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+1
+00:00:04,990 --> 00:00:08,610
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم و رحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,610 --> 00:00:16,990
+محاضرة لسبوع تالت عشر Parkinson disease او بنسمي
+
+3
+00:00:16,990 --> 00:00:21,690
+akinetic rigid syndrome akinetic rigid syndrome
+
+4
+00:00:21,690 --> 00:00:27,290
+ايش
+
+5
+00:00:27,290 --> 00:00:31,950
+ال definition تاع Parkinson disease مرض Parkinson
+
+6
+00:00:31,950 --> 00:00:47,020
+هو عبارة عنChronic slowly
+
+7
+00:00:47,020 --> 00:00:51,700
+progressive neurodegenerative
+
+8
+00:00:51,700 --> 00:00:59,080
+disorder Characterized by loss of pigmented
+
+9
+00:00:59,080 --> 00:01:04,240
+neuronsloss of pigmented neurons هذه الـ pigmented
+
+10
+00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:07,160
+neurons بتفرز مادة الدوبامين بيسموها pigmented
+
+11
+00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:14,760
+dopaminergic neurons و الموجودة of the substantia
+
+12
+00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:18,820
+nigra الموجودة في الsubstantia nigra ايش بتسبب؟
+
+13
+00:01:18,820 --> 00:01:27,920
+causing tremor at rest muscle rigiditybradykinesia
+
+14
+00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:31,940
+and often associated with dementia التعريف بتاع
+
+15
+00:01:31,940 --> 00:01:36,140
+المرض لخصنا كل شيء على المرض ان هو عبارة عن
+
+16
+00:01:36,140 --> 00:01:42,140
+chronic slowly progressive neurodegenerative
+
+17
+00:01:42,140 --> 00:01:47,700
+disorder characterized by loss of pigmented
+
+18
+00:01:47,700 --> 00:01:53,760
+dopaminergic neurons caused by اللي هو إيه؟ واحد
+
+19
+00:01:54,800 --> 00:01:59,120
+Tresting Tremor تنين Muscle Rigidity تلاتة
+
+20
+00:01:59,120 --> 00:02:04,200
+Bradykinesia أو Hypokinesia and often associated
+
+21
+00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:08,340
+with dementia يعني هذا المرض ناتج عن نقص في إفراز
+
+22
+00:02:08,340 --> 00:02:11,740
+مادة الدوبامين من السبستانشيا نيجرا الموجودة في ال
+
+23
+00:02:11,740 --> 00:02:18,620
+middle brain بسببنا Tremor at rest Muscle Rigidity
+
+24
+00:02:20,630 --> 00:02:24,630
+bradykinesia أو هيبوكينيزيا بطء في الحركة و
+
+25
+00:02:24,630 --> 00:02:32,310
+dementia أخرى لأ ممكن الإنسان مع عمره يحدث عنده
+
+26
+00:02:32,310 --> 00:02:35,470
+نقص في الـ dopaminergic neurons لا يعني أنه سيبدأ
+
+27
+00:02:35,470 --> 00:02:39,370
+عنده مرض اسمه Parkinson disease الإنسان يكون
+
+28
+00:02:39,370 --> 00:02:45,950
+compensated متى بيظهر علامات مرض Parkinson في حال
+
+29
+00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:54,120
+حدث نقص او انخفاض في نسبة الدوبامين خمسين لستين في
+
+30
+00:02:54,120 --> 00:02:58,160
+المية من الـ dopaminergic containing neurons في
+
+31
+00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:02,000
+الsubstantia negra او من المخزون الاحتياطي سبعين
+
+32
+00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:06,680
+لثمانين في المية من الدوبامين الموجود في Corpus
+
+33
+00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:12,700
+striata من أين أجى مرض باركنسون لليوم بسمع مرض
+
+34
+00:03:12,700 --> 00:03:17,920
+باركنسون سنة الف وتمانية وسبعتاشفي لنبا في
+
+35
+00:03:17,920 --> 00:03:25,360
+بريطانيا جيمس باركنسون أول دكتور كتب في المرض هذا
+
+36
+00:03:25,360 --> 00:03:30,320
+وسمى المرض shaking palsy shaking palsy يعني شلل
+
+37
+00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:34,040
+الرعاش و اليوم نسمع عن المريض أنه شلل الرعاش أو
+
+38
+00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:39,330
+نسميه Parkinson disease مرض باركنسوناتوفى هذا جيمس
+
+39
+00:03:39,330 --> 00:03:43,450
+باركنسون سنة الف تمانية واربع وعشرين وفي فرنسا في
+
+40
+00:03:43,450 --> 00:03:48,830
+باريس جيم مارتين تشاركوت سمى المرض باسم جيمس
+
+41
+00:03:48,830 --> 00:03:52,870
+باركنسون احتراما له وسمى باركنسون disease يبقى
+
+42
+00:03:52,870 --> 00:03:56,250
+جيمس باركنسون سمى المرض shaking بارسي شهر وعاش
+
+43
+00:03:56,250 --> 00:04:00,430
+وبعد ما اتوفى تم تسمية المرض باسم جيمس باركنسون
+
+44
+00:04:00,430 --> 00:04:05,910
+على اسمه وسموه باركنسون diseaseهذا هو James
+
+45
+00:04:05,910 --> 00:04:09,410
+Parkinson ولد سنة ألف سبعمائة وخمسة وخمسين واتوفى
+
+46
+00:04:09,410 --> 00:04:13,910
+سنة الف وثمانية واربعة وعشرين وأول ما كتب عن المرض
+
+47
+00:04:13,910 --> 00:04:18,050
+سماه shaking burst في لندن سنة الف وثمانية وسبعة
+
+48
+00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:24,990
+عشر ابو عمار الله يرحمه والبابا يوحاني يوحاني ال
+
+49
+00:04:24,990 --> 00:04:28,750
+بوليس الثاني محمد علي كلاي هدول مصابين بمرض
+
+50
+00:04:28,750 --> 00:04:31,470
+Parkinson مصابين بمرض Parkinson
+
+51
+00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:40,180
+على Epidemiology of Parkinson Disease Parkinson
+
+52
+00:04:40,180 --> 00:04:44,400
+Disease is the most common neurodegenerative
+
+53
+00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:49,960
+disease after Alzheimer يبقى يعتبر second most
+
+54
+00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:55,200
+common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer
+
+55
+00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:57,120
+يعني الـ Alzheimer بيحتل المرتبة الأولى في الـ
+
+56
+00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:01,200
+neurodegenerative و بعده بجنونين Parkinson Disease
+
+57
+00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:06,320
+ال annual incidenceمن خمسة لست و عشرين كل مائة ألف
+
+58
+00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:11,140
+في أمريكا عشرين لكل مائة ألف ال age of onset خمسين
+
+59
+00:05:11,140 --> 00:05:16,960
+سن الخمسين يعتبر ال pick تاع المرض خمس و ستين
+
+60
+00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:21,680
+خمسين خمس و ستين بعد سن الخمس و ستين بيحدث decline
+
+61
+00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:26,720
+يعني المرض بيصيب أكتر سن من خمسين لخمس و ستين بعد
+
+62
+00:05:26,720 --> 00:05:32,180
+سن الخمس و ستين بيحدث decline وبينخفض نسبة المرض
+
+63
+00:05:32,180 --> 00:05:36,200
+هذا4 على 10% من الحالات ممكن يجيوا قبل سن الأربعين
+
+64
+00:05:36,200 --> 00:05:42,160
+لكن إذا بدل مرض هذا قبل سن الأربعين لازم نعمل work
+
+65
+00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:45,920
+up good work up توكسيكلود secondary parkinsonism
+
+66
+00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:49,720
+توكسيكلوديت يومار ويلسون disease and other
+
+67
+00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:54,880
+neurodegenerative disease and others focal brain
+
+68
+00:05:54,880 --> 00:06:01,320
+damage six ال incidence الميل أكتر من الفميل تلاتة
+
+69
+00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:06,480
+لاتنين ال ratioFamilial Incidence 95% من مرض
+
+70
+00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:10,380
+البركنسون بيكون Sporadic Cases Sporadic Cases و
+
+71
+00:06:10,380 --> 00:06:17,520
+فقط 5% منهم بيكونوا Familial Ideology of Parkinson
+
+72
+00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:22,280
+Disease Most cases of Parkinson Disease are
+
+73
+00:06:22,280 --> 00:06:26,760
+idiopathic زي ما اتفقنا Sporadic Cases بيكونوا due
+
+74
+00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:29,320
+to combination of genetic and environmental
+
+75
+00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:36,120
+factors Theoryأهم شيء accelerated aging أهم risk
+
+76
+00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:41,860
+factor لموضوع Parkinson disease is age gene
+
+77
+00:06:41,860 --> 00:06:46,900
+mutationenvironmental factor العوامل البيئية و
+
+78
+00:06:46,900 --> 00:06:52,160
+العوامل الخارجية انسان بيشتغل في مصنع من بودات
+
+79
+00:06:52,160 --> 00:06:57,880
+حشرات انسان بتعرض لسموم انسان life experience
+
+80
+00:06:57,880 --> 00:07:02,980
+الناس اللي بيعملوا و بيشتغلوا ملاكم او مصارى زي
+
+81
+00:07:02,980 --> 00:07:06,780
+محمد علي كلاف و بتعرضوا ل recurrent head trauma كل
+
+82
+00:07:06,780 --> 00:07:12,140
+واحدة بيقدر الى parkinson what's the risk factor
+
+83
+00:07:19,430 --> 00:07:25,450
+العمر أو السن هو اهم risk factor اثنين genetic
+
+84
+00:07:25,450 --> 00:07:31,110
+factorsواجدوا ان الناس اللي عندهم monozygotic من
+
+85
+00:07:31,110 --> 00:07:35,730
+بقايدة واحدة نسبة ال Parkinson بيكون عندهم اعلى من
+
+86
+00:07:35,730 --> 00:07:40,210
+ال dizygotic يبقى الموضوع العامل الوراثي الودور
+
+87
+00:07:40,210 --> 00:07:45,990
+Male 6 اتفجنا ان ال male ل ال female ثلاثة لاثنين
+
+88
+00:07:47,270 --> 00:07:52,450
+environmental factors الناس اللي بتعرضوا لعمل مع
+
+89
+00:07:52,450 --> 00:07:58,310
+سموم مجيدات حشرية كل هذا او heavy metals كله بيقدر
+
+90
+00:07:58,310 --> 00:08:03,570
+الى neurodegeneration life experience اتكلمت معاكم
+
+91
+00:08:03,570 --> 00:08:08,270
+عن موضوع ال recurrent trauma عسب مثل واحد بيعمل
+
+92
+00:08:08,270 --> 00:08:15,910
+ملاكي مسارع ال recurrent emotional stressطيب موضوع
+
+93
+00:08:15,910 --> 00:08:20,370
+cigarette smoking and caffeine intake الناس
+
+94
+00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:25,230
+المدخنين وبيشربوا قهوة وجدوا inverse correlation
+
+95
+00:08:25,230 --> 00:08:29,150
+between cigarette smoking, caffeine intake and
+
+96
+00:08:29,150 --> 00:08:31,170
+Parkinson disease ومش Parkinson اللي وحده
+
+97
+00:08:31,170 --> 00:08:35,190
+Alzheimer وجدوا النا�� المدخنين وبيشربوا قهوة كتير
+
+98
+00:08:35,190 --> 00:08:40,150
+نسبة ال Parkinson عندهم أقل منالناس تغيبوا الدخين
+
+99
+00:08:40,150 --> 00:08:44,310
+هذا لا يعني احنا بنحلي الموضوع التدخين التدخين
+
+100
+00:08:44,310 --> 00:08:51,450
+مكروه ومحرم anatomy of لأنه مساوؤه اكتر من ما افهم
+
+101
+00:08:51,450 --> 00:09:01,610
+anatomy of basal nucleiالتحكم بالتحرك الوطني يتم
+
+102
+00:09:01,610 --> 00:09:07,330
+تأثيره عن التعامل بين البيوراميدال والسيريبيلر
+
+103
+00:09:07,330 --> 00:09:12,490
+والإكسرابيراميدال والسيستيم مع تجهيزة لجذب الأمام
+
+104
+00:09:12,490 --> 00:09:23,340
+أو لجذب النوكليا الكرنية في قلوب العقلعبارة عن ايش
+
+105
+00:09:23,340 --> 00:09:28,700
+extrapyramidal nervous system؟ هي عبارة عن paired
+
+106
+00:09:28,700 --> 00:09:33,280
+subcortical collection مثل اللي هو البيزا
+
+107
+00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:37,320
+النوكليائي غير البيزا النوكليائي، في عندنا red
+
+108
+00:09:37,320 --> 00:09:41,580
+nucleus وsubstantia nigra، كل هذا تابع لموضوع
+
+109
+00:09:41,580 --> 00:09:45,600
+extrapyramidal nervous system وsubthalamus اللي هو
+
+110
+00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:48,980
+تابع للديانسيفرون من ناحية functional اللي علاقة
+
+111
+00:09:48,980 --> 00:09:51,540
+بالبيزا النوكليا أو بال extrapyramidal nervous
+
+112
+00:09:51,540 --> 00:09:57,290
+systemماشي تتكون بيزا نوكلياي بيزا نوكلياي تتكون
+
+113
+00:09:57,290 --> 00:10:04,250
+من كودات نوكلياس ال 24 نوكلياس اللي هي تتكون من
+
+114
+00:10:04,250 --> 00:10:09,810
+بيوتامين and غلوباس باليداس اميجدالويد بادي and
+
+115
+00:10:09,810 --> 00:10:18,370
+كلاوسرام كل هذه تركيبتهم لبيزا نوكلياي هنحن هدقوا
+
+116
+00:10:18,370 --> 00:10:23,230
+الكودات هتدقوا الكوداتهذه الانتي فورم تتكون من
+
+117
+00:10:23,230 --> 00:10:28,830
+اللي هو اشرحته
+
+118
+00:10:28,830 --> 00:10:32,850
+في البيزا النوكلياي تتكون من Large و Lateral وDark
+
+119
+00:10:32,850 --> 00:10:38,450
+part هذا البيوتامين وهذا اجلوباس باليداس هذا ال
+
+120
+00:10:38,450 --> 00:10:42,690
+medium and small light وهي في عندنا كمان الهدء و
+
+121
+00:10:42,690 --> 00:10:43,270
+الكودات
+
+122
+00:10:47,910 --> 00:10:52,630
+لو جمعتهم مع بعض بنسميهم Corpus striatum Corpus
+
+123
+00:10:52,630 --> 00:10:58,970
+striatum و لو اجينا رفعنا من لينتفورم رفعنا globus
+
+124
+00:10:58,970 --> 00:11:02,850
+pallidus وجمعنا البيوتامين مع الكودات مع بعض
+
+125
+00:11:02,850 --> 00:11:08,670
+بنسميه striatum او neo striatum striatum او neo
+
+126
+00:11:08,670 --> 00:11:16,170
+striatumهذه لهم دور في تخزين مادة الدوبامين في مرض
+
+127
+00:11:16,170 --> 00:11:20,310
+البركنسون لو حدث نقص في المخزون أكتر من 70 ل 80%
+
+128
+00:11:20,310 --> 00:11:26,730
+بيبدأ علامات اللي هو شرار الرعاش هذه كودية نوكلياس
+
+129
+00:11:26,730 --> 00:11:34,030
+مثل حرف ال C اللي هي head body و tail في نهاية ال
+
+130
+00:11:34,030 --> 00:11:41,520
+tail موجود اللي هو amygdaloid bodySubstantia Negra
+
+131
+00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:49,100
+Substantia Negra هي المصدر الرئيسي لمادة الدوبامين
+
+132
+00:11:49,100 --> 00:11:55,360
+تلعب دور هي و ال subthalamus Substantia Negra
+
+133
+00:11:55,360 --> 00:12:03,780
+Substantia
+
+134
+00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:09,250
+Negra موجودة في ال mid brainو ال subthalamus موجود
+
+135
+00:12:09,250 --> 00:12:12,230
+في ال diencephalon من ناحية أناطم ايه؟ هذول
+
+136
+00:12:12,230 --> 00:12:18,410
+اعتبروا أشياء مختلفة subthalamus ال diencephalon و
+
+137
+00:12:18,410 --> 00:12:22,760
+substantia midbrain لكن من ناحية physiologyGood
+
+138
+00:12:22,760 --> 00:12:27,760
+relation between the subthalamus and a substantia
+
+139
+00:12:27,760 --> 00:12:32,940
+nigra يعتبر substantia nigra و ال subthalamus من
+
+140
+00:12:32,940 --> 00:12:36,160
+ناحية فسيولوجية اللي ملاقة في ال extra pyramidal
+
+141
+00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:40,600
+nervous system the neurons of the substantia nigra
+
+142
+00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:46,320
+are dopaminergic بفرزومادة أيه؟ الدوبامين في
+
+143
+00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:51,710
+الإنسان الطبيعي في الإنسان الطبيعيالدوبامين و
+
+144
+00:12:51,710 --> 00:12:55,970
+الacetylcholine متساوين، في balance بينهم، في
+
+145
+00:12:55,970 --> 00:13:00,670
+balance بين الacetylcholine و الدوبامين، الدوبامين
+
+146
+00:13:00,670 --> 00:13:04,370
+inhibitory، بيعمل inhibition و الacetylcholine
+
+147
+00:13:04,370 --> 00:13:09,490
+excitation، stimulation، طبيعي يكون في كفة متساوية
+
+148
+00:13:09,490 --> 00:13:16,040
+بينهملكن في مرض البركنسون بقل نسبة ايه؟ الدوبامين،
+
+149
+00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:20,920
+بتقل نسبة الدوبامين، مدام قلت نسبة الدوبامين، نسبة
+
+150
+00:13:20,920 --> 00:13:27,420
+وتناسب زاد الاسيتايركولين، بحدث disbalance،
+
+151
+00:13:28,180 --> 00:13:31,000
+في الـ Normal Condition and Normal Population
+
+152
+00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,480
+بيكون عندهم الـ Acetylcholine كولينيرجيك الـ
+
+153
+00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:37,820
+Excitation و الدوبامينيرجيك أو الدوبامين
+
+154
+00:13:37,820 --> 00:13:43,840
+الانهيبيشن في بينهم Balance لكن في حال حدث نقص او
+
+155
+00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:50,130
+انخفاض في مادة الدوبامينكفة مين راح ترجح الـ
+
+156
+00:13:50,130 --> 00:13:53,610
+cholinergic اللي بيعمل excitation هذا بيؤدى الى
+
+157
+00:13:53,610 --> 00:13:57,130
+مرض اسمه Parkinson disease يبقى هنا عرفنا في
+
+158
+00:13:57,130 --> 00:14:01,330
+Parkinson disease نسبة و تناسب راح انخفض الدوبامين
+
+159
+00:14:01,330 --> 00:14:04,290
+و يزيد الacetylcholine هو الacetylcholine ما زاد
+
+160
+00:14:04,290 --> 00:14:09,610
+هو ان انخفض الدوبامين يبقى في الحالة ده فقدوا ال
+
+161
+00:14:09,610 --> 00:14:14,130
+balance اللى بينهم و حدث انخفاض في الدوبامين و
+
+162
+00:14:14,130 --> 00:14:19,760
+زيادة في acetylcholine نسبة و تناسبفي good contact
+
+163
+00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:23,000
+و good connections between the substantia nigra in
+
+164
+00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:27,220
+the midbrain with globus pallidus with lentiform
+
+165
+00:14:27,220 --> 00:14:30,820
+nucleus او مع السترياتم كان في good connection
+
+166
+00:14:30,820 --> 00:14:38,700
+between substantia nigra and basal nucleiفي
+
+167
+00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:44,660
+pathway اسمه Negro striatum pathway Negro striatum
+
+168
+00:14:44,660 --> 00:14:48,840
+pathway هذا Negro striatum pathway بعمل connection
+
+169
+00:14:48,840 --> 00:14:54,140
+between substantia negra and بيزان نوكليا هذا اسمه
+
+170
+00:14:54,140 --> 00:15:00,820
+Negro striatum pathway between mid brain and
+
+171
+00:15:00,820 --> 00:15:05,120
+striatum لاحظوا
+
+172
+00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:10,440
+هذه هي الـ Substantia Negra موجودة في الـ cerebral
+
+173
+00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:16,460
+peduncles بتاعة اللي هو middle brain فيه good
+
+174
+00:15:16,460 --> 00:15:20,420
+connections بين ال Substantia Negra واللي هي بيزا
+
+175
+00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:24,960
+النقلياي أو striatum هذا ال pathway بيعمل ايه؟
+
+176
+00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:28,640
+بيسمي ايه ال Negro striatum pathway من ال
+
+177
+00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:33,760
+Substantia Negra بتم إفراز الدوبامين و تخزينه في
+
+178
+00:15:33,760 --> 00:15:42,570
+ال striatumطبيعي الدوبامين يكون عندنا موجود في
+
+179
+00:15:42,570 --> 00:15:46,470
+حالة أنه في عندنا مرض بركنسون راح يصير نقص وانخفاض
+
+180
+00:15:46,470 --> 00:15:52,850
+في نسبة اللي هو الدوبامين لاحظوا في الطبيعي عند
+
+181
+00:15:52,850 --> 00:15:56,850
+الناس في ال corpus striatum راح يكون balance
+
+182
+00:15:56,850 --> 00:16:00,320
+between cholinergic neuronsاللي هو أسيتايل كلين
+
+183
+00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:04,500
+والدوبامينيرجيك نيرون أو الدوبامين نفسه اللي هو
+
+184
+00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:08,500
+المخزون الاحتياطي بتاع الدوبامين طب يكون في
+
+185
+00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:13,340
+balance بينهم هذا شيء جيد ال excitation كلينيرجيك
+
+186
+00:16:13,340 --> 00:16:18,720
+و ال inhibition اللي هو دوبامين دوبامينيرجيك
+
+187
+00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:22,520
+اللحظة إيش بيحدث في مرض باركنسون أدناء imbalance
+
+188
+00:16:24,130 --> 00:16:28,070
+الاسيتايل الكولين ما زاد نفس الشيء لكن حدث انخفاض
+
+189
+00:16:28,070 --> 00:16:32,670
+في نسبة ايه الدوبامين يبقى النسبة و التناسب زاد
+
+190
+00:16:32,670 --> 00:16:35,870
+الاسيتايل الكولين وهذا راح يقدي الى مرض اسمه
+
+191
+00:16:35,870 --> 00:16:40,270
+Parkinson disease او مرض شرع الرعاش احنا اتكلمنا
+
+192
+00:16:40,270 --> 00:16:43,830
+لحد الان في ال pathophysiology و etiology of
+
+193
+00:16:43,830 --> 00:16:49,690
+Parkinson disease ليش صموها substantia nigra هدف
+
+194
+00:16:49,690 --> 00:16:54,650
+في middle brain نيجر يعني أسودعشانها غامقة dark
+
+195
+00:16:54,650 --> 00:16:58,350
+فيها pigmented neuron سميناها Substantia Negra
+
+196
+00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:02,190
+نلاحظ في مرض البركنسون ايش بيحدث بيصير loss of
+
+197
+00:17:02,190 --> 00:17:06,490
+pigmented neurons و ال Substantia Negra تتحول ل
+
+198
+00:17:06,490 --> 00:17:13,510
+more pale more pale اه بهدف الصورة وين عندنا mid
+
+199
+00:17:13,510 --> 00:17:17,570
+brain لبركنسون disease وين في mid brain ل normal
+
+200
+00:17:18,450 --> 00:17:22,030
+وين في ال pigmented neurons more dark هنا؟ يبقى
+
+201
+00:17:22,030 --> 00:17:27,370
+هذي يعتبر healthy person وهنا substantia nigra
+
+202
+00:17:27,370 --> 00:17:31,270
+more pale يبقى هذا حالة ايه؟ Parkinson disease
+
+203
+00:17:31,270 --> 00:17:34,990
+يبقى هذي normal و هذا ايه؟ Parkinson disease
+
+204
+00:17:34,990 --> 00:17:38,210
+classification
+
+205
+00:17:38,210 --> 00:17:40,130
+of parkinsonism
+
+206
+00:17:42,140 --> 00:17:48,720
+أكثر من 85% من حالات البركنسون يعتبروا idiopathic
+
+207
+00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:55,580
+اديو باثيك لكن في 15% بيكونوا secondary بركنسانيزم
+
+208
+00:17:55,580 --> 00:18:00,460
+اديوتو ليجين ممكن يكون drug induced بركنسانيزم في
+
+209
+00:18:00,460 --> 00:18:05,140
+مرضى ممكن ياخدوا أدوية antipsychotic drugs هذه
+
+210
+00:18:05,140 --> 00:18:08,600
+antipsychotic drugs راح تعمل انخفاض ونقص لمادة
+
+211
+00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:14,180
+الدوبامينوتؤدي إلى extrapyramidal manifestation as
+
+212
+00:18:14,180 --> 00:18:17,840
+Parkinson أو Parkinsonian syndrome يكون في الحالة
+
+213
+00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:21,980
+هذه انا كطبيب انا بعرف ان هذا الهلاج راح يعمل خفض
+
+214
+00:18:21,980 --> 00:18:26,560
+ليه لادوبامين انا بروح بعطي هلاج ثاني اسمه ارتان
+
+215
+00:18:26,560 --> 00:18:30,440
+او Trioxifenidyl هذا الهلاج بيخفضلي كمان ال
+
+216
+00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:33,320
+culinary الاسيطايا الكولين عشان احافظ على ال
+
+217
+00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:37,020
+balance وفي الحالة هذه ما راح يحدث complications
+
+218
+00:18:37,020 --> 00:18:45,250
+للهلاج2- Vascular Parkinsonism 3% Toxin-induced
+
+219
+00:18:45,250 --> 00:18:48,930
+Parkinsonism ناجح عن بعض السموم Recurrent Head
+
+220
+00:18:48,930 --> 00:18:54,560
+Traumapost encephalitis وضيفه من عندى tumor يوم
+
+221
+00:18:54,560 --> 00:18:57,440
+الأيام جانى مريض على عياتى عنده أعراض parkinson's
+
+222
+00:18:57,440 --> 00:19:02,120
+typical parkinson's disease صورته ACT لقيت عنده
+
+223
+00:19:02,120 --> 00:19:05,340
+tumor في الsubstantia nigra في ال middle brain في
+
+224
+00:19:05,340 --> 00:19:12,400
+tumor وهو اللي سبب لنا secondary parkinsonism الآن
+
+225
+00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:17,060
+فهمنا المرض صح ايش هو المرض ننتقل لموضوع أخر
+
+226
+00:19:17,060 --> 00:19:21,750
+الأعراض بتاعة المرضإيش ال clinical manifestation
+
+227
+00:19:21,750 --> 00:19:25,870
+of disease؟ كيف أنا أشخص مريض باركنسون؟ أنا بشخصه
+
+228
+00:19:25,870 --> 00:19:29,450
+في الشارع، هو بمشي، من حد ما يفوت عندي باب
+
+229
+00:19:29,450 --> 00:19:32,950
+القيادة، بشخص أنه هذا مريض باركنسون، من ال
+
+230
+00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:39,030
+inspection، عنا أهم symptoms, tremor at rest،
+
+231
+00:19:39,030 --> 00:19:45,090
+tremor at rest، اثنين براديكينازيابكون عندهم ايه؟
+
+232
+00:19:45,090 --> 00:19:48,550
+generalized slowness of movement المريض يدمشيه
+
+233
+00:19:48,550 --> 00:19:52,330
+بيسميها shoveling gait shoveling gait ماشي في
+
+234
+00:19:52,330 --> 00:19:55,750
+efflection في ال upper limbs و efflection في ال
+
+235
+00:19:55,750 --> 00:20:00,330
+lower limbs مع bradygyanasia و tremor بيكون عندهم
+
+236
+00:20:00,330 --> 00:20:04,270
+ماشية زي هيط بطيئة ماشيتهم و resting و tremor زي
+
+237
+00:20:04,270 --> 00:20:07,850
+واحد بيعمل pill rolling بيقعد بسبحة بسبح
+
+238
+00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:14,020
+بكون زي الراجل القالي هذا أعراض مرض باركنسون
+
+239
+00:20:14,020 --> 00:20:17,920
+muscle
+
+240
+00:20:17,920 --> 00:20:21,220
+rigidity بكون عندهم muscle plasticity او rigidity
+
+241
+00:20:21,220 --> 00:20:27,220
+and postural instability هذه تتفاد cardinal
+
+242
+00:20:27,220 --> 00:20:33,400
+symptoms of parkinson disease واحد bradykinesia او
+
+243
+00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:39,220
+هيبوكينيزيا يعني بطق في الحركة2-resting tremors 3
+
+244
+00:20:39,220 --> 00:20:44,320
+-muscle rigidity 4-postural instability بتلاقي
+
+245
+00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:47,880
+المريض ماماشي مافيش ثقة في مشته ممكن أيش يكون عنده
+
+246
+00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:53,850
+disbalanceواضح ان المريض مع البشرة disability ممكن
+
+247
+00:20:53,850 --> 00:20:57,290
+ايه يحدث عنده سرعة في الحركة تلاقي يسرع عشان يحافظ
+
+248
+00:20:57,290 --> 00:21:01,930
+على ال imbalance تلاقي ميلة الأمام يجع يكون عنده
+
+249
+00:21:01,930 --> 00:21:05,390
+difficulty rising from sitting position في البداية
+
+250
+00:21:05,390 --> 00:21:08,970
+صباحا المريض يكون مكربش مش قادر يتحرك في
+
+251
+00:21:08,970 --> 00:21:13,370
+difficulty في initiation of movement كجوية فنومنا
+
+252
+00:21:13,370 --> 00:21:16,510
+بيكون عندنا لو فحصنا muscle rigidity muscle tone
+
+253
+00:21:16,510 --> 00:21:19,410
+بيكون عندنا نفس ال terrace تلاقي إيه دوش هيك زي
+
+254
+00:21:19,410 --> 00:21:20,750
+واحد زي terrace ماشي
+
+255
+00:21:23,960 --> 00:21:28,560
+خاصة لما نكون نقع تريمر و عندهم resting trimmer
+
+256
+00:21:28,560 --> 00:21:32,460
+بيكون نظام بال rolling بال rolling يعني ايه؟ واحد
+
+257
+00:21:32,460 --> 00:21:36,560
+جاعة بيسبح في trimmer بين ال thumb و ال four
+
+258
+00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:42,020
+fingers في ال rest بيكون هذا نبدأ
+
+259
+00:21:42,020 --> 00:21:48,520
+بأول أعراض اللي هو rest trimmer rest trimmer يعتبر
+
+260
+00:21:50,090 --> 00:21:56,190
+most common first symptom سبعين لخمسة وسبعين في
+
+261
+00:21:56,190 --> 00:22:02,590
+المية من حالات البركنسون او مرض شعر الرعاش بيبدو
+
+262
+00:22:02,590 --> 00:22:08,130
+بيش بيبدو breast tremor وبيكون عن نظام قولنا بال
+
+263
+00:22:08,130 --> 00:22:12,750
+rolling بال ايه rolling between the thumb and four
+
+264
+00:22:12,750 --> 00:22:16,910
+fingers لكن لا يعني ان كل مرضى بركنسون لازم يكون
+
+265
+00:22:16,910 --> 00:22:20,310
+معاهم breast tremorعشرين في المية من الحلقات اللي
+
+266
+00:22:20,310 --> 00:22:23,750
+باركنسون بيكون عندهم muscle rigidity only without
+
+267
+00:22:23,750 --> 00:22:29,270
+resting tremor طب what is the character of resting
+
+268
+00:22:29,270 --> 00:22:32,490
