<commit_before>---
layout: base
title:  'Javanese UD'
udver: '2'
---

# UD for Javanese <span class="flagspan"><img class="flag" src="../../flags/svg/ID.svg" /></span>

## Tokenization and Word Segmentation

* In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters. Special treatments are given to multiword tokens and punctuations.

* Special treatments of multiword tokens:
  * Multiword tokens that contain clitics of _-ku_ "me/my", _-mu_ "you/your", _-é/-ipun_ "he/him/she/her/it" are split into two tokens.

* Special treatments for punctuations. All punctuation symbols are separated from the words, except in two cases:
  * Hyphen in reduplicated words. Javanese has many reduplicated words as nouns, verbs, and so on. These reduplicated words are not split and remain one token. The examples of reduplicated words are:
    * Plural noun: _bangsa-bangsa_ "nations"
    * Verb: _mlaku-laku_ "traveling"
  * For abbreviations. All abbreviations such as Mr., M.Sc. Tn., are not split and remain one token.
  

## Morphology

### Tags

* UD Javanese treebank uses all universal POS categories.
* Javanese has three language levels: Krama, Madya, and Ngoko. For certain words, we will add information about its level: Kr. for Krama, and Ng. for Ngoko. 
* The auxiliary ([AUX]()). We defined these Javanese words as AUX:
  * _yaiku_ (Ng.) or _inggih punika_ (Kr.) “be” serve as copulas.
  * Tenses-related AUX:
    * _bakal_ (Ng.), _bade_ (Kr.), _arep_ “will/would” for the future tense.
    * _lagi_ (Ng.), _lagek_ “be” for the present tense.
    * _wis_ (Ng.) or _sampun_ (Kr.) “have/has/had” for the simple/past perfect tense.
  * Modal-related AUX:
    * _kudu_ (Ng.) or _mesti_ (Kr.) as the equivalents of modal “must”.
    * _sekuduné/semestiné_ as the equivalents of modal 'shall/should'.
    * _isa_ (Ng.) or _saget_ (Kr.) as the equivalents of modal “can/could”.

* [PART]() is used for:
  * negation words: _ora_ (Ng.), _mboten_ (Kr.) "no/not"
  * particles of _ko, mbok, tho_

* Javanese has the following coordinating conjunction words ([CCONJ]()):
  * _lan/karo_ as the equivalents of "and" in English
  * _atawa/utawa_ "or"
  * _nanging_ as the equivalents of "but" in English

### Features

* We propose the use of 12 of 24 features defined in UD v2 that are relevant to Javanese grammar:
  * [Abbr](), with one possible value: `Yes`. This feature can be applied to all UPOS categories, except [PUNCT]() and [SYM]().
  * [Definite](), applies to [DET]() with two possible values: `Def` and `Ind` .
  * [Foreign](), with one possible value: `Yes`. This feature only applies to [X]().
  * [Number](), applies to [DET](), [NOUN](), and [PRON](), with two possible values: `Sing`, or `Plur`.
  * [NumType](), applies to [NUM]() and [ADJ](), with two possible values: `Card` or `Ord`.
    * `NumType=Card` is used for `NUM`.
    * `NumType=Ord` is used for ordinal numbers tagged as `ADJ`.
  * [Person](), applies to [PRON]() with three possible values: `1`, `2`, `3`.
  * [Polarity](), with one possible value: `Neg`, applies to [PART]() and [INTJ]().
    * `Polarity=Neg` for [PART]() applies for negating particles 
    * `Polarity=Neg` for [INTJ]() as in _**Mboten**_ "**No**". The word _mboten_ "no" will be given feature `Polarity=Neg`.
  * [Polite]() with four possible values: `Infm`, `Form`, `Elev`, `Humb`  
  * [PronType]() with six possible values: `Art`, `Dem`, `Emp`, `Prs`, `Rel`, and `Tot`,  
  * [Reflex]() with one possible value: `Yes`
  * [Typo](), with one possible value, `Yes`. This feature can be applied to all UPOS categories except [PUNCT]() and [SYM]().
  * [Voice](), applies to [VERB]() with two possible values: `Act` and `Pass`.
    * `Voice=Act` for active verbs
    * `Voice=Pass` for passive verbs


## Syntax

* The default word order is SVO, so the subject ([nsubj]()) normally precedes and the object follows the verb (with the exception of inverted sentences).
* A verb may serve as the subject and is labeled as clausal subject, either as [csubj]() or [csubj:pass]().
* Transitive verbs will have a noun phrase as the object ([obj]()). 
* Passive verbs could be followed by agent ([obl:agent]())
* Verbs can have oblique arguments ([obl]()). Special for temporal modifiers, we label it as [obl:tmod]().

