<commit_before># 2015-08-26-history.md

## Today's Topics

- History of the study of brain and behavior
- What did humans know about brain and behavior *before* the emergence of the scientific method?

---
## Pre/Early history

- *Trephining* (trepanning)

<img src="http://www.news.ucsb.edu/sites/www.news.ucsb.edu/files/slideshow_images/2013/Kurin-Trepanation1.jpg"/>
<http://www.news.ucsb.edu/sites/www.news.ucsb.edu/files/slideshow_images/2013/Kurin-Trepanation1.jpg>

<img src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150414123319-ancient-trepanning-super-169.jpg"/>
<http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150414123319-ancient-trepanning-super-169.jpg>

- Beer-making (~5,000 BCE)

<img src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_beer#/media/File:FuneraryModel-BakeryAndBrewery_MetropolitanMuseum.png"/>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_beer#/media/File:FuneraryModel-BakeryAndBrewery_MetropolitanMuseum.png>

- Egyptians (3,000 BCE) first written record of the term “brain”

<img src="http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/papybr.gif"/>
<http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/papybr.gif>

- *Aristotle* (335 BCE)
    - mind and body not distinct.
    - brain “cools” the body, heart is the mental organ.

<img src="http://classicalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/aristotle-face-1.jpg"/>
<http://classicalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/aristotle-face-1.jpg>

- *Galen* (177 CE)
    - Gladiators' head injuries impaired thinking, movement
        - <img src="http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/5-galen-greek-physician-and-philosopher-science-source.jpg"/>
<http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/5-galen-greek-physician-and-philosopher-science-source.jpg>
    - Fluid fills the brain cavities called *ventricles*, circulates through nerves, body
        - <img src="http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n06/historia/am1.gif"/>, <http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n06/historia/am1.gif>

---
## What did early humans know about the mind and brain?

- Mental functions controlled by organs in the head, the brain
- Mental functions can be influenced by exogenous substances
- Head injury can impair behavior and thinking
- Brain surgery can repair disorders of the brain or behavior
- Ventricles are filled with fluid; something flows from brain to body via nerves.

---
## Why didn't they know more?

- A. Limited technology.
- B. Limited cultural support for systematic observation, description. = SCIENCE
- C. Lack of ability to use knowledge even if it were acquired.

---
## New technologies, new ideas

- *Vesalius* (1543)
    - 1st detailed drawings of brain and body anatomy

<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Vesalius_609c.png"/>
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Vesalius_609c.png>

- <NAME> (1504)
    - Wax casts of *cerebral ventricles*
        - fluid filled inner regions of brain
    - Ventricles not spherical!
    - <img src="http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/theses2003/RivaraC-B/images/fig.1.jpg"/>, <http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/theses2003/RivaraC-B/images/fig.1.jpg>

- The body as machine (<NAME> -- mid 1600’s)

---
## Descartes' *Dualism*

- Voluntary functions vs. Reflexes
    - Reflexes “reflect” events in the world
    - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Descartes-reflex.JPG"/>, <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Descartes-reflex.JPG> 
- Reflexes and animal “minds” are physical
- Human mind is not
    - “Dual” influences on behavior
    - Physical + spiritual
- Soul controls body via *pineal gland*
    - Causes muscles to “inflate”
    - <img src="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n9/images/nrn1498-f1.jpg"/>, <http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n9/images/nrn1498-f1.jpg>
    - <img src="http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/descartes-pineal-gland-granger.jpg"/>, <http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/descartes-pineal-gland-granger.jpg>
    
---
## Do you agree with Descartes?

- A. Yes, human minds are fundamentally different from animal minds. The human mind is influenced by both physical and extraphysical processes.
- B. No, human minds are similar to animal minds. The human mind arises solely from physical processes.

