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					<h1>323.4483:</h1>
					<h3>Online Privacy and TOR</h3>
					<p>
						<small>Created by <a href="http://amberadams.co"><NAME></a> / <a href="http://twitter.com/amberadams">@amberadams</a></small>
						<small> aka <a href="http://twitter.com/anarchival">@anarchival</a></small>
					</p>
					<p>
						<small> <a href="http://www.amberadams.co/privacy-talk">view this presentation on the Web</a></small>
					</p>
				</section>
				<section>
					<section>
						<h2>Threats to Privacy</h2>
						<aside class="notes">
						Oh hey, these are some notes. They'll be hidden in your presentation, but you can see them if you open the speaker notes window (hit 's' on your keyboard).
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>The NSA</h2>
						<li>PRISM</li>
						<li>XKeyscore</li>
						<li>Tempora</li>
					<p></p>
					<p>
						<small> <a href="http://www.roguelynn.com/prism/"><NAME>'s presentation on NSA surveillance</a> and <a href="http://prism-break.org/en/">PRISM Break</a></small>
						<small> <a href="http://www.munkdebates.com/debates/state-surveillance">Tonight at 6pm CST Greg Greenwald debates <NAME></a></small>
						<img width="538" height="303" src="images/yeswescan.jpg">
					</p>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Law Enforcement</h2>
						<p>U.S. counter-terrorism officers <a href="http://boingboing.net/2013/01/01/foiad-fbi-documents-reveal-s.html">monitored and investigated</a> Occupy.</p>
						<p><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/24/hacking-us-government-cyber-crackdown">Draconian prosecutions</a> of hackers such as <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, and others.</p>
						<p>SCOTUS ruling on <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/04/government-plays-fast-and-loose-technology-supreme-court-cell-phone-cases">warrants and cell phones</a>.</p>
						<p>White House issues a <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/05/01/pcast-releases-report-big-data-and-privacy">report</a> on how Big Data can be used to both empower and harm citizens.
						<p>Net Neutrality comes to an end at the <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-aaron/the-fccs-flimsy-defense-o_b_5244603.html">FCC</a>.</p>
					<p></p>
					</p>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Heart Bleed</h2>
						<p></p>
						<img width="341" height="413" align="right" src="images/heartbleed.png">
						<p align="center" >The <a href="http://heartbleed.com/">Heartbleed</a> bug is a programming</p>
						<p>error in the <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> library which</p>
						<p>undergirds most of the</p>
						<p>encrypted traffic on the Internet. 
						</p>
						<p>(speaking of encrypted traffic,</p>
						<p>even once the bug is fixed,</p>
						<p>you should be using</p>
						<p><a href="https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere">HTTPS Everywhere</a></p>
						<p>from the <a href="https://www.eff.org/">EFF</a>).
						</p>
						</a>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Targeting Pregnancy</h2>
						<p align="center">They know you're <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/04/29/you-can-hide-your-pregnancy-online-but-youll-feel-like-a-criminal/">pregnant</a>,</p>
						<p>Maybe even before your <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/02/16/how-target-figured-out-a-teen-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-father-did/">family</a> does.</p>
						<p>(you should install <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/04/privacy-badger">Privacy Badger </a>from the EFF).</p>
						<img width="300" height="399" src="images/target.png">
						<aside class="notes">
						Yahoo announced yesterday that like most other major search and retail sites, it will not honor Do Not Track requests from browsers.
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Criminals</h2>
						<p align="center"><a href="http://gawker.com/5950981/unmasking-reddits-violentacrez-the-biggest-troll-on-the-web">Creeps</a> can use your own computer</p><p><a href="http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/consumer-security/how-hackers-can-switch-on-your-webcam-and-control-your-computer-20130402-2gvwv.html">to stalk you</a> often with terrible <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/11/amanda-todd-suicide-bullying_n_1959909.html">consequences</a>.</p>
						<img width="475" height="325" src="images/identity-theft.jpg">
					</section>
				</section>
				<section>
						<p>
						hack or be hacked
						</p>
						<h2>SOLUTIONS</h2>

