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1
00:00:21,620 --> 00:00:27,320
ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู…

2
00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:32,160
ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 12 ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 12 ุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

3
00:00:32,160 --> 00:00:40,800
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 12 ุฃูˆู„ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

4
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:46,200
ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุจูˆู† ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณู„ุญุฉ ุซุงู„ุซุฉ

5
00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:52,920
ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑูˆุฌูŠู†Carbon Steel ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ู‚ุตุฏู‡

6
00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:59,140
ุจู€ Carbon SteelุŸ ู‡ุฐุง ุฅุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู‚ุงู„ ููŠ ุฌูˆุฑู†ุงู„

7
00:00:59,140 --> 00:01:02,800
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

8
00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:02,940
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

9
00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:03,320
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

10
00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:03,720
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

11
00:01:03,720 --> 00:01:06,240
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

12
00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:12,460
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

13
00:01:14,300 --> 00:01:18,540
ูˆุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุดุชู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุณุชูŠู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุชุฑ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ

14
00:01:18,540 --> 00:01:23,160
ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง technically though this well-known alloy

15
00:01:23,160 --> 00:01:27,560
of iron and carbon is not as simple as one might

16
00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:32,600
think ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุด ุจุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู‡ุง steel

17
00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:38,700
comes in a huge range of different grades ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน

18
00:01:38,700 --> 00:01:43,850
ุชุจุนุชู‡ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุตูุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉeach with different

19
00:01:43,850 --> 00:01:49,110
characteristics ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู‡ ู…ูˆุงุตูุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ for the

20
00:01:49,110 --> 00:01:53,870
inexperienced it can be difficult to know where to

21
00:01:53,870 --> 00:01:58,510
begin ู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ู…ุด ุฎุจุฑุฉ ุตุนุจ ู†ุนุฑู ู…ู† ูˆูŠู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ

22
00:02:00,010 --> 00:02:05,810
Carbon steel ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ู…ูƒุงู† ุฌูŠุฏ ู„ู„ุจุฏุฃ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุน

23
00:02:05,810 --> 00:02:08,950
ุงู„ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

24
00:02:08,950 --> 00:02:10,750
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

25
00:02:10,750 --> 00:02:11,610
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

26
00:02:11,610 --> 00:02:12,290
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

27
00:02:12,290 --> 00:02:12,670
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

28
00:02:12,670 --> 00:02:12,830
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

29
00:02:12,830 --> 00:02:13,490
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

30
00:02:13,490 --> 00:02:13,990
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

31
00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:14,150
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

32
00:02:14,150 --> 00:02:14,150
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

33
00:02:14,150 --> 00:02:17,190
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ

34
00:02:17,190 --> 00:02:24,480
ุงู„ุตู†ุงุงู„ุงู† ุงู„ุงู† ู„ุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู„ุฃูŠ ู†ุณุจุฉ

35
00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:29,140
ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุณุชูŠู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู‚ุงุทุนู‹ุง

36
00:02:29,140 --> 00:02:34,660
ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุชู„ุงุช ุฎุงู†ุงุช ู„ู€ carbon

37
00:02:34,660 --> 00:02:39,040
steel ุฅูŠุด ู‡ู…ู‡ุงุŸ mild steel the most widely used

38
00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:42,820
grade is a low carbon steel which contains up to

39
00:02:42,820 --> 00:02:47,300
approximately point three percent of carbon ูŠุนู†ูŠ

40
00:02:47,300 --> 00:02:51,890
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ุจุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ mild ู‚ุฏูŠุด ุจุญุชูˆู‰ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู†

41
00:02:51,890 --> 00:02:57,090
ุนุดุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงูŠุดุŸ ุงูŠุฑู† ูู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡

42
00:02:57,090 --> 00:03:01,570
ุงูŠุดุŸ mild steel medium carbon steel contain

43
00:03:01,570 --> 00:03:07,500
between approximately point three percentto point

44
00:03:07,500 --> 00:03:12,540
six percent carbon ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† point ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู„ point ูƒุงู…

45
00:03:12,540 --> 00:03:16,300
ุณุชุฉ carbon high carbon steel contain between

46
00:03:16,300 --> 00:03:20,300
approximately point six and one point four percent

47
00:03:20,300 --> 00:03:24,920
carbon ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุดูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน

48
00:03:24,920 --> 00:03:29,060
one point four percent carbon ุงู„ุขู† ุจู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ู‡ุฐุง

49
00:03:29,060 --> 00:03:31,940
ุงู„ุชู„ุงุช ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฅูŠุด ู‡ู…ุง mild

50
00:03:34,300 --> 00:03:39,000
medium carbon steel ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงูŠุด high carbon steel

51
00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:42,980
ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุชูˆูˆุง ุงูŠุด carbons and

52
00:03:42,980 --> 00:03:46,400
steel ูˆ ุงู„ carbon ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง very low

53
00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:51,400
quantities ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑุฉ

54
00:03:51,400 --> 00:03:58,080
ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู†ุณุจุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ููŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ

55
00:03:58,080 --> 00:04:05,020
gramู‡ุฐู‡ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฎููŠูุฉ ุฌุฏุง ูˆ ุฃูƒุชุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠู‡ ูƒู„ ุฃู„ู ูƒู„

56
00:04:05,020 --> 00:04:12,180
ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ 14 gram ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ุฎููŠูุฉ

57
00:04:12,180 --> 00:04:17,620
ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡

58
00:04:17,620 --> 00:04:22,890
alloy steels ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุญู† ุจู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ steel ุฅูŠุด ู†ูˆุนู‡it's

59
00:04:22,890 --> 00:04:26,930
an alloy ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู…ุด ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุงู†ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุณู…ู†ุงู‡ alloy

60
00:04:26,930 --> 00:04:30,570
steel ุงุช ู†ูˆุน ุชุงู†ูŠ ู…ุด alloy ู„ุฃ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ู‰ ุจุณ ุงู„ุชุณู…ูŠุฉ

61
00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:34,610
ุชุจุนุชู‡ ู„ุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌุงูŠุฉ ููŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุนูŠู†ู†ุง

62
00:04:34,610 --> 00:04:40,660
othermetals ุจู†ุญุทู‡ู… ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูƒูˆูŠุณ ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุทู„ุนู‡ุง the

63
00:04:40,660 --> 00:04:44,080
second main category of steel is alloy steels

64
00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:48,540
which consists of iron carbon and one or more

65
00:04:48,540 --> 00:04:53,500
alloying material ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุงุด ุจู†ุถูŠู ุญุงุฌุงุช ุงูƒุชุฑ

66
00:04:53,500 --> 00:04:57,980
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุงูˆ ุชู†ุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ material ุงู„ alloying

67
00:04:57,980 --> 00:05:02,800
material ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ specific grade of the alloying

68
00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:03,800
steel include

69
00:05:09,540 --> 00:05:20,940
ู…ุด ุตุบูŠุฑ ุทูŠุจ

70
00:05:20,940 --> 00:05:24,280
ุงู„ include ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ุงุŸ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ

71
00:05:24,280 --> 00:05:29,780
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… low alloy steel which

72
00:05:29,780 --> 00:05:38,060
contains 90%ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณู„ุญุฉ ูˆุญุชู‰ 10% ู…ู†

73
00:05:38,060 --> 00:05:45,360
ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุงูˆูƒุฑูˆู…ูŠุง ู†ูƒูˆ ู…ุงู†ุฌุงู†ูŠุฒ

74
00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:47,680
ู…ูˆู„ูŠุจูŠุฏูŠุง

75
00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:53,780
Vanadium ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุญุทู‡ู… ููŠู‡ู…

76
00:05:53,780 --> 00:05:57,380
ู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠุด ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ low alloying steel ู„ุฃู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ

77
00:05:57,380 --> 00:06:04,380
ุชุณุนูŠู† ูุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ iron ูˆุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ alloying materials high

78
00:06:04,380 --> 00:06:10,720
strength low alloying steel which contains smaller

79
00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:15,430
quantity of the above metalsit's typically less

80
00:06:15,430 --> 00:06:19,250
than two percent ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุฃู‚ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุณู…ู†ุงู‡ high

81
00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:23,730
strength low alloying material ุงู„ุขู† ุจูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน

82
00:06:23,730 --> 00:06:26,890
ุงู„ุชุงู„ุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ stainless steel ูƒู„ ู‡ูŠุชูƒู…

83
00:06:26,890 --> 00:06:32,630
ุจุชุนุฑููˆู‡ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ which contain chromium as well