+tremor؟ ايش ال character بتاع resting tremor؟ واحد
+
+269
+00:22:32,490 --> 00:22:39,170
+tremor at rest يعني في الراحة في الهدوء في السكوت
+
+270
+00:22:39,170 --> 00:22:43,490
+بيكون عنده tremor اثنين tremor improved with
+
+271
+00:22:43,490 --> 00:22:48,000
+movement مع الحركة بتحسن هذا الرجفعللرشوة تتحسن مع
+
+272
+00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:52,920
+الحركة ثلاثة tremor disappear during night during
+
+273
+00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:56,860
+sleep خلال النوم بيختفي هذا ال tremor طب حد يسأل
+
+274
+00:22:56,860 --> 00:23:01,020
+ليه يا دكتور ال tremor بيختفي أثناء النوم؟ ليه؟
+
+275
+00:23:01,020 --> 00:23:04,590
+لأن احنا لما ننامفي ال brain عندنا شئ اسمه
+
+276
+00:23:04,590 --> 00:23:08,390
+reticular formation عمره حد نام و يشد جسمه؟ لأ
+
+277
+00:23:08,390 --> 00:23:11,830
+لازم نرتخى هذا ال reticular formation بيعملله
+
+278
+00:23:11,830 --> 00:23:15,510
+generalized hypotonia بيعملله استرخاء كامل عشان
+
+279
+00:23:15,510 --> 00:23:18,650
+يقرف النام و في الحالة هذه بتعمل inhibition love
+
+280
+00:23:18,650 --> 00:23:21,690
+tremor و بيختفي إيه الرشد أثناء انهم
+
+281
+00:23:24,990 --> 00:23:29,410
+الشيء الثاني براديكينيزيا ايش يعني براديكينيزيا؟
+
+282
+00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:33,830
+يعني هيبوكينيزيا يعني بطق في الحركة بطق في الحركة
+
+283
+00:23:33,830 --> 00:23:36,870
+ليه بيحدث معاهم بطق في الحركة؟ لأن عندهم muscle
+
+284
+00:23:36,870 --> 00:23:41,730
+rigidity جسمه ايه؟ مخشب، متيبس يعتبر slowest of
+
+285
+00:23:41,730 --> 00:23:46,140
+movementdifficulty with daily activities يعني
+
+286
+00:23:46,140 --> 00:23:51,440
+عندهم صعوبة في الحياة اليومية كتابة في ا��أكل أثناء
+
+287
+00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:55,860
+الأكل أثناء الحلقة ده كان ميل تمام في الاستحمام في
+
+288
+00:23:55,860 --> 00:23:59,500
+العمل الروتيني بتاعه لإنه بيكون كل عضلته إيه في
+
+289
+00:23:59,500 --> 00:24:03,500
+وضع رجلتي عندهم difficulty initiation of movement
+
+290
+00:24:04,330 --> 00:24:07,910
+decrease blinking and slowness of expression
+
+291
+00:24:07,910 --> 00:24:14,190
+muscle بلاحظ الوجه بتاعه رمشة العين خفيفة وجهه كيف
+
+292
+00:24:14,190 --> 00:24:20,370
+زي واحد بانج هيك ممسوحة زي ايه بنسميها mask like
+
+293
+00:24:20,370 --> 00:24:25,050
+appearance مثل واحد لابس mask عوجهه مافيش تعبير
+
+294
+00:24:25,050 --> 00:24:28,850
+نضحك نبتسم نكشر التعبير هذا بتخف عنده من ايه؟ من
+
+295
+00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:32,330
+ال muscle rigidity بيسموه mask like appearance او
+
+296
+00:24:32,330 --> 00:24:38,020
+faceممكن يحدث معاهم dysarthria، dysphagia، ليه
+
+297
+00:24:38,020 --> 00:24:40,860
+بيحدث معاهم dysphagia و dysarthria و difficulty in
+
+298
+00:24:40,860 --> 00:24:45,540
+mastications؟ لأنه ممكن يكون عندهم oropharyngeal
+
+299
+00:24:45,540 --> 00:24:48,640
+muscle rigidity، من أيه؟ من ال oropharyngeal
+
+300
+00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:51,880
+muscle rigidity، هذا بتأدي إلى ايه؟ بتأدي إلى
+
+301
+00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:55,440
+difficulty of swallowing and difficulty of
+
+302
+00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:59,700
+masticationفي ال speech كمان بتعملنا dysarthria
+
+303
+00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:03,700
+ايه بيكونوا عندهم صوتهم؟ بيكونوا عندهم whispering
+
+304
+00:25:03,700 --> 00:25:08,260
+speech صوتهم هافت مش نبرط الصوت العالي الموجودة
+
+305
+00:25:08,260 --> 00:25:15,000
+بيسمونه زي واحد بهمس همس muscle rigidity او
+
+306
+00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:18,160
+بنسميها plasticity it is a type of muscle
+
+307
+00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:22,250
+hypertoniaبيكون أنا resistant to passive movement,
+
+308
+00:25:23,330 --> 00:25:27,910
+a friction flexor and extensor group muscle بيكون
+
+309
+00:25:27,910 --> 00:25:30,890
+بتعطينا plastic او rigidity type لكن لما يكون
+
+310
+00:25:30,890 --> 00:25:34,690
+معاهم trimmer بتعطينا حاجة اسمها cooking quality
+
+311
+00:25:34,690 --> 00:25:39,170
+او cooking يعني كيف ان الناس بترس لما انا حارك
+
+312
+00:25:39,170 --> 00:25:42,350
+اليد انا بحاركها طبيعي هنا هي كعاد طبيعي لكن عند
+
+313
+00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:47,190
+المرضى باركنسون بتلاقي ايش؟وابحث مستلتون تجيه في
+
+314
+00:25:47,190 --> 00:25:51,990
+زي ايه تقطيع هيك في الحركة هذي بتسميها cogwheel
+
+315
+00:25:51,990 --> 00:25:58,790
+phenomenon اخر symptom ال gate مثل ما مثلت لكم
+
+316
+00:25:58,790 --> 00:26:03,030
+بيكون عندهم shoveling gate difficulty getting out
+
+317
+00:26:03,030 --> 00:26:06,310
+of a chair او rolling over in bed المريض بيشكي انه
+
+318
+00:26:06,310 --> 00:26:09,630
+بيقدرش يتحرك بيقدرش يجمي عن الكرسي بيقدرش يلف و هو
+
+319
+00:26:09,630 --> 00:26:15,330
+نايم في السرير ممكن يحدث معاهم سقوط كتيرspeech
+
+320
+00:26:15,330 --> 00:26:18,870
+قولنا soft speech whispering rapid speech طب و
+
+321
+00:26:18,870 --> 00:26:21,990
+الكتابة بتاعتهم من المصر إجليتي بيكونوا عندهم
+
+322
+00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:26,910
+small a handwriting يعني بيكون عندهم microigraphia
+
+323
+00:26:26,910 --> 00:26:29,910
+micro ايه؟ microigraphia يعني خطهم صغير
+
+324
+00:26:29,910 --> 00:26:35,350
+micrographia
+
+325
+00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:43,060
+additional clinical features of Parkinson disease
+
+326
+00:26:43,060 --> 00:26:48,000
+الأعراض أخرى بتحدث لمرض باركنسون بشر عن ال
+
+327
+00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:52,400
+stability عدم الثقة و عدم الإتزان difficulty of
+
+328
+00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:56,300
+the autonomic nervous system إيه بحدث؟
+
+329
+00:26:56,300 --> 00:27:01,700
+constipation, bladder dysfunction, excessive
+
+330
+00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:07,910
+sweating, greasy skin، يكون عندهم الدهنSexual
+
+331
+00:27:07,910 --> 00:27:11,390
+Difficulty and Insomnia أرق في النوم هدول المرضى
+
+332
+00:27:11,390 --> 00:27:17,670
+ممكن يدخله في depression, anxiety, psychosis وفي
+
+333
+00:27:17,670 --> 00:27:20,870
+ال later stage بيحدث معهم decline في ال cognitive
+
+334
+00:27:20,870 --> 00:27:24,530
+function بتأدي إلى dementia بتلاقي أهله بيشكوا
+
+335
+00:27:24,530 --> 00:27:30,670
+المريض بنسى زي الخرف عنده حصل هذا من طبيعة المرض
+
+336
+00:27:30,670 --> 00:27:36,200
+في ال advanced stage of Parkinson diseaseلان اتكلم
+
+337
+00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:40,140
+على drug-induced parkinsonism هذه عبارة عن أنواع
+
+338
+00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:44,880
+من ال parkinsonism اللي علاقة ببعض الإلاجات مثل
+
+339
+00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:49,740
+antipsychotic drugs ال neuroleptic فينوثيازين او
+
+340
+00:27:49,740 --> 00:27:54,260
+بنسميه medicate هذه حقنة اتنعتها مرة في الشهر لمرض
+
+341
+00:27:54,260 --> 00:27:59,500
+الشيزوفرينيا مرض الفصام حقنة هذه اتنعتها مرة في
+
+342
+00:27:59,500 --> 00:28:03,140
+الشهر للمريضهذه من الأعراض الجانبية تبقى تتانى
+
+343
+00:28:03,140 --> 00:28:05,720
+الـdepletion للدوبامين اتنقص الدوبامين تم الانخفاض
+
+344
+00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:09,840
+للدوبامين في الحالة هذه إحنا إذا نعطي علاج تانى
+
+345
+00:28:09,840 --> 00:28:13,720
+يعمل انخفاض لل Acetylcholine عشان يحافظ على ال
+
+346
+00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:18,300
+balance بين Acetylcholine ودوبامين وهذا بيؤدي إلى
+
+347
+00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:22,060
+نقص ال complications وعدم وجود complications من
+
+348
+00:28:22,060 --> 00:28:24,820
+العلاج اللى هو Phenothiazine لكن لو أعطينا علاج
+
+349
+00:28:24,820 --> 00:28:29,240
+بيعمل انخفاض لل Acetylcholine هذا بيؤدي إلى drug
+
+350
+00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:33,740
+induced Parkinsonismتنين Anti emetic drugs
+
+351
+00:28:33,740 --> 00:28:40,080
+Metoclopromide هذا علاج بنعطيه لمن؟ ل ال vomiting
+
+352
+00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:43,180
+في حالة التقيق من الأعراض الجانبية بتاعته ممكن
+
+353
+00:28:43,180 --> 00:28:47,160
+يعملنا extra pyramidal manifestation as dyskinesia
+
+354
+00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:50,860
+حركات لا إيرادية يحدث معهم في الوجه أو في اليدين
+
+355
+00:28:50,860 --> 00:28:58,080
+هذول علاجات بتعمل block لل dopamine receptors طيب
+
+356
+00:28:58,080 --> 00:29:02,610
+احنا شخصنا مريض الآن عند باركنسونبدنا انتقل لموضوع
+
+357
+00:29:02,610 --> 00:29:07,330
+اخر investigations ايش في فحوصات لازمة لمرض
+
+358
+00:29:07,330 --> 00:29:11,610
+البركنسون؟ لأ مافي laboratory test بيشخص البركنسون
+
+359
+00:29:11,610 --> 00:29:15,990
+البركنسون بيشخصه clinically بالعين لكن في فحوصات
+
+360
+00:29:15,990 --> 00:29:20,770
+بنعملها to exclude other diseaseيعني brain CT and
+
+361
+00:29:20,770 --> 00:29:24,370
+MRI بتعمل عاملهم لمرضى البركنسون to exclude
+
+362
+00:29:24,370 --> 00:29:28,790
+structural lesion صور مريض عنده brain tumor عنده
+
+363
+00:29:28,790 --> 00:29:31,250
+ورم في الدماغ موجود في ال Substance يجرى او لا
+
+364
+00:29:31,250 --> 00:29:34,990
+شخصه بركنسون disease لأ هذا مش primary بركنسون مش
+
+365
+00:29:34,990 --> 00:29:38,390
+idiopathic هذا اسمه secondary parkinsonism due to
+
+366
+00:29:38,390 --> 00:29:41,990
+tumor يقول لازم نحدد في focal brain damage او مافي
+
+367
+00:29:41,990 --> 00:29:48,230
+functional imagingفي functional imaging أجهزة
+
+368
+00:29:48,230 --> 00:29:52,570
+غالية جدا زي ال pit scan و ال spect اللي هو
+
+369
+00:29:52,570 --> 00:29:55,930
+positron emission tomography و single photon
+
+370
+00:29:55,930 --> 00:30:00,070
+emotion city هذا بيساعدنا ل ال diagnosis of
+
+371
+00:30:00,070 --> 00:30:05,210
+Parkinson disease غير هيك بيساعدنا في متابعة علاج
+
+372
+00:30:05,210 --> 00:30:11,050
+مرضى ال Parkinson هذا اللي هو ال pit scanأو
+
+373
+00:30:11,050 --> 00:30:14,670
+positron emission tomography في ال bit scan هذا
+
+374
+00:30:14,670 --> 00:30:17,430
+بدرس ال functional بتاعة ال brain ال function
+
+375
+00:30:17,430 --> 00:30:24,670
+بتاعة ال brain يعني لاحظوا في ال stratum هنا اللون
+
+376
+00:30:24,670 --> 00:30:28,470
+الأحمر هذا dopamine هذا طبيعي أن الناس كلهم يكون
+
+377
+00:30:28,470 --> 00:30:32,010
+موجود الدوبامين بالنسبة هذهماذا حدث في مرض
+
+378
+00:30:32,010 --> 00:30:37,130
+البركنسون في الرعاش انخفض تم انخفاض في نسبة
+
+379
+00:30:37,130 --> 00:30:41,410
+الدوبامين لاحظوا النقطة الحاملة هذه انخفض قلت قبل
+
+380
+00:30:41,410 --> 00:30:45,210
+العلاج طب اعطينا علاج للمريض ونصوره بعد العلاج
+
+381
+00:30:45,210 --> 00:30:48,670
+بنلاحظ ايش هذه النسبة الزادة هذا الجهاز مش موجود
+
+382
+00:30:48,670 --> 00:30:56,610
+كثير منهم single photon emission city single
+
+383
+00:30:56,610 --> 00:31:02,050
+photon emission cityنفس الشيء في الطبيعة تلاحظ ايش
+
+384
+00:31:02,050 --> 00:31:09,010
+الدوبامين مثل الفاصلة كومة عامل النقطة هذه في
+
+385
+00:31:09,010 --> 00:31:13,090
+الكودات و الديل بتاعها موجود في البيوتامين هذا
+
+386
+00:31:13,090 --> 00:31:17,270
+طبيعي عند إنسان طبيعي طب ايه حدث في مرض البركنسون؟
+
+387
+00:31:18,710 --> 00:31:23,970
+قلل الـ Apoptic حدث نقص الـ Apoptic of الدبامين طب
+
+388
+00:31:23,970 --> 00:31:28,290
+لو أعطينا علاج و قررنا ممكن تلاحظ زادت عودت إيه
+
+389
+00:31:28,290 --> 00:31:32,310
+رجعت إلى الفاصلة هذه الكومة لحجمها أو أقل شيء بصير
+
+390
+00:31:35,940 --> 00:31:41,580
+سننتقل إلى علاج مرض باركنسون كيف نعالج مرض
+
+391
+00:31:41,580 --> 00:31:46,600
+باركنسون قبل أن نبدأ بعلاج مرض باركنسون سنعود إلى
+
+392
+00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:49,740
+ال biochemistry و نعرف من أين يأتي الدوبامين هذا
+
+393
+00:31:49,740 --> 00:31:54,180
+ايش مصدر الدوبامين عشان نعالج صحه الدوبامين أصله
+
+394
+00:31:54,180 --> 00:32:00,310
+من amino acid بيجينا من ايه؟فينالالانين تعطينا
+
+395
+00:32:00,310 --> 00:32:05,450
+تيراسين تيراسين تتحول لدوبة الدوبة تتحول لدوبامين
+
+396
+00:32:05,450 --> 00:32:11,690
+لإيه؟ دوبامين في الحالة هذه انا بتزول ال synthesis
+
+397
+00:32:11,690 --> 00:32:16,990
+بتاع الدوبامين هاي واحد او احفظ ال receptors بتاعة
+
+398
+00:32:16,990 --> 00:32:23,670
+الدوبامين هاي اتنين ثلاثة اقلل ال degradation of
+
+399
+00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:26,610
+الدوبامين اعمل block لل enzyme اللي بيسرعه في
+
+400
+00:32:26,610 --> 00:32:31,620
+تكسير الدوبامينيبقى في الحالة هذه إما بزود
+
+401
+00:32:31,620 --> 00:32:36,600
+الدوبامين بزود ال synthesis بتاع الدوبامين أو بعمل
+
+402
+00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:41,860
+تحفيز ل ال receptor of الدوبامين أو بعمل block ل
+
+403
+00:32:41,860 --> 00:32:45,720
+ال enzyme اللي بيعمله تكسير و degradation لمادة
+
+404
+00:32:45,720 --> 00:32:49,140
+الدوبامين لهوموفالينك أسد أو اللي هو
+
+405
+00:32:49,140 --> 00:32:51,960
+norepinephrine أو ابنفرين يبقى في الحالة هذه ممكن
+
+406
+00:32:51,960 --> 00:32:56,740
+نعطي compt inhibitor و أقلل تحويل الدوبامين
+
+407
+00:32:56,740 --> 00:33:03,360
+لهوموفالينك أسدأو أعطي ماب انهيبتر و أقل التحويل
+
+408
+00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:09,980
+الدوبامين لنوري بنيفرين و إيبنيفرين هذا هو الخطة
+
+409
+00:33:09,980 --> 00:33:15,760
+الموجودة لعلاج ال Parkinson أو خطة ثانية ممكن أضيف
+
+410
+00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:20,980
+علاج يعمل نخص للاسيتالكولين Anticholinergic drugs
+
+411
+00:33:22,980 --> 00:33:27,840
+هذه أدوية بتنعطى لمرض البركنسون من ضمنها اللى هو
+
+412
+00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:32,360
+levodopa-dopamine agonist مثل دوبيكار او cinema
+
+413
+00:33:32,360 --> 00:33:37,870
+اللى تعتبر gold standard treatmentDopamine
+
+414
+00:33:37,870 --> 00:33:42,810
+receptor agonist بروما كريبتان برامي بيكسول كومت
+
+415
+00:33:42,810 --> 00:33:46,830
+انهيبتر تلكابون نضحك احنا انت كابون نضحك مع الطلاب
+
+416
+00:33:46,830 --> 00:33:51,230
+نقولهم انت كابون وانا كابون عشان يحفظوها انت كابون
+
+417
+00:33:51,230 --> 00:33:54,930
+وانا كابون بس هو انت كابون لوحده مش حد يقولي انا
+
+418
+00:33:54,930 --> 00:34:00,010
+كابون كمان في العلاج انت كابون تلكابونمايوب
+
+419
+00:34:00,010 --> 00:34:04,410
+انهيبتر سيليجيلين او جوميكس يقول ان انا في الحالة
+
+420
+00:34:04,410 --> 00:34:07,930
+هذه انا حفظت الدوبامين وقللت ال degradation بتاعه
+
+421
+00:34:07,930 --> 00:34:11,530
+ممكن نعطي anticholinergic دراجزين قليل
+
+422
+00:34:11,530 --> 00:34:15,770
+الاسيتاليكولين كمان try hexafenidyl او Artan اما
+
+423
+00:34:15,770 --> 00:34:22,410
+انتدين بيوطا في الحرب العالمية جمعوا جيش لاحتياط
+
+424
+00:34:22,410 --> 00:34:26,610
+كبار في السن عندهم مرض بركنسون ماحدش كان كاشفه
+
+425
+00:34:27,340 --> 00:34:31,100
+وعطوهم أمنتدين هذا الأمنتدين أصله antiviral علاج
+
+426
+00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:35,740
+للفيروسات ووزهوا antiviral للوقاعة من ال infection
+
+427
+00:34:35,740 --> 00:34:40,400
+disease في الحرب وجدوا ولاحظوا الكبار السن اللي
+
+428
+00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:43,640
+عندهم rigidity وعندهم راديكا ينيزيا اتحسنت مشيطهم
+
+429
+00:34:43,640 --> 00:34:47,500
+على الأمنتدين في الحالة هذه تركوا antiviral effect
+
+430
+00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:51,660
+بتاع الأمنتدين واللي الآن بيستخدم ومن زمان بيستخدم
+
+431
+00:34:51,660 --> 00:34:55,840
+للعلاج ال muscle rigidity في حالات Parkinson
+
+432
+00:34:55,840 --> 00:35:00,490
+diseaseهبقى استليفه عبارة عن combination drug في
+
+433
+00:35:00,490 --> 00:35:04,960
+ليفا دوبا كاربي دوبا وانت كابوني يعني فيهLevodopa
+
+434
+00:35:04,960 --> 00:35:10,020
+Agonist مع كومت انهيبتر مع بعض يعني بنزود
+
+435
+00:35:10,020 --> 00:35:12,880
+الدوبامين و بنجلل ال degradation في حبة واحدة في
+
+436
+00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:16,540
+علاج جرعات له خمسين اتناشر نص متين مية خمسة و
+
+437
+00:35:16,540 --> 00:35:21,180
+عشرين متين مية خمسين سبعة و تلاتين و نص متين متين
+
+438
+00:35:21,180 --> 00:35:25,760
+ع خمسين ع متين كل هذه جرعات لعلاج اسمه استليوه مش
+
+439
+00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:29,400
+مطلبين منكوا كتير لكن احنا لازم نكون عارفين بس ايه
+
+440
+00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:34,320
+شيلنا الأدوية اللي بنعطيه لمرض ال Parkinsonفي بعض
+
+441
+00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:40,000
+الحالات medical refractory .. medical refractory
+
+442
+00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:44,900
+اللي هو Parkinson disease مستجبوش للعلاج و حالتهم
+
+443
+00:35:44,900 --> 00:35:48,720
+بتتطور بسرعة ممكن يكون فيه تدخلات جراحية في مراكز
+
+444
+00:35:48,720 --> 00:35:53,700
+كبيرة مثل اللي هو deep brain stimulation ممكن يعمل
+
+445
+00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:57,100
+thalamic stimulation هذا بتحسن إيش ال tremor أكتر
+
+446
+00:35:57,100 --> 00:36:00,400
+و مالعجز دور في muscle rigidity أو bradykinesia
+
+447
+00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:05,470
+ممكن يعمل palatal stimulationأو subthalamic
+
+448
+00:36:05,470 --> 00:36:10,070
+stimulation لحالات اللي هو muscle rigidity و ال
+
+449
+00:36:10,070 --> 00:36:15,490
+dyskinesia in your research نيكوتين ميلوتونين
+
+450
+00:36:15,490 --> 00:36:20,370
+وجدوا ان نيكوتين ال act بتاعه similar لليفا دوبا
+
+451
+00:36:20,370 --> 00:36:27,580
+futures managementتتطلعوا للمستقبل ايش يعملوا الهو
+
+452
+00:36:27,580 --> 00:36:31,280
+gene therapy او يعملوا fetal negral cells
+
+453
+00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:35,860
+transplantation يعملوا زراعة خلايا عصبية لمرضى
+
+454
+00:36:35,860 --> 00:36:42,220
+Parkinson الان انا هيك انجزتلكم موضوع Parkinson
+
+455
+00:36:42,220 --> 00:36:48,100
+disease خمس دقائق اشرحلكم مرض اخر اسمه Wilson
+
+456
+00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:53,970
+disease Wilson diseaseهو بنسميه akinetic rigid
+
+457
+00:36:53,970 --> 00:36:57,270
+syndrome هذا بيجي أكثر في ال children عند الأطفال
+
+458
+00:36:57,270 --> 00:37:01,790
+بيسموه hepatolenticular degeneration من وين
+
+459
+00:37:01,790 --> 00:37:05,930
+hepatolenticular degeneration؟ لأنه بيصيب الكبد و
+
+460
+00:37:05,930 --> 00:37:09,750
+lentiform nucleus لذلك سمي المرض hepatolenticular
+
+461
+00:37:09,750 --> 00:37:15,890
+degeneration يعتبر autosomal
+
+462
+00:37:15,890 --> 00:37:21,760
+recessive disordercharacterized by defect of
+
+463
+00:37:21,760 --> 00:37:26,720
+cellular copper export المشكلة وين؟ في ال .. ال ..
+
+464
+00:37:26,720 --> 00:37:32,000
+ال .. في ال copper export وفي الحالة هذه بيحدث
+
+465
+00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:35,480
+accumulation للcopper بيحدث accumulation للcopper
+
+466
+00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:39,440
+وين بيحدث accumulation للcopper؟ في ال liver و ال
+
+467
+00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:42,200
+other tissue من ضمنهم بيزا النوكليا الينتفار
+
+468
+00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:45,040
+نوكلياس لذلك سمى المرض Hepatolinticular
+
+469
+00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:49,910
+degeneration ايش ال pathogenesis ofWilson disease
+
+470
+00:37:49,910 --> 00:37:56,910
+في الطبيعي الceruloglasamine بيتتحد
+
+471
+00:37:56,910 --> 00:38:01,990
+مع الكبا مع النحاس و بيخرج مع البيل مع عصارة
+
+472
+00:38:01,990 --> 00:38:11,310
+المرارة و بخرج مع الستول و مع الفيكل مع البرازي في
+
+473
+00:38:11,310 --> 00:38:14,690
+مواد Wilson بيكون فيه deficiency في
+
+474
+00:38:14,690 --> 00:38:15,430
+الceruloglasamine
+
+475
+00:38:17,870 --> 00:38:22,390
+اللي بتتحد مع 98% من ال copper وبيخرجوا عن طريق ال
+
+476
+00:38:22,390 --> 00:38:28,110
+bile طيب إيش محدث؟ مادام في مشكلتها في mutation في
+
+477
+00:38:28,110 --> 00:38:31,690
+celluloseamine في الحالة دي celluloseamine unable
+
+478
+00:38:31,690 --> 00:38:35,270
+to binding with copper ما بيقدر ولا يستطيع أنه
+
+479
+00:38:35,270 --> 00:38:38,630
+يتحد مع ال copper ويخرجوا بيروح ال copper ويتحد مع
+
+480
+00:38:38,630 --> 00:38:43,460
+other proteins مع بعض البروتيناتجزء منه بيخرج من
+
+481
+00:38:43,460 --> 00:38:47,660
+ال urine عن طريق ال كيلة وجزء الآخر بيحدث
+
+482
+00:38:47,660 --> 00:38:50,300
+accumulation في جسم بتخزن في جسم الإنسان في
+
+483
+00:38:50,300 --> 00:38:53,820
+الانسجار من ضمنهم في العين في البيزا النوكلياي في
+
+484
+00:38:53,820 --> 00:38:59,240
+ال liver في ال lung وهذا يعتبر مادة سامة النحاس
+
+485
+00:38:59,240 --> 00:39:05,040
+مادة ايه؟ سامة ايش ال clinical features of Wilson
+
+486
+00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:11,640
+disease? proximal tremor تكون معهمcholepathoid
+
+487
+00:39:11,640 --> 00:39:16,320
+movement حركات لا إيرادية bradykinesia ممكن يكونوا
+
+488
+00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:19,920
+معاهم بطء في الحركة في ال acute stage ممكن ييجوا
+
+489
+00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:23,860
+psychosis behavior changes و يتم علاجاتهم في
+
+490
+00:39:23,860 --> 00:39:28,520
+البداية في قسم الأمراض النفسية ممكن يحدث معاهم
+
+491
+00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:32,240
+dysarthria and other type of speech difficulty
+
+492
+00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:37,520
+Dystonia and Rigidity وفي النهاية liver
+
+493
+00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:40,900
+involvement ضروري يكون معهم ليه؟ لأن هذول المرضى
+
+494
+00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:44,340
+ممكن في نهاية المرض في ال advanced stage يدخلوا في
+
+495
+00:39:44,340 --> 00:39:49,420
+hepatic failure فشل في وضائف الكبد ويحتاج المريض
+
+496
+00:39:49,420 --> 00:39:55,840
+نقل أو زراعة كبد لإله ماهو ال diagnosis؟ كيف نشخص
+
+497
+00:39:55,840 --> 00:40:01,580
+مرض Wilson؟ الفحص للبلازمين في blood بيكون lowال
+
+498
+00:40:01,580 --> 00:40:05,660
+cover في ال blood ممكن تكون low او ممكن تكون
+
+499
+00:40:05,660 --> 00:40:10,160
+normal مابعتمدش عليها في فحصه أهم شيء أفحص نسبة
+
+500
+00:40:10,160 --> 00:40:14,640
+النحاس في ال ball بيجمع ال ball 24 ساعة و بنفحص
+
+501
+00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:17,140
+فيه نسبة النحاس ليه؟ لإن احنا متعرفين في الطبيعي
+
+502
+00:40:17,140 --> 00:40:19,920
+النحاس بتحد مع السريرو بلازمين و بطلع مع السول عن
+
+503
+00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:24,100
+طريق ال bio مع السول مع الفكر مع البرازة لكن في
+
+504
+00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:27,900
+نقص السريرو بلازمينبتم اتحاد other proteins مع
+
+505
+00:40:27,900 --> 00:40:31,700
+ايه؟ mass ال cover جزء منه بحدث accumulation في
+
+506
+00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:36,640
+الجسم وجزء الآخر بخرج عن طريق ال urine في الحالة
+
+507
+00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:43,160
+هذه راح نلاقي عندهم high cover urine out يعني في
+
+508
+00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:49,450
+ال urine راح نلاقي نسبة ايه؟النحاس عالية وبتاخد ال
+
+509
+00:40:49,450 --> 00:40:53,570
+.. الفحص ال .. ال ball مدة 24 ساعة ممكن اعمل liver
+
+510
+00:40:53,570 --> 00:40:58,610
+biopsy برهن المرأة بيكون thalamic and butaminal
+
+511
+00:40:58,610 --> 00:41:02,790
+hyper intensity لو فحصنا الأيون او physiological
+
+512
+00:41:02,790 --> 00:41:08,310
+examination ممكن تلاقي deposition of copper في
+
+513
+00:41:08,310 --> 00:41:13,380
+الأين تعمل حاجة اسمها Kaiser Fischerringبتنفحص على
+
+514
+00:41:13,380 --> 00:41:17,780
+سليط لامب لان دكتور العيون الانلاج دي بين سيلامين
+
+515
+00:41:17,780 --> 00:41:22,900
+تريانتين oral zinc وفي ال advanced stage في حالات
+
+516
+00:41:22,900 --> 00:41:27,340
+liver failure او hepatic failure بيحتا��وا زراعة
+
+517
+00:41:27,340 --> 00:41:35,520
+كبد نقل كبد للانسان هذه كايزر official ringتكون زي
+
+518
+00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:39,880
+ring في العين حوالين العين، هذه ال ring نادية عند
+
+519
+00:41:39,880 --> 00:41:47,480
+تجمع مادة النحاس، إيش بيحدث في مرض إيش؟ويلسون هى
+
+520
+00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:51,860
+الكبر قدم مع الأكل مع الطعام تم امتصاصه لل blood
+
+521
+00:41:51,860 --> 00:41:57,180
+اتحد مع الالبومين الالبومين راح يوصلوا للكبد فى
+
+522
+00:41:57,180 --> 00:42:00,640
+الكبد فى شئ اسمه سيرولابلازمين هذا سيرولابلازمين
+
+523
+00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:04,660
+بيتحد مع الكبر مع النحاس و بيخرجه من الكبد عن طريق
+
+524
+00:42:04,660 --> 00:42:08,900
+عصارة المرارة الى الأمعاء و من الأمعاء الى البراز
+
+525
+00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:12,540
+و بيخرج من جسم الإنسان هذا طبيعى طب ايش بيحدث في
+
+526
+00:42:12,540 --> 00:42:18,190
+مرض ويلسون؟في عنا problem هان في مشكلة في mutation
+
+527
+00:42:18,190 --> 00:42:24,870
+في celluloplasmia في الحالة هذه حدث accumulation
+
+528
+00:42:24,870 --> 00:42:28,390
+لمين؟ لال cover في ال liver and other tissues
+
+529
+00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:33,870
+ويجيزوا من ايش؟ من ال cover بتحد مع other protein
+
+530
+00:42:33,870 --> 00:42:37,970
+و بيخرجوا عن طريق ال kidney بال urine طب ال D
+
+531
+00:42:37,970 --> 00:42:43,410
+-bensalamine ال D-bensalamine ايش راح يعمل؟راح
+
+532
+00:42:43,410 --> 00:42:48,090
+يسبق الألبومين و يتحد بعد امتصاص ال cover للدم ..