						<aside class="notes">
						Oh hey, these are some notes. They'll be hidden in your presentation, but you can see them if you open the speaker notes window (hit 's' on your keyboard).
						</aside>
				</section>
				<section>
					<section>
						<h2>The Onion Router</h2>
						<img width="550" height="423" src="images/ogresonions.jpg"></p>
						<aside class="notes">
						Onion routing was conceived in the mid-90s by the US Naval Research Laboratory, and initially developed into what is now known as the TOR network in 2002. It was designed for the primary purpose of protecting government communications, and secondarily to give citizens in other countries living under anti-democratic censorship a means of accessing the Internet with less threat of government reprisal. Today it's used by a wide range of people even beyond the usual suspects, which of course includes the military, journalists, dissidents and activists, law enforcement, and criminals.
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Traffic Analysis</h2>
						<p> <a href="http://tools-on.net/privacy.shtml">Sherlock Holmes</a> reveals your IP, specs on your system
						</p>
						<p>easy to find your location <a href="http://ip-lookup.net/">based on your IP</a>
						</p>
						<p>before even <a href="http://www.tuxradar.com/content/how-sniff-network-traffic-wireshark">analysing the content</a> of your unencrypted messages
						</p>
						<img width="559" height="432" src="images/analysis.png"></p>
						<aside class="notes">
						When we connect to the Internet without any proxy or encryption in place, we are broadcasting a great deal of information about our location, our computer system and its potential weaknesses, what sites or servers we are connecting to as well as all of the information we are transmitting to those sites and servers. It's quite simple for a bad actor, whether that's our own government or a stalker or other hacker, to use a packet sniffer like Wireshark to analyze your traffic and learn an awful lot about you and even steal your information such as logins and passwords. I've included a few links here for your reference just to get a feel for how much information we're potentially revealing and how easy it is for someone else to capture.
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Proxies & Encryption</h2>
						<img width="670" height="368" src="images/tor-onion.png"></p>

						<aside class="notes">
						TOR solves the privacy problem of traffic analysis in two ways: through anonymity and encryption. TOR will route your network traffic through three nodes before reaching the destination via the last node (called an exit node). At each node, the request is encrypted using the public key of the next node in the chain, thereby creating a layer of encryption at each level and fulfilling the onion metaphor. The same process happens in reverse with the response. Of course, this means that your traffic is most vulnerable to eavesdropping when leaving the onion routing network, so ideally your sensitive communications should take place entirely within the network.
						EXPLAIN BRIDGES AND RELAYS. 
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Installation & Use</h2>
						<p>Download and install the <a href="https://www.torproject.org/download/download-easy.html.en">package</a>.</p>
						<p>Start the TOR browser, click Connect.</p>
						<p>Use *only* the TOR browser</p>
						<p>Use HTTPS (enabled by default)</p>
						<p>Use bridges and/or find company</p>
						<p>Don't torrent</p>
						<p>Don't enable or install browser plugins</p>
						<p>Don't open documents through TOR while online</p>
						</a>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Hidden Services</h2>
						<p>Explore the <a href="http://thehiddenwiki.org/">Deep, Dark, Mysterious Net</a>.</p>
						<p>Host your own <a href="https://github.com/whackashoe/tor-hidden-service-setup">hidden services</a> on a virtual machine.</p>
						<p>Host your own <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5952148/how-to-create-a-super-private-bittorrent-community-for-you-and-your-friends">torrents</a> while you're at it, too.</p>
						<aside class="notes">
							unfortunate that the Dark Net is used by criminals such as pedophiles, but it has the potential to be an Internet relatively immune from censorship as well
						</aside>
					</section>
				</section>