84
00:06:32,630 --> 00:06:36,850
as other metals such as nickel and which do not

85
00:06:36,850 --> 00:06:40,130
rust ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ stainless steel ุฅูŠุด ู…ุญุตู„ู‡ุŸ

86
00:06:41,070 --> 00:06:48,430
ุจุตุฏูŠุด ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ rust ุงูŠุด ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุตุฏู‚ tools steals

87
00:06:48,430 --> 00:06:52,650
ุจุชุนุฑููˆุง ุงู†ุชูˆุง ู„ู…ุง ุชูŠุฌูˆุง ุณูƒุงูƒูŠู† ุงูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุญุงุฌุงุช

88
00:06:52,650 --> 00:06:59,250
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ู‚ุทุน ููŠู‡ู… ุฒูŠ ุชุจุน ุงู„ู…ุฌุฏุญุฉ ุงูˆ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฑุฏ ุงูˆ ูƒู„

89
00:06:59,250 --> 00:07:03,210
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ุงุชู ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง tools steal they contain

90
00:07:03,210 --> 00:07:07,110
tungestin and cobalt ุงู„ tungestin ูˆ ุงู„ cobalt

91
00:07:07,110 --> 00:07:12,360
ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุฉ tough material ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฌุงู…ุฏุฉOkay a widely used

92
00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:17,340
grade of tools steel is high-speed steel which is

93
00:07:17,340 --> 00:07:20,180
used in cutting tools that operate at a high

94
00:07:20,180 --> 00:07:23,740
temperature such as drill bits ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ drill

95
00:07:23,740 --> 00:07:31,340
bitsุŸ ู„ุฃ ุจุชุนุฑููˆุง ุงู„ุฑูŠุด ุชุจุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฌุฏุญุŸ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง

96
00:07:31,340 --> 00:07:35,950
ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ drillbits ู…ุง ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุงู„ุจู†ุงุช ู…ุด ุงูƒุชุฑ ุฎุจุฑุชูƒู…

97
00:07:35,950 --> 00:07:41,270
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุบู„ุฉ ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุบู„ุงุช ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฑุจูˆู‡ุง

98
00:07:41,270 --> 00:07:44,690
ูุงู„ุงู†

99
00:07:44,690 --> 00:07:48,210
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ู… ูุนู†ุง ูƒุงู… ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน

100
00:07:48,210 --> 00:07:57,570
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุณู…ูŠู‡ alloy steel ุงุฑุจุน ู†ูˆุน ุงูŠุด ู‡ู…ุง low alloy

101
00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:07,880
Stainless Steel ูˆุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ Tools Steel ุงู„ุขู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

102
00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:11,760
ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ Corrosion ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ CorrosionุŸ ู‡ูŠ

103
00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:20,020
ุงู„ Oxidization ุฃูˆ ุงู„ Oxide ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ Rust ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ

104
00:08:20,020 --> 00:08:26,180
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุฏู‚ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุฏู‚ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุณุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ

105
00:08:26,180 --> 00:08:34,220
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุขูƒู„ ู‡ู† ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ุฉูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ ูู‡ู†ุง one

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weakness of mild steel is that it corrodes its

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surface progressively deteriorates due to a

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chemical reaction ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ deterioratesุŸ

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ุงู„ุขู† ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ corrodes ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุชุฃูƒู„ุงู„ุงู† due to

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rates ุชุดูˆููˆุง ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุช .. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ูุณ

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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู‡ูŠ due to rates ู„ู…ุง ุชุตูŠุฑ ุชุฑูˆุญ ู„ู„ุฃุณูˆุฃ ุดูˆูŠุฉ

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ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุจุชุชุดูˆู‡ ุชุฏู‡ูˆุฑ ุจุชุชุฏู‡ูˆุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุจุชุฏู‡ูˆุฑ

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ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง due to rate ูู‡ูŠ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุซู„ุง ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆ

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ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุดูŠ ุชุฑุงุฌุน ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง due to rates

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุชูุงู‚ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุญุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ

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ูˆุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุนุตูŠุฏ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

120
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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ

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ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุน

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ูˆ ุงู„ oxidized ูˆ ุงู„ what ูˆ ุงู„ corrodes ู‡ู… ููŠ

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ุงู„ู…ูู‚ูˆู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุตุฏู‚ุฉ

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ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู„ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃู„ู…ู†ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ

126
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ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ู„ุฃู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ููŠ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู„

