href="">det:poss</a> for possessive relationship between <code class="highlighter-rouge">NOUN/PROPN</code> and possessive pronoun that tagged as (<code class="highlighter-rouge">DET</code>). For example, in <em>temanku</em> “my friend” that is split into <em>teman</em> “friend” and <em>ku</em> “my”, token <em>ku</em> “my” will be given deprel <code class="highlighter-rouge">det:poss</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">flat:foreign</a> to label sequences of foreign words.</li>
      <li><a href="">flat:range</a> for noun phrases that consist of range, such as <em>2019-2020</em> will be separated into three tokens, and the relation between 2020 to 2019 is annotated as <code class="highlighter-rouge">flat:range</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">nmod:poss</a> for possessive relationship between <code class="highlighter-rouge">NOUN/PROPN</code> and another <code class="highlighter-rouge">NOUN/PROPN</code>. For example, in <em>istri Trump</em> “Trump’s wife”, token Trump will be given deprel <code class="highlighter-rouge">nmod:poss</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">nmod:tmod</a> for the head of time-related noun phrases that becomes dependent of a noun phrase. For example, in <em>pengeluaran <strong>tahun ini</strong></em> “<strong>this year</strong> spending”, <em>tahun ini</em> “this year” modifies <em>pengeluaran</em> “spending”, and the head of this phrase, <em>tahun</em> “year” will be annotated as the dependent of <em>pengeluaran</em> “spending” with the deprel <code class="highlighter-rouge">nmod:tmod</code>.</li>
      <li><a href="">nsubj:pass</a> for nominal subjects of passive verbs</li>
      <li><a href="">obl:agent</a> for agents of passive verbs</li>
      <li><a href="">obl:tmod</a> for head of time-related noun phrases that depend on a <code class="highlighter-rouge">VERB/ADJ</code>. For example, in <em><strong>Kali ini</strong> saya setuju.</em> “<strong>This time</strong> I agree.”, <em>kali ini</em> “this time” describes the predicate <em>setuju</em> “agree”, and the head of this noun phrase, <em>kali</em> “time”, will be annotated as the dependent of <em>setuju</em> “agree” with the deprel <code class="highlighter-rouge">obl:tmod</code></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>The following relation types are not used in Indonesian PUD:
    <ul>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">clf</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">expl</code></li>
      <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">reparandum</code></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<h2 id="treebanks">Treebanks</h2>

<p>There are <a href="../treebanks/id-comparison.html">2</a> Indonesian UD treebanks:</p>

<ul>
  <li><a href="../treebanks/id_gsd/index.html">Indonesian-GSD</a></li>
  <li><a href="../treebanks/id_pud/index.html">Indonesian-PUD</a></li>
</ul>


      </div>

<!-- support for embedded visualizations -->
<script type="text/javascript">
    var root = '../'; // filled in by jekyll
    head.js(
        // External libraries
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.svg.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.svgdom.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.timeago.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery-ui.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/waypoints.min.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/jquery.address.min.js',

        // brat helper modules
        root + 'lib/brat/configuration.js',
        root + 'lib/brat/util.js',
        root + 'lib/brat/annotation_log.js',
        root + 'lib/ext/webfont.js',
        // brat modules
        root + 'lib/brat/dispatcher.js',
        root + 'lib/brat/url_monitor.js',
        root + 'lib/brat/visualizer.js',

        // embedding configuration
        root + 'lib/local/config.js',
        // project-specific collection data
        root + 'lib/local/collections.js',

        // Annodoc
        root + 'lib/annodoc/annodoc.js',

        // NOTE: non-local libraries
        'https://spyysalo.github.io/conllu.js/conllu.js'
    );

    var webFontURLs = [
//        root + 'static/fonts/Astloch-Bold.ttf',
        root + 'static/fonts/PT_Sans-Caption-Web-Regular.ttf',
        root + 'static/fonts/Liberation_Sans-Regular.ttf'
    ];

    var setupAccordions = function() {
	// preserve state in URL hash, following in part
	// http://www.boduch.ca/2011/05/remembering-jquery-ui-accordion.html

        // Make subaccordions first, make them active to get height, and then close later
        $(".jquery-ui-subaccordion-closed").accordion({collapsible: true, disabled:false, active:0});

	var accordionChange = function(event, ui) {
	    var context = ui.newHeader ? ui.newHeader.context : null;
	    if (context) {
		var languageCode = context.getAttribute('data-lc');
		if (languageCode !== null) {
		    window.location.hash = languageCode;
		}
	    }
	}
        // jQuery UI "accordion" element initialization
	$(".jquery-ui-accordion").accordion({
	    collapsible: true,
	    active: false,
	    change: accordionChange
	});
	if ($(".jquery-ui-accordion").length) {
	    var matches = window.location.hash.match(/^\#(.*)$/);
	    console.log(matches);
	    if (matches !== null) {
		var languageCode = matches[1];
		var tab = $('[data-lc="'+languageCode+'"]');
		// the following will only work after accordion is initialized
		var index = $('.jquery-ui-accordion div.ui-accordion-header').index(tab);
		if (index !== -1) {
		    $(".jquery-ui-accordion").accordion({ active: index });
		}
	    }
	}
        //now reclose these accordions
        $(".jquery-ui-subaccordion-closed").accordion("option","active",false);
    };

    var setupTimeago = function() {
        jQuery("time.timeago").timeago();
    };

    var setupTabs = function() {
        // standard jQuery UI "tabs" element initialization
        $(".jquery-ui-tabs").tabs({ heightStyle: "auto" });

        // use jQuery address to preserve tab state
        // (see https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/docs/issues/65,
        // http://stackoverflow.com/a/3330919)
        if ($(".jquery-ui-tabs").length > 0) {
            $.address.change(function(event){
	        $(".jquery-ui-tabs").tabs("select", window.location.hash)
	    });
	    $(".jquery-ui-tabs").bind("tabsselect", function(event, ui) { 
	        window.location.hash = ui.tab.hash;
	    });
        }
    };

    head.ready(function() {
        // set up UI tabs on page
        setupTabs();
        setupAccordions();
        setupTimeago();

        // mark current collection (filled in by Jekyll)
        Collections.listing['_current'] = 'id';

	// perform all embedding and support functions
	Annodoc.activate(Config.bratCollData, Collections.listing);
    });
</script>


<!-- google analytics -->
<script>
  (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
  (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
  m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
  })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');

  ga('create', 'UA-55233688-1', 'auto');
  ga('send', 'pageview');

</script>


      <div id="footer">
	  <p class="footer-text">&copy; 2014–2020
	    <a href="http://universaldependencies.org/introduction.html#contributors" style="color:gray">Universal Dependencies contributors</a>.
	    Site powered by <a href="http://spyysalo.github.io/annodoc" style="color:gray">Annodoc</a> and <a href="http://brat.nlplab.org/" style="color:gray">brat</a></p>.
      </div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.18616649313918976, 'fraction_numerical': 0.005159204985159516, 'mean_word_length': 3.6393194434431546, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 2601, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 2603, 'https://': 19, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 8, 'xml': 4}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
{'dir': 'git-commits-cleaned', 'id': '1247083', 'n_tokens_mistral': 23096, 'n_tokens_neox': 21980, 'n_words': 5521}