+
+533
+00:42:48,090 --> 00:42:52,870
+بعد امتصاص ال cover للدم راح هذا ال triantin و ال
+
+534
+00:42:52,870 --> 00:42:58,530
+dibensalamine يتحد مع مين؟ مع النحاس و مايوصلوش لل
+
+535
+00:42:58,530 --> 00:43:03,450
+liver و يخرجوا direct عن طريق إيش ال kidney عن
+
+536
+00:43:03,450 --> 00:43:07,270
+طريق إيش ال killer و يقلل ال accumulation بتاعته و
+
+537
+00:43:07,270 --> 00:43:12,890
+نسبته في الجسمفي دواء اسمه zinc acetate او sulfات
+
+538
+00:43:12,890 --> 00:43:18,570
+هذا ال zinc ايش بعمله بيشتغل عوانى على ال cover في
+
+539
+00:43:18,570 --> 00:43:21,790
+ال intestinal بيشتغل على ال cover في ال intestinal
+
+540
+00:43:21,790 --> 00:43:28,090
+و بيمنع امتصاصه من الأمعاء و في الحالة هذه بيقول
+
+541
+00:43:28,090 --> 00:43:34,370
+stopيوقف امتصاصه ل الدم و بيقلل نسبة وجود كبع في
+
+542
+00:43:34,370 --> 00:43:39,950
+الدم و هيك بيكون حدث انخفاض لنسبة النحاس في الدم و
+
+543
+00:43:39,950 --> 00:43:44,690
+في الحالة هذه بيكون احنا وصلنا لنهاية المحاضرة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/2Fl5-lllqJc_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1632 @@
+1
+00:00:04,910 --> 00:00:07,990
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:07,990 --> 00:00:13,110
+وبركاته المحاضرة اليوم ستكون محاضرة لسبوع الحادي
+
+3
+00:00:13,110 --> 00:00:18,650
+عشر عن ال somatic sensation المحاضرة راح أقسمها
+
+4
+00:00:18,650 --> 00:00:23,550
+إلى جزئين في البداية راح أتطلع إلى ال receptors أو
+
+5
+00:00:23,550 --> 00:00:26,030
+sensory receptors وأنواع ال sensory receptors
+
+6
+00:00:26,030 --> 00:00:29,470
+sensory
+
+7
+00:00:29,470 --> 00:00:32,570
+system sensory system
+
+8
+00:00:35,120 --> 00:00:41,360
+تنقسم إلى somatic sensation، special senses،
+
+9
+00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:45,280
+visceral sensation و organic sensation
+
+10
+00:00:47,150 --> 00:00:50,010
+الاسبوع هذا اللي هو اسبوع هذه عشرة راح اتكلم على
+
+11
+00:00:50,010 --> 00:00:53,050
+somatic sensation اسبوع الثانية عشرة راح اتكلم على
+
+12
+00:00:53,050 --> 00:00:56,910
+ال special sensation somatic sensation هي عبارة عن
+
+13
+00:00:56,910 --> 00:01:02,270
+sensation from the skin and deep tissue sensation
+
+14
+00:01:02,270 --> 00:01:06,270
+from the skin and deep tissue يعني من وين؟ deep
+
+15
+00:01:06,270 --> 00:01:12,550
+tissue، muscle، joints، ligaments conducted to CNS
+
+16
+00:01:14,700 --> 00:01:20,640
+through the somatic nerves الإشارة بتصل لـCNS من
+
+17
+00:01:20,640 --> 00:01:25,940
+الـreceptors عن طريق somatic nerves special
+
+18
+00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:31,100
+sensation reaching the central nervous system
+
+19
+00:01:31,100 --> 00:01:36,220
+through specialized cranial nerves الإشارة بتصل
+
+20
+00:01:36,220 --> 00:01:39,260
+لـcentral nervous system من خلال specialized
+
+21
+00:01:39,260 --> 00:01:46,960
+nerves مثل sense of visionالنظر ثاني sense of
+
+22
+00:01:46,960 --> 00:01:53,920
+hearing and equilibrium sense of smell sense of
+
+23
+00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:59,040
+taste يقول إن النظر vision السمع الحاسس الشم
+
+24
+00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:05,740
+التذوق هذا يعتبر special sensation تلاتة visceral
+
+25
+00:02:05,740 --> 00:02:09,180
+sensationincluding all sensations from the
+
+26
+00:02:09,180 --> 00:02:13,220
+visceral structures أو from the internal organs
+
+27
+00:02:13,220 --> 00:02:18,000
+تصل ل الـCNS through autonomic nerves يوم أتكلمنا
+
+28
+00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:22,480
+عن autonomic nervous system organic sensation اللي
+
+29
+00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:27,560
+هي hunger, thirst and sexual sensation كله يعتبر
+
+30
+00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:32,300
+هذا organic sensation راح أبدأ الأن الجزء الأول
+
+31
+00:02:32,300 --> 00:02:37,840
+بمحاضرة عن sensory receptorsSensory Receptors هم
+
+32
+00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:43,060
+عبارة عن Specialized Structures Located at the
+
+33
+00:02:43,060 --> 00:02:46,800
+Peripheral Beginning of Sensory Neurons يمكن أندي
+
+34
+00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:54,280
+هذا nerve رايح ل cell body بعدين بيطلع منه axon
+
+35
+00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:58,760
+هذا nerve اكتر من نيرب يكونوا انواعهم multi
+
+36
+00:02:58,760 --> 00:03:02,780
+neurons تمام
+
+37
+00:03:02,780 --> 00:03:09,360
+هذا النوعهذا اكسن وهذه ديندريتز وهذه مرتبال
+
+38
+00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:12,980
+ديندريتز
+
+39
+00:03:12,980 --> 00:03:16,760
+في البداية تبعت ال نيرون او ال نيرو فايبرز فيه
+
+40
+00:03:16,760 --> 00:03:24,540
+ريسيبترز يقول ريسيبترز يعتبروا beginning of the
+
+41
+00:03:24,540 --> 00:03:33,640
+sensory neuron what's the function of sensory
+
+42
+00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:41,250
+receptorsأول وظيفة له Detectors They detect energy
+
+43
+00:03:41,250 --> 00:03:45,830
+أو stimulus change in both external and internal
+
+44
+00:03:45,830 --> 00:03:49,690
+environment يقول إن هي أول شي تعمل عملية detection
+
+45
+00:03:49,690 --> 00:03:56,630
+بتحدد وين ال energy و إيش نوع ال energy ثماني
+
+46
+00:03:56,630 --> 00:04:04,390
+Transducerعملية transform the stimulus into action
+
+47
+00:04:04,390 --> 00:04:10,110
+potential يعني عملية تحويل ال stimulus ل action
+
+48
+00:04:10,110 --> 00:04:16,050
+potentialثلاثة generator يعمل generation of nerve
+
+49
+00:04:16,050 --> 00:04:20,290
+impulses in sensory nerve وبتعمل عملية generation
+
+50
+00:04:20,290 --> 00:04:24,390
+بتدخل الإشارة من node of renvier ل node of renvier
+
+51
+00:04:24,390 --> 00:04:27,970
+عن طريق passive transmission وبساعد في الترانسميشن
+
+52
+00:04:27,970 --> 00:04:34,110
+اللي هو myelin sheath myelin sheath أربع they
+
+53
+00:04:34,110 --> 00:04:39,320
+inform the CNSabout different sensations or
+
+54
+00:04:39,320 --> 00:04:43,080
+changes occurring inside and outside the body
+
+55
+00:04:43,080 --> 00:04:48,040
+وكمان بتخبر الـCNS عن الأنواع بتاعة ال sensation
+
+56
+00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:54,740
+اللي بتحدث في داخل الجسم أو خارج الجسم receptor
+
+57
+00:04:54,740 --> 00:05:01,140
+potential receptor potential هي
+
+58
+00:05:01,140 --> 00:05:04,700
+عملية تحويل
+
+59
+00:05:06,580 --> 00:05:12,060
+الاستيمولاس او ال energy ل action potential يبقى
+
+60
+00:05:12,060 --> 00:05:15,840
+عملية تحويل الاستيمولاس او ال energy ل action
+
+61
+00:05:15,840 --> 00:05:26,540
+potential بنسميها receptor potential هي ان نهايته
+
+62
+00:05:26,540 --> 00:05:31,620
+هذا
+
+63
+00:05:31,620 --> 00:05:32,620
+انا برسم ال axon
+
+64
+00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:48,620
+و هكذا حلل ال axon اله نهايته بتكون nonmyelinated
+
+65
+00:05:48,620 --> 00:06:05,280
+قعدين بيجي نميلين شيت هذا
+
+66
+00:06:05,280 --> 00:06:11,310
+نميلين شيت بيكون مرتبط مع إشفان cellsانا برسم فيه
+
+67
+00:06:11,310 --> 00:06:18,070
+وده اشارة اتجاهي ايش ال signal هلأ في ال wrist ..
+
+68
+00:06:18,070 --> 00:06:25,630
+في ال wrist without stimuli .. بدون stimuli ال
+
+69
+00:06:25,630 --> 00:06:30,950
+sensory nerve endings are in polarized state يعني
+
+70
+00:06:30,950 --> 00:06:34,650
+ايش in polarized state؟ بيكون الصوديوم خارج ال ..
+
+71
+00:06:34,650 --> 00:06:38,340
+ال receptors الصوديوم بيكون خارج ال receptorsو ال
+
+72
+00:06:38,340 --> 00:06:44,920
+terminal part و نهاية ايش ال nerve بتكون none او
+
+73
+00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:53,400
+unmyelinated يعني مافيش فيها myelin شيط طيب if it
+
+74
+00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:57,340
+is stimulated اذا حدث ال stimulation هي وين دي
+
+75
+00:06:57,340 --> 00:07:02,240
+يكون في ال wrist بيكون ال sodium في الخارج
+
+76
+00:07:07,630 --> 00:07:12,770
+صوديوم في الخارج هذه بتسميها حالة ايه؟ اللي هي
+
+77
+00:07:12,770 --> 00:07:16,190
+polarized state polarized state هذه بتسميها
+
+78
+00:07:16,190 --> 00:07:21,390
+polarized state طيب لو حدث stimulation او partial
+
+79
+00:07:21,390 --> 00:07:25,110
+stimulation بيحدث عملية بتسميها partial
+
+80
+00:07:25,110 --> 00:07:31,310
+depolarization partial depolarization ايش بيحدث؟
+
+81
+00:07:31,310 --> 00:07:37,950
+بيفتحوا ال sodium channels والصوديوم بيدخل وين؟في
+
+82
+00:07:37,950 --> 00:07:42,750
+ال cell receptors بدخل الصوديوم وين في ال cell
+
+83
+00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:49,390
+receptors و بزيد كمية الصوديوم في ال intracellular
+
+84
+00:07:49,390 --> 00:07:53,710
+داخل ال receptors هذه العملية بنسميها partial
+
+85
+00:07:53,710 --> 00:08:01,810
+depolarization عملية
+
+86
+00:08:01,810 --> 00:08:07,480
+دخول الصوديوملموضوع ال cell body و حدوط ال partial
+
+87
+00:08:07,480 --> 00:08:11,100
+depolarization هذه العملية بنسميها receptor
+
+88
+00:08:11,100 --> 00:08:14,800
+potential receptor potential يعني ايه ال receptor
+
+89
+00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:18,320
+potential احنا حولنا ال energy او ال stimulus ل
+
+90
+00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:24,040
+receptor potential بعد هيك ال receptor potential
+
+91
+00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:31,260
+الإشارة راح تصل لل nerve passively وتتوصل من نهض
+
+92
+00:08:31,260 --> 00:08:35,370
+overrun فيهالـ Node of Runway عملية قفز يتم و
+
+93
+00:08:35,370 --> 00:08:40,110
+توصيل للإشارة راح يساعد في العملية هذه اللي هو
+
+94
+00:08:40,110 --> 00:08:45,290
+Myelin Shear The receptor potential is passively
+
+95
+00:08:45,290 --> 00:08:51,710
+conducted to the first overrun vein causing deep
+
+96
+00:08:51,710 --> 00:08:54,850
+depolarization بعدها لما يحدث عملية قفز هنا
+
+97
+00:08:54,850 --> 00:08:58,950
+passive هذه العملية بنسميها deep depolarization
+
+98
+00:08:58,950 --> 00:09:02,810
+يعني نطلع باختصارفي ال rest بيكون عملية
+
+99
+00:09:02,810 --> 00:09:06,010
+polarization عملية ايه؟ polarized state بيكون
+
+100
+00:09:06,010 --> 00:09:09,270
+السوديوم خارج ايش؟ ال receptor cells حدث
+
+101
+00:09:09,270 --> 00:09:13,090
+stimulation بيفتحوا ال sodium channels والسوديوم
+
+102
+00:09:13,090 --> 00:09:17,110
+بيفوت داخل ال cell receptorsهذه العملية بنسميها
+
+103
+00:09:17,110 --> 00:09:23,710
+Receptor Potential أو Partial Depolarization بعد
+
+104
+00:09:23,710 --> 00:09:27,850
+الإشارة بتروح لل first node of Run Verb Passively
+
+105
+00:09:27,850 --> 00:09:30,410
+وبعدين بيصير عملية قفز عن طريق ال Myelin Sheath
+
+106
+00:09:30,410 --> 00:09:35,070
+هذه العملية الأخيرة بنسميها Deep Depolarization
+
+107
+00:09:35,070 --> 00:09:40,290
+Deep Depolarization Adaptation of Receptors
+
+108
+00:09:42,410 --> 00:09:46,470
+this is decline in the frequency of discharge of
+
+109
+00:09:46,470 --> 00:09:51,030
+action potential from receptor that occurs on
+
+110
+00:09:51,030 --> 00:09:55,630
+maintained stimulation by stimuli of a constant
+
+111
+00:09:55,630 --> 00:10:02,490
+strength مثلًا اشترينا أطور ريح حلوة جديدة دفعنا
+
+112
+00:10:02,490 --> 00:10:07,070
+200-300 شكل واشتريناها حطينا أول يوم منها ريحتها
+
+113
+00:10:07,070 --> 00:10:11,350
+حلوة وماشاء اللهثاني يوم ثالث يوم بطلنا نشفى من
+
+114
+00:10:11,350 --> 00:10:13,870
+الريحة احنا، بما انه نفس الكيمياء اللى انا حاططها
+
+115
+00:10:13,870 --> 00:10:16,670
+اول يوم و من نفس القلبها، لكن انا ايه صار عندى
+
+116
+00:10:16,670 --> 00:10:22,350
+عملية تكييف معاها adaptation، بنمر من عند الوادي،
+
+117
+00:10:22,350 --> 00:10:24,750
+بنقول ايه في الله كيف العالم عايشين هنا جانب
+
+118
+00:10:24,750 --> 00:10:28,360
+الوادي بالريحة؟ولا حاجة هذول الناس صاروا مقعدنية
+
+119
+00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:32,000
+adaptation لل smell receptors بطلوا يشموا الريحة
+
+120
+00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:34,880
+لكن احنا اول ما نيجي نشمها صدقني لو قعدنا معهم
+
+121
+00:10:34,880 --> 00:10:38,220
+ساعة ساعتين راح نبطل نشم الريحة كمان زيهم صار
+
+122
+00:10:38,220 --> 00:10:41,860
+عملية ايش adaptation طب ليش صار adaptation؟ ايش
+
+123
+00:10:41,860 --> 00:10:46,720
+اللي حدث؟ احنا عارفين ال stimulus موجود هو اما
+
+124
+00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:49,280
+الريحة كويسة او الريحة كريهة موجودة هي هي الريحة
+
+125
+00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:54,660
+ماتغيرتش بنفس القوة لكن انا استقبالي لها خف احساسي
+
+126
+00:10:54,660 --> 00:11:00,670
+لها خفإيش اللي بيحدث إنه ال sodium دخل لوين
+
+127
+00:11:00,670 --> 00:11:07,650
+الخلايا في الحالة دي بعد فترة من الزمن بيصير عملية
+
+128
+00:11:07,650 --> 00:11:11,650
+إرهاق وتعب لل sodium channels بيصير closure،
+
+129
+00:11:11,650 --> 00:11:15,730
+بيسكر، بيصير غلاق لهذه ال sodium channel بتبطل
+
+130
+00:11:15,730 --> 00:11:19,530
+تفوت ال sodium وين؟ Intracellular، داخل الخلية
+
+131
+00:11:19,530 --> 00:11:26,060
+بيقل عملية إيش؟ال potential receptor potential بقل
+
+132
+00:11:26,060 --> 00:11:31,740
+ايش ال discharge of impulse اللي خرج من ال
+
+133
+00:11:31,740 --> 00:11:35,160
+receptor potential هذا هي عملية ال adaptation
+
+134
+00:11:35,160 --> 00:11:40,580
+عملية التكييف او adaptation هذه محاضرة pure
+
+135
+00:11:40,580 --> 00:11:43,720
+physiology المحاضرة هذه pure physiology واسبوع
+
+136
+00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:47,940
+الجاي راح اتكلم physiology classification of the
+
+137
+00:11:47,940 --> 00:11:55,460
+receptors ايش انواع ال receptorsأول شي بنجسم الـ
+
+138
+00:11:55,460 --> 00:12:02,760
+Receptors according to site of receptor حسب مكان
+
+139
+00:12:02,760 --> 00:12:10,260
+الـ Receptors اثنين according to site of stimulus
+
+140
+00:12:10,260 --> 00:12:17,070
+حسب مكان ال stimulusثلاثة according to specificity
+
+141
+00:12:17,070 --> 00:12:20,750
+اللي هي هذه physiological classification it is
+
+142
+00:12:20,750 --> 00:12:24,050
+more common a classification اللي هي physiological
+
+143
+00:12:24,050 --> 00:12:31,370
+classification واحد حسب ال site of receptors حسب
+
+144
+00:12:31,370 --> 00:12:37,330
+مكان ال receptor اللي هو المستقبلات نسميهم واحد
+
+145
+00:12:37,330 --> 00:12:43,190
+somatic receptorsاثنين special receptors ثلاثة
+
+146
+00:12:43,190 --> 00:12:47,450
+visceral receptors يبقى حسب مكان ال receptors
+
+147
+00:12:47,450 --> 00:12:53,830
+ينقسمه لثلاث أنواع somatic receptors visceral
+
+148
+00:12:53,830 --> 00:12:59,430
+receptors و special receptors تلت أنواع طيب إيش
+
+149
+00:12:59,430 --> 00:13:03,810
+أنواع ال somatic receptors إذا الإشارة جاية من ال
+
+150
+00:13:03,810 --> 00:13:09,790
+skinبنسميها cotaneous receptors cotaneous
+
+151
+00:13:09,790 --> 00:13:15,330
+receptors يعني for pain for temperature we touch
+
+152
+00:13:15,330 --> 00:13:21,440
+sensation إذا جاي من الديب structuresبنسميهم deep
+
+153
+00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:25,520
+receptors يعني من ال muscle، من ال tendons، ال
+
+154
+00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:29,820
+ligament، ال joint بطريقة هذه أنا جسمتلكوا somatic
+
+155
+00:13:29,820 --> 00:13:34,780
+receptors ده نوعين إما جاي receptors سطحي في الجلد
+
+156
+00:13:34,780 --> 00:13:39,040
+cotaneous receptors بنسميه لمين؟ لأن pain،
+
+157
+00:13:39,040 --> 00:13:43,300
+temperature و touch sensation اللي هي ألم و حرارة
+
+158
+00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:49,710
+و لمس وإما بنسميه deep receptorsمسؤول عن الـ
+
+159
+00:13:49,710 --> 00:13:53,150
+muscles و الـ joints و الـ ligaments و الـ tendons
+
+160
+00:13:53,150 --> 00:13:57,450
+و الـ bone كل هذا يعتبر Deep Receptors يعني خلصنا
+
+161
+00:13:57,450 --> 00:14:02,310
+أول نوع Somatic النوع الثاني Special Receptors
+
+162
+00:14:02,310 --> 00:14:07,410
+اللي علاقة بمين؟ بالـ Special Sensation ان شاء
+
+163
+00:14:07,410 --> 00:14:13,530
+الله المحاضرة ستبقى القادمة زي ايه Vision Visual
+
+164
+00:14:13,530 --> 00:14:21,390
+Receptorsفي الشباكات العين cones and rods لال
+
+165
+00:14:21,390 --> 00:14:28,350
+smell smell receptors في ال nasal cavity لال
+
+166
+00:14:28,350 --> 00:14:36,870
+hearing في الكوكليا في hearing receptors okay كل
+
+167
+00:14:36,870 --> 00:14:42,210
+هذا لل tasteفي الـ tongue في اللسان في taste buds
+
+168
+00:14:42,210 --> 00:14:47,390
+كل هذا يعتبر taste receptors موجودة لل special
+
+169
+00:14:47,390 --> 00:14:52,510
+sensation وفي visceral receptors هذه from the
+
+170
+00:14:52,510 --> 00:14:56,690
+internal organ موجودة وين؟ في ال internal organ
+
+171
+00:14:57,210 --> 00:15:01,890
+واحد شرب سوائل كثير، إيش بيصير في الـurine
+
+172
+00:15:01,890 --> 00:15:05,690
+bladder، في المثانة؟ تتمدد، بيصير تأثير، بيبقوا
+
+173
+00:15:05,690 --> 00:15:08,950
+يعطوا إشارة لـstretch receptors أو لل pain
+
+174
+00:15:08,950 --> 00:15:13,430
+receptors الموجودة، تصل إشارة للدماغ إنه التمثانة
+
+175
+00:15:13,430 --> 00:15:18,130
+صارت full، بلزم تروح الآن لطولية، تسرقها، يقول هذا
+
+176
+00:15:18,130 --> 00:15:24,010
+ال receptors اسمه إيش؟ Internal receptors أو
+
+177
+00:15:24,010 --> 00:15:30,630
+visceral receptorsيبقى أشرحنا أول شيء according to
+
+178
+00:15:30,630 --> 00:15:36,910
+the site of receptors الآن بنتكلم according to
+
+179
+00:15:36,910 --> 00:15:44,410
+site of stimulus حسب ال stimulus وين موجود أو من
+
+180
+00:15:44,410 --> 00:15:49,270
+وين جاى Extraceptors هذا بيكون ال stimulus جاى من
+
+181
+00:15:49,270 --> 00:15:55,550
+وين؟ من الخارجأو Intraceptors استيمولاس جاي من
+
+182
+00:15:55,550 --> 00:15:59,190
+الداخل يبقى ان إذا كان الاستيمولاس جاي من الخارج
+
+183
+00:15:59,190 --> 00:16:02,510
+الجسم ال Receptors اللي راحوا يستقبلوه اسمهم
+
+184
+00:16:02,510 --> 00:16:07,230
+Extraceptors وده
+
+185
+00:16:07,230 --> 00:16:16,670
+جاي من داخل الجسم اسمهم Intraceptors مثال على
+
+186
+00:16:16,670 --> 00:16:18,830
+Extraceptors
+
+187
+00:16:19,710 --> 00:16:23,130
+cotaneous receptors يعني إيش cotaneous receptors
+
+188
+00:16:23,130 --> 00:16:28,530
+اللي جايين من وين؟ من الجلد مثل pain temperature
+
+189
+00:16:28,530 --> 00:16:34,010
+touch receptors teleceptors
+
+190
+00:16:34,010 --> 00:16:41,510
+حلوة كلمة teleceptors مر عليكم television مر عليكم
+
+191
+00:16:41,510 --> 00:16:48,150
+telephoneمر عليكم telegram ايش كلمة tele يعني
+
+192
+00:16:48,150 --> 00:16:52,830
+معناها distance receptors شوفت ايش معناه التلفزيون
+
+193
+00:16:52,830 --> 00:17:00,310
+television مشاهدة عن بعض television يكون عندي
+
+194
+00:17:00,310 --> 00:17:04,730
+receptors و vision television سمنها television
+
+195
+00:17:04,730 --> 00:17:11,420
+يكون مشاهدة عن بعضdistance phone سماء عن بعض
+
+196
+00:17:11,420 --> 00:17:16,220
+telephone telephone يعني السماء عن بعض telegram
+
+197
+00:17:16,220 --> 00:17:22,640
+كتابة عن بعض tele distance gram okay يقول كلمة
+
+198
+00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:27,800
+teleceptors مقصود فيها عن بعض او distance
+
+199
+00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:34,060
+receptors او distance receptors مثلاللي هو ال
+
+200
+00:17:34,060 --> 00:17:37,360
+receptors بتاعة ال vision و ال hearing و اسم ال ..
+
+201
+00:17:37,360 --> 00:17:43,300
+انا بشم عن بعد هذا يعتبر teleceptors بسمع عن بعد
+
+202
+00:17:43,300 --> 00:17:51,710
+teleceptors بشاهد عن بعد يقول مش لازم الشيء يلمسطب
+
+203
+00:17:51,710 --> 00:17:54,710
+التذوق بقدر اقول تذوق teleceptors لأ كيف بدي
+
+204
+00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:57,930
+أتذوقه؟ إيش بدي أحط قطعة كنافة على الطاولة و أقول
+
+205
+00:17:57,930 --> 00:18:00,630
+لجماعة يخلف عليكوا زاكية و حلوة؟ طب لازم أدوكها
+
+206
+00:18:00,630 --> 00:18:04,330
+أحطها على ال receptors عشان أدوكها بنفع؟ يقول هذا
+
+207
+00:18:04,330 --> 00:18:09,490
+ال teleceptors النوع الثاني interceptors يعني ال
+
+208
+00:18:09,490 --> 00:18:14,850
+stimulus جاي من وين؟ من داخل الجسم مثل ال
+
+209
+00:18:14,850 --> 00:18:18,430
+proprioceptors ال proprioceptors هدول بيكونوا وين
+
+210
+00:18:18,430 --> 00:18:22,910
+موجودين؟ في ال boneفي ال muscle في ال tendon في ال
+
+211
+00:18:22,910 --> 00:18:27,850
+joint مسئولين عن ايش عن ال deep sensation يبقوا ان
+
+212
+00:18:27,850 --> 00:18:31,490
+اذا اجى sensation للمريض من ال joint من ال muscle
+
+213
+00:18:31,490 --> 00:18:35,470
+راح يعمل irritation ل ال deep receptors deep
+
+214
+00:18:35,470 --> 00:18:39,230
+receptors اللي نسميهم proprioceptors اه
+
+215
+00:18:39,230 --> 00:18:45,230
+proprioception اثنين visceroceptors من اسمه
+
+216
+00:18:45,230 --> 00:18:49,530
+viscero يعني من وين هادى من ال internal organ مثل
+
+217
+00:18:49,530 --> 00:18:54,550
+ال chemoreceptorsVisceral stretch receptors for
+
+218
+00:18:54,550 --> 00:19:00,770
+visceral pain مثل
+
+219
+00:19:00,770 --> 00:19:06,160
+مريض عندهGolgi Bladder stone عنده حصوة في المرارة
+
+220
+00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:12,020
+بشعر بمغص وبقلم صح؟ ليه؟ لأن هذه الحصوة عملت
+
+221
+00:19:12,020 --> 00:19:15,360
+irritation وعملت تهيج لل visceral receptors
+
+222
+00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:19,200
+الموجودة في ال Golgi Bladder وبحدث بقلم و سبب
+
+223
+00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,940
+القلم يقول مين شعر فيه القلم هذا ال receptors وين
+
+224
+00:19:22,940 --> 00:19:25,380
+موجود ال receptors في ال wall of the Golgi Bladder
+
+225
+00:19:25,380 --> 00:19:30,540
+في جدار ايه اللي هي المرارةطب مين ايه اللي هيجها؟
+
+226
+00:19:30,540 --> 00:19:36,420
+الحصبة نفسها عمل قلم، حدث قلم و هكذا Hypothalamic
+
+227
+00:19:36,420 --> 00:19:42,020
+Receptors مثل الـGluco Receptors، Osmo Receptors
+
+228
+00:19:42,020 --> 00:19:46,300
+وHypothalamic Thermal Receptors، هذه موجودة في
+
+229
+00:19:46,300 --> 00:19:50,380
+الـHypothalamus، لأن هنا شرحنا تقسيم الـReceptors
+
+230
+00:19:50,380 --> 00:19:55,530
+حسب site of Receptorsأثنين قسمناهم حسب ال site of
+
+231
+00:19:55,530 --> 00:20:00,490
+stimulus، الآن راح اتكلم على ال receptors as
+
+232
+00:20:00,490 --> 00:20:04,850
+physiological classification according to
+
+233
+00:20:04,850 --> 00:20:10,370
+specificity، حسب النوع، حسب إيه؟ النوع، أول نوع
+
+234
+00:20:10,370 --> 00:20:16,150
+mechanical receptors، اللي هم علاقة بال mechanical
+
+235
+00:20:16,150 --> 00:20:22,550
+form of energyلمس ألم كده يعتبر ايه ال temperature
+
+236
+00:20:22,550 --> 00:20:28,910
+touch هذا يعتبر ايه ميكانو كيمو ريسبتر كيمو ريسبتر
+
+237
+00:20:29,750 --> 00:20:33,210
+detect change in concentration of certain
+
+238
+00:20:33,210 --> 00:20:36,290
+chemicals يبقى هذا اللي علاقة بالchemical
+
+239
+00:20:36,290 --> 00:20:42,370
+substance شي حامض شي مالح و هكذا nociceptors اللي
+
+240
+00:20:42,370 --> 00:20:46,490
+علاقة بالألم هذول three nerve endings responding
+
+241
+00:20:46,490 --> 00:20:52,270
+to pain sensation thermoreceptors هذول اللي علاقة
+
+242
+00:20:52,270 --> 00:20:58,320
+بال temperatureو photoreceptors اللي معلقه بيش بال
+
+243
+00:20:58,320 --> 00:21:01,000
+vision يبقى هاد التقسيمة في physiological
+
+244
+00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:06,940
+classification according to specificity حسب نوع ال
+
+245
+00:21:06,940 --> 00:21:11,060
+receptors في mechanical receptors كيمو ريسبتر
+
+246
+00:21:11,060 --> 00:21:18,360
+نوسيبتر ثيرمو ريسبتر و photoreceptors لان انتجل
+
+247
+00:21:18,360 --> 00:21:25,950
+اتكلم على synapse ايش هو synapseIt is a region at
+
+248
+00:21:25,950 --> 00:21:30,390
+which a neuron communicates with its target cell
+
+249
+00:21:30,390 --> 00:21:36,630
+يبقى ان هو عبارة عن a region اللي بيكو�� فيه نفس ال
+
+250
+00:21:36,630 --> 00:21:39,410
+نيرون بيبقى communication مع ال target cell
+
+251
+00:21:39,410 --> 00:21:46,830
+function of synapse is a transfer electric
+
+252
+00:21:46,830 --> 00:21:51,640
+activity information from one cell to anotherto
+
+253
+00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:55,660
+another يعني إيه؟ بوصل إشارة من one cell لإيه؟ ل
+
+254
+00:21:55,660 --> 00:22:01,260
+another cell هذا اسمه synapse the transfer can be
+
+255
+00:22:01,260 --> 00:22:05,000
+from nerve to nerve يعني التوصيل ممكن يكون من
+
+256
+00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:10,580
+nerve ل nerve first order ل second order هذا بيسمي
+
+257
+00:22:10,580 --> 00:22:11,760
+neural
+
+258
+00:22:13,870 --> 00:22:17,130
+type الـ neuroneural type يعني ايش مقصود بين
+
+259
+00:22:17,130 --> 00:22:21,350
+neuroneural type يعني الـ synapse بين two neurons
+
+260
+00:22:21,350 --> 00:22:26,590
+بين ايه؟ two neurons هذا بسميه neuroneural type او
+
+261
+00:22:26,590 --> 00:22:33,870
+بين nerve و muscle بسميه neuromuscular type يمكن
+
+262
+00:22:33,870 --> 00:22:37,310
+فيه neuromuscular type او بسميه neuromuscular
+
+263
+00:22:37,310 --> 00:22:41,290
+junction وفيه neuroneural type لأن neuroneural
+
+264
+00:22:41,290 --> 00:22:48,800
+type بين two neuronsالنيرو هو نوع عضو بين نيرون أو
+
+265
+00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:54,580
+nerve مع مين؟ مع muscle fibers البريسنابتك
+
+266
+00:22:54,580 --> 00:22:58,960
+الوزيكال يحتوي على نيرو ترانسميتار في البريسنابتك
+
+267
+00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:05,040
+الوزيكال فيهم نيرو ترانسميتار هدول ممكن يكونوا
+
+268
+00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:11,440
+يعملوا stimulation او يعملوا انهيبشن لبوستسينابتك
+
+269
+00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:15,180
+نيرون يعني في البريسنابتكphysical فيهم
+
+270
+00:23:15,180 --> 00:23:18,460
+neurotransmitters هذول ال neurotransmitters اما
+
+271
+00:23:18,460 --> 00:23:22,460
+وظيفتهم بتكون stimulatory بيعملوا stimulation او
+
+272
+00:23:22,460 --> 00:23:26,700
+inhibitory بيعملوا inhibition لل post synaptic
+
+273
+00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:32,120
+neuron structure of the synapse من ايش بتكون
+
+274
+00:23:32,120 --> 00:23:40,440
+السينابس؟ بتكون من ثلاث أجزاء axon terminal نهاية
+
+275
+00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:43,000
+ال axon اللي هو بنسمي ال pre synaptic neuron
+
+276
+00:23:44,860 --> 00:23:49,340
+Synaptic cleft هو عبارة عن space between pre
+
+277
+00:23:49,340 --> 00:23:53,900
+-synaptic and post-synaptic والممبرنة من نيرون
+
+278
+00:23:53,900 --> 00:23:57,440
+post-synaptic يبقى عندي جزء pre-synaptic نيرون
+
+279
+00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:02,640
+وجزء post-synaptic وبينهم فيه cleft هذه بنسميها
+
+280
+00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:09,280
+synaptic cleft زي ما احنا شايفين هذا اسمه axonal
+
+281
+00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:16,500
+terminal أو بنسميه pre-synapticنيرون وهذا boss
+
+282
+00:24:16,500 --> 00:24:20,160
+synaptic اللي هو دين درايتز ممكن يكون والمساحة
+
+283
+00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:25,070
+بينهم هذه اسمها ايهSynaptic Clift Synaptic Clift
+
+284
+00:24:25,070 --> 00:24:28,910
+وداخل الـ Pre-Synaptic بيكون فيهم الـ
+
+285
+00:24:28,910 --> 00:24:32,750