				<section>
					<section>
						<h2>THE COMMAND LINE</h2>
						<aside class="notes">
						If you've never operated your computer from the command line but have always used a GUI (graphical user interface), then you are severely limiting what you can do on your computer. You might even be causing yourself unnecessary pain. In the beginning, all operations on your computer were done from a command line. There were no GUIs. Of course, Mac and Windows came along and changed all that, and it made computers simpler to use for a much wider range of people. Unfortunately, the GUI interface still remained underpowered in comparison to the command line. To this day, there are operations that are trivial on the command line that are impossible from the GUI, and some things you can do in the GUI that are still far more efficient from the command line. One of my frustrations with Windows, in fact, is how many different programs are written and even sold for cash money that perform the sorts of operations that can be done using a UNIX command line from a free as in beer operating system with just a few keystrokes. This is also illustrated by the Automator program on Macs, if any of you have played with that. Apple took various generic UNIX commands - like, "divide this file into many files by paragraphs" or "create a pdf" and attached them to buttons which can be placed in whatever order you wish them to run, with a file input and an output. Or you could just use the command line by typing in the text commands and running the script without bothering with Automator, which frankly by comparison feels a little slow and clunky and limiting to me, even though it allows you to write and run scripts in the GUI. I encourage all of you to dive into using the command line, not only because you need it for some of the privacy and security things we're about to do, but because it will make you a much powerful computer user. It might seem weird at first if you've never used it, but it's really not that mysterious once you learn a few simple commands.
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>The Terminal</h2><commit_msg>backup slides<commit_after><!doctype html>
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				<section>
					<h1>323.4483:</h1>
					<h3>Online Privacy and TOR</h3>
					<p>
						<small>Created by <a href="http://amberadams.co"><NAME></a> / <a href="http://twitter.com/amberadams">@amberadams</a></small>
						<small> aka <a href="http://twitter.com/anarchival">@anarchival</a></small>
					</p>
					<p>
						<small> <a href="http://www.amberadams.co/privacy-talk">view this presentation on the Web</a></small>
					</p>
				</section>
				<section>
					<section>
						<h2>Threats to Privacy</h2>
						<aside class="notes">
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>The NSA</h2>
						<li>PRISM</li>
						<li>XKeyscore</li>
						<li>Tempora</li>
					<p></p>
					<p>
						<small> <a href="http://www.roguelynn.com/prism/">L<NAME> presentation on NSA surveillance</a> and <a href="http://prism-break.org/en/">PRISM Break</a></small>
						<small> <a href="http://www.munkdebates.com/debates/state-surveillance">Tonight at 6pm CST Greg Greenwald debates <NAME></a></small>
						<img width="538" height="303" src="images/yeswescan.jpg">
					</p>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Law Enforcement</h2>
						<p>U.S. counter-terrorism officers <a href="http://boingboing.net/2013/01/01/foiad-fbi-documents-reveal-s.html">monitored and investigated</a> Occupy.</p>
						<p><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/24/hacking-us-government-cyber-crackdown">Draconian prosecutions</a> of hackers such as <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, and others.</p>
						<p>SCOTUS ruling on <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/04/government-plays-fast-and-loose-technology-supreme-court-cell-phone-cases">warrants and cell phones</a>.</p>
						<p>White House issues a <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/05/01/pcast-releases-report-big-data-and-privacy">report</a> on how Big Data can be used to both empower and harm citizens.
						<p>Net Neutrality comes to an end at the <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-aaron/the-fccs-flimsy-defense-o_b_5244603.html">FCC</a>.</p>
					<p></p>
					</p>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Heart Bleed</h2>
						<p></p>
						<img width="341" height="413" align="right" src="images/heartbleed.png">
						<p align="center" >The <a href="http://heartbleed.com/">Heartbleed</a> bug is a programming</p>
						<p>error in the <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> library which</p>
						<p>undergirds most of the</p>
						<p>encrypted traffic on the Internet. 
						</p>
						<p>(speaking of encrypted traffic,</p>
						<p>even once the bug is fixed,</p>
						<p>you should be using</p>
						<p><a href="https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere">HTTPS Everywhere</a></p>
						<p>from the <a href="https://www.eff.org/">EFF</a>).
						</p>
						</a>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Targeting Pregnancy</h2>
						<p align="center">They know you're <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/04/29/you-can-hide-your-pregnancy-online-but-youll-feel-like-a-criminal/">pregnant</a>,</p>
						<p>Maybe even before your <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/02/16/how-target-figured-out-a-teen-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-father-did/">family</a> does.</p>
						<p>(you should install <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/04/privacy-badger">Privacy Badger </a>from the EFF).</p>
						<img width="300" height="399" src="images/target.png">
						<aside class="notes">
						Yahoo announced yesterday that like most other major search and retail sites, it will not honor Do Not Track requests from browsers.
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Criminals</h2>
						<p align="center"><a href="http://gawker.com/5950981/unmasking-reddits-violentacrez-the-biggest-troll-on-the-web">Creeps</a> can use your own computer</p><p><a href="http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/consumer-security/how-hackers-can-switch-on-your-webcam-and-control-your-computer-20130402-2gvwv.html">to stalk you</a> often with terrible <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/11/amanda-todd-suicide-bullying_n_1959909.html">consequences</a>.</p>
						<img width="475" height="325" src="images/identity-theft.jpg">
					</section>
				</section>
				<section>
						<p>
						hack or be hacked
						</p>
						<h2>SOLUTIONS</h2>