127
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ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุตุนุจุฉ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠู…ู†ุนู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฅุชุตุงู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ. ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ

128
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ุงู„ุฃู„ู…ู†ูŠูˆู… ุฅูŠุด ุจุญุตู„ุŸ ู…ุด ุฒูŠ ุตุฏุฃ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุตุฏุฃ ููŠ

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ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุŸ ุจุชุงูƒู„ ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูŠุฌุนุงู„ุฃู„ู…ูˆู†ุฉ

130
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ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ ูˆุจุชุถุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ hard ูุงู„ hardness ู‡ุฐู‡

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ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูŠุตุถูŠ ูุจุตูŠุฑ ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ู…ุตุถูŠุฉ

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ูˆุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ู…ุงููŠุด ููŠู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู† ุจุชู…ุด ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุขูƒู„

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however when mild steel goes rusty the rust on the

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surface comes off .. comes off ุงูŠุดุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง

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ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุจุชุฌุดุฑุฃูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุณู‚ุท ูŠุชุณุงู‚ุท ูŠุชุณุงู‚ุท ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูƒุดูŠุฑ

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continuously and a new rusty layer forms

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progressively eating into the metal ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุชู… ุฃูƒู„

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ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุชุฃูƒู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ูˆ ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุงู†ุชูˆุง ู„ูˆ ุนู†ุฏูƒู… ููŠ

139
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ุงู„ุจูŠุช ุงูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ููŠ ุฌูˆ ุบุฒุฉ ุงู„ rust ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ

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ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ูŠุฌุนุจ

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ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงูŠุดุŸุจุชุงูƒู„ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุฌุฏุง ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† decide whether

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the sentences below are true or false and correct

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the false sentences steel is an alloy of iron and

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carbon true

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ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู…ุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูุงุชุช ุงู„ steel ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน

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ู‡ูˆ alloyู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

147
00:11:53,770 --> 00:11:57,250
ู‡ูˆ

148
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

149
00:11:57,510 --> 00:11:57,690
ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

150
00:11:57,690 --> 00:11:57,710
ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

151
00:11:57,710 --> 00:11:58,050
ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

152
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

153
00:11:58,050 --> 00:11:58,510
ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

154
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

155
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

156
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

157
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

158
00:12:03,090 --> 00:12:03,090
ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ

159
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ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูˆู‡ูˆู‡ูˆู‡ูˆู‡

160
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chromium and nickel are used as alloying metal in

161
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steel ู…ุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ ููŠ ูƒุจุดุฉ alloying

162
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materialุŒ ู‡ุฐุง .. ู‡ุฐุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ low alloy

163
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steel contain more chromium than ironุŒ false ููŠ

164
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ุฃุตู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ steel ูƒู„ู‡ ููŠุด ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฃูƒุชุฑ ู…ู† ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ iron

165
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ุงู„ู€ stainless steel is an alloy steel true ุงุญู†ุง

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ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ู„ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุชุจุนู†ุง ุจูŠุฌูŠ ุชุญุช ุงู„ alloy

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alloying steel ุฃูˆ alloy steels tungsten is added

168
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to steel to make it softer false ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุนู…ู„ harder

169
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ู…ุด softerhigh speed steel is suitable for making

170
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cutting tools that get very hot ุงุญู†ุง

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ุงูŠุด ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ููŠู‡ true ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ูˆ tools ู†ูุณ

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ุงู„ุดูŠ ุงูŠุด cutting tools get very hot ูุจุฏูƒ ุงูŠุด ุงูุถู„

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ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ high speed steel ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰

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ู„ู…ูŠู† ู„ู„ tools steelู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู„ุงุญุธ ููŠู‡ ุทูŠุจ

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ุงู„ุงู† complete ุงู„ table ุงู„ table ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุงุจู†ุง ู†ูƒู…ู„ู‡

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ุงู„ุงู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ corroded ุงู„ adjective ุงู„ noun ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆ?