---
## How would you test Descartes idea about the role of the pineal gland

---
## The lessons from history

---
## Form and function develop, evolve

- *<NAME>*
    + <img src="http://darwin-online.org.uk/graphics/face.jpg"/>, <http://darwin-online.org.uk/graphics/face.jpg>
    - The Origin of Species (1859)
        - Body and behavior subject to evolution by natural selection
    - Ontogenetic (within lifetime) vs. phylogenetic (across lifetimes)
        + But ontogeny does NOT recapitulate phylogeny!
        + <img src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapitulation_theory#/media/File:Haeckel_drawings.jpg"/>, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapitulation_theory#/media/File:Haeckel_drawings.jpg>
- “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution”, [Dobzhansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_in_Biology_Makes_Sense_Except_in_the_Light_of_Evolution)

---
## Functions are spatially localized

- *Gall*, *Spurzheim*, and the *Phrenologists*
    + Bumps on skull reflect individual differences in behavior, attitudes
    + <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Phrenology%3B_Chart_Wellcome_L0000992.jpg"/>, <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Phrenology%3B_Chart_Wellcome_L0000992.jpg>
- <NAME> *Broca*, Karl *Wernicke* (1800s)
    + Language functions are localized to regions of the left hemisphere
    + <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/BrocasAreaSmall.png/250px-BrocasAreaSmall.png"/>, <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/BrocasAreaSmall.png/250px-BrocasAreaSmall.png>
- Wilder *Penfield*
    + Electrical stimulation shows "map" of brain function
    + <img src="http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/penfield.jpg"/>, <http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/penfield.jpg>
- Modern neuroimaging

---
## Functions are spatially distributed

- Karl *Lashley*
    + Large lesions of rat brain did **NOT** impair maze memory
    + <img src="http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcne/founders/lashlyct.gif"/>, <http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcne/founders/lashlyct.gif>
- *Neural networks*
    + <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colored_neural_network.svg/300px-Colored_neural_network.svg.png"/>, <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colored_neural_network.svg/300px-Colored_neural_network.svg.png>

---
## Forms at multiple levels of analysis contribute to function

<img src="../figs/churchland-levels-of-analysis.gif"/>

<http://ai.ato.ms/MITECS/Images/churchland.figure1.gif>

---
## Next time...

- Levels of analysis<commit_msg>fix img spacing<commit_after># 2015-08-26-history.md

## Today's Topics

- History of the study of brain and behavior
- What did humans know about brain and behavior *before* the emergence of the scientific method?

---
## Pre/Early history

### *Trephining* (trepanning)

<img src="http://www.news.ucsb.edu/sites/www.news.ucsb.edu/files/slideshow_images/2013/Kurin-Trepanation1.jpg"/>

<http://www.news.ucsb.edu/sites/www.news.ucsb.edu/files/slideshow_images/2013/Kurin-Trepanation1.jpg>


<img src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150414123319-ancient-trepanning-super-169.jpg"/>

<http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/150414123319-ancient-trepanning-super-169.jpg>

### Beer-making (~5,000 BCE)

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_beer#/media/File:FuneraryModel-BakeryAndBrewery_MetropolitanMuseum.png>

### Egyptians (3,000 BCE) first written record of the term “brain”

<img src="http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/papybr.gif"/>

<http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/papybr.gif>

### *Aristotle* (335 BCE)
    
- mind and body not distinct.
- brain “cools” the body, heart is the mental organ.

<img src="http://classicalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/aristotle-face-1.jpg"/>

<http://classicalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/aristotle-face-1.jpg>

### *Galen* (177 CE)

- Gladiators' head injuries impaired thinking, movement

<img src="http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/5-galen-greek-physician-and-philosopher-science-source.jpg"/>

<http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/5-galen-greek-physician-and-philosopher-science-source.jpg>
    
- Fluid fills the brain cavities called *ventricles*, circulates through nerves, body

<img src="http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n06/historia/am1.gif"/>, <http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n06/historia/am1.gif>

---
## What did early humans know about the mind and brain?

- Mental functions controlled by organs in the head, the brain
- Mental functions can be influenced by exogenous substances
- Head injury can impair behavior and thinking
- Brain surgery can repair disorders of the brain or behavior
- Ventricles are filled with fluid; something flows from brain to body via nerves.