						<aside class="notes">
						discussion of ethics of hacking, how blurry the line is between good guys and bad guys, "you have nothing to hide if you're not doing anything wrong" NSA compromising security on the Internet by creating backdoors, weakening crypto opens up attack from people we definitely can't trust 
						</aside>
				</section>
				<section>
					<section>
						<h2>The Onion Router</h2>
						<img width="550" height="423" src="images/ogresonions.jpg"></p>
						<aside class="notes">
						Onion routing was conceived in the mid-90s by the US Naval Research Laboratory, and initially developed into what is now known as the TOR network in 2002. It was designed for the primary purpose of protecting government communications, and secondarily to give citizens in other countries living under anti-democratic censorship a means of accessing the Internet with less threat of government reprisal. Today it's used by a wide range of people even beyond the usual suspects, which of course includes the military, journalists, dissidents and activists, law enforcement, and criminals.
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Traffic Analysis</h2>
						<p> <a href="http://tools-on.net/privacy.shtml">Sherlock Holmes</a> reveals your IP, specs on your system
						</p>
						<p>easy to find your location <a href="http://ip-lookup.net/">based on your IP</a>
						</p>
						<p>before even <a href="http://www.tuxradar.com/content/how-sniff-network-traffic-wireshark">analysing the content</a> of your unencrypted messages
						</p>
						<img width="559" height="432" src="images/analysis.png"></p>
						<aside class="notes">
						When we connect to the Internet without any proxy or encryption in place, we are broadcasting a great deal of information about our location, our computer system and its potential weaknesses, what sites or servers we are connecting to as well as all of the information we are transmitting to those sites and servers. It's quite simple for a bad actor, whether that's our own government or a stalker or other hacker, to use a packet sniffer like Wireshark to analyze your traffic and learn an awful lot about you and even steal your information such as logins and passwords. I've included a few links here for your reference just to get a feel for how much information we're potentially revealing and how easy it is for someone else to capture.
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Proxies & Encryption</h2>
						<img width="670" height="368" src="images/tor-onion.png"></p>

						<aside class="notes">
						TOR solves the privacy problem of traffic analysis in two ways: through anonymity and encryption. TOR will route your network traffic through three nodes before reaching the destination via the last node (called an exit node). At each node, the request is encrypted using the public key of the next node in the chain, thereby creating a layer of encryption at each level and fulfilling the onion metaphor. The same process happens in reverse with the response. Of course, this means that your traffic is most vulnerable to eavesdropping when leaving the onion routing network, so ideally your sensitive communications should take place entirely within the network.
						Tor is a service that helps you to protect your anonymity while using the Internet. 

						Tor is comprised of two parts: software you can download that allows you to use the Internet anonymously, and the volunteer network of computers that makes it possible for that software to work. The Tor software depends on the Tor network, which is made up of Tor relays operated by individuals and organizations all over the world. The more Tor relays we have running, the faster, more robust, and more secure the Tor network will be. Tor relays are also referred to as "routers" or "nodes." They receive traffic on the Tor network and pass it along. There are three kinds of relays that you can run in order to help the Tor network: middle relays, exit relays, and bridges. For greater security, all Tor traffic passes through at least three relays before it reaches its destination. The first two relays are middle relays which receive traffic and pass it along to another relay. Middle relays add to the speed and robustness of the Tor network without making the owner of the relay look like the source of the traffic. Middle relays advertise their presence to the rest of the Tor network, so that any Tor user can connect to them. Even if a malicious user employs the Tor network to do something illegal, the IP address of a middle relay will not show up as the source of the traffic. That means a middle relay is generally safe to run in your home, in conjunction with other services, or on a computer with your personal files. An exit relay is the final relay that Tor traffic passes through before it reaches its destination. Exit relays advertise their presence to the entire Tor network, so they can be used by any Tor users. Because Tor traffic exits through these relays, the IP address of the exit relay is interpreted as the source of the traffic. If a malicious user employs the Tor network to do something that might be objectionable or illegal, the exit relay may take the blame. People who run exit relays should be prepared to deal with complaints, copyright takedown notices, and the possibility that their servers may attract the attention of law enforcement agencies. If you aren't prepared to deal with potential issues like this, you might want to run a middle relay instead. We recommend that an exit relay should be operated on a dedicated machine in a hosting facility that is aware that the server is running an exit node. Bridges are Tor relays which are not publicly listed as part of the Tor network. Bridges are essential censorship-circumvention tools in countries that regularly block the IP addresses of all publicly listed Tor relays, such as China. A bridge is generally safe to run in your home, in conjunction with other services, or on a computer with your personal files
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Installation & Use</h2>
						<p>Download and install the <a href="https://www.torproject.org/download/download-easy.html.en">package</a>.</p>
						<p>Start the TOR browser, click Connect.</p>
						<p>Use *only* the TOR browser</p>
						<p>Use HTTPS (enabled by default)</p>
						<p>Use bridges and/or find company</p>
						<p>Don't torrent</p>
						<p>Don't enable or install browser plugins</p>
						<p>Don't open documents through TOR while online</p>
						</a>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>Hidden Services</h2>
						<p>Explore the <a href="http://thehiddenwiki.org/">Deep, Dark, Mysterious Net</a>.</p>
						<p>Host your own <a href="https://github.com/whackashoe/tor-hidden-service-setup">hidden services</a> on a virtual machine.</p>
						<p>Host your own <a href="http://lifehacker.com/5952148/how-to-create-a-super-private-bittorrent-community-for-you-and-your-friends">torrents</a> while you're at it, too.</p>
						<aside class="notes">
							A hidden service needs to advertise its existence in the Tor network before clients will be able to contact it. Therefore, the service randomly picks some relays, builds circuits to them, and asks them to act as introduction points by telling them its public key. By using a full Tor circuit, it's hard for anyone to associate an introduction point with the hidden server's IP address. While the introduction points and others are told the hidden service's identity or public key, they don't know the hidden server's actual location or IP address. 
							