+neurotransmitters الـ neurotransmitters هلأ ال
+
+286
+00:24:32,750 --> 00:24:35,790
+neurotransmitters هدول إما راح يؤدوا إلى
+
+287
+00:24:35,790 --> 00:24:40,590
+stimulation للـ post-synaptic نيرون وإما يعملولهم
+
+288
+00:24:40,590 --> 00:24:45,430
+إيش Inhibition للـ post-synaptic نيرون يبقى عندي
+
+289
+00:24:45,430 --> 00:24:51,200
+post-synapticpre-synaptic و بينهم a-synaptic cleft
+
+290
+00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,300
+و الـ neurotransmitters هنا موجودين راح يكونوا في
+
+291
+00:24:54,300 --> 00:24:58,640
+الـ pre-synaptic إما يعملولنا stimulation أو
+
+292
+00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:03,680
+inhibition للـ post-synaptic نيرون الـ pre
+
+293
+00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:08,480
+-synaptic بنسميه axonal terminal و ال post
+
+294
+00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:17,640
+-synaptic هو جزء من الديندريت ال ion channelsفي
+
+295
+00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:22,500
+كاتيون و أنيون، الكاتيون هما عبارة عن أيه؟ صوديوم
+
+296
+00:25:22,500 --> 00:25:26,520
+وأحيانا
+
+297
+00:25:26,520 --> 00:25:32,060
+بيكونوا بتاسيوم أو كالسيوم، الأنيون كلورايد،
+
+298
+00:25:32,060 --> 00:25:37,040
+transmitters that open sodium channels leads to
+
+299
+00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:42,650
+excitationExcitation او Stimulation of both
+
+300
+00:25:42,650 --> 00:25:46,470
+synaptic neurons يبقى لترانسميتر اللي بيفتحوا ال
+
+301
+00:25:46,470 --> 00:25:51,130
+sodium channels هدول بيقدروا العملية Excitation او
+
+302
+00:25:51,130 --> 00:25:57,530
+Stimulation of both synaptic neuronsو ال
+
+303
+00:25:57,530 --> 00:26:04,590
+transmitters اللي بيفتحوا ال chloride channels
+
+304
+00:26:04,590 --> 00:26:10,130
+بيعملولنا عملية inhibition ل both synaptic neurons
+
+305
+00:26:10,130 --> 00:26:13,870
+يعني باختصارللـ neurotransmitters نوعين نوعين
+
+306
+00:26:13,870 --> 00:26:17,170
+بيفتحوا ال sodium channels وبيؤدوا إلى إيه
+
+307
+00:26:17,170 --> 00:26:20,150
+excitation and stimulation of both synaptic
+
+308
+00:26:20,150 --> 00:26:24,390
+neurons ونوع بيفتحولنا مين اللي هو ال chloride
+
+309
+00:26:24,390 --> 00:26:28,810
+channels وبيعملولنا عملية inhibition ل both
+
+310
+00:26:28,810 --> 00:26:37,390
+synaptic neurons أنواع ال neurotransmitters ممكن
+
+311
+00:26:37,390 --> 00:26:40,690
+نقسمهم حسب ال chemical structures وإما حسب ال
+
+312
+00:26:40,690 --> 00:26:44,120
+functionحسب ال chemical structures في
+
+313
+00:26:44,120 --> 00:26:48,960
+Acetylcholine وفي Amino Acid مثل Glutamate,
+
+314
+00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:55,100
+Aspartate, Glycine, Gamma Amino Biotic Acid في
+
+315
+00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:59,240
+Amine مثل الدوبامين Epinephrine, Norepinephrine,
+
+316
+00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:04,620
+Serotonin وفي Neuropeptide مثل Hydrophins و
+
+317
+00:27:04,620 --> 00:27:08,220
+Enkephalins هدول موجودين في ال brain لموضوع ال
+
+318
+00:27:08,220 --> 00:27:14,850
+painالنوع الثاني حسب ال functions بنخسّمهم إلى
+
+319
+00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:20,470
+excitatory مثل ال glutamate أو الهيبوتوري مثل
+
+320
+00:27:20,470 --> 00:27:28,230
+الجامعةمينو بيوريتك أسد جابا الان
+
+321
+00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:35,930
+نتكلم على classification of somatic sensation ال
+
+322
+00:27:35,930 --> 00:27:41,140
+classification of somatic sensationالان راح اتكلم
+
+323
+00:27:41,140 --> 00:27:45,680
+على somatic sensation only somatic sensation
+
+324
+00:27:45,680 --> 00:27:48,880
+according to the site of sensation حسب ال site of
+
+325
+00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:53,120
+sensation superficial sensation اللي هو sensation
+
+326
+00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:59,320
+من ال skin جاية مثل ال pain الألم touch اللمس
+
+327
+00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:04,820
+temperature الحرارةأو deep sensation هم ال
+
+328
+00:28:04,820 --> 00:28:10,140
+sensation from the muscles, tendons, joints,
+
+329
+00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:15,040
+bones, ligaments هتتعتبر ايش؟ deep ال deep
+
+330
+00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:19,240
+sensation له أنواع proprioceptive sensation ليه a
+
+331
+00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:23,500
+sense of position and sense of movement pressure
+
+332
+00:28:23,500 --> 00:28:29,270
+sensation muscle tension sensemuscle sense،
+
+333
+00:28:29,270 --> 00:28:33,110
+vibration sense، إيش ال vibration sense؟ لو جيبنا
+
+334
+00:28:33,110 --> 00:28:38,130
+جوال و حطيناه رانين أو طانين و حطيناه ع جسمنا
+
+335
+00:28:38,130 --> 00:28:42,780
+بنشعر فيه؟ بنشعر، لو جيبنا شوكر رانانة؟و إضربناها
+
+336
+00:28:42,780 --> 00:28:45,300
+شكرانا و حطيناها عبون ال prominance و بنشعر في ال
+
+337
+00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:48,420
+vibration؟ بنشعر لو روحنا دكتور أسنان و فحر
+
+338
+00:28:48,420 --> 00:28:51,360
+طحونتنا بنشعر فيه vibration؟ بنشعر في ال vibration
+
+339
+00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:56,160
+هذا اسمه vibration sense طب ال muscle sense لو
+
+340
+00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:59,200
+جينا عملنا palpation لل muscle حسيناها tenderness
+
+341
+00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,980
+soft legs و المريض بشعره بقلم بشعرش بقلم في ال
+
+342
+00:29:02,980 --> 00:29:07,880
+muscle هذا اسمه muscle sensation طب muscle tension
+
+343
+00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:14,000
+sense لو جيبنا وزنين مختلفينحطناهم فيدي و غمطت
+
+344
+00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:18,360
+عناية و رفعتهم لازم اميز مين الأثقل الجوال ولا
+
+345
+00:29:18,360 --> 00:29:23,280
+الجلم مين الشعر في الوزن هذا العضلة يبقى ان هذا
+
+346
+00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:27,880
+اسمه muscle tension sense طب لو جيبنا وزنين
+
+347
+00:29:27,880 --> 00:29:32,600
+مختلفين وحطناهم على إيدنا هنا هي إيد و هي إيد
+
+348
+00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:39,810
+فوقها و نميز بينهممين أثقل الجوال ولا الجلام وانا
+
+349
+00:29:39,810 --> 00:29:43,410
+مغمض ان هي هذا اسمه pressure sense مثال آخر على
+
+350
+00:29:43,410 --> 00:29:47,910
+pressure sense لو أجي أولاده الواحد أو البنات وولد
+
+351
+00:29:47,910 --> 00:29:51,450
+قاعد على رجل اليمين عمره سنتين وولد عمره عشر سنين
+
+352
+00:29:51,450 --> 00:29:54,470
+قاعد على الشمال مش وانا قاعد بشعر فيهم أثقل ومين
+
+353
+00:29:54,470 --> 00:29:57,670
+أتعبني يكون هذا اسمه pressure sense ايش الفرق بين
+
+354
+00:29:57,670 --> 00:30:01,170
+pressure sense و muscle tension sense ال pressure
+
+355
+00:30:01,170 --> 00:30:06,330
+sense بيكونبنضع وزنين مختلفين و ال upper limbs او
+
+356
+00:30:06,330 --> 00:30:09,010
+ال lower limbs عندي انا fixed بيكون انا بتحركش
+
+357
+00:30:09,010 --> 00:30:12,330
+بحركهمش انا شعرت بال pressure بتاعي هذا pressure
+
+358
+00:30:12,330 --> 00:30:16,050
+sense لكن muscle tension sense انا اخدت ظرف بكات
+
+359
+00:30:16,050 --> 00:30:21,640
+فيه اغراضو حملته بده اشعر او احس ان الوزن مظبوط 2
+
+360
+00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:26,020
+كيلو او 3 كيلو مسكت فيه اتين بكتين مختلفين و قلت
+
+361
+00:30:26,020 --> 00:30:29,320
+لأ هذا أثقل من هذا انا شعرت بالوزن عن طريق العضلة
+
+362
+00:30:29,320 --> 00:30:33,180
+نفسها هذا اسمه muscle tension ash essence ال
+
+363
+00:30:33,180 --> 00:30:36,720
+proprio reception او proprio receptive هم عبارة عن
+
+364
+00:30:36,720 --> 00:30:40,500
+ash essence of joint اللي له ملاقة بال joint لو
+
+365
+00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:44,970
+انا غمطت هناو حركت أصبع المريض لفوق و لتحت المريض
+
+366
+00:30:44,970 --> 00:30:49,610
+راح يشعر أي عضلة أي جوينت انا حركته يعني جينا ال
+
+367
+00:30:49,610 --> 00:30:55,670
+finger فوق او تحت بدي يحددلي أي أصبع انا حركته بس
+
+368
+00:30:55,670 --> 00:30:59,970
+يكون العينية مغمضين و مسكرة عينيا المريض في الحالة
+
+369
+00:30:59,970 --> 00:31:07,440
+هذه اسمها joint sense في combined sensationزي
+
+370
+00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:13,600
+Stereognosis ايش Stereognosis؟ لو جيبنا شيء هاي
+
+371
+00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:19,780
+عصابه للمثال عشرة شكل هذه بجيب مبلغ من الفلوس و
+
+372
+00:31:19,780 --> 00:31:23,620
+بحطه في ايد المريض و المريض مغمض انيا باللمس
+
+373
+00:31:23,620 --> 00:31:29,740
+بدميزلي خمس شكل اتنين شكل تلاتة شكل اتنين شكل شكل
+
+374
+00:31:29,740 --> 00:31:37,590
+عشرة شكل بطريقة هذه بدميزلي طيب حطينا في ايدهشكل و
+
+375
+00:31:37,590 --> 00:31:42,010
+اتنين شكل لازم بيقولوا عيدلي ايه هم بيقولوا عيدلي
+
+376
+00:31:42,010 --> 00:31:44,790
+هدول كام في ده بيقوللي تلاتة شكل بالمثل بيقوللي
+
+377
+00:31:44,790 --> 00:31:48,590
+هده شكل و هده اتنين شكل يعني ان هو باللمس حدده او
+
+378
+00:31:48,590 --> 00:31:52,590
+جيبنا جلم او مفتاح و حاطينا فيه ده و هم غمضناه
+
+379
+00:31:52,590 --> 00:31:56,270
+باللمس بيشعر ايش ان هو بيقوللي هد جلم هد مفتاح هد
+
+380
+00:31:56,270 --> 00:32:01,870
+عملية ايش بيسميها عملية stereo diagnosisالـ
+
+381
+00:32:01,870 --> 00:32:06,570
+Tactile Discrimination بنجيب مثل ثرجار بسنين و
+
+382
+00:32:06,570 --> 00:32:09,250
+بنحطه على ال hand بيبقى يشعر يقولي هنا في two
+
+383
+00:32:09,250 --> 00:32:13,470
+point لو سن واحد حاطنا one point سنين بيبقى يشعروا
+
+384
+00:32:13,470 --> 00:32:16,170
+ان هدول two point هذا بيسميها Tactile
+
+385
+00:32:16,170 --> 00:32:20,870
+Discrimination او اسمها ثاني two point
+
+386
+00:32:20,870 --> 00:32:24,650
+discrimination two point discrimination
+
+387
+00:32:27,140 --> 00:32:31,080
+According to modality of sensation it is more
+
+388
+00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:35,260
+common classification مثل ال receptor اللي اشرحتهم
+
+389
+00:32:35,260 --> 00:32:38,780
+ال somatic sensation بيقسمهم ل mecanoreceptive
+
+390
+00:32:38,780 --> 00:32:43,120
+sensation و thermoreceptive sensation و pain
+
+391
+00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:47,060
+sensation mecanoreceptive sensation مثل touch
+
+392
+00:32:47,060 --> 00:32:52,210
+sensation حاسس اللمسpressure sensation، ضغط، انا
+
+393
+00:32:52,210 --> 00:32:56,930
+ضغطت، ضغطت بسيط، ضغطت جوي، و هكذا muscle tension
+
+394
+00:32:56,930 --> 00:32:59,650
+sense، شرحتلكوا ياه، حطينا وزنين مختلفين و رفعناهم
+
+395
+00:32:59,650 --> 00:33:03,410
+بإيدنا vibration sense، عن طريق الشوكار رنانا
+
+396
+00:33:05,510 --> 00:33:10,510
+Tickle and itch sensation، tickle يعني زغزغة، itch
+
+397
+00:33:10,510 --> 00:33:16,250
+sensation الحكة يعني واحد بعوض جرسه ممكن يضلوا حق
+
+398
+00:33:16,250 --> 00:33:20,290
+فيهم، هذا اسمه itching sensation، itch حكة Pro
+
+399
+00:33:20,290 --> 00:33:23,330
+-proceptive sensation اللي لها علاقة بال joint
+
+400
+00:33:23,330 --> 00:33:27,080
+sensation أو ال deep sensationالنوع الثاني
+
+401
+00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:31,560
+thermoreceptive sensation اللي علاقة بال heat and
+
+402
+00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:34,120
+cold sensation اللي علاقة بال temperature
+
+403
+00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:39,260
+sensation والنوع الثالث الأخير pain sensation اللي
+
+404
+00:33:39,260 --> 00:33:44,520
+علاقة بالألم ان شاء الله لها نقف في الجزء الأول من
+
+405
+00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:48,660
+المحاضرة الجزء الثاني ان شاء اللهراح اتكلم فيه على
+
+406
+00:33:48,660 --> 00:33:53,240
+pain sensation وراح اتكلم على ال pathway of
+
+407
+00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:57,080
+superficial sensation and pathway of deep
+
+408
+00:33:57,080 --> 00:33:57,720
+sensation
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/2vAI9D53R-U_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+1
+00:00:05,180 --> 00:00:08,200
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و
+
+2
+00:00:08,200 --> 00:00:12,680
+بركاته نكمل موضوع ال path way of corticospinal
+
+3
+00:00:12,680 --> 00:00:16,340
+tract هاندي corticospinal tract ال corticospinal
+
+4
+00:00:16,340 --> 00:00:20,260
+tract في ال lower part of medulla oblongata بنقسم
+
+5
+00:00:20,260 --> 00:00:24,860
+لقسمين ل lateral corticospinal tract اللي بيعمل
+
+6
+00:00:24,860 --> 00:00:28,380
+crossing 90% بيعمل ال crossing و بتجه على lateral
+
+7
+00:00:28,380 --> 00:00:32,400
+column of spinal cordوفي fibers بتضعها direct
+
+8
+00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:38,300
+بنسميها ايش direct او ventral corticospinal tract
+
+9
+00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:41,400
+ال ventral corticospinal tract بتعطي ال
+
+10
+00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:45,460
+anterohorses من ال both sides ل ال respiratory
+
+11
+00:00:45,460 --> 00:00:50,890
+muscle ال ventral spinotalamic tractبتمر في الـ
+
+12
+00:00:50,890 --> 00:00:53,270
+ventral column of spinal cord مسئول عن ال
+
+13
+00:00:53,270 --> 00:00:56,490
+respiratory muscle أما ال lateral corticospinal
+
+14
+00:00:56,490 --> 00:01:00,170
+tract مسئول عن ال muscle of the upper and lower
+
+15
+00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:07,150
+limbsهذه واضحة ان ال corticospinal
+
+16
+00:01:07,150 --> 00:01:10,150
+tract في lower part of medulla عامل ال crossing
+
+17
+00:01:10,150 --> 00:01:14,970
+اللاترال بيروح على الجهة المعاكسة بسموه indirect
+
+18
+00:01:14,970 --> 00:01:18,410
+ومسئول عن ال anterior muscles of the upper and
+
+19
+00:01:18,410 --> 00:01:21,990
+lower limbs اما ال direct او ال ventral بيبقوا على
+
+20
+00:01:21,990 --> 00:01:26,370
+نفس الجهة وبيعطينا supplying ل ال both anterior
+
+21
+00:01:26,370 --> 00:01:30,990
+muscles اللي مسئول عن ال respiratory musclethe
+
+22
+00:01:30,990 --> 00:01:37,190
+corticospinal tract the motor area of one side of
+
+23
+00:01:37,190 --> 00:01:43,870
+cerebral hemisphere is responsible for movement of
+
+24
+00:01:43,870 --> 00:01:48,310
+muscle of the opposite half of the body mainly the
+
+25
+00:01:48,310 --> 00:01:51,390
+limbs يعني ال motor area اللي في ال cerebral
+
+26
+00:01:51,390 --> 00:01:55,290
+hemisphere اليمين مسئولة عن إيه؟ عن اليسار العكس
+
+27
+00:01:55,290 --> 00:02:00,180
+على اليسار مسئولة عن مين؟ عن اليمينThe muscles of
+
+28
+00:02:00,180 --> 00:02:06,600
+respiration are C-fibers from both cerebral
+
+29
+00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:11,780
+hemispheres. This explains the absence of
+
+30
+00:02:11,780 --> 00:02:15,940
+respiratory paralysis in hemiplegic persons حكمة
+
+31
+00:02:15,940 --> 00:02:22,360
+ربانية حكمة ربنا وين ان عضلات تبعات التنفستبعات
+
+32
+00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:25,300
+القفص الصدري أعطاهم من الـBody Cerebral Hemisphere
+
+33
+00:02:25,300 --> 00:02:28,620
+على أساس إن لو حدث إنسان عنده جلطة دماغية على
+
+34
+00:02:28,620 --> 00:02:32,360
+اليمين المفروض ان يشعل الجهزر اليسار هنا ال
+
+35
+00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:34,960
+respiratory muscle بيبقالهم سالمين على اليمين وعلى
+
+36
+00:02:34,960 --> 00:02:39,330
+اليسارشوفوا حكمة ربنا كده وإلا كان كرم مرضى عندهم
+
+37
+00:02:39,330 --> 00:02:42,150
+هنا بليجا بدوا جهاز تنفس صناعي بدوا جهاز تنفس
+
+38
+00:02:42,150 --> 00:02:46,710
+صناعي لكن عضلات التنفس ربنا أعطاهم innervation من
+
+39
+00:02:46,710 --> 00:02:49,990
+ال boats ربرا ليهم السيارة عن طريق مين؟ ventral
+
+40
+00:02:49,990 --> 00:02:53,590
+corticospinal tract هم هالعشرة في المية من ال
+
+41
+00:02:53,590 --> 00:02:58,090
+fibers اللي بالهم قدر وماعملوش crossing وين على ال
+
+42
+00:02:58,090 --> 00:03:04,960
+opposite sideننتقل الأن لـ Lower Motoneuron System
+
+43
+00:03:04,960 --> 00:03:12,160
+اللي هو Spinal Muscular Fibers Spinal
+
+44
+00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:16,880
+هو مسؤول عن إيش؟ Spinal control of voluntary
+
+45
+00:03:16,880 --> 00:03:22,780
+movement originates at the anterior horn cellsof
+
+46
+00:03:22,780 --> 00:03:26,900
+spinal cord and corresponding cranial motor nuclei
+
+47
+00:03:26,900 --> 00:03:31,040
+in the brainstem يعني ال lower motor neuron رح
+
+48
+00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:35,220
+يبدأ من ال antihorses لحد ما أصل muscle من ناحية
+
+49
+00:03:35,220 --> 00:03:38,880
+spinal cord يعني ال antihorses تاب على ال lower
+
+50
+00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:43,780
+motor neuron تمام؟ و في ال brain رح يبدأ ال lower
+
+51
+00:03:43,780 --> 00:03:48,000
+motor neuron من ال motor nuclei of the cranial
+
+52
+00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:52,120
+nerves in the brainstem لحد ما أصل الفاسبأو للتنك
+
+53
+00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:55,220
+ايضا النكلياتي بتاعة ال cranial nerves اللي موجودة
+
+54
+00:03:55,220 --> 00:03:59,120
+في ال brainstem تعتبر lower motor neuron ال nerve
+
+55
+00:03:59,120 --> 00:04:03,020
+lower motor neuron ال neuromuscular junction lower
+
+56
+00:04:03,020 --> 00:04:09,460
+motor neuron المصل lower motor neuron function
+
+57
+00:04:09,460 --> 00:04:13,180
+stimulation of voluntary motor at the level of the
+
+58
+00:04:13,180 --> 00:04:18,230
+same side2- Stimulation of muscle tone at the
+
+59
+00:04:18,230 --> 00:04:22,290
+level of same side 3- Stimulation of deep reflex
+
+60
+00:04:22,290 --> 00:04:25,090
+at the level of same side طب لو صار ده مش للا
+
+61
+00:04:25,090 --> 00:04:29,410
+ورموطه نيرون العكس صحيح ندخل في muscle hypotonia
+
+62
+00:04:29,410 --> 00:04:36,970
+وhyporeflexia او areflexia ليش at the same side
+
+63
+00:04:36,970 --> 00:04:41,270
+انا بشبه يا جماعة ال corticospinal tract بالخط
+
+64
+00:04:41,270 --> 00:04:43,090
+الرئيسي بتاع الكهربل اللي في الدرج اللي يكون في
+
+65
+00:04:43,090 --> 00:04:46,960
+البرجطب الشغّه هادى .. هادى Anti-reversals هادى
+
+66
+00:04:46,960 --> 00:04:57,790
+الأول موتو نيرونطبعا لو جسينا الخط
+
+67
+00:04:57,790 --> 00:05:01,450
+الرئيسي الموازية تفصل الكهربا بتحت كلهم يبقى في ال
+
+68
+00:05:01,450 --> 00:05:04,970
+upper motor neuron بيحدث شلل تحت مستوى الإصابة في
+
+69
+00:05:04,970 --> 00:05:08,190
+ال upper motor neuron شلل تحت مستوى الإصابة لكن في
+
+70
+00:05:08,190 --> 00:05:12,450
+ال lower motor neuron بيكون فقط شلل على نفس الجهة
+
+71
+00:05:12,450 --> 00:05:16,810
+وعلى نفس مستوى يعني العضلة deltoid muscle بتاخد من
+
+72
+00:05:16,810 --> 00:05:21,710
+C5C5 سيجمنت على اليمين صار دمج في الـ Anterior
+
+73
+00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:26,110
+Horses فقط لتنشلد الـ Toy بمفر على اليمين تحت فوق
+
+74
+00:05:26,110 --> 00:05:31,890
+شغال 100% هذا اسمه Lower Motoneuron ليجي من أين
+
+75
+00:05:31,890 --> 00:05:36,770
+بيبدأ Lower Motoneuron بيبدأ هي من الـ Anterior
+
+76
+00:05:36,770 --> 00:05:45,270
+Horses بيطلع ال fibers عن طريق الـ
+
+77
+00:05:45,270 --> 00:05:52,510
+Anterior Rootبعد هيك بتتجه مع ال sensory fibers في
+
+78
+00:05:52,510 --> 00:06:04,910
+sensory fibers تمام أنا بتكلم الآن على motor ما
+
+79
+00:06:04,910 --> 00:06:06,990
+راح أكمل بال sensory أنا بتكلم على ال motor راح
+
+80
+00:06:06,990 --> 00:06:10,770
+نكمل بال motor fibers ال motor fibers بتتجه في ال
+
+81
+00:06:10,770 --> 00:06:14,460
+peripheral nerve motor fibersعلى ال muscle بتغضي
+
+82
+00:06:14,460 --> 00:06:21,560
+ال muscle يبقى هذا anterior spinal root هذا motor
+
+83
+00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:27,580
+nerve fiber نفس
+
+84
+00:06:27,580 --> 00:06:32,960
+الشيء على ال segment البعده تطلع في ال anterior
+
+85
+00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:38,660
+root تحد مع ال posterior root بيكونوننا peripheral
+
+86
+00:06:38,660 --> 00:06:47,160
+nerve وبيغضوننا اللي هوالـ muscle fibers إذا الـ
+
+87
+00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:51,720
+anterior whole cells تعتبر lower motor neuron الـ
+
+88
+00:06:51,720 --> 00:06:55,360
+anterior root الأزداد lower motor neuron الـ
+
+89
+00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:58,200
+peripheral nerve lower motor neuron الـ
+
+90
+00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:01,080
+neuromuscular junction lower motor neuron الـ
+
+91
+00:07:01,080 --> 00:07:03,920
+muscle fibers lower motor neuron في الـ brain السم
+
+92
+00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:07,470
+هكذاالموتور النوكلياعي عند برهن السم لور موتور
+
+93
+00:07:07,470 --> 00:07:09,910
+نيرون الـ cranial nerve لور موتور نيرون الـ
+
+94
+00:07:09,910 --> 00:07:11,770
+neuromuscular junction لور موتور نيرون الـ muscle
+
+95
+00:07:11,770 --> 00:07:14,230
+fibers لور موتور نيرون هاي اللي لور موتور نيرون
+
+96
+00:07:14,230 --> 00:07:17,510
+ببدأ من النوكليا اما موتور نوكلياعي عند برهن السم
+
+97
+00:07:17,510 --> 00:07:21,310
+واما anterior hormone cells لحد ما نصل لوين للمسل
+
+98
+00:07:21,310 --> 00:07:28,710
+في حال حدث damage لل Corticospinal tract عسب
+
+99
+00:07:28,710 --> 00:07:33,400
+المثالبصير شلل تحت مستوى الإصابة إذا في أسماعه
+
+100
+00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:37,580
+الكورب على نفس الجهة طب إذا في brain above
+
+101
+00:07:37,580 --> 00:07:40,920
+decassation رح يكون على ال opposite side على وين؟
+
+102
+00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:44,500
+على ال opposite side طب مريم صار إصابة حادثة إصابة
+
+103
+00:07:44,500 --> 00:07:50,800
+عنده انقطع ال nerveمين راح ينشل؟ فقط العضلة، على
+
+104
+00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:54,460
+نفس المستوى و على نفس الاتجاه، على نفس الجهة، على
+
+105
+00:07:54,460 --> 00:07:57,900
+نفس ال side و على نفس ال level طب فوق تحته هيكون
+
+106
+00:07:57,900 --> 00:08:01,680
+سليم، هذا هو إيش ال lower motor neuron lesion
+
+107
+00:08:03,450 --> 00:08:07,570
+الإشارة بتيجي من الـ anterior horn cells of the
+
+108
+00:08:07,570 --> 00:08:12,770
+spinal cord بعد هيك بتمر في ال .. بتخرج من ال
+
+109
+00:08:12,770 --> 00:08:16,950
+spinal cord عن طريق ال anterior root of the same
+
+110
+00:08:16,950 --> 00:08:21,300
+side تروح لل peripheral nerveللموتور in the plate
+
+111
+00:08:21,300 --> 00:08:25,060
+و بتغدي ال muscle بتروح ليه تلاقي voluntary muscle
+
+112
+00:08:25,060 --> 00:08:29,540
+يبقى الأحمر هذا قلنا corticospinal tract هذا above
+
+113
+00:08:29,540 --> 00:08:32,600
+decassation هذا below decassation اسمه lateral
+
+114
+00:08:32,600 --> 00:08:36,740
+corticospinal tract يعني الأسفر هو anterior horn
+
+115
+00:08:36,740 --> 00:08:41,040
+cells لو ورا motoneuron anterior root spinal nerve
+
+116
+00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:49,240
+muscle fibers okay معناناالموضوع اللاترال او media
+
+117
+00:08:49,240 --> 00:08:53,200
+corticonuclear retract انا شرحته ورسمتلكوا يا ال
+
+118
+00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:57,000
+media corticonuclear او بلبر retract give fibers
+
+119
+00:08:57,000 --> 00:09:01,340
+to ocular motor nuclei من هما الثالث والرابع
+
+120
+00:09:01,340 --> 00:09:07,760
+والسادس in the brain stem from both cerebral
+
+121
+00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:10,850
+hemispheres يعني bilateralأما الـ Lateral
+
+122
+00:09:10,850 --> 00:09:16,070
+Corticobulbar Tract يعطي أسلحة لـ Motor nuclei of
+
+123
+00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:20,490
+cranial nerves من هما Trigeminal، Dorsal nucleus
+
+124
+00:09:20,490 --> 00:09:25,130
+of Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, cranial
+
+125
+00:09:25,130 --> 00:09:29,950
+accessory تمام هنا بحط بس صلحوها cranial accessory
+
+126
+00:09:29,950 --> 00:09:35,610
+بحطواهك صلحوها cranial accessory اللي تعتبر من ال
+
+127
+00:09:35,610 --> 00:09:38,730
+both cerebral hemisphere بياخد منين؟ من both
+
+128
+00:09:38,730 --> 00:09:43,070
+cerebral hemisphere أما ال ventral nucleus of
+
+129
+00:09:43,070 --> 00:09:46,330
+facial nerve المسئولة عن ال lower quadrant of the
+
+130
+00:09:46,330 --> 00:09:51,710
+face وhyperglossal nucleus تاخد only from opposite
+
+131
+00:09:51,710 --> 00:09:52,730
+cerebral hemisphere
+
+132
+00:10:00,250 --> 00:10:04,070
+Lateral corticonuclear tract نشرحهم بيبدأ من وين
+
+133
+00:10:04,070 --> 00:10:07,590
+من بيت ال cells الموجودة وين في area 4 بتبدأ من
+
+134
+00:10:07,590 --> 00:10:11,870
+وين من ال lower one third of precentral gyrus او
+
+135
+00:10:11,870 --> 00:10:19,370
+frontal loop بعد هيك اتجه ل ال corona رديتها بيمر
+
+136
+00:10:19,370 --> 00:10:22,790
+في ال apex او في ال gene of entamal capsule
+
+137
+00:10:22,790 --> 00:10:29,670
+Descend in the brain stem في ال middle brainبعد
+
+138
+00:10:29,670 --> 00:10:36,030
+ذلك يمر لل bones في ال bones ال fiber سبعة بتروح
+
+139
+00:10:36,030 --> 00:10:41,590
+لمين؟ ل motor nucleus of trigeminal ودورس نوكلياس
+
+140
+00:10:41,590 --> 00:10:46,030
+of facial بعد ذلك يتجه ل الميدالا أبلانجاتا بيعطي
+
+141
+00:10:46,030 --> 00:10:47,130
+aglossopharyngeal
+
+142
+00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:54,160
+وVegas وCranial axisuria لـ Ambiguous nucleus و
+
+143
+00:10:54,160 --> 00:11:00,100
+لـHypoglossal nucleus الـHypoglossal nucleus
+
+144
+00:11:00,100 --> 00:11:03,540
+وDorsal
+
+145
+00:11:03,540 --> 00:11:07,600
+nucleus of ..أسف الـHypoglossal وVentral nucleus
+
+146
+00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:11,460
+of Fissure nerve باخدوا from opposite side only
+
+147
+00:11:11,460 --> 00:11:16,100
+والباقين باخدوا من ال both side من وين؟ من ال both
+
+148
+00:11:16,100 --> 00:11:23,780
+sideالتخلص من خلطة الكورتيكو النوكلياري في مصدر
+
+149
+00:11:23,780 --> 00:11:27,940
+النوكليات المحركة من الـ Trigeminal, Dorsal
+
+150
+00:11:27,940 --> 00:11:31,780
+Nucleus Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus و Cranial
+
+151
+00:11:31,780 --> 00:11:36,390
+Accessory عن طريق الـ Ambiguous Nucleusof both
+
+152
+00:11:36,390 --> 00:11:40,410
+sides بياخدوا من اين؟ from both sides except the
+
+153
+00:11:40,410 --> 00:11:45,070
+motor nuclei of ventral a facial و ال hypaglossal
+
+154
+00:11:45,070 --> 00:11:52,570
+بياخدوا من اللي هو ال opposite side only function
+
+155
+00:11:52,570 --> 00:11:59,090
+motor control of head and neck medial
+
+156
+00:11:59,090 --> 00:12:04,010
+corticonuclear tract او corticobulbar tractببدا
+
+157
+00:12:04,010 --> 00:12:11,490
+from motor cells present in area 8 اللي موجودة في
+
+158
+00:12:11,490 --> 00:12:14,830
+ال frontal loop اللي علاقة بالكونجيجيت I center
+
+159
+00:12:14,830 --> 00:12:18,870
+بعد ذلك الإشارة تنزل في القرن رادييتا في apex of
+
+160
+00:12:18,870 --> 00:12:23,050
+internal capsule بمر في ال middle brainبيعطي
+
+161
+00:12:23,050 --> 00:12:27,670
+fibers ل ال both sides لنوكلياس الـ oculomotor و
+
+162
+00:12:27,670 --> 00:12:33,570
+التروكليار وبعد ذلك ينزل لل pants وبيعطي fibers ل
+
+163
+00:12:33,570 --> 00:12:37,610