---
## Why didn't they know more?

- A. Limited technology.
- B. Limited cultural support for systematic observation, description. = SCIENCE
- C. Lack of ability to use knowledge even if it were acquired.

---
## New technologies, new ideas

### *Vesalius* (1543)

- 1st detailed drawings of brain and body anatomy

<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Vesalius_609c.png"/>

<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Vesalius_609c.png>

### <NAME> (1504)

- Wax casts of ventricles
    - fluid filled inner regions of brain
- Ventricles not spherical!

<img src="http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/theses2003/RivaraC-B/images/fig.1.jpg"/>

<http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/theses2003/RivaraC-B/images/fig.1.jpg>

### The body as machine (<NAME> -- mid 1600’s)

<img src="http://www.unmuseum.org/notescurator/automata_duck.jpg"/>

<http://www.unmuseum.org/notescurator/automata_duck.jpg>

---
## Descartes' *Dualism*

- Voluntary functions vs. Reflexes
    - Reflexes “reflect” events in the world
     
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Descartes-reflex.JPG"/>

<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Descartes-reflex.JPG> 

- Reflexes and animal “minds” are physical
- Human mind is not
    - “Dual” influences on behavior
    - Physical + spiritual
- Soul controls body via *pineal gland*
    - Causes muscles to “inflate”

<img src="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n9/images/nrn1498-f1.jpg"/>

<http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/n9/images/nrn1498-f1.jpg>


<img src="http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/descartes-pineal-gland-granger.jpg"/>

<http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/descartes-pineal-gland-granger.jpg>
    
---
## Do you agree with Descartes?

- A. Yes, human minds are fundamentally different from animal minds. The human mind is influenced by both physical and extraphysical processes.
- B. No, human minds are similar to animal minds. The human mind arises solely from physical processes.

---
## How would you test Descartes idea about the role of the pineal gland

---
## The lessons from history

---
## Form and function develop, evolve

- *<NAME>*

<img src="http://darwin-online.org.uk/graphics/face.jpg"/>
<http://darwin-online.org.uk/graphics/face.jpg>
    
- The Origin of Species (1859)
    - Body and behavior subject to evolution by natural selection
- Ontogenetic (within lifetime) vs. phylogenetic (across lifetimes)
    + But ontogeny does NOT recapitulate phylogeny!
     
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapitulation_theory#/media/File:Haeckel_drawings.jpg>

- “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution”, [Dobzhansky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_in_Biology_Makes_Sense_Except_in_the_Light_of_Evolution)

---
## Functions are spatially localized

### *Gall*, *Spurzheim*, and the *Phrenologists*
    + Bumps on skull reflect individual differences in behavior, attitudes

<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Phrenology%3B_Chart_Wellcome_L0000992.jpg"/>

<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Phrenology%3B_Chart_Wellcome_L0000992.jpg>

### <NAME> *Broca*, Karl *Wernicke* (1800s)

- Language functions are localized to regions of the left hemisphere

<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/BrocasAreaSmall.png/250px-BrocasAreaSmall.png"/>

<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/BrocasAreaSmall.png/250px-BrocasAreaSmall.png>

- Wilder *Penfield*
    + Electrical stimulation of *cerebral cortex* shows "map" of brain function

<img src="http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/penfield.jpg"/>

<http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/penfield.jpg>

- Modern neuroimaging

---
## Functions are spatially distributed

- Karl *Lashley*
    + Large lesions of rat brain did **NOT** impair maze memory

<img src="http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcne/founders/lashlyct.gif"/>

<http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcne/founders/lashlyct.gif>

- *Neural networks*

<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colored_neural_network.svg/300px-Colored_neural_network.svg.png"/>

<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colored_neural_network.svg/300px-Colored_neural_network.svg.png>

---
## Forms at multiple levels of analysis contribute to function

<img src="http://ai.ato.ms/MITECS/Images/churchland.figure1.gif"/>

<http://ai.ato.ms/MITECS/Images/churchland.figure1.gif>

---
## Next time...

- Levels of analysis
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