### Non-verbal Clauses

* The copula _yaiku_ (Ng.) or _inggih punika_ (Kr.) (be) is optionally used in equational, attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses. 

### Relations Overview

* The following 12 relation subtypes could be used in UD Javanese treebank:
  * [acl:relcl]() for relative clauses that modify a noun phrase. 
  * [advmod:emph]() for particles ([PART]()) _tho_ that emphasize other words. 
  * [case:adv]() for case to ADJ/VERB that plays role as adverb.
  * [csubj:pass]() for clausal subjects of passive verbs.
  * [flat:foreign]() to label sequences of foreign words.
  * [flat:name]() to label sequences of names of PROPN-PROPN pairs.
  * [nmod:poss]() for possessive relationship.
  * [nmod:lmod]() for locative modifier of a noun phrase. 
  * [nmod:tmod]() for temporal modifier of a noun phrase. 
  * [nsubj:pass]() for nominal subjects of passive verbs.
  * [obl:agent]() for agents of passive verbs.
  * [obl:tmod]() for temporal modifier for a [VERB]()/[ADJ]().


## Treebanks

There are [N](../treebanks/jv-comparison.html) Javanese UD treebanks:

  * [Javanese-CSUI](../treebanks/jv_csui/index.html)
<commit_msg>updated jv doc<commit_after>---
layout: base
title:  'Javanese UD'
udver: '2'
---

# UD for Javanese <span class="flagspan"><img class="flag" src="../../flags/svg/ID.svg" /></span>

## Tokenization and Word Segmentation

* In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters. Special treatments are given to multiword tokens and punctuations.

* Special treatments of multiword tokens:
  * Multiword tokens that contain clitics of:
    * _-ku_ "me/my"
    * _-mu_ "you/your", 
    * _-é/-ipun_ "he/him/she/her/it" 
    are split into two tokens.


* Special treatments for punctuations. All punctuation symbols are separated from the words, except in two cases:
  * Hyphen in reduplicated words. Javanese has many reduplicated words as nouns, verbs, and so on. These reduplicated words are not split and remain one token. The examples of reduplicated words are:
    * Plural noun: _bangsa-bangsa_ "nations"
    * Verb: _mlaku-laku_ "traveling"
  * For abbreviations. All abbreviations such as Mr., M.Sc. Tn., are not split and remain one token.
  

## Morphology

### Tags

* UD Javanese treebank uses all universal POS categories.
* Javanese has three language levels: Krama, Madya, and Ngoko. For certain words, we will add information about its level: Kr. for Krama, and Ng. for Ngoko. 
* The auxiliary ([AUX]()). We defined these Javanese words as AUX:
  * _yaiku_ (Ng.) or _inggih punika_ (Kr.) “be” serve as copulas.

  * Tenses-related AUX:
    * _bakal_ (Ng.), _bade_ (Kr.), _arep_ “will/would” for the future tense.
    * _lagi_ (Ng.), _lagek_ “be” for the present tense.
    * _wis_ (Ng.) or _sampun_ (Kr.) “have/has/had” for the simple/past perfect tense.

  * Modal-related AUX:
    * _kudu_ (Ng.) or _mesti_ (Kr.) as the equivalents of modal “must”.
    * _sekuduné/semestiné_ as the equivalents of modal 'shall/should'.
    * _isa_ (Ng.) or _saget_ (Kr.) as the equivalents of modal “can/could”.

* [PART]() is used for:
  * negation words: _ora_ (Ng.) or _mboten_ (Kr.) "no/not"
  * particles of _ko, mbok, tho, ya_

* Javanese has the following coordinating conjunction words ([CCONJ]()):
  * _lan/karo_ as the equivalents of "and" in English
  * _atawa/utawa_ "or"
  * _nanging_ as the equivalents of "but" in English

### Features

* We propose the use of 12 of 24 features defined in UD v2 that are relevant to Javanese grammar:
  * [Abbr](), with one possible value: `Yes`. This feature can be applied to all UPOS categories, except [PUNCT]() and [SYM]().
  