+ال both sides للنوكلياس of abdocent nerve و ال
+
+164
+00:12:37,610 --> 00:12:42,290
+function تبعته responsible for movement of both
+
+165
+00:12:42,290 --> 00:12:47,690
+eye ل ال eye movementهو واضح التراكت عشان بالمثال
+
+166
+00:12:47,690 --> 00:12:51,890
+هنا ال media الواضح بيغدي ال oculomotor إبسلاترال
+
+167
+00:12:51,890 --> 00:12:57,450
+كونترالاترال ال trochlear إبسلاترال كونترالاترال
+
+168
+00:12:57,450 --> 00:13:01,690
+اللي هو abdossum إبسلاترال كونترالاترال هنا
+
+169
+00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:05,630
+الhypogloss الواضح أخدت فقط ال opposite side و ال
+
+170
+00:13:05,630 --> 00:13:08,070
+ventral nucleus of facial أقدت على ال opposite
+
+171
+00:13:08,070 --> 00:13:12,430
+side only أما الدورسة اللي بتاخد من ال both side
+
+172
+00:13:12,430 --> 00:13:17,650
+من ال both sideclassification of the motor neuron
+
+173
+00:13:17,650 --> 00:13:22,810
+lesion according to the location of lesion upper
+
+174
+00:13:22,810 --> 00:13:26,650
+motor neuron lesion يعني specific او central وين
+
+175
+00:13:26,650 --> 00:13:29,290
+بيكون المشكلة في ال upper motor neuron المشكلة راح
+
+176
+00:13:29,290 --> 00:13:34,690
+تكون اما في corticonuclear tract او corticonuclear
+
+177
+00:13:34,690 --> 00:13:38,290
+tract lower motor neuron lesion flaccid او
+
+178
+00:13:38,290 --> 00:13:42,250
+peripheralالمشكلة الوين راح تكون من ال motor
+
+179
+00:13:42,250 --> 00:13:46,050
+nuclei in the brainstem أو من ال motor nuclei in
+
+180
+00:13:46,050 --> 00:13:48,790
+the spinal cord في ال anterior horn cells لحد ما
+
+181
+00:13:48,790 --> 00:13:52,510
+أصل لوين لل muscle according to affected limbs
+
+182
+00:13:52,510 --> 00:13:57,650
+ممكن يكون monoblasia شلل طرف واحد right upper limb
+
+183
+00:13:57,650 --> 00:14:03,210
+left upper limb right lower limb left lower limb
+
+184
+00:14:03,210 --> 00:14:08,570
+يعني شلل طرف واحدممكن تكون hemiplegia شلال نصف
+
+185
+00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:12,650
+طولة right hemiplegia left hemiplegia شلال نصف
+
+186
+00:14:12,650 --> 00:14:18,150
+طولة right أو left paraplegia شلال سفلي شلال سفلي
+
+187
+00:14:18,150 --> 00:14:22,790
+paraplegia triplegia شلال ثلاثي بيكون يعني أجت
+
+188
+00:14:22,790 --> 00:14:26,330
+ارصاصها في ال break ال plexus عملت شلال في ال
+
+189
+00:14:26,330 --> 00:14:29,790
+upper limb و أجت شضية في نفس اللحظة في spinal cord
+
+190
+00:14:29,790 --> 00:14:33,510
+عملت قطة ل spinal cord عملت paraplegia في الحالة
+
+191
+00:14:33,510 --> 00:14:37,730
+هذه بقول ايه triplegiaالـ quadriplegia أجت رصاصة
+
+192
+00:14:37,730 --> 00:14:41,170
+لأ ع مستوى أعلى من ال thoracic و ضربت ال spinal
+
+193
+00:14:41,170 --> 00:14:43,650
+cord كله على ال cervical level أما للشلل الربعي
+
+194
+00:14:43,650 --> 00:14:48,270
+شلل ربعي أو مريض عنده GPS Guilian Bar Syndrome حدث
+
+195
+00:14:48,270 --> 00:14:53,570
+التهارف العصابي الطرفية أدى إلى إيش شلل ربعي ال
+
+196
+00:14:53,570 --> 00:14:56,430
+differential between the upper and lower motor
+
+197
+00:14:56,430 --> 00:14:59,170
+neurons ان شاء الله بشرحلكوا إياه في المحاضرة
+
+198
+00:14:59,170 --> 00:15:02,150
+الأخيرة في الأسبوع الرابع في بداية محاضرة الأسبوع
+
+199
+00:15:02,150 --> 00:15:04,930
+الرابع ضمتم بخير ويعطيكم ألف عافية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/36g1963YLUU_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1816 @@
+1
+00:00:05,230 --> 00:00:08,650
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,650 --> 00:00:15,990
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع الحالي راح تكون على anatomy
+
+3
+00:00:15,990 --> 00:00:20,090
+of cranial nerves anatomy of the cranial nerves
+
+4
+00:00:20,090 --> 00:00:24,010
+راح نتطرق إلى محاضرتين كل محاضرة راح نقسمها إلى
+
+5
+00:00:24,010 --> 00:00:30,370
+جزئين نبدأ اليوم في المحاضرة الأولى من anatomy and
+
+6
+00:00:30,370 --> 00:00:32,170
+physiology of the cranial nerves
+
+7
+00:00:35,470 --> 00:00:39,110
+الـ cranial nerves ليش سموها cranial nerves؟ لأن
+
+8
+00:00:39,110 --> 00:00:42,630
+فينا شي اسمه spinal nerves cranial nerves سموها
+
+9
+00:00:42,630 --> 00:00:46,410
+cranial nerves لأنها ال nerves ال exit أو ال
+
+10
+00:00:46,410 --> 00:00:51,390
+enters بتاعها بتنفي ل cranial cavity عن طريق ال
+
+11
+00:00:51,390 --> 00:00:58,430
+formula in the skull فينا twelve pairs of cranial
+
+12
+00:00:58,430 --> 00:01:02,690
+nerves twelve pairs of cranial nerves بنقسمهم إلى
+
+13
+00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:12,780
+Pure Sensory Nerve الهم 128 منهم
+
+14
+00:01:12,780 --> 00:01:16,800
+الفكتوري نيرف for smell function
+
+15
+00:01:27,730 --> 00:01:32,850
+والعلاقة بالموضوع الهيرينج و الوستيبولو كوكليار
+
+16
+00:01:32,850 --> 00:01:36,570
+نيرف و الوستيبولو
+
+17
+00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:38,470
+كوكليار نيرف و الوستيبولو كوكليار نيرف
+
+18
+00:01:38,500 --> 00:01:42,600
+Vestibulocochlear nerve are purely sensory nerve
+
+19
+00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:49,400
+عشان نبسطها إلكم بنعطيهم الرقم 128 يبقى الرقم 128
+
+20
+00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:57,380
+اللي هو first الفكتوري nerve second اللي هو optic
+
+21
+00:01:57,380 --> 00:02:03,170
+nerve وعصب الثامنVestibular و Trochlear nerves are
+
+22
+00:02:03,170 --> 00:02:07,670
+purely sensory nerves و هي purely special sensory
+
+23
+00:02:07,670 --> 00:02:13,590
+nerves اوكي اقول ان motor nerve , Trochlear nerve
+
+24
+00:02:13,590 --> 00:02:19,050
+, Abdominal nerve , Accessory nerve and
+
+25
+00:02:19,050 --> 00:02:24,850
+Hypoglossal nerve are purely motor nerves يبقى
+
+26
+00:02:24,850 --> 00:02:31,840
+العصب الثالثوالعصب الرابع والسادس واحد عشر وثاني
+
+27
+00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:38,360
+عشر يعتبروا ايه purely motor
+
+28
+00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:44,540
+nerves Trigeminal nerve العصب الخامس
+
+29
+00:02:44,540 --> 00:02:49,820
+Glucopharyngeal nerve العصب السابع Vegas nerve
+
+30
+00:02:49,820 --> 00:02:54,440
+العصب العشر اللي Glucopharyngeal nerve العصب
+
+31
+00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:58,190
+التاسع آسفعصب التاسع Glossopharyngeal nerve كمان
+
+32
+00:02:58,190 --> 00:03:04,150
+مرة Trigeminal nerve Facial
+
+33
+00:03:04,150 --> 00:03:09,130
+nerve اللي هو العصب السابع Glossopharyngeal nerve
+
+34
+00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:14,650
+العصب التاسع Vegas nerve العصب العاشر Trigeminal
+
+35
+00:03:14,650 --> 00:03:21,830
+nerve Facial nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vegas
+
+36
+00:03:21,830 --> 00:03:26,700
+nervemixed nerve يعني إيش mixed nerve؟ يعني ال
+
+37
+00:03:26,700 --> 00:03:30,100
+function تبعتهم ممكن تكون motor sensory autonomic
+
+38
+00:03:30,100 --> 00:03:35,360
+function بنعطيهم الرمز عشر ألف وتسعة مية وخمسة
+
+39
+00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:39,720
+وسبعين يعني العصب الخامس والسبع والتاسع والعاشر
+
+40
+00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:46,840
+يعتبروا إيه؟ mixed nerve ان شاء الله في محاضرة
+
+41
+00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:54,030
+اليومرح نتطرق ل .. اللي هي محاضرة الأسبوع الثامن
+
+42
+00:03:54,030 --> 00:03:59,410
+رح نتطرق إلى ال .. اوكلون موتور نيرف و تروكليار
+
+43
+00:03:59,410 --> 00:04:04,570
+نيرف و أبدوسنت نيرف و ترايجي من ال nerve رح ناخد
+
+44
+00:04:04,570 --> 00:04:08,930
+العصب الثالث رابع سادس و الخامس في محاضرة الأسبوع
+
+45
+00:04:08,930 --> 00:04:10,130
+التاسع
+
+46
+00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:22,920
+محاضرة السبوع التاسع راح اتكلم معاكم على اللي هو
+
+47
+00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:30,960
+العصب السابعتاسر عشر احداش اتناش ان شاء الله في
+
+48
+00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:35,220
+محاضرة ال special nerves او نتكلم على ال special
+
+49
+00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:38,280
+sensation في ال special sensation راح اتطرق لل
+
+50
+00:04:38,280 --> 00:04:44,840
+taste و vision و hearing تمام و smell function راح
+
+51
+00:04:44,840 --> 00:04:50,910
+اتطرق للعصاب اللي هو الفكتوري nerveعصب واحد optic
+
+52
+00:04:50,910 --> 00:04:54,170
+nerve عصب اتنين vestibulocochlear nerve العصب
+
+53
+00:04:54,170 --> 00:04:58,330
+التامن وهيك بنكون أنجزنا كل ال cranial nerves
+
+54
+00:04:58,330 --> 00:05:03,510
+جمعتلكم
+
+55
+00:05:03,510 --> 00:05:09,070
+ال cranial nerves في slide واحد عشان أسهل عليكم و
+
+56
+00:05:09,070 --> 00:05:14,590
+مثل كابسولة اللي كنت تاخدوها في ثانوية العامة تمام
+
+57
+00:05:14,590 --> 00:05:20,540
+ال classification of cranial nervesأول شي حسب ال
+
+58
+00:05:20,540 --> 00:05:26,980
+name ال factory
+
+59
+00:05:26,980 --> 00:05:32,520
+nerve رقم واحد، optic nerve اتنين، and oculomotor
+
+60
+00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:37,670
+nerve تلاتةTracular nerve أربعة Trigeminal nerve
+
+61
+00:05:37,670 --> 00:05:40,750
+خمسة بتكون من three branches of thalamic maxillary
+
+62
+00:05:40,750 --> 00:05:45,530
+and mandibular Adjacent nerve ستة Facial nerve
+
+63
+00:05:45,530 --> 00:05:48,470
+سبعة Vestibulocochlear nerve تمانية
+
+64
+00:05:48,470 --> 00:05:52,830
+Glossopharyngeal nerve تسعة و Vegas nerve عشرة
+
+65
+00:05:52,830 --> 00:05:57,530
+Accessory nerve احداشر Hypoglossal nerve اتناشر
+
+66
+00:05:57,530 --> 00:06:02,490
+هيكي الأسماء تبعتهمرتبوهم بهذه الترتيب حسب ال exit
+
+67
+00:06:02,490 --> 00:06:07,110
+from the brain حسب ال exit from the brain لان نشوف
+
+68
+00:06:07,110 --> 00:06:13,170
+كيف ال exitبعد ما نتكلم على ال function بتاعتهم ال
+
+69
+00:06:13,170 --> 00:06:16,210
+function بتاعة ال cranial nerves الفكسوري نيرف اسم
+
+70
+00:06:16,210 --> 00:06:20,310
+ال function الأول optic nerve vision للنظر
+
+71
+00:06:20,310 --> 00:06:24,990
+اوكلوموتور نيرف و Trochlear nerve و abducent nerve
+
+72
+00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:28,710
+العصب الثالث والرابع والسادس هذول اوكلار نيرف اللي
+
+73
+00:06:28,710 --> 00:06:32,570
+علاقة بال eye movement يبقى وظيفتهم motor
+
+74
+00:06:32,570 --> 00:06:36,270
+functions نرجع التراجيب من ال nerve mixed nerve
+
+75
+00:06:36,270 --> 00:06:40,780
+اللي له three branchesأفثالميكي برانش purely
+
+76
+00:06:40,780 --> 00:06:45,660
+sensory مقزيلاري برانش purely sensory مانديبولاري
+
+77
+00:06:45,660 --> 00:06:49,660
+برانش sensory and motor mixed okay facial nerve
+
+78
+00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:53,960
+mixed nerve vestibulocochlear nerve راح يكون عندي
+
+79
+00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:58,260
+a sensory pure sensory for a functional hearing
+
+80
+00:06:58,260 --> 00:07:01,270
+hearing and balanceVestibular function
+
+81
+00:07:01,270 --> 00:07:05,090
+Glossopharyngeal nerve راح يكون عندي Mixed vagus
+
+82
+00:07:05,090 --> 00:07:09,170
+nerve Mixed accessory nerve بنقسم لقسمين cranial
+
+83
+00:07:09,170 --> 00:07:12,010
+accessory and spinal accessory يعتبر motor
+
+84
+00:07:12,010 --> 00:07:17,090
+وhypoglossal nerve اللي تحت اللي هو ايه بيسمي
+
+85
+00:07:17,090 --> 00:07:22,770
+motor nerve motor nerve ال site of the nucleus في
+
+86
+00:07:22,770 --> 00:07:25,750
+معادلة سهلة ابسطلكوا ايهم لل site of the nucleus
+
+87
+00:07:25,750 --> 00:07:43,540
+بنقسمهم لاتنين اتنيناربع اربع اربع
+
+88
+00:07:43,540 --> 00:07:43,700
+اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع
+
+89
+00:07:43,700 --> 00:07:45,880
+اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع
+
+90
+00:07:45,880 --> 00:07:46,380
+اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع
+
+91
+00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:48,840
+اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع اربع
+
+92
+00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:51,780
+اربع ارب
+
+93
+00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:57,420
+بيخرج من الـ occipital loop لذلك الأول اتنين
+
+94
+00:07:57,420 --> 00:08:04,060
+بيكونوا من وين؟ من ال cerebral hemisphere من وين؟
+
+95
+00:08:04,060 --> 00:08:07,500
+من ال cerebral hemisphere يبقى الأول اتنين
+
+96
+00:08:07,500 --> 00:08:12,360
+بيخرجونا من وين؟ من ال cerebral hemisphere و من
+
+97
+00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:19,880
+الثالث لإطناش بيخرجوا او بدخلوا من ايه؟ brain stem
+
+98
+00:08:22,700 --> 00:08:27,680
+خلصنا من الأول الفكتوري نيرف تيمبرا لوب اوبتيك
+
+99
+00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:34,760
+نيرف اكسيبتال لوب نجي لأيه العصب الثالث اللي هو
+
+100
+00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:39,080
+اوكلاموتر ميدي برين بيجي بعد الcerebral hemisphere
+
+101
+00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:46,640
+ميدي برين العصب الرابع ميدي برين نتاجي لأيه الأربع
+
+102
+00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:47,240
+اللي بعدهم
+
+103
+00:08:52,660 --> 00:08:57,860
+العصب الخامس pawns وفي exception راح اتكلم عنها
+
+104
+00:08:57,860 --> 00:09:05,880
+العصب السادس pawns العصب السابع pawns في exception
+
+105
+00:09:05,880 --> 00:09:10,380
+والعصب الثامن pawns في exception ننتقل للاربع اللي
+
+106
+00:09:10,380 --> 00:09:21,180
+بعدهم ايه بقى يا عزيزي؟ الاربع اللي بعدهم تاسع
+
+107
+00:09:22,880 --> 00:09:27,700
+ميدالة أبلانجاتا ننتقل
+
+108
+00:09:27,700 --> 00:09:33,700
+للي بعدهم التاسع ميدالة أبلانجاتا العاشر ميدالة
+
+109
+00:09:33,700 --> 00:09:39,240
+أبلانجاتا حداشر ميدالة أبلانجاتا فيها exception
+
+110
+00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:46,320
+اتناشر ميدالة أبلانجاتا يجب ان نلاحظ ان اول اتنين
+
+111
+00:09:46,320 --> 00:09:51,280
+في الcerebral hemisphere اللي بعدهم اتنين mid
+
+112
+00:09:51,280 --> 00:09:57,230
+brainاللي بعدهم أربعة bones اللي بعدهم أربعة
+
+113
+00:09:57,230 --> 00:10:01,750
+ميدالة أبلانجاتة لعشان هيك رتبوهم بالترتيب هذا
+
+114
+00:10:01,750 --> 00:10:07,290
+okay opening in the skull opening in the skull
+
+115
+00:10:07,290 --> 00:10:13,330
+olfactory nerve crib reform plate of اثمي دي البون
+
+116
+00:10:14,100 --> 00:10:19,360
+optic nerve انتج الى اللي بعد اوكلاموتر نيرف و
+
+117
+00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:23,940
+اتركليار نيرف افثالمك برانش وفتراجيمنال نيرف
+
+118
+00:10:23,940 --> 00:10:28,320
+ابدوسنت نيرف هدول من ال superior orbital في شعر
+
+119
+00:10:28,320 --> 00:10:32,600
+نرجع لتراجيمنال نيرف ماجزيلري نيرفRotundum
+
+120
+00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:37,380
+foramen، Mandebular nerve، Oval foramen، Facial
+
+121
+00:10:37,380 --> 00:10:41,520
+nerve بيفوت عن طريق الـ Internal auditory meatus و
+
+122
+00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:46,200
+بخرج لالـ Stylomasoid foramen العصب الثامن في
+
+123
+00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:49,790
+Stibulocochlear بيفوت لل Internal auditory meatusو
+
+124
+00:10:49,790 --> 00:10:53,990
+.. او canal و بيبقى في ال inner ear العصب التاسع
+
+125
+00:10:53,990 --> 00:10:59,010
+ال glossopharyngeal و vegas و accessory nerve
+
+126
+00:10:59,010 --> 00:11:03,450
+العصب ال 11 بيفوته عن طريق ال jugular foramen و
+
+127
+00:11:03,450 --> 00:11:07,910
+hypoglossal nerve العصب 12 بيفوت ل hypoglossal
+
+128
+00:11:07,910 --> 00:11:14,050
+canalهك انا بكون شرحتلكم ال cranial nerves من
+
+129
+00:11:14,050 --> 00:11:17,910
+ناحية اسمائهم من ناحية ترتيبهم من ناحية ال
+
+130
+00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:21,770
+function من ناحية location of the nucleus و
+
+131
+00:11:21,770 --> 00:11:25,930
+opening in the skull اما ال exit او ال enters
+
+132
+00:11:25,930 --> 00:11:34,350
+لاحظوا هيه عندي هنا عصب olfactory رقم واحد بتجه ل
+
+133
+00:11:34,350 --> 00:11:38,750
+temporal loop اتنين optic nerve بتجه لoccipital
+
+134
+00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:39,030
+loop
+
+135
+00:11:41,760 --> 00:11:47,620
+تلاتة اوكلاموتر نيرف من ال midbrain اربعة تروكليار
+
+136
+00:11:47,620 --> 00:11:52,320
+نيرف من ال midbrain خمسة ترايجيمنال نيرف من ال
+
+137
+00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:58,000
+pons ستة ابدوسنت نيرف من ال pons سبعة او اتنين روت
+
+138
+00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:02,860
+سبعة او خمسة فاشيال نيرف من ال pons تمانية
+
+139
+00:12:02,860 --> 00:12:08,220
+فيستيبولو كوكليار نيرف من ال ponsمن الـ Posterior
+
+140
+00:12:08,220 --> 00:12:11,700
+lateral sulcus of medulla oblongata تسعة
+
+141
+00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:18,260
+Glossopharyngeal عشرة Vegas Accessories الـ two
+
+142
+00:12:18,260 --> 00:12:22,700
+root one root من الميدللا أبلانجاتا cranial root و
+
+143
+00:12:22,700 --> 00:12:28,890
+ال spinal root من spinal cordتمام بخرج كمان من ال
+
+144
+00:12:28,890 --> 00:12:30,950
+posterior lateral sulcus of medulla oblongata ال
+
+145
+00:12:30,950 --> 00:12:34,830
+11 و من ال anterior lateral sulcus of medulla
+
+146
+00:12:34,830 --> 00:12:41,010
+oblongata بخرج عندي 12 يبقى لحظه هي عندي 4 و هي
+
+147
+00:12:41,010 --> 00:12:45,070
+عندي 4هدول ميظلوا أبلانجاتا الأربعة تحت وأربعة
+
+148
+00:12:45,070 --> 00:12:49,290
+فوقهم من ايه ال pawns الأربعة الأعلى شوية أسف
+
+149
+00:12:49,290 --> 00:12:53,190
+الاتنين الأعلى شوية من ال midbrain واتنين الأعلى
+
+150
+00:12:53,190 --> 00:12:58,170
+الأولانين من ال occipital و temporal loop وهذه
+
+151
+00:12:58,170 --> 00:13:01,370
+التقسيمة اللي أنا رسم تركوياهم في ال cranial
+
+152
+00:13:01,370 --> 00:13:04,410
+nerves هيك أنا بكون لخصلكم موضوع ال cranial nerves
+
+153
+00:13:04,410 --> 00:13:10,200
+في two slides و بعدها راح نبدأبالتفصيل نتكلم عن كل
+
+154
+00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:19,540
+nerve لوحده عن كل nerve ايه؟ لوحده الان
+
+155
+00:13:19,540 --> 00:13:24,540
+العصب الأول ال factory nerve راح اتطرقله في
+
+156
+00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:28,760
+المحاضرة خلال ثلاث أسابيع في محاضرة special
+
+157
+00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:36,610
+sensationالعصب الثاني optic nerve راح أطرقله في
+
+158
+00:13:36,610 --> 00:13:39,950
+نفس المحاضرة بتاعة ال special sensation ل ال
+
+159
+00:13:39,950 --> 00:13:44,430
+vision و العصب الثامن راح أطرقله بالتفصيل في
+
+160
+00:13:44,430 --> 00:13:49,530
+محاضرة ال special senses ل hearing and balance و
+
+161
+00:13:49,530 --> 00:13:54,410
+بعدهم هنا راح أبدأ مباشرةفي العصب الثالث والرابع
+
+162
+00:13:54,410 --> 00:13:59,170
+والسادس يبقى الجزء الأول من محاضرة المحاضرة الرقم
+
+163
+00:13:59,170 --> 00:14:02,510
+تمانية راح نتكلم اولش اتكلمنا على ال general
+
+164
+00:14:02,510 --> 00:14:07,690
+information about the cranial nerves والان راح
+
+165
+00:14:07,690 --> 00:14:11,670
+ابدأ اتكلم على ocular nerves مين هم ال ocular
+
+166
+00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:16,810
+nerves العصب الثالث oculomotor nerve عصب الرابع
+
+167
+00:14:16,810 --> 00:14:21,860
+trochlear nerve والعصب السادس abdossal nerveOkay
+
+168
+00:14:21,860 --> 00:14:26,400
+الجزء الثاني من محاضرة الأسبوع الثامن راح يكون على
+
+169
+00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:32,500
+Trigeminal nerve Trigeminal nerve الآن أتكلم على
+
+170
+00:14:32,500 --> 00:14:37,120
+العصب الثالث رابع و سادس ocular nerves ليه سموهم
+
+171
+00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:43,700
+ocular nerves لأنه لهم علاقة ب eye movement ب eye
+
+172
+00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:48,870
+movement تمامالعصب الثالث اسمه oculomotor nerve
+
+173
+00:14:48,870 --> 00:14:52,170
+ايش يعني oculomotor nerve لو ترجمناها من اللغة
+
+174
+00:14:52,170 --> 00:14:57,590
+اللاتينية نقصد فيها eye and moving eye and moving
+
+175
+00:14:57,590 --> 00:15:02,050
+يعني العين وحركة العين function of the oculomotor
+
+176
+00:15:02,050 --> 00:15:08,870
+nerve اول function له اللي هي motor motor يعني
+
+177
+00:15:08,870 --> 00:15:13,380
+motor somatic motor somaticموتور، ايش بقصد في
+
+178
+00:15:13,380 --> 00:15:18,560
+somatic motor؟ يعني بيغضي skeletal muscles، بيغضي
+
+179
+00:15:18,560 --> 00:15:23,280
+ايه؟ skeletal muscles اللي انا بتحكم فيهم إراديا،
+
+180
+00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:26,280
+اللي ملاقة بال movement of the eyeball
+
+181
+00:15:29,050 --> 00:15:33,390
+Autonomic Function Parasympathetic Function اللي
+
+182
+00:15:33,390 --> 00:15:36,750
+علاقة بالـ pupillary reaction و احنا اتفقنا في
+
+183
+00:15:36,750 --> 00:15:40,230
+محاضرة ال introduction Autonomic Nervous System
+
+184
+00:15:40,230 --> 00:15:44,490
+اللي علاقة ب smooth muscle and glands و smooth
+
+185
+00:15:44,490 --> 00:15:48,530
+muscles انا مابتحكم فيه يلا طالب او طالبة يجي في
+
+186
+00:15:48,530 --> 00:15:53,270
+أماميو اصغرلي حدقة الأيان او ال pupils ما بتتحكم
+
+187
+00:15:53,270 --> 00:15:57,510
+فيها مابتقدرش تتحكم فيها او ييجي طالبة او طالبة
+
+188
+00:15:57,510 --> 00:16:00,970
+تقولي بدي اخفف ال heart rate نبض القلب مابتقدر
+
+189
+00:16:00,970 --> 00:16:05,550
+تتحكم فيه نبض القلب هذول عضلات لا إرادية عضلات لا
+
+190
+00:16:05,550 --> 00:16:08,390
+إرادية يبقى ال autonomic function of the
+
+191
+00:16:08,390 --> 00:16:13,540
+oculomotor nerveالعلاقة بـ pupillary reaction
+
+192
+00:16:13,540 --> 00:16:18,540
+العلاقة بحركة العضلات اللي بتتحكم بالبقبق بتاع
+
+193
+00:16:18,540 --> 00:16:22,760
+العين أو حدقة العين وهذه عضلات ملساق smooth
+
+194
+00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:27,540
+muscles ولا يمكن التحكم بيهم إراديا هذه عضلات لا
+
+195
+00:16:27,540 --> 00:16:33,140
+إرادية عن طريق ال parasympathetic fibers of the
+
+196
+00:16:33,140 --> 00:16:37,920
+oculomotor nerve تمام ممكن طالب أو طالب يسألني
+
+197
+00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:41,820
+سؤالدكتور طب انت قلتلنا ال oculomotor nerve it is
+
+198
+00:16:41,820 --> 00:16:46,320
+a pure motor nerve it is a pure motor nerve ليش
+
+199
+00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:50,140
+الأن اضطرقت إلى ال motor function و ال autonomic
+
+200
+00:16:50,140 --> 00:16:55,400
+يبقى نصار mixed؟كلامكوا صحيح، لكن يا جماعة الـ
+
+201
+00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,140
+Parasympathetic function بتاعة الـ oculomotor
+
+202
+00:16:59,140 --> 00:17:03,760
+nerve كمان motor، كمان ايه؟ Motor، يبقى ال .. ال
+
+203
+00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:06,960
+Parasympathetic بتاعتها motor، والsomatic كمان
+
+204
+00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:12,320
+motor، الثانيين motor لذلكتم نسب هذا العصب إلى
+
+205
+00:17:12,320 --> 00:17:17,140
+مجموعة الحركية العصاب الحركية إذن هو يعتبر purely
+
+206
+00:17:17,140 --> 00:17:21,400
+motor nerve ليه؟ لأن الـ somatic function تبعته
+
+207
+00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:24,860
+بغض ال skeletal muscles هدوله motor function و
+
+208
+00:17:24,860 --> 00:17:28,080
+البارا sympathetic function بتاعته بغض كمان smooth
+
+209
+00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:34,720
+muscles وهذه تعتبر motor function العصب اللي بعده
+
+210
+00:17:34,720 --> 00:17:40,170
+Trochlear nerve العصب الرابعالـ function تبعته
+
+211
+00:17:40,170 --> 00:17:45,410
+بيغدى عضلة واحدة، إيش هي؟ بيغدى هنا superior
+
+212
+00:17:45,410 --> 00:17:50,070
+oblique muscle، بيغدى أي عضلة؟ superior oblique
+
+213
+00:17:50,070 --> 00:17:51,650
+muscle، روح اترق إليها و اللي هو الـ function
+
+214
+00:17:51,650 --> 00:17:57,920
+بتاعتها العصب السادس abdocent nerveمن .. ليه سموه
+
+215
+00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:02,420
+abdocent nerve؟ لأنه بيعمل abduction للأيه بيعمل
+
+216
+00:18:02,420 --> 00:18:06,280
+ايه؟ abduction للأيه الاتراليه بيغضي lateral
+
+217
+00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:10,200
+rectus muscle وظيفة ال lateral rectus muscle تعمل
+
+218
+00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:14,040
+abduction للأيه الاتراليه هنا طلعت على اليمين حركت
+
+219
+00:18:14,040 --> 00:18:18,080
+عين اليمين لآخر شيء يقول إن العين اليمين اتحركت ال
+
+220
+00:18:18,080 --> 00:18:21,800
+lateral rectus muscle وشدتها لإيه؟ لل lateral
+
+221
+00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:27,730
+direction لذلك سمي abdocent nerve طب سؤالأخير في
+
+222
+00:18:27,730 --> 00:18:31,810
+ال slide هذا دكتور انت قلت ان كلهم motor والهم
+
+223
+00:18:31,810 --> 00:18:35,130
+علاقة بال eye moving ال abdocent nerve بيحرك العين
+
+224
+00:18:35,130 --> 00:18:38,890
+و ال trochlear nerve بيحرك العين و ال abdocent
+
+225
+00:18:38,890 --> 00:18:42,930
+nerve بيحرك العين ليه سموه هذا oculomotor eye eye
+
+226
+00:18:42,930 --> 00:18:48,730
+moving سموه لأنه زعيم لأنه زعيم و بيغضي عضلات
+
+227
+00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:52,530
+بيغضي أكتر عضلات إذا ال trochlear nerve بيغضي عضلة
+
+228
+00:18:52,530 --> 00:18:56,970
+واحدةSuperior oblique muscle abdocent nerve بيغدى
+
+229
+00:18:56,970 --> 00:19:01,730
+عضلة واحدة ال oculomotor nerve تبعوا معايا بيغدى
+
+230
+00:19:01,730 --> 00:19:06,170
+كام عضلة عشان هيك كل احترام لل oculomotor nerve
+
+231
+00:19:06,170 --> 00:19:10,310
+سموه oculomotor nerve eye and moving بيغدى levator
+
+232
+00:19:10,310 --> 00:19:16,430
+palbibia superiorisبيغضي superior rectus muscle
+
+233
+00:19:16,430 --> 00:19:22,250
+اتنين، بيغضي inferior rectus muscle ثلاثة، بيغضي
+
+234
+00:19:22,250 --> 00:19:27,650
+medial rectus muscle أربعة، بيغضي inferior what؟
+
+235
+00:19:27,650 --> 00:19:32,950
+Oblique muscleخامسة بيغدى sealary muscle smooth
+
+236
+00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:37,290
+muscle ستة بيغدى sphincter biopil muscle او
+
+237
+00:19:37,290 --> 00:19:40,910
+Constrictor biopil muscle سبعة بيغدى سبع حضولات
+
+238
+00:19:40,910 --> 00:19:45,810
+عشان هيك لقبوه باللقب وعطوه وسام لقب Okulamotor
+
+239
+00:19:45,810 --> 00:19:49,950
+nerve اللي هو اكتر nerve او اكبر nerve بيحرك اللين
+
+240
+00:19:49,950 --> 00:19:55,730
+ويسموه Okulamotor nerve نبدأ الآن بـ Okulamotor
+
+241
+00:19:55,730 --> 00:20:02,260
+nerve حالة سهل صار الموضوعكل شي انشرح اليكوا اوكلو
+
+242
+00:20:02,260 --> 00:20:07,580
+motor nerve it is purely motor nerve purely motor
+
+243
+00:20:07,580 --> 00:20:13,460
+nerve somatic motor يعني بيغضي skeletal muscle and
+
+244
+00:20:13,460 --> 00:20:16,580
+autonomic motor او parasympathetic motor بيغضي
+
+245
+00:20:16,580 --> 00:20:21,420
+عضلات ملساق عن طريق ال parasympathetic fibers يبقى
+
+246
+00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:28,740
+هو يعتبر pure motor nerve هي واحد اتنين immersfrom
+
+247
+00:20:28,740 --> 00:20:34,260
+the anterior surface of midbrain بخرج من وين؟ من
+
+248
+00:20:34,260 --> 00:20:38,080
+الـ anterior surface of midbrain اتفجنا اتنين
+
+249
+00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:41,600
+اتنين يبقى ان هو اتنين بعدهم رقم ثلاثة يبقى انها
+
+250
+00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,960
+راح تكون ثلاثة بخرج من ال midbrain من ال anterior