							The hidden service assembles a hidden service descriptor, containing its public key and a summary of each introduction point, and signs this descriptor with its private key. It uploads that descriptor to a distributed hash table. The descriptor will be found by clients requesting XYZ.onion where XYZ is a 16 character name derived from the service's public key. After this step, the hidden service is set up. 
							
							A client that wants to contact a hidden service needs to learn about its onion address first. After that, the client can initiate connection establishment by downloading the descriptor from the distributed hash table. If there is a descriptor for XYZ.onion (the hidden service could also be offline or have left long ago, or there could be a typo in the onion address), the client now knows the set of introduction points and the right public key to use. Around this time, the client also creates a circuit to another randomly picked relay and asks it to act as rendezvous point by telling it a one-time secret. 
							
							It's unfortunate that the Dark Net is used by criminals such as pedophiles, but it has the potential to be an Internet relatively immune from other types of government censorship that most of us would probably not approve of.
						</aside>
					</section>
				</section>

				<section>
					<section>
						<h2>THE COMMAND LINE</h2>
						<aside class="notes">
						If you've never operated your computer from the command line but have always used a GUI (graphical user interface), then you are severely limiting what you can do on your computer. You might even be causing yourself unnecessary pain. In the beginning, all operations on your computer were done from a command line. There were no GUIs. Of course, Mac and Windows came along and changed all that, and it made computers simpler to use for a much wider range of people. Unfortunately, the GUI interface still remained underpowered in comparison to the command line. To this day, there are operations that are trivial on the command line that are impossible from the GUI, and some things you can do in the GUI that are still far more efficient from the command line. One of my frustrations with Windows, in fact, is how many different programs are written and even sold for cash money that perform the sorts of operations that can be done using a UNIX command line from a free as in beer operating system with just a few keystrokes. This is also illustrated by the Automator program on Macs, if any of you have played with that. Apple took various generic UNIX commands - like, "divide this file into many files by paragraphs" or "create a pdf" and attached them to buttons which can be placed in whatever order you wish them to run, with a file input and an output. Or you could just use the command line by typing in the text commands and running the script without bothering with Automator, which frankly by comparison feels a little slow and clunky and limiting to me, even though it allows you to write and run scripts in the GUI. I encourage all of you to dive into using the command line, not only because you need it for some of the privacy and security things we're about to do, but because it will make you a much powerful computer user. It might seem weird at first if you've never used it, but it's really not that mysterious once you learn a few simple commands.
						</aside>
					</section>
					<section>
						<h2>The Terminal</h2>
{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.10899547138740222, 'fraction_numerical': 0.013654453135721147, 'mean_word_length': 3.5431733167082293, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 569, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 569, 'https://': 14, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 34, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 8, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
{'dir': 'git-commits-cleaned', 'id': '6734093', 'n_tokens_mistral': 10328, 'n_tokens_neox': 8297, 'n_words': 3416}