  * [Definite](), applies to [DET]() with two possible values: `Def` and `Ind` .

  * [Foreign](), with one possible value: `Yes`. This feature only applies to [X]().

  * [Number](), applies to [DET](), [NOUN](), and [PRON](), with two possible values: `Sing`, or `Plur`.
  * [NumType](), applies to [NUM]() and [ADJ](), with two possible values: `Card` or `Ord`.
    * `NumType=Card` is used for `NUM`.
    * `NumType=Ord` is used for ordinal numbers tagged as `ADJ`.
  * [Person](), applies to [PRON]() with three possible values: `1`, `2`, `3`.

  * [Polarity](), with one possible value: `Neg`, applies to [PART]() and [INTJ]().
    * `Polarity=Neg` for [PART]() applies for negating particles 
    * `Polarity=Neg` for [INTJ]() as in _**Mboten**_ "**No**". The word _mboten_ "no" will be given feature `Polarity=Neg`.
  * [Polite]() with four possible values: `Infm`, `Form`, `Elev`, `Humb`  
    * `Polite=Infm` for words from Ngoko language
    * `Polite=Form` for words from Krama and Madya language
    * `Polite=Elev` for words from Krama Inggil
    * `Polite=Humb` for words from Krama Andhap
    
  * [PronType]() with six possible values: `Art`, `Dem`, `Emp`, `Prs`, `Rel`, and `Tot`
    * `PronType=Art` is used for [DET]() along with [Definite]() feature.
    * `PronType=Dem` is used for [DET]() or [PRON]() such as for words _iki_ "this".
    * `PronType=Emp` is used for [DET]() for word _piyambak_ "self"
    * `PronType=Prs` is used for [PRON]() along with [Person]() feature.
    * `PronType=Rel` is used for [PRON]() such as _ingkang, kang_.
    * `PronType=Tot` is used for [PRON]() or [DET]() such as _sedaya_ (Kr) "all"
      
  * [Reflex]() with one possible value: `Yes`

  * [Typo](), with one possible value, `Yes`. This feature can be applied to all UPOS categories except [PUNCT]() and [SYM]().

  * [Voice](), applies to [VERB]() with two possible values: `Act` and `Pass`.
    * `Voice=Act` for active verbs
    * `Voice=Pass` for passive verbs


## Syntax

* The default word order is SVO, so the subject ([nsubj]()) normally precedes and the object follows the verb (with the exception of inverted sentences).
* A verb may serve as the subject and is labeled as clausal subject, either as [csubj]() or [csubj:pass]().
* Transitive verbs will have a noun phrase as the object ([obj]()). 
* Passive verbs could be followed by agent ([obl:agent]())
* Verbs can have oblique arguments ([obl]()). Special for temporal modifiers, we label it as [obl:tmod]().

### Non-verbal Clauses

* The copula _yaiku_ (Ng.) or _inggih punika_ (Kr.) (be) is optionally used in equational, attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses. 

### Relations Overview

* The following 12 relation subtypes could be used in UD Javanese treebank:
  * [acl:relcl]() for relative clauses that modify a noun phrase. 
  * [advmod:emph]() for particles ([PART]()) that emphasize other words. 
  * [case:adv]() for case to ADJ/VERB that plays role as adverb.
  * [csubj:pass]() for clausal subjects of passive verbs.
  * [flat:foreign]() to label sequences of foreign words.
  * [flat:name]() to label sequences of names of PROPN-PROPN pairs.
  * [nmod:poss]() for possessive relationship.
  * [nmod:lmod]() for locative modifier of a noun phrase. 
  * [nmod:tmod]() for temporal modifier of a noun phrase. 
  * [nsubj:pass]() for nominal subjects of passive verbs.
  * [obl:agent]() for agents of passive verbs.
  * [obl:tmod]() for temporal modifier for a [VERB]()/[ADJ]().


## Treebanks

There are [N](../treebanks/jv-comparison.html) Javanese UD treebanks:

  * [Javanese-CSUI](../treebanks/jv_csui/index.html)

{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.135139814734655, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0019045970045883473, 'mean_word_length': 3.8680994521702488, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 9, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 9, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
{'dir': 'git-commits-cleaned', 'id': '560493', 'n_tokens_mistral': 4043, 'n_tokens_neox': 3838, 'n_words': 1520}