+
+251
+00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:51,740
+surface of midbrain بعده enter the orbit بيفوت في
+
+252
+00:20:51,740 --> 00:20:58,270
+ال orbit عن طريقSuperior Orbital Fissure Superior
+
+253
+00:20:58,270 --> 00:21:02,710
+Orbital Fissure و قبل ما يصل ل Superior Orbital
+
+254
+00:21:02,710 --> 00:21:07,430
+Fissure بمروين في Cavernous Sinus أخدنا اسمه
+
+255
+00:21:07,430 --> 00:21:10,650
+الفاتر Cavernous Sinus هو عبارة عن Dural Venous
+
+256
+00:21:10,650 --> 00:21:14,850
+Sinus كمان مرة locomotor nerve يعتبر purely motor
+
+257
+00:21:14,850 --> 00:21:19,370
+nerveتحتوي على مصادر مصادر سوماتيكية ومصادر مصادر
+
+258
+00:21:19,370 --> 00:21:27,330
+بارا سيمباتاتيكية تتخلص من خدمة الأمام من القلعب
+
+259
+00:21:27,330 --> 00:21:34,430
+المتوسط ثم تتجه إلى الجدران الأعلى والخارجي من
+
+260
+00:21:34,430 --> 00:21:40,250
+الصينس الكافيرنسand enters the orbit through the
+
+261
+00:21:40,250 --> 00:21:44,750
+superior orbital a fissure superior orbital
+
+262
+00:21:44,750 --> 00:21:50,370
+fissure اللي هي موجودة وين فلسفينويت بون هاي عندي
+
+263
+00:21:50,370 --> 00:21:59,130
+أكولوموتر نيرب هاي left أكولوموتر نيرب وهي a right
+
+264
+00:21:59,740 --> 00:22:05,580
+eculomotor nerve خرج من وين؟ من اللي هو ventral أو
+
+265
+00:22:05,580 --> 00:22:13,080
+anterior service of midbrain okay بيمر وين؟ قلنا
+
+266
+00:22:13,080 --> 00:22:17,440
+هي cavernous sinus هذا عندي left وهذا right هي
+
+267
+00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:21,540
+eculomotor nerve العصب التالد بيمر في ال upper
+
+268
+00:22:21,540 --> 00:22:27,380
+lateral wall of the cavernous sinus ولت روكلير
+
+269
+00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:35,260
+نيرف بيمر هيفي ال upper wall of lateral و ال
+
+270
+00:22:35,260 --> 00:22:39,100
+abducent nerve بيمر في ال medial تحت ال internal
+
+271
+00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:41,860
+carotid و في ال thalamic branch و في ال trigeminal
+
+272
+00:22:41,860 --> 00:22:46,860
+بيمر في ال lower lateral و ال maxillary branch تبع
+
+273
+00:22:46,860 --> 00:22:50,620
+ال trigeminal بيمر في ال lateral wall في ال lower
+
+274
+00:22:50,620 --> 00:22:54,580
+even هذا lower part lateral و هذا upper part
+
+275
+00:22:54,580 --> 00:22:57,640
+lateral و هذا ايه؟ Medial و انتوا عارفين ال
+
+276
+00:22:57,640 --> 00:23:01,670
+structures اللي بتمر في الكفيرنة الصينية؟وكل موتور
+
+277
+00:23:01,670 --> 00:23:05,610
+نيرب عصب التالت تركليار نيرب عصب الرابع ال first
+
+278
+00:23:05,610 --> 00:23:08,050
+branch و ال second branch بتاعي نتراجي من ال nerve
+
+279
+00:23:08,050 --> 00:23:11,990
+of thalamic and maxillary nerve و اللي هو عصب
+
+280
+00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:15,770
+السادس abdocent nerve و internal carotid artery
+
+281
+00:23:25,970 --> 00:23:30,070
+branches of oculomotor nerve، ال oculomotor nerve
+
+282
+00:23:30,070 --> 00:23:34,650
+إله two branches إله إيه؟ two branches superior
+
+283
+00:23:34,650 --> 00:23:39,730
+division superior division supply to muscles
+
+284
+00:23:39,730 --> 00:23:46,150
+levator belbibria superiorislevator palpebria
+
+285
+00:23:46,150 --> 00:23:50,310
+superior إذا هذا وظيفتها ترفع جفن العين لأعلى و لو
+
+286
+00:23:50,310 --> 00:23:54,270
+أصار دمج إليه بيصير حاجة اسمها tosses إيش اسمها؟
+
+287
+00:23:54,270 --> 00:23:58,890
+tosses يعني بيصير عند المريض سقوط في الجفن يعني
+
+288
+00:23:58,890 --> 00:24:01,290
+عينه بالحركة زي اللي يمين عندي هالجتة إيش عندي
+
+289
+00:24:01,290 --> 00:24:06,870
+هالجتة اللي يمين؟ عندي tosses الجفن نازل okay
+
+290
+00:24:06,870 --> 00:24:12,950
+superior rectus muscle راح نتكلم عنها لاحقاطب ال
+
+291
+00:24:12,950 --> 00:24:18,130
+inferior division ايش بيغضينا؟ media rectus muscle
+
+292
+00:24:18,130 --> 00:24:24,150
+inferior rectus muscle و inferior oblique muscle
+
+293
+00:24:24,150 --> 00:24:28,730
+طيب مين بيغضي superior oblique muscle؟ trochlear
+
+294
+00:24:28,730 --> 00:24:32,910
+nerve طب مين بيغضي lateral rectus muscle؟ abdocent
+
+295
+00:24:32,910 --> 00:24:39,310
+nerve هذول يعتبروا skeletal muscle هذول skeletal
+
+296
+00:24:39,310 --> 00:24:47,740
+musclesو آخر تنتين Constrictor pupillary muscleو
+
+297
+00:24:47,740 --> 00:24:50,720
+sealery muscle، sealery muscle لها علاقة بال
+
+298
+00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:54,300
+accommodation و ال constructor pupil muscle لها
+
+299
+00:24:54,300 --> 00:24:57,640
+علاقة بال light reflex بيصير لو طلعنا في الضوء في
+
+300
+00:24:57,640 --> 00:25:01,200
+شمس أول ما بنعملاش بنغمض أنينا شوية من الشمس لأن
+
+301
+00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:04,080
+البقب بيكون في الظلام واسع لما بطلع في الشمس بده
+
+302
+00:25:04,080 --> 00:25:06,860
+يصير أيه له حجمه يصغر ال light بيعملنا
+
+303
+00:25:06,860 --> 00:25:09,880
+construction لل pupil بيعملنا contraction لل
+
+304
+00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:15,230
+constructor pupil muscle بيصغر العكس صحيحلو طلعنا
+
+305
+00:25:15,230 --> 00:25:19,710
+من ضوء لظلم، بنبطل نشوف، بدنا .. دقيقة بتلاقي توسع
+
+306
+00:25:19,710 --> 00:25:22,190
+البؤ .. البؤ بؤ تعالى يعني، توسع عن طريق
+
+307
+00:25:22,190 --> 00:25:25,370
+sympathetic nervous system، راح أتطرق له في محاضرة
+
+308
+00:25:25,370 --> 00:25:29,070
+أخرى، إيه بجان؟ عند هدول ال constructor بيبقى ل
+
+309
+00:25:29,070 --> 00:25:33,850
+muscle و الcellar muscle smooth musclesيقول ال
+
+310
+00:25:33,850 --> 00:25:36,470
+smooth muscles بياخدوا من وين؟ هدول من ال
+
+311
+00:25:36,470 --> 00:25:42,370
+parasympathetic nervous system و هدول ال skeletal
+
+312
+00:25:42,370 --> 00:25:45,970
+من ال somatic fibers
+
+313
+00:25:47,170 --> 00:25:50,950
+أيش الفرق بينهم؟ أنه أنا بتحكم في ال skeletal
+
+314
+00:25:50,950 --> 00:25:54,610
+muscles، بحركهم، لكن ال somatic nerves، أسف، ال
+
+315
+00:25:54,610 --> 00:25:59,190
+smooth muscles اللي عن طريق ال parasympathetic
+
+316
+00:25:59,190 --> 00:26:02,570
+nervous system، أنا ما بتحكم فيهم، ما بتحكمش فيهم،
+
+317
+00:26:02,570 --> 00:26:09,890
+هدول حركتهم لإرادية بتكون، حركتهم لإرادية، هاي
+
+318
+00:26:09,890 --> 00:26:15,230
+عندي صورة بتوضح لنا ال branches of the oculomotor
+
+319
+00:26:15,230 --> 00:26:20,710
+nerveالـ oculomotor nerve له two branches superior
+
+320
+00:26:20,710 --> 00:26:28,850
+branch هي superior branch supply superior rectus
+
+321
+00:26:28,850 --> 00:26:35,890
+muscle and levator bulbibria superioris و inferior
+
+322
+00:26:35,890 --> 00:26:41,790
+branch supply medial rectus muscle inferior rectus
+
+323
+00:26:41,790 --> 00:26:46,500
+muscle and inferior oblique muscleو معهم بيكون
+
+324
+00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:52,580
+Parasympathetic Fibers للاكولاموتر نيرف هذه
+
+325
+00:26:52,580 --> 00:26:56,360
+Autonomic هذه بتغدى العضلات اللى لا إيرادية بتروح
+
+326
+00:26:56,360 --> 00:27:00,260
+لسيلاري muscle بتعمل relay و من السيلاري muscle
+
+327
+00:27:00,260 --> 00:27:04,260
+بتغدى لنا ايه؟ بتروح لسيلاري جانجليون و من
+
+328
+00:27:04,260 --> 00:27:08,020
+السيلاري جانجليون بتغدى to muscle واحدة اسمها
+
+329
+00:27:08,020 --> 00:27:09,220
+سيلاري
+
+330
+00:27:11,290 --> 00:27:15,690
+muscle والثانية اسمها constructor pupillary muscle
+
+331
+00:27:15,690 --> 00:27:19,070
+يبقى هذا هو ال blood supply او ال nerve supply
+
+332
+00:27:19,070 --> 00:27:23,570
+بتاع ال oculomotor nerve nerve supply of the
+
+333
+00:27:23,570 --> 00:27:35,470
+oculomotor nerve باختصار
+
+334
+00:27:35,470 --> 00:27:43,270
+the oculomotor nerve اللي هو الزعيمsupply all of
+
+335
+00:27:43,270 --> 00:27:49,350
+the intra and extraocular muscles أنا لما أتكلم
+
+336
+00:27:49,350 --> 00:27:53,150
+على ال intraocular muscles أنا بتكلم على ال smooth
+
+337
+00:27:53,150 --> 00:27:57,030
+muscles اللي بتاخد من ال autonomic fibers إما
+
+338
+00:27:57,030 --> 00:28:00,790
+parasympathetic وإما sympatheticو ال extraocular
+
+339
+00:28:00,790 --> 00:28:04,510
+muscles هم skeletal muscles يبقى ال oculomotor
+
+340
+00:28:04,510 --> 00:28:08,850
+nerves بيغدى كل عضلات العين الداخلية و الخارجية ما
+
+341
+00:28:08,850 --> 00:28:14,390
+عدا ما عدا superior oblique muscle superior
+
+342
+00:28:14,390 --> 00:28:18,070
+oblique muscle superior oblique muscle بتاخد من
+
+343
+00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:23,250
+العصب الرابع trochlear nerve lateral rectus muscle
+
+344
+00:28:23,250 --> 00:28:29,200
+بتاخد من العصب السادس abdossal nerveو dilator
+
+345
+00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:33,240
+بيقبل muscle بتاخد من ال sympathetic nervous
+
+346
+00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:36,940
+system راح نتكلم عنها في محاضرة anatomy and
+
+347
+00:28:36,940 --> 00:28:41,100
+physiology of the autonomic nervous system لذلك
+
+348
+00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:45,100
+سمي اوكلاموتر بيحجلهم يسموا اوكلاموتر بيغدى سبع
+
+349
+00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:50,760
+عضلات لوحده ننتج
+
+350
+00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:58,150
+للعصب الرابعTrochlear nerve it is purely motor
+
+351
+00:28:58,150 --> 00:29:05,650
+nerve مافي خلاف هاي يخرج مين؟ Exit تبعه from the
+
+352
+00:29:05,650 --> 00:29:14,700
+posterior or dorsal surface ofmedibrain تمام ال
+
+353
+00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:20,960
+function بتاعته supply only one muscle superior
+
+354
+00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:25,280
+oblique muscle بغد و عضلة واحدة superior oblique
+
+355
+00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:28,760
+muscle و ال site of the nucleus في ال medibrain
+
+356
+00:29:28,760 --> 00:29:33,400
+موجودة وين في ال segmentum of medibrain في ال
+
+357
+00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:38,300
+medibrain هي عصب الرابعطيب enters the orbit
+
+358
+00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:42,160
+through the superior orbital fissure زي الـ
+
+359
+00:29:42,160 --> 00:29:47,160
+oculomotor و بمروين في ال other lateral wall of
+
+360
+00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:51,520
+caverna sinus مثل مين؟ مثل ايه؟ ال oculomotor
+
+361
+00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:57,680
+nerve تبقى هو بيغدي يعني بيختلف عن ال oculomotor
+
+362
+00:29:57,680 --> 00:30:01,580
+nerve ان هو smallest nerve اصغر nerve ال cranial
+
+363
+00:30:01,580 --> 00:30:07,290
+nerve و انه بيخرجمن ال posterior service of the
+
+364
+00:30:07,290 --> 00:30:10,990
+midbrain ال أكولوموتر من ال anterior service غير
+
+365
+00:30:10,990 --> 00:30:15,770
+هيك انه supply only muscle only one muscle اللي هي
+
+366
+00:30:15,770 --> 00:30:21,710
+superior oblique muscleو immers from posterior
+
+367
+00:30:21,710 --> 00:30:26,890
+اللي هو service of midbrain و ال oculomotor بخرج
+
+368
+00:30:26,890 --> 00:30:30,810
+من ال ventral service of midbrain هاي عندي اللي هو
+
+369
+00:30:30,810 --> 00:30:32,850
+ال oculo .. ال trochlear nerve بيجي من ال
+
+370
+00:30:32,850 --> 00:30:35,350
+posterior service و بيلف للأمام بيجينا من ال
+
+371
+00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:40,910
+posterior service و بيلف للأمام هيعتبر a pure
+
+372
+00:30:40,910 --> 00:30:45,110
+motor nerve و هيعتبر أصغر nerve من ال cranial
+
+373
+00:30:45,110 --> 00:30:45,370
+nerve
+
+374
+00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:57,260
+هيو بيفوتلنا لوين ل superior orbital fissure هيو
+
+375
+00:30:57,260 --> 00:31:04,360
+عندي trochlear nerve supply دي superior oblique
+
+376
+00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:12,240
+muscle منتجل
+
+377
+00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:17,230
+للعصب السادس abducent nerveabdocent nerve من اللغة
+
+378
+00:31:17,230 --> 00:31:20,930
+اللاتينية for abduction site of the nucleus
+
+379
+00:31:20,930 --> 00:31:25,150
+located in the lower part of the pons بنتاجي
+
+380
+00:31:25,150 --> 00:31:29,550
+للأربعة اللي بعدهم هايو pons function it is a
+
+381
+00:31:29,550 --> 00:31:34,450
+purely motor function supplied one muscle lateral
+
+382
+00:31:34,450 --> 00:31:38,230
+rectus muscle وظيفتها تعمل abduction لال eye
+
+383
+00:31:38,230 --> 00:31:42,890
+laterallyImmersed بخرج من ال lower border of the
+
+384
+00:31:42,890 --> 00:31:47,450
+pons between the pons and medulla oblongata بعدها
+
+385
+00:31:47,450 --> 00:31:50,370
+بيفتتلنا في ال medial .. medial مش lateral ..
+
+386
+00:31:50,370 --> 00:31:54,870
+medial wall of cavernous sinus و enter the orbit
+
+387
+00:31:54,870 --> 00:31:59,950
+من خلال a superior orbital fissure supplies only
+
+388
+00:31:59,950 --> 00:32:05,830
+one muscle it is lateral rectus muscle Hi Andy ..
+
+389
+00:32:05,830 --> 00:32:06,510
+small nerve
+
+390
+00:32:10,570 --> 00:32:14,230
+اللي هو abdocent
+
+391
+00:32:14,230 --> 00:32:18,090
+nerve subilateral rectus muscle اللي اللي علاقة
+
+392
+00:32:18,090 --> 00:32:25,030
+بال abduction of the eye laterally
+
+393
+00:32:25,030 --> 00:32:30,370
+طب
+
+394
+00:32:30,370 --> 00:32:34,050
+ال action of the ocular muscle، بدنا نعرف إيش حركة
+
+395
+00:32:34,050 --> 00:32:39,330
+الأينشوف ربنا بيحب الادل بيحب ال rectus الادل
+
+396
+00:32:39,330 --> 00:32:43,090
+الاعواج ربنا مابيحبه دايما خالف تعرف الادل سهل
+
+397
+00:32:43,090 --> 00:32:48,170
+معروف ال direction تبعته و حركته ل lateral rectus
+
+398
+00:32:48,170 --> 00:32:51,450
+muscle lateral rectus muscle بتحرك لأين وين
+
+399
+00:32:51,450 --> 00:32:54,850
+laterally يبقى بتعمل abduction لل eyeball
+
+400
+00:32:54,850 --> 00:33:01,060
+laterally تمامMedial rectus muscle بتحرك العين
+
+401
+00:33:01,060 --> 00:33:04,500
+داخل تعمل adoption للآية، ال lateral rectus muscle
+
+402
+00:33:04,500 --> 00:33:07,560
+تعمل abduction للآية، ال medial rectus muscle تعمل
+
+403
+00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:11,990
+adoption للآيةsuperior rectus muscle بتعمل
+
+404
+00:33:11,990 --> 00:33:15,930
+elevation للعي superior بترفع العين لفوق inferior
+
+405
+00:33:15,930 --> 00:33:20,110
+rectus muscle بتعمل depression للعي inferiorly نجي
+
+406
+00:33:20,110 --> 00:33:24,490
+لل oblique superior oblique عوجة ال superior
+
+407
+00:33:24,490 --> 00:33:27,790
+oblique بتلف العين لتحت بتعمل depression للعي
+
+408
+00:33:27,790 --> 00:33:33,110
+inferior oblique muscle بتعمل elevation للعي بترفع
+
+409
+00:33:33,110 --> 00:33:37,260
+العين لفوق عكس هدول ال oblique طيبفي حركة ثانية
+
+410
+00:33:37,260 --> 00:33:41,760
+بيعملوها ال recti muscle غير ال elevation و ال
+
+411
+00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:44,920
+depression كمان بيعملوا adoption لل I يعني لو
+
+412
+00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:49,960
+قلنالك superior rectus muscle بتعمل elevation مع
+
+413
+00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:54,500
+adoption inferior rectus muscle بتعمل depression
+
+414
+00:33:54,500 --> 00:33:58,960
+مع adoption superior oblique muscle بتعمل
+
+415
+00:33:58,960 --> 00:34:03,960
+elevation مع adoptioninferior oblique muscle
+
+416
+00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:09,320
+superior oblique muscle تعمل depression مع
+
+417
+00:34:09,320 --> 00:34:14,660
+abduction depression مع abduction inferior oblique
+
+418
+00:34:14,660 --> 00:34:18,880
+muscle تعمل elevation مع abduction هذه الحركة
+
+419
+00:34:18,880 --> 00:34:23,760
+بتاعة إيش العضلات طب elevator bulbipria superioris
+
+420
+00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:29,820
+بترفع جسم العين لأعلى هاي عندي العضلات lateral
+
+421
+00:34:31,910 --> 00:34:39,430
+rectus muscle medial rectus muscle نجحان inferior
+
+422
+00:34:39,430 --> 00:34:47,190
+rectus muscle superior rectus muscle superior
+
+423
+00:34:47,190 --> 00:34:55,210
+oblique muscle inferior oblique muscle elevator
+
+424
+00:34:58,710 --> 00:35:04,090
+Superioris أو بيسميها elevator palpebria
+
+425
+00:35:04,090 --> 00:35:07,470
+superioris أو elevator palpebria superioris نفس
+
+426
+00:35:07,470 --> 00:35:12,770
+الشيء أو elevator palpebria superioris
+
+427
+00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:18,240
+يبقى هذه عضلات العين وداخل العين في عضلتين smooth
+
+428
+00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:21,800
+أو ثلاث عضلات smooth, ciliary muscle و constructor
+
+429
+00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,080
+pupil muscle هذول بياخدوا من ال oculomotor nerve
+
+430
+00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,880
+وفي عضلة اسمة dilator pupil muscle بتوسع بقبه
+
+431
+00:35:27,880 --> 00:35:35,620
+العين بتاخد من sympathetic nervous system okay هذه
+
+432
+00:35:35,620 --> 00:35:40,260
+نفس الشيء slide بيوضحلنا ال eye muscles
+
+433
+00:35:40,260 --> 00:35:46,200
+extraocular musclesوهنا ال direction بتاعة ال eye
+
+434
+00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:53,020
+movement يعني هذه abduction هذا للداخل وهذا للخارج
+
+435
+00:35:53,020 --> 00:35:56,900
+هذا depression لتحت و elevation لفوق لاحظوا media
+
+436
+00:35:56,900 --> 00:36:00,000
+rectus muscle abduction lateral rectus muscle
+
+437
+00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:04,520
+abduction superior rectus muscle elevation مع
+
+438
+00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:08,760
+abduction inferior rectus muscle depression مع
+
+439
+00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:12,300
+abduction superior oblique muscle العكسان
+
+440
+00:36:13,350 --> 00:36:17,010
+depression مع abduction و inferior oblique muscle
+
+441
+00:36:17,010 --> 00:36:21,370
+elevation مع abduction ال oblique بعكسه ال
+
+442
+00:36:21,370 --> 00:36:24,650
+superior بتعمل inferior او depression و ال
+
+443
+00:36:24,650 --> 00:36:29,310
+inferior بتعمل elevation هذه حركة اللين اللي بيقوم
+
+444
+00:36:29,310 --> 00:36:36,170
+فيها العضلات abduction هذه مين هي اللي بتعملها
+
+445
+00:36:36,170 --> 00:36:40,230
+اللي هو lateral rectus muscle abduction مين
+
+446
+00:36:40,230 --> 00:36:44,980
+بيعملهااللي هو media rectus muscle نجي لتحت
+
+447
+00:36:44,980 --> 00:36:49,860
+depression مع adoption inferior rectus muscle تمام
+
+448
+00:36:49,860 --> 00:36:54,420
+elevation مع up adoption superior rectus muscle
+
+449
+00:36:55,250 --> 00:36:58,890
+Elevation مع abduction inferior oblique muscle
+
+450
+00:36:58,890 --> 00:37:02,650
+Depression مع abduction superior oblique muscle
+
+451
+00:37:02,650 --> 00:37:10,050
+احنا راجعنا كل حركة الان و بكتفي في الجزئية الأولى
+
+452
+00:37:10,050 --> 00:37:12,890
+من المحاضرة الثامنه اتكلمنا عن ال ocular nerves
+
+453
+00:37:12,890 --> 00:37:16,870
+الجزء الثاني من المحاضرة رح يكون على ال trigeminal
+
+454
+00:37:16,870 --> 00:37:17,130
+nerves
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/9BYPvHnoBXY.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1817 @@
+1
+00:00:05,670 --> 00:00:09,390
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله 
+
+2
+00:00:09,390 --> 00:00:14,170
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع الثالث عشر رح تكون على
+
+3
+00:00:14,170 --> 00:00:17,190
+anatomy and physiology of the motor system 
+
+4
+00:00:17,190 --> 00:00:20,870
+ال motor system مهم لكم جدا لذلك رح يتم شرحه في
+
+5
+00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:24,030
+أسبوعين جزء الأول في أسبوع الثالث عشر وجزء الثاني
+
+6
+00:00:24,030 --> 00:00:29,210
+في أسبوع الرابع عشر نبدأ بالمحاضرة الـ motor system
+
+7
+00:00:29,210 --> 00:00:35,780
+what's the components of the motor system؟ من ايش 
+
+8
+00:00:35,780 --> 00:00:42,500
+بتكون الـ motor system؟ أول شيء بتكون من cortical 
+
+9
+00:00:42,500 --> 00:00:46,740
+motor area cortical motor area يعني primary
+
+10
+00:00:46,740 --> 00:00:50,820
+cortical motor area اللي موجودة وين؟ pre central
+
+11
+00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:58,660
+gyrus area 4 و secondary motor area، area رقم 6
+
+12
+00:00:58,660 --> 00:01:04,180
+موجودة في frontal loop anterior to the precentral
+
+13
+00:01:04,180 --> 00:01:09,840
+gyrus and cortical association area  دلوقتِ شئ بنتكلم
+
+14
+00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:16,620
+عن الـ cortical motor area اثنين Basal nuclei اللي
+
+15
+00:01:16,620 --> 00:01:20,860
+هو جزء من الـ extrapyramidal nervous system مثل ال
+
+16
+00:01:20,860 --> 00:01:26,670
+caudate, putamen, globus pallidus,  كلوديت، أميجدالويد نوكلياس
+
+17
+00:01:26,670 --> 00:01:34,490
+و كلواستروم، Cerebellum، brain
+
+18
+00:01:34,490 --> 00:01:39,330
+stem، جذع الدماغ، spinal cord، أنا بتكلم عن الأجزاء
+
+19
+00:01:39,330 --> 00:01:43,330
+اللي هقولها قبل الـ motor ليالي الـ brain stem موجود في
+
+20
+00:01:43,330 --> 00:01:45,950
+فقط الـ motor موجود في الـ sensor، أنا بتكلم عن الأجزاء
+
+21
+00:01:45,950 --> 00:01:52,660
+اللي بتخص الـ motor، spinal cord، peripheral motor fibers
+
+22
+00:01:52,660 --> 00:01:58,460
+peripheral motor nerve fibers، لأن الـ nerve فيه sensory
+
+23
+00:01:58,460 --> 00:02:00,740
+fibers و فيه autonomic fibers، أنا بتكلم عن الـ
+
+24
+00:02:00,740 --> 00:02:04,800
+motor fibers، الـ neuromuscular junction، الـ
+
+25
+00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:08,920
+neuromuscular junction and muscle and muscle
+
+26
+00:02:08,920 --> 00:02:11,980
+what's
+
+27
+00:02:11,980 --> 00:02:16,100
+the components of the extrapyramidal motor system
+
+28
+00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:23,060
+extrapyramidal motor system بدخل فيها بيزال
+
+29
+00:02:23,060 --> 00:02:27,600
+نوكلياي، كوديت نوكلياس، بيوتامين، جلوباس باليداس 
+
+30
+00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:31,520
+كلواستروم، أميجدالويد نوكلياس كله يعتبر بيزال
+
+31
+00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:38,810
+نوكلياي، subthalamus سيعتبر جزء من وين؟ من ديان
+
+32
+00:02:38,810 --> 00:02:42,810
+سيفرون، متذكرين ديان سيفرون؟ ثلامس، هيبوثلامس،
+
+33
+00:02:42,810 --> 00:02:45,470
+سبثلامس، ميتاثلامس، إيبيثالامس، يبقى الـ
+
+34
+00:02:45,470 --> 00:02:49,390
+subthalamus سيعتبر جزء من وين؟ من ديان سيفرون، و
+
+35
+00:02:49,390 --> 00:02:54,990
+الـ thalamus نفس الشيء جزء من ايه؟ من ديان سيفرون
+
+36
+00:02:55,700 --> 00:03:00,140
+Substantia nigra هي جزء من الـ Extra Pyramidal
+
+37
+00:03:00,140 --> 00:03:06,560
+Nervous System وموجودة في الـ midbrain
+
+38
+00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:11,680
+Substantia
+
+39
+00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:17,670
+nigra تفرز مادة الدوبامين، في حال حدث نقص في مادة 
+
+40
+00:03:17,670 --> 00:03:22,750
+الدوبامين، المريض بينتج عنده مرض اسمه Parkinson
+
+41
+00:03:22,750 --> 00:03:28,650
+disease أو shaking palsy مرض شلل الرعاش أو مرض 
+
+42
+00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:34,250
+Parkinson، Red nucleus موجود كمان في الـ midbrain
+
+43
+00:03:34,250 --> 00:03:39,730
+و ليها دور في الموضوع اللي هو الـ extrapyramidal
+
+44
+00:03:39,730 --> 00:03:46,730
+nervous system، clinical correlation of the
+
+45
+00:03:46,730 --> 00:03:53,150
+extrapyramidal nervous system ليه لهم علاقة ببعض 
+
+46
+00:03:53,150 --> 00:03:58,930
+الأمراض الـ Parkinson disease هو يعتبر degeneration
+
+47
+00:03:58,930 --> 00:04:04,270
+and depigmentation of neurons in the substantia
+
+48
+00:04:04,270 --> 00:04:07,070
+nigra مرض البركنسون راح ناخده في سنة رابعة في
+
+49
+00:04:07,070 --> 00:04:14,040
+المحاضرة، بيحدث neurodegenerative changes in the
+
+50
+00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:19,020
+substantia nigra اللي بتفرز مادة ايه؟ الدوبامين
+
+51
+00:04:19,020 --> 00:04:21,720
+يجب أن يكون Parkinson disease يعتبر it chronic
+
+52
+00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:27,120
+slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder
+
+53
+00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:35,960
+characterized by loss of pigmented neurons in the
+
+54
+00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:41,590
+substantia nigra يقول هو بيحدث ايه loss of
+
+55
+00:04:41,590 --> 00:04:46,430
+pigmented neurons in substantia negra هذا المرض
+
+56
+00:04:46,430 --> 00:04:50,730
+يؤدي إلى ايه؟ براديكينيزيا أو هيبوكينيزيا، بتقف
+
+57
+00:04:50,730 --> 00:04:58,330
+الحركة، muscle rigidity، breast tremor بس شغل
+
+58
+00:04:58,330 --> 00:05:03,470
+instability، كل هذه أعراض لإيه؟ أعراض لموضوع اللي هو
+
+59
+00:05:03,470 --> 00:05:09,120
+Parkinson disease، اثنين Huntington's disease أو
+
+60
+00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:14,560
+كورية، تعتبر autosomal dominant أو دائر رقص بيكون
+
+61
+00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:20,060
+المريض ماشي مثل برقص، دائر رقص، autosomal dominant
+
+62
+00:05:20,060 --> 00:05:25,500
+movement disorder associated with severe
+
+63
+00:05:25,500 --> 00:05:33,140
+degeneration of the cholinergic and GABAergic
+
+64
+00:05:33,140 --> 00:05:40,770
+neurons تمام؟ يبقى إن هو اعتبر العلاقة بالـ GABA هو
+
+65
+00:05:40,770 --> 00:05:46,750
+بالـ كولينيرجيك تمام، which are located in the
+
+66
+00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:50,910
+caudate nucleus and putamen، يقول هذا المرض بيكون
+
+67
+00:05:50,910 --> 00:05:57,970
+عندهم كورية and dementia and dementia و نتج عن ايه؟
+
+68
+00:05:57,970 --> 00:06:04,530
+degeneration في الكولينيرجيك و الـ GABA هذا الـ GABA 
+
+69
+00:06:04,530 --> 00:06:06,170
+gamma-aminobutyric acid
+
+70
+00:06:15,630 --> 00:06:22,210
+باليزمس أو هيبو باليزمس هذا أكثر شيء ممكن تشوفه في
+
+71
+00:06:22,210 --> 00:06:25,590
+حالات ischemic infarction، لما يحدث ischemic
+
+72
+00:06:25,590 --> 00:06:30,770
+infarction في شيء اسمه Lewy body nucleus موجودة
+
+73
+00:06:30,770 --> 00:06:34,450
+في الـ subthalamus تؤدي إلى ايه؟ باليزمس أو
+
+74
+00:06:34,450 --> 00:06:38,670
+hemibalism involuntary movement في مواضع آخر
+
+75
+00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:45,220
+Hepatolenticular Degeneration أو بنسميه ويلسون
+
+76
+00:06:45,220 --> 00:06:51,500
+ديزيز، مرض ويلسون، هذا المرض سموه Hepatolenticular
+
+77
+00:06:51,500 --> 00:06:55,180
+Degeneration لإنه بيصيب الكبد و بيصيب الـ Basal
+
+78
+00:06:55,180 --> 00:06:59,320
+النوكلياي لينتيفور، النوكلياس، بيحدث accumulation of
+
+79
+00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:03,040
+copper، والمشكلة، المشكلة في انزيم اسمه
+
+80
+00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:06,900
+الـ ceruloplasmin، هذا الـ ceruloplasmin بيحدث فيه
+
+81
+00:07:06,900 --> 00:07:10,300
+mutation أو تسمى الـ recessive disease، و
+
+82
+00:07:10,300 --> 00:07:15,080
+ceruloplasmin وظيفته هي عمل binding مع النحاس، تتحد
+
+83
+00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:18,380
+مع النحاس و بيخرجوا معه، البعوض بيخرجوا معه عصارة
+
+84
+00:07:18,380 --> 00:07:25,280
+المرارة من الكبد، لكن في حال إن في mutation في هذا الـ
+
+85
+00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:32,560