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corrosion ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ verb? corrode ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุทูŠุจ ุงู„

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oxidized

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oxide ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ noun oxide ุตุญ ู„ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุนู†ู‡ ู…ุซู„ุง

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carbon oxide ุฐุงูƒุฑูŠู†ู‡ ูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ noun oxide ุทูŠุจ ุงู„

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verb oxidize ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ ู‡ู†ุง go rusty ุงูŠุด ุงู„ verb ู…ู…ูƒู†

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ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู…ุงู† rust ุงู„ nounrust ุงู„ adjective rusty ุทุจ

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ุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู ู‡ู†ุง ูˆูŠู† ู†ุนุจูŠู‡ู… when steel is exposed to

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air and water it oxidize

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ุงูŠุด ูƒู…ุงู†ุŸ rust ุงูŠุด ูƒู…ุงู†ุŸ corrodes ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ุฌูˆุฒุฉ

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ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฏูƒ ุงู„ูุนู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ูˆ

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ุชุญุทูŠู‡ ES ุงูˆ SุทูŠุจ a brown red material on the

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surface of steel is called corrosion ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉ rust

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and oxide ุทูŠุจ the strength of steel is reduced if

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it is ู†ุญุท ุงู„ adjective ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ adjectiveุŸ

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ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชุฉุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† oxidized ุฃูˆ rusty ุฃูˆ corroded

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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุงุจุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุทูŠุจ ู‡ู†ุง complete the article about

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a special type of steel the perennial problem with

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mild .. ุฅูŠุด

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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉุŸ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ perennial problemุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุฑุช ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ุŸ

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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆู…ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฒุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ูŠู†ุŸ with mildsteel

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ู…ุธุจูˆุท is ุฅุชู‚ุช ุฅูŠุด when exposed air and water ุฅูŠุด

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ุจุชุตูŠุฑู„ู‡ุง it rusts or it corrodes or it oxidize ุทูŠุจ

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generally the only solution is either to apply a

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protective coating to use or to use another edge

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of the steelุฃูŠูˆุฉ another grades ุงู„ grades ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ

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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ type ุฃูˆ variations

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ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงุญู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡

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ุจุชุดูˆููˆู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูŠู† ุณุงูƒู†ูŠู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู„ู„ุจุญุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ุฅูŠุด

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ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒูˆุง ูƒู„ ุฅุดูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑู„ู‡ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ

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ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูู„ุงุฒู… ูƒู„ ุดูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ูŠู„ู‡ ูŠุง ุฃู…ุง ุจุฏูƒ ุชุฏู‡ู†ูŠ ุจุดูƒู„

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ุฏุงุฆู… ุฃูˆ ุจุฏูƒ ุชุฌูŠุจูŠ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู‚ู„ุจุฉ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ุจุฉ ุงูŠุด

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ุจู†ุนู…ู„ู‡ ุจู†ุญุท ุทุจู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ stainless steel ุญูˆุงู„ูŠู‡ ุทูŠุจ

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ู‡ู†ุง used ุงูŠุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง another grade of steel that is

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resistant toto the rusting process ุงูˆ to corrosion

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process ุงูˆ to oxidize process the most well-known

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being ุงูŠุด steelุŸ stainless steel ู…ุงุญู†ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง

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ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุฎุจุฑุฉ ููŠู‡ุง stainless steel which contains

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significant quantity of ุงูŠุดุŸ and often nickel

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chromium ู…ุธุจูˆุทุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุทุจู‚ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ alloy ุชุจุน ูƒุฑูˆู…

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ูˆ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู†ูŠูƒู„ there is however an alternative

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solution so-called weathering needs weathering

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steel ุงู„ weathering steel ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ steel

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนุงูˆุฃ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎู„ู‘ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู…ุชุฃู‚ู„ู… ู…ุน ุงู„ุฌูˆ

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ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ

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is a special alloy suitable for outdoor use but

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rather than being completely protected from

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corrosion the surface of the steel is allowed to

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go to go ุงูŠุด rusty rusty ู„ูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠุด ุจุชุฎู„ูŠ ุงู†ู‡

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ู…ุณู…ูˆุญ ุงู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุทุจู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ rust ุจุณ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„

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rust ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ hard ุชุณู…ุญุด ู„ู„ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ุงุงู„ุทุจู‚ุงุช

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ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุณูŠุฑู„ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุณุฏู‡ุง ุชุงู†ูŠ once a layer of ุฅูŠุด

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has formed on the surface a layer of ุฅูŠุดุŸ of rust

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ุฃูˆ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ ูƒุฑูˆุฌู„ okay it stabilizes

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and forms a hard protective layer ุฅูŠุด

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stabilizableุŸ

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ุงูŠุด stable ุจุชุณุชู‚ุฑ .. ู‡ุฏ ุจุชุณุชู‚ุฑ ูˆ ุจุชุดูƒู„ ุทุจู‚ุฉ hard