+enzyme بيحدث block و عدم مقدرة من الاتحاد مع النحاس
+
+86
+00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:36,900
+و بيحدث accumulation للنحاس في الـ body، و النحاس راح
+
+87
+00:07:36,900 --> 00:07:40,560
+يكون في الـ liver و الـ Basal النوكلياي و الـ other
+
+88
+00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:45,660
+organs، type
+
+89
+00:07:45,660 --> 00:07:50,490
+of body movements، الآن ايش الـ body movements في 
+
+90
+00:07:50,490 --> 00:07:56,190
+autonomous أو reflex movement، أنا بعمل حركات
+
+91
+00:07:56,190 --> 00:07:59,370
+reflex بدون إرادة، بدون إرادة يعني هذا بيسميه 
+
+92
+00:07:59,370 --> 00:08:05,410
+involuntary movement أو postural without أو أو
+
+93
+00:08:05,410 --> 00:08:08,970
+بيسميه withdrawal reflex، withdrawal reflex يعني
+
+94
+00:08:08,970 --> 00:08:14,890
+أنا بعملها بدون ما أفكر، تمام؟ هذه حركات لا إرادية
+
+95
+00:08:14,890 --> 00:08:21,730
+حركات لا إرادية، و في rhythmic voluntary movement مثل
+
+96
+00:08:21,730 --> 00:08:25,730
+الـ chewing و walking هذه حركات إرادية، أنا بدأت 
+
+97
+00:08:25,730 --> 00:08:30,490
+أتحرك، أتحرك، مشيت، وقفت، خلاص يقول هذه voluntary
+
+98
+00:08:30,490 --> 00:08:39,290
+movement أنا بتحكم فيها، هذه الحركات، الـ
+
+99
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:43,990
+anterior horn cells في الـ spinal cord في الـ anterior
+
+100
+00:08:43,990 --> 00:08:48,820
+horn cells هذه الـ anterior horn cells الـ main
+
+101
+00:08:48,820 --> 00:08:53,940
+function بتاعتها motor، main function لها motor، الـ
+
+102
+00:08:53,940 --> 00:08:57,900
+anterior horn cells consist of motor cells يبقى
+
+103
+00:08:57,900 --> 00:09:02,360
+فيها ايه؟ motor cells، الـ anterior horn cells
+
+104
+00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:09,840
+موجود فيها medial group nuclei، central group
+
+105
+00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:16,670
+nuclei، and lateral group nuclei، يعني الـ anterior
+
+106
+00:09:16,670 --> 00:09:21,370
+horn cells فيها كام مجموعة؟ تلاتة، medially group
+
+107
+00:09:21,370 --> 00:09:29,390
+central group and lateral group، نبدأ بالـ medially
+
+108
+00:09:29,390 --> 00:09:35,890
+group، الـ medially group موجودين في كل الـ spinal cord أضاء
+
+109
+00:09:35,890 --> 00:09:39,630
+الـ medially group في الـ thoracic segment بنسميه
+
+110
+00:09:39,630 --> 00:09:45,150
+لـ ventromedial and dorsomedial، مسؤولين عن مين؟ عن 
+
+111
+00:09:45,150 --> 00:09:51,630
+عضلات الـ trunk، supply the muscle of trunk، علاقة في
+
+112
+00:09:51,630 --> 00:09:57,010
+عضلات ايه للـ trunk؟ central group موجودين مين؟ في 
+
+113
+00:09:57,010 --> 00:10:04,330
+الـ upper cervical part في C1 و C4 مسؤولين عن مين؟
+
+114
+00:10:04,330 --> 00:10:10,090
+بيعطوا fibers لـ pharynx nerve و spinal accessory
+
+115
+00:10:10,090 --> 00:10:14,010
+nerve يكون هذين المسؤولين عن مين؟ عن pharynx nerve
+
+116
+00:10:14,010 --> 00:10:18,870
+لـ أفراد و spinal accessory nerve اللي بيغذي 
+
+117
+00:10:18,870 --> 00:10:24,070
+trapezius muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle
+
+118
+00:10:24,070 --> 00:10:30,320
+lateral group من جسم الـ ventral lateral و dorsal
+
+119
+00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:33,940
+lateral هذين الموجودين في lower cervical في الـ
+
+120
+00:10:33,940 --> 00:10:39,560
+lumber في الـ upper segment of sacral مسؤولين عن
+
+121
+00:10:39,560 --> 00:10:46,720
+ايه؟ عن الـ upper و lower limb muscle هي الـ medial 
+
+122
+00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:50,200
+group muscle مسئولة عن الـ trunk و الـ abdominal
+
+123
+00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:55,630
+muscle، central group مسئولة عن pharynx أو
+
+124
+00:10:55,630 --> 00:10:59,010
+phrenic nerve و spinal accessory nerve
+
+125
+00:10:59,010 --> 00:11:03,010
+بيغذوا الـ diaphragm و trapezius muscle و
+
+126
+00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:08,870
+sternocleidomastoid muscle و lateral group اللي من
+
+127
+00:11:08,870 --> 00:11:13,910
+جسمه ليه جسمين dorsolateral و ventrolateral هذول
+
+128
+00:11:13,910 --> 00:11:17,270
+بيغذون، مسؤولين عن الـ upper و lower limb muscles
+
+129
+00:11:19,990 --> 00:11:24,530
+rule the spinal cord in motor function، ايش وظيفة
+
+130
+00:11:24,530 --> 00:11:27,530
+الـ spinal cord؟ ايش وظيفة هذه الـ anterior horn
+
+131
+00:11:27,530 --> 00:11:35,090
+cells؟ اتفقنا في الـ spinal cord في motor neurons
+
+132
+00:11:35,090 --> 00:11:38,970
+وين موجودين الـ motor neurons؟ موجودين في الـ
+
+133
+00:11:38,970 --> 00:11:44,250
+anterior horn cells، يبقى الـ main function of the
+
+134
+00:11:44,250 --> 00:11:52,040
+anterior horn cells is motor function، في نوعين من
+
+135
+00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:58,460
+الـ neurons في Alpha Motoneuron وفي Gamma
+
+136
+00:11:58,460 --> 00:12:05,510
+Motoneuron، Alpha Motoneuron، it is large type يعني 
+
+137
+00:12:05,510 --> 00:12:10,190
+give rise to large type a alpha motoneuron fibers
+
+138
+00:12:10,190 --> 00:12:15,330
+مسؤول عن مين؟ عن stimulation of the muscle fibers
+
+139
+00:12:15,330 --> 00:12:20,430
+يبدأ النوع الأول Alpha Motoneuron مسؤول عن الـ
+
+140
+00:12:20,430 --> 00:12:25,110
+large type a alpha وبيغذينا ومسؤول عن ايه؟ عن 
+
+141
+00:12:25,110 --> 00:12:30,380
+stimulation of muscle fibers، النوع الثاني Gamma
+
+142
+00:12:30,380 --> 00:12:35,820
+Motoneuron، Gamma Motoneuron هدول بيروحوا مع مين؟ مع
+
+143
+00:12:35,820 --> 00:12:43,040
+small of type A Gamma، وظيفتهم control the muscle
+
+144
+00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:46,040
+tone، يبقى الـ small fibers اللي ملاقة بالـ
+
+145
+00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:51,240
+regulation of muscle tone، أما الـ large fibers اللي
+
+146
+00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:56,300
+بيجوا من Alpha Motoneuron اللي ملاقة بـ stimulation
+
+147
+00:12:56,300 --> 00:13:01,660
+of muscle fibers، يكون أول نوع موتو نيرونز موجودين
+
+148
+00:13:01,660 --> 00:13:08,660
+في anterior horn cells، اللغة الثانية Interneurons
+
+149
+00:13:08,660 --> 00:13:15,400
+Interneurons أو بنسميهم Intermediate، Intermediate
+
+150
+00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:19,480
+neurons، هدول الـ Interneurons أو الـ Intermediate
+
+151
+00:13:19,480 --> 00:13:24,520
+neurons وموجودين موجودين بين الـ sensory
+
+152
+00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:28,740
+neurons and motor بين الـ sensory و الـ motor يعني 
+
+153
+00:13:28,740 --> 00:13:36,220
+بلغة ثانية موجودين بين posterior horn cells و anterior
+
+154
+00:13:36,220 --> 00:13:40,940
+horn cells، ماهي المشكلة الرئيسية لهم؟ المشكلة 
+
+155
+00:13:40,940 --> 00:13:45,820
+الرئيسية reflex center مثل ما اتفقنا Intermediates
+
+156
+00:13:45,820 --> 00:13:49,640
+area وين موجودين؟ بين الـ ventral و الـ dorsal horns أو
+
+157
+00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:54,400
+بين الـ anterior posterior horn، المشكلة الرئيسية هي
+
+158
+00:13:55,560 --> 00:13:59,920
+Excitatory for Integrative Function of the Spinal
+
+159
+00:13:59,920 --> 00:14:05,380
+Cord يعتبره Integrative Function أو Reflex Center
+
+160
+00:14:05,380 --> 00:14:07,480
+وظيفتهم Reflex Center
+
+161
+00:14:26,330 --> 00:14:29,810
+بالـ motor fibers تعمل contraction of the muscle
+
+162
+00:14:29,810 --> 00:14:34,750
+و بيحصل عنها reflex لازم
+
+163
+00:14:34,750 --> 00:14:39,630
+نتكلم على شيء اسمه pyramidal tract ايش هو
+
+164
+00:14:39,630 --> 00:14:44,930
+pyramidal tract؟ pyramidal tract contains
+
+165
+00:14:44,930 --> 00:14:50,710
+about one million nerve fibers في one million
+
+166
+00:14:50,710 --> 00:14:57,430
+nerve fibers، it is the longest nerve fibers in the
+
+167
+00:14:57,430 --> 00:15:02,750
+body و أطول nerve fibers أو أطول tract في الجسم هو 
+
+168
+00:15:02,750 --> 00:15:07,490
+مين؟ بيراميدال tract، من وين ببدأ؟ الـ origin
+
+169
+00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:12,560
+بتاعه ببدأ من حاجة اسمها Betz cells موجودة في الـ
+
+170
+00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:17,160
+internal pyramidal layer يعني أي طبقة؟ في الطبقة
+
+171
+00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:21,420
+الخامسة من الـ cortex في الـ internal pyramidal
+
+172
+00:15:21,420 --> 00:15:25,240
+layer من ايش بتكون الـ cortex في الـ histology بتكون
+
+173
+00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:31,300
+من six layers، أول layer molecular layer ثاني layer
+
+174
+00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:38,020
+external granular layer ثالث external pyramidal
+
+175
+00:15:38,020 --> 00:15:44,240
+layer رابع internal granular layer خامس ganglionic
+
+176
+00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:48,400
+layers أو internal pyramidal layer من الـ internal
+
+177
+00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:53,260
+pyramidal layer بيبدأ بـ Betz cells اللي هم مسؤولين عن أو 
+
+178
+00:15:53,260 --> 00:15:57,660
+هم يعتبروا بداية ايه؟ Pyramidal tract و آخر شيء
+
+179
+00:15:57,660 --> 00:16:02,920
+multiform layers هذه الـ layers هم layers of
+
+180
+00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:04,560
+cerebral cortex
+
+181
+00:16:07,390 --> 00:16:11,550
+الشيء الثاني لما اتكلمنا عن الـ cortex سراحتلكم 
+
+182
+00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:20,590
+الإنسان بيكون عنده في
+
+183
+00:16:20,590 --> 00:16:32,450
+الدماغ أو بيكون موجود في الدماغ كذا، الرأس تحت الـ
+
+184
+00:16:32,450 --> 00:16:38,360
+upper limbs في الوسط و lower limbs فوق، يعني في الـ
+
+185
+00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:42,440
+upper one third بيكون الـ lower limbs في ال
+
+201
+00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:05,220
+البيراميدال
+
+202
+00:18:05,220 --> 00:18:12,260
+ده الـ Pyramidal tract ده الـ tract نرسمه هنا نخططه مع
+
+203
+00:18:12,260 --> 00:18:12,620
+بعض
+
+204
+00:18:19,940 --> 00:18:28,040
+هي عندي بيراميدال
+
+205
+00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:31,680
+tract
+
+206
+00:18:31,680 --> 00:18:35,480
+بيراميدال
+
+207
+00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:43,440
+tract من القسم لقسمين القسم لقسمين أول
+
+208
+00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:49,180
+قسم بنسميه Corticospinal
+
+209
+00:18:52,560 --> 00:19:00,180
+القسم الثاني كورتيكو
+
+210
+00:19:00,180 --> 00:19:09,200
+نوكليار تراكت أو كورتيكو بلبر
+
+211
+00:19:17,420 --> 00:19:21,860
+الجزء الأول Corticospinal tract والجزء الثاني
+
+212
+00:19:21,860 --> 00:19:24,200
+كورتيكو نوكليار أو كورتيكو بلبر
+
+213
+00:19:35,420 --> 00:19:41,380
+الـ Corticonuclear tract قسمين و Corticospinal
+
+214
+00:19:41,380 --> 00:19:47,400
+tract قسمين من اسمه Corticonuclear tract
+
+215
+00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,420
+Corticonuclear tract إيه راح يكون إيه حالة
+
+216
+00:19:51,420 --> 00:20:01,180
+Corticonuclear tract؟ بيعطينا fibers لمن؟ للانترنيورون
+
+217
+00:20:02,580 --> 00:20:11,160
+هو cells in the spinal cord من هنا نسمو Cortico-spinal
+
+218
+00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:14,820
+يعني بيبدأ من الـ cortex و بنتهي وين في الـ
+
+219
+00:20:14,820 --> 00:20:21,840
+spinal طب و Cortico نوكليار بيعطينا fibers لمن؟
+
+220
+00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:28,040
+to motor nuclei
+
+221
+00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:31,760
+in the brain stem
+
+222
+00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:47,520
+موتور نيوكلياي of cranial nerve of cranial
+
+223
+00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:52,340
+nerve in
+
+224
+00:20:52,340 --> 00:21:00,060
+the brain stem تمام
+
+225
+00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:14,250
+Corticospinal tract تنقسم لقسمين Lateral
+
+226
+00:21:14,250 --> 00:21:17,970
+Corticospinal
+
+227
+00:21:17,970 --> 00:21:25,810
+tract و Ventral Corticospinal
+
+228
+00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:26,470
+tract
+
+229
+00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:34,280
+طبعا القسم القسمين Lateral Corticospinal tract and
+
+230
+00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:37,540
+Ventral Corticospinal tract Lateral Corticospinal
+
+231
+00:21:37,540 --> 00:21:43,300
+tract supply supply
+
+232
+00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:52,420
+the upper limbs and lower limbs أما الـ Ventral
+
+233
+00:21:52,420 --> 00:21:57,500
+Corticospinal tract supply اللي هو
+
+234
+00:22:04,260 --> 00:22:09,520
+trunk and abdominal
+
+235
+00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:14,980
+muscles يبقى
+
+236
+00:22:14,980 --> 00:22:19,620
+في عندي اللي هو الـ Ventral tract أو Ventral
+
+237
+00:22:19,620 --> 00:22:21,880
+Corticospinal tract هيكون مسؤولة عن الـ respiratory
+
+238
+00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:25,640
+عن إيه respiratory muscles قال Cortico
+
+239
+00:22:28,610 --> 00:22:31,350
+Bulbar tract راح ينقسم لـ .. أو Corticonuclear
+
+240
+00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:36,590
+tract راح ينقسم لقسمين القسم
+
+241
+00:22:36,590 --> 00:22:43,930
+الأول اسمه Lateral نفس الشيء Corticonuclear tract
+
+242
+00:22:43,930 --> 00:22:50,030
+والثاني Medial Corticonuclear
+
+243
+00:22:50,030 --> 00:22:56,630
+tract الـ Medial Corticonuclear tract سهل supply
+
+244
+00:22:59,180 --> 00:23:07,700
+أو give fibers to
+
+245
+00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:20,300
+Oculomotor nuclei اللي هم العصب الثالث والرابع والسادس
+
+246
+00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:22,560
+from
+
+247
+00:23:26,510 --> 00:23:31,150
+both cerebral hemispheres يعني الـ Medial الكورتيكو
+
+248
+00:23:31,150 --> 00:23:33,990
+نوكليار تراكت بيعطي الـ نوكليار بتاعة الـ Oculomotor
+
+249
+00:23:33,990 --> 00:23:37,310
+و Trochlear و الـ Abducens على الـ both sides بيبقى على
+
+250
+00:23:37,310 --> 00:23:39,450
+الـ right و على الـ left و الـ left بيعطي right left
+
+251
+00:23:39,450 --> 00:23:42,630
+و هكذا يعني الـ Nuclei of Oculomotor Trochlear و
+
+252
+00:23:42,630 --> 00:23:46,110
+الـ Abducens بياخده من الـ both cerebral hemispheres طب
+
+253
+00:23:46,110 --> 00:23:52,590
+الـ Lateral كورتيكو نوكليار تراكت بيعطي
+
+254
+00:23:52,590 --> 00:23:53,750
+للموتور
+
+255
+00:23:55,610 --> 00:24:04,570
+Nuclei of Trigeminal
+
+256
+00:24:04,570 --> 00:24:09,750
+nerve Dorsal
+
+257
+00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:17,170
+Facial nerve Glossopharyngeal,
+
+258
+00:24:17,770 --> 00:24:22,490
+Vagus و Cranial accessory اللي له علاقة بـ Ambiguous
+
+259
+00:24:22,490 --> 00:24:23,010
+نوكلياس
+
+260
+00:24:29,020 --> 00:24:36,020
+Cranial accessory from both cerebral hemispheres
+
+261
+00:24:36,020 --> 00:24:46,500
+and وبيعطي كمان two ventral nuclei
+
+262
+00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:55,440
+of Facial nerve فاصلة وHypoglossal nerve
+
+263
+00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:57,680
+Hypoglossal nucleus
+
+264
+00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:07,360
+only from opposite side
+
+265
+00:25:12,120 --> 00:25:17,500
+يعني هنا شرحنا لكم مخطط بتاع بيراميدال تراكت شرحنا
+
+266
+00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:21,220
+لكم مخطط بتاع بيراميدال تراكت هنا موجود بس مش واضح
+
+267
+00:25:21,220 --> 00:25:24,900
+كثير في الورقة اللي أنا صورتلكوا إياها هنا رسمنا
+
+268
+00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:28,620
+لكم إياها وخططتوا لكم الـ بيراميدال تراكت بنقسم
+
+269
+00:25:28,620 --> 00:25:34,140
+لجزئين الجزء الأول Corticospinal tract وجزء ثاني
+
+270
+00:25:34,140 --> 00:25:36,600
+Corticobulbar أو Corticonuclear tract
+
+271
+00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:39,740
+Corticospinal tract يبدأ من الـ cortex وينتهي في
+
+272
+00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:44,060
+spinal cord يعني بيعطي fibers للانترنيورون وحصل في
+
+273
+00:25:44,060 --> 00:25:49,540
+spinal cord و Corticobulbar tract بيعطي fibers to
+
+274
+00:25:49,540 --> 00:25:53,760
+motor nuclei of the cranial nerves in the brain
+
+275
+00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:58,860
+stem in the brain stem okay Corticospinal tract
+
+276
+00:25:58,860 --> 00:26:05,610
+بنقسم لقسمين Lateral Corticospinal tract بيمر في الـ
+
+277
+00:26:05,610 --> 00:26:11,190
+lateral column of spinal cord و بيغذي الـ upper و
+
+278
+00:26:11,190 --> 00:26:16,070
+lower limbs و Ventral Corticospinal tract supply
+
+279
+00:26:16,070 --> 00:26:21,730
+trunk and abdominal muscles بيمر وين في الـ Ventral
+
+280
+00:26:21,730 --> 00:26:25,870
+column of spinal cord نيجي لـ Corticobulbar tract
+
+281
+00:26:25,870 --> 00:26:31,490
+بنقسم لقسمين Lateral Corticonuclear tract and
+
+282
+00:26:31,490 --> 00:26:36,270
+Medial Corticonuclear tract الـ Medial
+
+283
+00:26:36,270 --> 00:26:37,810
+Corticonuclear tract
+
+284
+00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:50,800
+النيوكليارات بتاعتهم موجودة في برين stem نيوكلياس
+
+285
+00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,640
+أو Oculomotor Nuclei أو Oculomotor Nuclei أو Oculomotor
+
+286
+00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:55,860
+Nuclei أو Oculomotor Nuclei أو Oculomotor Nuclei أو
+
+287
+00:26:55,860 --> 00:26:57,280
+Oculomotor Nuclei أو Oculomotor Nuclei أو Oculomotor Nuclei
+
+288
+00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:58,920
+أو Oculomotor Nuclei أو Oculomotor Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei
+
+289
+00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:04,480
+Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei
+
+290
+00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:05,610
+Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei Nuclei
+
+291
+00:27:05,610 --> 00:27:09,190
+left بيغذّي left و بيغذّي right يعني الـ nucleus
+
+292
+00:27:09,190 --> 00:27:14,030
+بتاعة الـ Motor Nuclei of the Ocular Nerve receive
+
+293
+00:27:14,030 --> 00:27:17,950
+fibers from the Corticonuclear tract إيه واحد
+
+294
+00:27:17,950 --> 00:27:22,530
+فيهم؟ from the Medial Corticonuclear tract from
+
+295
+00:27:22,530 --> 00:27:27,020
+both cerebral hemispheres نيجي لـ Lateral
+
+296
+00:27:27,020 --> 00:27:31,700
+Corticonuclear tract give motor fibers لمن؟
+
+297
+00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:37,140
+للموتور نيوكلياي of the cranial nerves من هما موتور
+
+298
+00:27:37,140 --> 00:27:41,140
+نيوكلياس الـ Trigeminal nerve موتور نيوكلياس الـ
+
+299
+00:27:41,140 --> 00:27:45,820
+Dorsal nucleus بتاعة الـ Facial nerve Ambiguous
+
+300
+00:27:45,820 --> 00:27:49,040
+نيوكلياس المسئول عن الـ Glossopharyngeal و Vagus و
+
+301
+00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:53,000
+Cranial accessory from both cerebral and cerebral
+
+302
+00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:56,220
+يعني الـ right Lateral بيعطي right left right left
+
+303
+00:27:56,220 --> 00:28:02,260
+طيب زائد إنه بيعطي كمان Ventral nucleus of Facial
+
+304
+00:28:02,260 --> 00:28:07,300
+nerve المسئول عن الـ lower quadrant of the face
+
+305
+00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:10,640
+وبيغذّيها الـ Hypoglossal nucleus المسئول عن الـ
+
+306
+00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:15,880
+Hypoglossal nerve only from opposite side يعني الـ
+
+307
+00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:19,740
+Ventral nucleus بتاعة الـ Facial nerve الشمال
+
+308
+00:28:19,740 --> 00:28:24,810
+اليمين والـ Hypoglossal nucleus بتاعت العصب الثاني
+
+309
+00:28:24,810 --> 00:28:31,030
+عشر اليمين بس تاخد إشارة من الـ left Lateral
+
+310
+00:28:31,030 --> 00:28:34,490
+Corticonuclear تاخدش من الـ both cerebral اللي
+
+311
+00:28:34,490 --> 00:28:37,970
+مصيرها، بياخد من الـ one side، بياخد من وين؟ one
+
+312
+00:28:37,970 --> 00:28:38,610
+side
+
+313
+00:28:42,830 --> 00:28:46,430
+هيو الـ Pyramidal tract الآن راح يكون أسهل لكم الـ
+
+314
+00:28:46,430 --> 00:28:53,150
+Pyramidal tract is a bundle of motoneuron fibers it
+
+315
+00:28:53,150 --> 00:28:57,370
+begins in the cerebral cortex بيبدأ من وين؟ من الـ
+
+316
+00:28:57,370 --> 00:29:01,190
+cerebral cortex عشان هيك سموه Corticospinal
+
+317
+00:29:01,190 --> 00:29:05,130
+Corticobulbar أو Corticonuclear يعني بيبدأ من وين؟
+
+318
+00:29:05,130 --> 00:29:09,810
+من الـ cortex بيبدأ من وين؟ من الـ cortex وبينتهي It
+
+319
+00:29:09,810 --> 00:29:19,370
+ends in anterior horn cells of spinal cord كورتيكو
+
+320
+00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:22,730
+سباينال تراكت
+
+321
+00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:30,690
+وخلص في الـ Motor Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves in
+
+322
+00:29:30,690 --> 00:29:35,670
+the brainstem اسمه Corticonuclear أو Corticobulbar
+
+323
+00:29:35,670 --> 00:29:40,670
+tract يبقى Cortico أو البرامج الـ tract نقسم لك
+
+324
+00:29:40,670 --> 00:29:46,120
+اسمين Corticospinal tract and Corticonuclear tract
+
+325
+00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:51,340
+Corticospinal tract بنقسمه لقسمين حسب وين مر إلى
+
+326
+00:29:51,340 --> 00:29:55,360
+Lateral Corticospinal tract بيمر في الـ Lateral
+
+327
+00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:59,500
+column of spinal cord and Ventral أو Anterior
+
+328
+00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:04,160
+Corticospinal tract بيمر في الـ Ventral column of
+
+329
+00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:09,040
+spinal cord أما Corticonuclear tract راح يمر وين؟
+
+330
+00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:16,020
+للبراين stem و ينقسم لقسمين لـ Lateral and Medial
+
+331
+00:30:16,020 --> 00:30:22,620
+Corticonuclear tract الآن نتكلم على شيء اسمه Upper
+
+332
+00:30:22,620 --> 00:30:28,020
+Motoneuron سمعتوا فيه الـ Upper Motoneuron System الـ
+
+333
+00:30:28,020 --> 00:30:31,700
+Upper Motoneuron System هذا إحنا بنتكلم على
+
+334
+00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:34,380
+Corticospinal tract أو Corticonuclear tract يعني
+
+335
+00:30:34,380 --> 00:30:39,000
+الـ Corticospinal tract و Corticonuclear tract إذا
+
+336
+00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,480
+حدث فيهم مشكلة بيؤدي إلى Upper Motor Neuron Lesion
+
+337
+00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:47,400
+يعني Damage of Corticospinal tract or
+
+338
+00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:52,940
+Corticonuclear tract leads to Upper Motor Neuron
+
+339
+00:30:52,940 --> 00:30:56,980
+Lesion يعني يعرفنا الـ damage أو أي تغيير أو أي مرض
+
+340
+00:30:56,980 --> 00:31:00,260
+بيصيب الـ Corticospinal tract أو Corticonuclear
+
+341
+00:31:00,260 --> 00:31:07,530
+tract يؤدي إلى Upper Motor Neuron Lesion يكون هو
+
+342
+00:31:07,530 --> 00:31:11,030
+يُعتبر Supraspinal Lesion أو إذا بتكلم على الـ
+
+343
+00:31:11,030 --> 00:31:15,050
+Corticonuclear tract Supranuclear Lesion إيش الـ
+
+344
+00:31:15,050 --> 00:31:18,030
+function بتاعة الـ Upper Motor Neuron إن كان
+
+345
+00:31:18,030 --> 00:31:23,070
+Corticospinal أو Corticonuclear أول وظيفة إن هي
+
+346
+00:31:23,070 --> 00:31:27,170
+Initiation and Control of Voluntary Motor Activity
+
+347
+00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:36,820
+في حال إنه في حال إنه حدث عندنا الـ Damage
+
+348
+00:31:36,820 --> 00:31:41,540
+of Corticospinal tract أو Corticonuclear tract
+
+349
+00:31:41,540 --> 00:31:45,760
+بيحدث Paralysis بيحدث إيش؟ Paralysis أو شلل
+
+350
+00:31:47,650 --> 00:31:51,590
+Inhibition of Muscle Tone Inhibition of Muscle
+
+351
+00:31:51,590 --> 00:31:55,030
+Tone هو وظيفته يعمل Inhibition للـ Muscle Tone في
+
+352
+00:31:55,030 --> 00:31:58,770
+حال حدث Damage للـ other Motor Neuron رح يكون عندنا
+
+353
+00:31:58,770 --> 00:32:03,990
+Muscle Hypertonia Muscle Hypertonia ثلاثة بيعمل
+
+354
+00:32:03,990 --> 00:32:07,710
+Inhibition للـ Deep Reflex عشان هيك إحنا لما نفحص
+
+355
+00:32:07,710 --> 00:32:11,930
+Reflex لمريض بنقول اشد يدك أو أقدمها للعشرة عشان
+
+356
+00:32:11,930 --> 00:32:14,150
+ألم الـ cortex الـ cortex يعمل Inhibition للـ Reflex
+
+357
+00:32:14,150 --> 00:32:18,630
+في حال حدث Upper Motor Neuron Lesion راح يتحول
+
+358
+00:32:18,630 --> 00:32:22,510
+لـ Hyperreflexia، Hyperreflexia، يبقى هي وظيفة
+
+359
+00:32:22,510 --> 00:32:26,550
+الـ Upper Motor Neuron Initiation and Control of Voluntary
+
+360
+00:32:26,550 --> 00:32:30,210
+Motor Activity هي واحد، اثنين، Inhibition of
+
+361
+00:32:30,210 --> 00:32:35,430
+Muscle Tone، ثلاثة، Inhibition of Deep Reflexes
+
+362
+00:32:36,940 --> 00:32:42,420
+متكلم على الـ Pathway of the Upper Motor Neurons
+
+363
+00:32:42,420 --> 00:32:46,460
+أو الـ بيراميدال أو الـ Corticospinal tract الإشارة
+
+364
+00:32:46,460 --> 00:32:50,340
+بتبدأ من بيت الـ cells من الـ Area رقم أربعة من الـ
+
+365
+00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:53,720
+Upper Two Third of Precentral Gyrus ليه هو إن الـ
+
+366
+00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:57,400
+Upper Two Third؟ لأن الـ Corticonuclear tract متجه
+
+367
+00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:02,640
+إلى الـ face رح يبدأ من الـ Lower One Third بعد كده الـ
+
+368
+00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:07,850
+fibers descent في شيء اسمه Corona Radiata بيمر في
+
+369
+00:33:07,850 --> 00:33:13,190
+الـ Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule بعد كده في الـ
+
+370
+00:33:13,190 --> 00:33:19,550
+Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata، في Lower Part
+
+371
+00:33:19,550 --> 00:33:25,270
+of Medulla Oblongata بيحدث عملية Decussation أو
+
+372
+00:33:25,270 --> 00:33:28,390
+Crossing الـ Corticospinal tract اللي جاي من
+
+373
+00:33:28,390 --> 00:33:32,210
+اليمين بيتجه لليسار و اللي جاي من اليسار بيتجه
+
+374
+00:33:32,210 --> 00:33:35,670
+لليمين علشان أسألك لو حدث جلطة دماغية في اليمين
+
+375
+00:33:35,670 --> 00:33:39,230
+وين الـ Hemoglobin بتكون؟ على الـ Opposite Side لو
+
+376
+00:33:39,230 --> 00:33:42,330
+حدث جلطة دماغية في اليسار وين الـ Hemoglobin بتكون؟
+
+377
+00:33:42,330 --> 00:33:46,870
+على الـ Right Side وهكذا هذه بنسميها Pyramidal
+
+378
+00:33:46,870 --> 00:33:50,390
+Decussation نحاول
+
+379
+00:33:51,260 --> 00:34:05,480
+نرسم لكم إياهم هنا قدر الإمكان لما
+
+380
+00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:09,140
+بتكلم عن موتور أنا بتكلم عليه على Descending Tract
+
+381
+00:34:09,140 --> 00:34:12,320
+يبقى الـ Tract راح أبدأ من وين من الـ cortex و أنزل
+
+382
+00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:12,880
+للمصدر
+
+383
+00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:39,060
+هنا Area Precentral
+
+384
+00:34:39,060 --> 00:34:44,400
+Gyrus
+
+385