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงูŠุด ุตู„ุจุฉ this layer differs from ordinary

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iron oxide as it does not continue to eat into the

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metal ู‡ุฏ ุจุชุจุทู„ู‡ุงุด ุชุณุชู…ุฑ ุชุงูƒู„ ููŠ ุงู„ metal ุตูˆุช ุตูˆุช

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ุตูˆุชwhile not everyone may like the rusty look,

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weathering steel has been widely used in

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architectures, applications and outdoor sculptures

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ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ sculptureุŸ ุดุงูŠููŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏุงู…ูƒู…ุŸ

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุน ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐุงุŸู…ุฌุณู…ุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ุงู‡ ..

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ุงูŠูˆุฉ ูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ outdoor sculptures ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุณู…ุงุช

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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุนู…ูˆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง

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ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงุญู†ุง ููŠ ุจู„ุงุฏู†ุง ู…ุด ูƒุชูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุชุดูˆููŠู‡ ุจุณ ุจุจู„ุงุฏ

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ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ูˆ ุจุชุดูˆููŠู‡ ุญุชู‰

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ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุตุถูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุชุดูˆููŠู‡ ุทุจูŠุนูŠ

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ุทูŠุจ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจู†ุจู‚ู‰ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง chapter twelve ุงู„ุงู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู†

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ุงู„ุดุบู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุจู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงูˆู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ steel ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

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ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ ุตุญ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงูŠุด carbon steels ูˆ ุงูŠุด

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alloying steels ุงู„ carbon steel ุนู†ุฏู†ุง three grades

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ููŠู‡ู… ุงูŠุด ู‡ู…ุง mild ูˆ mediumูˆู‡ุงูŠ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุนุงุฏุฉ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„

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carbon ููŠู‡ู… ู‚ุฏุงุด ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ู…ู† point three percent ู„ุญุฏ

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ุฏูŠุช one point four ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ ุงูŠุด iron ู…ุงููŠุด ุนู†ุฏูŠ

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any other alloying materials ุจุณ carbon and iron ุงู„

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alloying steels ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุชุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน

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ุงูŠุด ู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ูˆู‡ุงุฏ

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00:21:25,770 --> 00:21:34,550
ุงูŠุด ู…ู…ูŠุฒุชู‡ุงู†ูŠู†ูŠ ุจุฑุณู†ุช ุงูŠุฑู† ูˆ ุชูŠู† ุจุฑุณู†ุช ุงูŠุดุŸ ุงูŠูˆุฉ ูˆ

257
00:21:34,550 --> 00:21:40,630
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ alloy ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุถูŠูู‡ู…ุŸ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน

258
00:21:40,630 --> 00:21:46,730
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ high string

259
00:21:46,730 --> 00:21:51,570
ุงูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ alloy ู‚ุฏุงุดุฑุŸ less than two

260
00:21:51,570 --> 00:21:57,270
percentุงู„ุงู† ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุชุงู„ุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ stainless steel

261
00:21:57,270 --> 00:22:01,890
ุงู„ stainless steel ู‚ุฏ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ุŸ ุจู†ุถูŠู ุงู„

262
00:22:01,890 --> 00:22:06,030
chromium ูˆ ุจู†ุถูŠู ุงูŠุดุŸ

263
00:22:06,030 --> 00:22:11,290
nickels okay ุงู„ุงู† ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ุงู„ tools ุงูˆ ุงู„ high

264
00:22:11,290 --> 00:22:17,150
speed ุงูŠุดุŸ steel ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุถูŠู ุงูŠุด ุนู†ุฏู†ุงุŸ ุงู„

265
00:22:17,150 --> 00:22:21,810
cobalt ูˆ ุงู„ ุงูŠุดุŸูˆุงู„ tungsten ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ hard

266
00:22:21,810 --> 00:22:25,210
ุนุดุงู† ู‡ู… ุจูŠุจู‚ูˆุง very hard ูˆ very tough ูุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ู…

267
00:22:25,210 --> 00:22:30,530
ู„ู„ cutting tools ู„ู…ุง ููŠ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงุญุชูƒุงูƒ

268
00:22:30,530 --> 00:22:34,430
ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญู…ู„ู‡ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ

269
00:22:34,430 --> 00:22:34,910
ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