+00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:51,640
+اللي هي Area أربعة بعدين في هنا
+
+386
+00:34:56,400 --> 00:35:10,060
+Internal Capsule بعدين
+
+387
+00:35:10,060 --> 00:35:10,660
+فيه اللي هو
+
+388
+00:35:25,740 --> 00:35:30,240
+Midbrain Pons
+
+389
+
+401
+00:37:05,330 --> 00:37:11,950
+pre-central area اللي هي من ال upper و ال middle
+
+402
+00:37:11,950 --> 00:37:20,710
+one third راح ال fibers تمر في ال posterior limb
+
+403
+00:37:20,710 --> 00:37:30,910
+of the internal capsule, midbrain, pons, medulla
+
+404
+00:37:30,910 --> 00:37:40,650
+oblongata هذا ايش اسمه؟ اسمه cortico spinal
+
+405
+00:37:40,650 --> 00:37:52,310
+tract تمام هنا the internal capsule هذا left internal
+
+406
+00:37:52,310 --> 00:38:04,370
+capsule, the internal capsule 
+
+407
+00:38:04,370 --> 00:38:08,250
+internal
+
+408
+00:38:08,250 --> 00:38:12,650
+capsule
+
+409
+00:38:12,650 --> 00:38:20,850
+اللي في lower part of medulla oblongata هذا اللي
+
+410
+00:38:20,850 --> 00:38:26,410
+هو corticospinal tract بيعمل incomplete decussation
+
+411
+00:38:26,410 --> 00:38:30,870
+أو crossing بيعمل incomplete decussation، ال main
+
+412
+00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:33,890
+fibers أكثر من خمسة و ثمانين، تسعين في المئة
+
+413
+00:38:33,890 --> 00:38:39,610
+بيعملوا crossing على ال opposite side، النيرونت مين 
+
+414
+00:38:39,610 --> 00:38:45,570
+هو ال left corticospinal tract و بيتجه ل ال right
+
+415
+00:38:45,570 --> 00:38:55,090
+side و بيفوت ل في وين؟ في lateral column في ال
+
+416
+00:38:55,090 --> 00:39:03,670
+lateral column of spinal cord وبدأ
+
+417
+00:39:03,670 --> 00:39:11,170
+ننزل مثل خط الكهربا الرئيسي وين بينتهي؟ بينتهي at
+
+418
+00:39:11,170 --> 00:39:17,370
+the level of
+
+419
+00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:29,060
+S2، sacral two spinal cord يعني
+
+420
+00:39:29,060 --> 00:39:33,640
+بنتهي وين على level sacral two، S2 segment of spinal
+
+421
+00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:37,900
+cord، هذا بشبه خط الكهربا الرئيسي النازل في الدرج
+
+422
+00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:44,160
+نازل وكل ما يصل طابق الشجرة بيعطيها سلك خط هذا
+
+423
+00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:52,070
+ايش اسمه ال left اللي بتحول ال right في ال spinal 
+
+424
+00:39:52,070 --> 00:39:57,730
+cord، ايش بيصير اسمه؟ right cortico
+
+425
+00:39:57,730 --> 00:40:09,550
+أو اسمه صح؟ هي اسمه
+
+426
+00:40:09,550 --> 00:40:14,450
+صح right lateral
+
+427
+00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:21,320
+corticospinal tract، right lateral corticospinal
+
+428
+00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:25,860
+tract، هذا الخط الرئيسي كل ما يصل ال anterior horn
+
+429
+00:40:25,860 --> 00:40:32,360
+cells بيعطيهم ايش؟ fibers بيعطيهم ايه؟ fibers على
+
+430
+00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:36,340
+كل segment على كل segment، يبقى لو حدث دمج لل
+
+431
+00:40:36,340 --> 00:40:39,960
+corticospinal tract في ال brain أو spinal cord هذا
+
+432
+00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:44,040
+بيؤدي إلى ايش؟ upper motoneuron lesion، upper
+
+433
+00:40:44,040 --> 00:40:51,860
+motoneuron lesion، الجزء
+
+434
+00:40:51,860 --> 00:40:57,560
+اللي بقى، اللي ما عملش crossing هذا
+
+435
+00:40:57,560 --> 00:41:05,640
+بنزل في ال anterior horn cells بنزل في ال anterior
+
+436
+00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:11,100
+column of spinal cord و بكمل طريقه وين بينتهي؟
+
+437
+00:41:19,510 --> 00:41:23,630
+ends at lower
+
+438
+00:41:23,630 --> 00:41:30,590
+thoracic level في
+
+439
+00:41:30,590 --> 00:41:34,010
+ناس بيقولوا على ال middle thoracic level، الثانين
+
+440
+00:41:34,010 --> 00:41:40,530
+صح middle أو lower thoracic هذا ايش بيعطي؟ بيعطي ل
+
+441
+00:41:40,530 --> 00:41:48,250
+ايش؟ لا، هو انتهى هنا، أكثر ما راح يصل ال number
+
+442
+00:41:51,940 --> 00:42:11,700
+عشان تكون صح وين؟
+
+443
+00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:14,980
+بينتهي end at
+
+444
+00:42:21,190 --> 00:42:26,490
+the lower thoracic
+
+445
+00:42:26,490 --> 00:42:33,110
+level هذا ال .. ايش بنسميه؟ بنسميه ventral
+
+446
+00:42:37,550 --> 00:42:42,630
+واضافته ايش يا غدى؟ واضيفته لغدى اللي هو chest
+
+447
+00:42:42,630 --> 00:42:46,790
+muscle أو thoracic muscle أو respiratory muscle
+
+448
+00:42:46,790 --> 00:42:49,570
+هذا بيعطي ال anterior horn cells على نفس الجهة
+
+449
+00:42:49,570 --> 00:42:52,290
+وبيعطي ال anterior horn cells على الجهة الثانية
+
+450
+00:42:52,290 --> 00:42:56,990
+يعني بيعطي ال both anterior horn cells for
+
+451
+00:42:56,990 --> 00:43:03,820
+respiratory muscle، طيب هذا يعتبر ايش؟ corticospinal
+
+452
+00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:09,240
+tract، هنا مرسومين في slide واضح هنا عندي يقول هنا
+
+453
+00:43:09,240 --> 00:43:14,400
+عندي pyramidal decussation، هاد ال pyramids بتحول ل
+
+454
+00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:18,040
+decussation يعني لو المريض حدث مع جلطة دماغية في
+
+455
+00:43:18,040 --> 00:43:20,580
+ال left cerebral hemisphere ولي ال hemiplegia
+
+456
+00:43:20,580 --> 00:43:23,800
+يتكون على ال right، طيب لو جينا في ال spinal cord
+
+457
+00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:28,300
+لأخلص ال crossing صار دمج في ال spinal cord، على
+
+458
+00:43:28,300 --> 00:43:31,500
+نفس الجهة بدي يكون فيه motor، على نفس الجهة لأن ال
+
+459
+00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:34,840
+crossing خلص وين بتتم ال crossing؟ بتتم ال
+
+460
+00:43:34,840 --> 00:43:41,440
+crossing وين؟ على ال lower part
+
+461
+00:43:41,440 --> 00:43:50,030
+of medulla oblongata، بالنسبة للمدالة الأسفل 80% ل
+
+462
+00:43:50,030 --> 00:43:57,710
+85% من الفيبيرز يقومون بـ crossings و يروحوا على
+
+463
+00:43:57,710 --> 00:44:02,660
+ال opposite side في ال lateral column، والجزء اللي
+
+464
+00:44:02,660 --> 00:44:05,840
+بيظلوا .. بنسميهم ايش؟ indirect، ليش بنسميهم
+
+465
+00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:09,200
+indirect؟ لأنهم ما عملوا crossing واتجهوا على ال
+
+466
+00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:13,500
+opposite side بنسميهم crossed corticospinal tract
+
+467
+00:44:13,500 --> 00:44:18,300
+وبينهم يخلصوا كل fibers أو كل ما ينسى ال segment
+
+468
+00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:22,780
+بيطلعوا fibers لمين؟ لل anterior horn cells، كل ما
+
+469
+00:44:22,780 --> 00:44:25,800
+ينسى ال segment بيطلعوا fibers لل anterior horn
+
+470
+00:44:25,800 --> 00:44:30,620
+cells، طيب ال 15 ل 20% من ال fibers اللي ضالهم قدر
+
+471
+00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:36,350
+وما عملوش crossing بنسميهم direct anterior أو 
+
+472
+00:44:36,350 --> 00:44:40,430
+ventral corticospinal tract، بيعطونا fibers لل
+
+473
+00:44:40,430 --> 00:44:44,430
+anterior horn cells على نفس ال segment بس لوين؟ لل
+
+474
+00:44:44,430 --> 00:44:49,790
+both cerebral hemisphere وين بينتهوا؟ بينتهوا في
+
+475
+00:44:49,790 --> 00:44:53,450
+ال mid thoracic، ممكن في مراجع يقولوا يكونوا في ال
+
+476
+00:44:53,450 --> 00:44:56,290
+lower thoracic، اعتبرهم mid thoracic عشان ما
+
+477
+00:44:56,290 --> 00:44:59,490
+تتخربطوش، نعتمدهم mid thoracic، في مراجع يقولوا
+
+478
+00:44:59,490 --> 00:45:06,100
+lower thoracic made thoracic، نعتمدهم للكل level
+
+479
+00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:11,540
+الآن أنا بكتفر الجزء الأول من المحاضرة، الجزء
+
+480
+00:45:11,540 --> 00:45:17,800
+الثاني راح أكمله في جزء اثنين لمحاضرة الأسبوع
+
+481
+00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:19,500
+الثالث، عشان يعطيكم العافية

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/9BYPvHnoBXY_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1932 @@
+1
+00:00:05,670 --> 00:00:09,390
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:09,390 --> 00:00:14,170
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع الثالث عشر رح تكون على
+
+3
+00:00:14,170 --> 00:00:17,190
+anatomy and physiology of the motor system ال
+
+4
+00:00:17,190 --> 00:00:20,870
+motor system مهم لكم جدا لذلك رح يتم شرحه في
+
+5
+00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:24,030
+أسبوعين جزء الأول في أسبوع الثالث عشر وجزء الثاني
+
+6
+00:00:24,030 --> 00:00:29,210
+في أسبوع الرابع عشر نبدأ بالمحاضرة ال motor system
+
+7
+00:00:29,210 --> 00:00:35,780
+what's the components of the motor systemمن ايش
+
+8
+00:00:35,780 --> 00:00:42,500
+بتكون ال motor system؟ اول شي بتكون من cortical
+
+9
+00:00:42,500 --> 00:00:46,740
+motor area cortical motor area يعني primary
+
+10
+00:00:46,740 --> 00:00:50,820
+cortical motor area اللي موجودة وين؟ pre central
+
+11
+00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:58,660
+gyrus area 4و secondary motor area، area رقم 6
+
+12
+00:00:58,660 --> 00:01:04,180
+موجودة في frontal loop anterior to the precentral
+
+13
+00:01:04,180 --> 00:01:09,840
+gyrus and cortical association area دلول شئ بنتكلم
+
+14
+00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:16,620
+عن ال cortical motor area اتنين Basal nuclei اللي
+
+15
+00:01:16,620 --> 00:01:20,860
+هو جزء من ال extrapyramidal nervous system مثل ال
+
+16
+00:01:20,860 --> 00:01:26,670
+butamineglobus pallidus كوديت أميجدالويد نوكلياس
+
+17
+00:01:26,670 --> 00:01:34,490
+وإكلاوسر سيريبيلا brain
+
+18
+00:01:34,490 --> 00:01:39,330
+stem جداد دماغ spinal cord أنا بتكلم عن الأجزاء
+
+19
+00:01:39,330 --> 00:01:43,330
+اللي هقولها قبل motor ليالي ال brain stem موجود في
+
+20
+00:01:43,330 --> 00:01:45,950
+فقط motor موجود في sensor انا بتكلم عن الأجزاء
+
+21
+00:01:45,950 --> 00:01:52,660
+اللي بتخص motor spinal cordبريفيرال موتور فايرز
+
+22
+00:01:52,660 --> 00:01:58,460
+برفيرال موتور نيرف فايرز لأن ال nerve فيه sensory
+
+23
+00:01:58,460 --> 00:02:00,740
+fibers و فيه autonomic fibers أنا بتكلم عن ال
+
+24
+00:02:00,740 --> 00:02:04,800
+motor fibers ال neuromuscular junction ال
+
+25
+00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:08,920
+neuromuscular junction and muscle and muscle
+
+26
+00:02:08,920 --> 00:02:11,980
+what's
+
+27
+00:02:11,980 --> 00:02:16,100
+the components of the extrapyramidal motor system
+
+28
+00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:23,060
+Extrapyramidal motor system بدخل فيها بيزال
+
+29
+00:02:23,060 --> 00:02:27,600
+نوكلياي كودات نوكلياس بيوتامين جلوباس بيضاس
+
+30
+00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:31,520
+كلاوستروم اميجدالويد نوكلياس كله يعتبر بيزال
+
+31
+00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:38,810
+نوكليايsubthalamus سيعتبر جزء من وين؟ من ديان
+
+32
+00:02:38,810 --> 00:02:42,810
+سيفرون، متذكرين ديان سيفرون؟ ثلامس، هيبوثلامس،
+
+33
+00:02:42,810 --> 00:02:45,470
+سبثلامس، ميتاثلامس، إيبيثالامس، يبقى ال
+
+34
+00:02:45,470 --> 00:02:49,390
+subthalamus سيعتبر جزء من وين؟ من ديان سيفرون، و
+
+35
+00:02:49,390 --> 00:02:54,990
+ال thalamus نفس الشيء جزء من ايه؟ من ديان سيفرون
+
+36
+00:02:55,700 --> 00:03:00,140
+Substantia Negra هي جزء من الـ Extra Pyramidal
+
+37
+00:03:00,140 --> 00:03:06,560
+Nervous System وموجودة في الـ Midbrain
+
+38
+00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:11,680
+Substantia
+
+39
+00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:17,670
+Negra تفرز مادة الدوبانين في حال حدث نقصفي مادة
+
+40
+00:03:17,670 --> 00:03:22,750
+الدوبامين المريض بنتج عنده مرض اسمه Parkinson
+
+41
+00:03:22,750 --> 00:03:28,650
+disease او shaking palsy مرض شفالة الرعاش او مرض
+
+42
+00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:34,250
+Parkinson Red nucleus موجود كمان في ال middle
+
+43
+00:03:34,250 --> 00:03:39,730
+brain ويلها دور في الموضوع اللي هو extrapyramidal
+
+44
+00:03:39,730 --> 00:03:46,730
+nervous systemclinical correlation of the
+
+45
+00:03:46,730 --> 00:03:53,150
+extrapyramidal nervous system ليه لهم ملاقاة ببعض
+
+46
+00:03:53,150 --> 00:03:58,930
+الأمراض البركنسون disease هو يعتبر degeneration
+
+47
+00:03:58,930 --> 00:04:04,270
+and depigmentation of neurons in the substantia
+
+48
+00:04:04,270 --> 00:04:07,070
+nigra مرض البركنسون راح ناخده في سنة رابعة في
+
+49
+00:04:07,070 --> 00:04:14,040
+المحاضرةبيحدث neurodegenerative changes in the
+
+50
+00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:19,020
+substantia nigra اللي بتفرز مادة إيه؟ الدوبامين
+
+51
+00:04:19,020 --> 00:04:21,720
+يجب أن يكون Parkinson disease يعتبر it chronic
+
+52
+00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:27,120
+slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder
+
+53
+00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:35,960
+characterized by loss of pigmented neurons in the
+
+54
+00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:41,590
+substantia nigraيقول هو بيحدث ايه loss of
+
+55
+00:04:41,590 --> 00:04:46,430
+pigmented neurons in substantia negra هذا المرض
+
+56
+00:04:46,430 --> 00:04:50,730
+يؤدي الى ايه براديكينيزيا او هيبوكينيزيا بتقف
+
+57
+00:04:50,730 --> 00:04:58,330
+الحركة muscle rigidity breast tremor بس شغل
+
+58
+00:04:58,330 --> 00:05:03,470
+instability كل هذه أعراض لإيه أعراض لموضوع اللي هو
+
+59
+00:05:03,470 --> 00:05:09,120
+Parkinson disease اثنينHuntington's disease أو
+
+60
+00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:14,560
+كوريةتعتبر autosomal dominant أو دائر رقص بيكون
+
+61
+00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:20,060
+المرضو ماشي مثل برقص دائر رقص autosomal dominant
+
+62
+00:05:20,060 --> 00:05:25,500
+movement disorder associated with severe
+
+63
+00:05:25,500 --> 00:05:33,140
+degeneration of the cholinergic and GABAergic
+
+64
+00:05:33,140 --> 00:05:40,770
+neurons تمام؟ يبقى ان هو اعتبر العلاقة بالـ GABAهو
+
+65
+00:05:40,770 --> 00:05:46,750
+بال كولينيرجيك تمام which are located in the
+
+66
+00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:50,910
+caudate nucleus and butamine يقول هذا المرض بيكون
+
+67
+00:05:50,910 --> 00:05:57,970
+عندهم كورية and dementia and dementia ونتج عن ايه؟
+
+68
+00:05:57,970 --> 00:06:04,530
+degeneration في الكولينيرجيك والقعبة هذا قعبة
+
+69
+00:06:04,530 --> 00:06:06,170
+amino biotic acid
+
+70
+00:06:15,630 --> 00:06:22,210
+باليزمس أو هيبو باليزمس هذا أكتر شيء ممكن تشوفه في
+
+71
+00:06:22,210 --> 00:06:25,590
+حالات ischemic infarction لما يحدث ischemic
+
+72
+00:06:25,590 --> 00:06:30,770
+infarction في شيء اسمه Lewis body نوكلياس موجودة
+
+73
+00:06:30,770 --> 00:06:34,450
+في ال subthalamus تؤدي إلى إيه باليزمس أو
+
+74
+00:06:34,450 --> 00:06:38,670
+hemibalism involuntary movementفي مواضع آخر
+
+75
+00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:45,220
+Hepatolenticular Degeneration أو بنسميه ويلسون
+
+76
+00:06:45,220 --> 00:06:51,500
+ديزيز مرض ويلسون هذا المرض سموه Hepatolenticular
+
+77
+00:06:51,500 --> 00:06:55,180
+Degeneration لإنه بيصيب اللفر وبيصيب البيزا
+
+78
+00:06:55,180 --> 00:06:59,320
+النوكلياي لينتيفور النوكلياس بيحدث accumulation of
+
+79
+00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:03,040
+copper والمشكلة المشكلة في انزايم اسمه
+
+80
+00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:06,900
+الceruloplasmin هذا الceruloplasmin بيحدث في
+
+81
+00:07:06,900 --> 00:07:10,300
+mutation أو تسمى ال recessive diseaseو
+
+82
+00:07:10,300 --> 00:07:15,080
+سيرولفلازمين وظيفته هي عمل binding مع القبر تتحد
+
+83
+00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:18,380
+مع النحاس و بيخرجوا معه البعوض بيخرجوا معه عصارة
+
+84
+00:07:18,380 --> 00:07:25,280
+المرارمن الكبد لكن في حال ان في mutation في هذا ال
+
+85
+00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:32,560
+enzyme بيحدث block و عدم مقدرة من الاتحاد مع القبر
+
+86
+00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:36,900
+و بيحدث accumulation للقبر في ال body و القبر راح
+
+87
+00:07:36,900 --> 00:07:40,560
+يكون في ال liver و ال base النوكلياي و ال other
+
+88
+00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:45,660
+organs type
+
+89
+00:07:45,660 --> 00:07:50,490
+of body movementsالان ايش ال body movements في
+
+90
+00:07:50,490 --> 00:07:56,190
+autonomous او reflex movement انا بعمل حركات
+
+91
+00:07:56,190 --> 00:07:59,370
+reflex بدون إرادة بدون إرادة يعني هذا بيسميه
+
+92
+00:07:59,370 --> 00:08:05,410
+involuntary movement او postural without او او
+
+93
+00:08:05,410 --> 00:08:08,970
+بيسميه withdrawal reflex withdrawal reflex يعني
+
+94
+00:08:08,970 --> 00:08:14,890
+انا بعملها بدون ما .. تمام؟ هذه حركات لا إرادية
+
+95
+00:08:14,890 --> 00:08:21,730
+حركات لا إراديةوفي rhythmic voluntary movement مثل
+
+96
+00:08:21,730 --> 00:08:25,730
+ال chewing و walking هذه حركات إرادية أنا بدأ
+
+97
+00:08:25,730 --> 00:08:30,490
+اتحرك اتحرك مشيت وقفت خلاص يقول هذه voluntary
+
+98
+00:08:30,490 --> 00:08:39,290
+movement انا بتحكم فيها هذه الحركات the
+
+99
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:43,990
+anterior horn cells في ال spinal cord في anterior
+
+100
+00:08:43,990 --> 00:08:48,820
+horn cellsهذه الـ anterior horn cells الـ main
+
+101
+00:08:48,820 --> 00:08:53,940
+function بتاعتها motor main function لها motor الـ
+
+102
+00:08:53,940 --> 00:08:57,900
+anterior horn cells consist of motor cells يبقى
+
+103
+00:08:57,900 --> 00:09:02,360
+فيها أيه؟ motor cells الـ anterior horn cells
+
+104
+00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:09,840
+موجود فيها medial group nuclei central group
+
+105
+00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:16,670
+nucleiand lateral group nuclei يعني الانتريو
+
+106
+00:09:16,670 --> 00:09:21,370
+الهورون سيلز فيها كام مجموعة تلاتة ميديالي جروب
+
+107
+00:09:21,370 --> 00:09:29,390
+central group and lateral group نبدأ بالميديالي
+
+108
+00:09:29,390 --> 00:09:35,890
+جروب الميديالي جروب موجودين في كل spinal cordأضاء
+
+109
+00:09:35,890 --> 00:09:39,630
+ال mediary group في ال thoracic segment بنجسمه
+
+110
+00:09:39,630 --> 00:09:45,150
+لventromedial and dorsomedial مسؤولين عن مين؟ عن
+
+111
+00:09:45,150 --> 00:09:51,630
+عضلات ال trunk supply the muscle of trunk علاقة في
+
+112
+00:09:51,630 --> 00:09:57,010
+عضلات ايه لل trunk؟ Central group موجودين مين؟ في
+
+113
+00:09:57,010 --> 00:10:04,330
+ال upper cervical part في C1 و C4مسؤولين عن مين؟
+
+114
+00:10:04,330 --> 00:10:10,090
+بيعطوا fibers لـ pharynx nerve و spinal accessory
+
+115
+00:10:10,090 --> 00:10:14,010
+nerve يكون هذين المسؤولين عن مين؟ عن pharynx nerve
+
+116
+00:10:14,010 --> 00:10:18,870
+لدي أفراد و spinal accessory nerve اللي بيغدى
+
+117
+00:10:18,870 --> 00:10:24,070
+trapezius muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle
+
+118
+00:10:24,070 --> 00:10:30,320
+lateral groupمن جسم الـVentral Lateral وDorsal
+
+119
+00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:33,940
+Lateral هذين الموجودين في lower cervical في ال
+
+120
+00:10:33,940 --> 00:10:39,560
+lumber في ال upper segment of sacral مسئولين عن
+
+121
+00:10:39,560 --> 00:10:46,720
+ايه؟ عن ال upper و lower limb muscle هي ال medial
+
+122
+00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:50,200
+group muscle مسئولة عن ال trunk و ال abdominal
+
+123
+00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:55,630
+muscleCentral group مسئولة عن Pharynx أو
+
+124
+00:10:55,630 --> 00:10:59,010
+Diaphragmatic nerve و Spinal accessory nerve
+
+125
+00:10:59,010 --> 00:11:03,010
+بيغدوا ال Diaphragm و Trapezius muscle و
+
+126
+00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:08,870
+Sternocleidomastoid muscle و Lateral group اللي من
+
+127
+00:11:08,870 --> 00:11:13,910
+جسمه ليه جسمين Dorsolateral و Ventrolateral هذول
+
+128
+00:11:13,910 --> 00:11:17,270
+بيغدون مسئولين عن ال Upper و Lower limb muscles
+
+129
+00:11:19,990 --> 00:11:24,530
+rule the spinal cord in motor function ايش وظيفة
+
+130
+00:11:24,530 --> 00:11:27,530
+ال spinal cord ايش وظيفة هذه ال anterior horn
+
+131
+00:11:27,530 --> 00:11:35,090
+cells اتفقنا في ال spinal cord في motor neurons
+
+132
+00:11:35,090 --> 00:11:38,970
+وين موجودين ال motor neurons موجودين في ال
+
+133
+00:11:38,970 --> 00:11:44,250
+anterior horn cells يبقى ال main function of the
+
+134
+00:11:44,250 --> 00:11:52,040
+anterior horn cells is motor functionفي نوعين من
+
+135
+00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:58,460
+الـ neurons في Alpha Motoneuron وفي Gamma
+
+136
+00:11:58,460 --> 00:12:05,510
+Motoneuron Alpha Motoneuronit is large type يعني
+
+137
+00:12:05,510 --> 00:12:10,190
+give rise to large type a alpha motoneuron fibers
+
+138
+00:12:10,190 --> 00:12:15,330
+مسئول عن مين؟ عن stimulation of the muscle fibers
+
+139
+00:12:15,330 --> 00:12:20,430
+يبدأ النوع الأول alpha motoneuron مسئول عن ال
+
+140
+00:12:20,430 --> 00:12:25,110
+large type a alpha وبيغدئنا ومسئول عن ايه؟ عن
+
+141
+00:12:25,110 --> 00:12:30,380
+stimulation of muscle fibers النوع الثانيGamma
+
+142
+00:12:30,380 --> 00:12:35,820
+Motoneuron Gamma Motoneuron هدول بيروح مع مين؟ مع
+
+143
+00:12:35,820 --> 00:12:43,040
+small of type A Gamma وظيفتهم control the muscle
+
+144
+00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:46,040
+tone يبقى ال small fibers اللي ملاقة بال
+
+145
+00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:51,240
+regulation of muscle tone أما ال large fibers اللي
+
+146
+00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:56,300
+بيجوا من Alpha Motoneuron اللي ملاقة ب stimulation
+
+147
+00:12:56,300 --> 00:13:01,660
+of muscle fibersيكون أول نوع موتو نيرونز موجودين
+
+148
+00:13:01,660 --> 00:13:08,660
+في انتريو هور سيلزاللغة الثانية Inter neurons
+
+149
+00:13:08,660 --> 00:13:15,400
+Inter neurons أو بنسميهم Intermediate Intermediate
+
+150
+00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:19,480
+neurons هدول ال Inter neurons او ال Intermediate
+
+151
+00:13:19,480 --> 00:13:24,520
+neurons وموجودين موجودين between the sensory
+
+152
+00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:28,740
+neurons and motor بين ال sensory و الموتر يعني
+
+153
+00:13:28,740 --> 00:13:36,220
+بلغة ثانية موجودين بينبستيريور هور سيلز وانتيريور
+
+154
+00:13:36,220 --> 00:13:40,940
+هور سيلز ماهي المشكلة الرئيسية لهم؟ المشكلة
+
+155
+00:13:40,940 --> 00:13:45,820
+الرئيسية رفليكس سينتر مثلما اتفقنا انتر ميديات
+
+156
+00:13:45,820 --> 00:13:49,640
+ايريا وين موجودين بين الفنترال و الدورسل هورس او
+
+157
+00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:54,400
+بين الانتيريور بستيريور هورس المشكلة الرئيسية هي
+
+158
+00:13:55,560 --> 00:13:59,920
+Excitatory for Integrative Function of the Spinal
+
+159
+00:13:59,920 --> 00:14:05,380
+Cord يعتبره Integrative Function أو Reflex Center
+
+160
+00:14:05,380 --> 00:14:07,480
+وظيفتهم Reflex Center
+
+161
+00:14:26,330 --> 00:14:29,810
+بال motor fibers تعمل contraction of the muscle
+
+162
+00:14:29,810 --> 00:14:34,750
+وبيحظف عنها reflex لازم
+
+163
+00:14:34,750 --> 00:14:39,630
+نتكلم على شي اسمه pyramidal attract ايش هو
+
+164
+00:14:39,630 --> 00:14:44,930
+pyramidal attract؟ pyramidal attract contains
+
+165
+00:14:44,930 --> 00:14:50,710
+about one million nerve fibers في one million
+
+166
+00:14:50,710 --> 00:14:57,430
+nerve fibersit is the longest nerve fibers in the
+
+167
+00:14:57,430 --> 00:15:02,750
+body و أطول nerve fibers أو أطول tract في الجسم هو
+
+168
+00:15:02,750 --> 00:15:07,490
+مين؟ بيرامي ده ال tract من وين ببدأ؟ ال origin
+
+169
+00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:12,560
+بتاعه ببدأ من حاجة اسمها بت ال cellsموجودة في ال
+
+170
+00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:17,160
+internal pyramidal layer يعني أي طبقة في الطبقة
+
+171
+00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:21,420
+الخامسة من ال cortex في ال internal pyramidal
+
+172
+00:15:21,420 --> 00:15:25,240
+layer من ايش بتكون ال cortex في الhistology بتكون
+
+173
+00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:31,300
+من six layers اول layer molecular layer ثاني layer
+
+174
+00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:38,020
+external granular layer ثالثExternal Pyramidal
+
+175
+00:15:38,020 --> 00:15:44,240
+Layer رابع Internal Granular Layer خامس Ganglionic
+
+176
+00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:48,400
+Layers أو Internal Pyramidal Layer من الـ Internal
+
+177
+00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:53,260
+Pyramidal Layer بيبدأ بثسلز اللي هم مسئولين عن او
+
+178
+00:15:53,260 --> 00:15:57,660
+هم يعتبروا بداية ايه؟ Pyramidal Retract وآخر شي
+
+179
+00:15:57,660 --> 00:16:02,920
+Multiform Layers هذه ال layers هم layers of
+
+180
+00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:04,560
+cerebral cortex
+
+181
+00:16:07,390 --> 00:16:11,550
+الشيء الثاني لما اتكلمنا عن ال cortex سراحتلكم
+
+182
+00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:20,590
+الإنسان بيكون عنده في
+
+183
+00:16:20,590 --> 00:16:32,450
+الدماغ أو بيكون موجود في الدماغ كذا الرأس تحت ال
+
+184
+00:16:32,450 --> 00:16:38,360
+upper limbs في المصر وال lower limbs فوقيعني في ال
+
+185
+00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:42,440
+upper one third بيكون ال lower limbs في ال middle
+
+186
+00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:47,740
+one third بيكون ال upper limbs و ال trunk في ال
+
+187
+00:16:47,740 --> 00:16:55,810
+lower one third بيكون ال head و ال neckهذا نسميه
+
+188
+00:16:55,810 --> 00:17:00,210
+somatotopy cortical somatotopy يعني لو إنسان أجال
+
+189
+00:17:00,210 --> 00:17:05,010
+التيومغ في ال upper part بيحدث weakness في ال
+
+190
+00:17:05,010 --> 00:17:08,370
+opposite lower limb في ال middle على ال upper limb
+
+191
+00:17:08,370 --> 00:17:12,170
+في ال lower part على ال face و ال head okay
+
+192
+00:17:12,170 --> 00:17:19,460
+ملاحظين هنا هذه sensory area وهذه motor areaوين ال
+
+193
+00:17:19,460 --> 00:17:23,200
+lower limbs؟ بتكون فوق بعدها بيجيهش ال upper limbs
+
+194
+00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:26,540
+بعدها بيجيه ال head و ال neck هذا ال sensor نفس
+
+195
+00:17:26,540 --> 00:17:30,960
+الشيء في ال motor هنا ايه؟ upper limb هنا lower
+
+196
+00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:34,360
+limb بتكون في ال upper part في ال middle part ال
+
+197
+00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:37,040
+upper limbs و ال head في ال lower part بيكون عندي
+
+198
+00:17:37,040 --> 00:17:40,920
+مين؟ عندي ال face هي هم هنا يعني بيكون هنا عندي
+
+199
+00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:48,420
+lower limbs upper limbs و trunk و هنا ال head و ال
+
+200
+00:17:48,420 --> 00:17:56,560
+faceهكذا يكون الإنسان موجود في الـ cerebral cortex
+
+201
+00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:05,220
+البيرامي
+
+202
+00:18:05,220 --> 00:18:12,260
+ده ال tract بيرامي ده ال tract نرسمه هنا نخططه مع
+
+203
+00:18:12,260 --> 00:18:12,620
+بعض
+
+204
+00:18:19,940 --> 00:18:28,040
+هي عندي بيرامدال
+
+205
+00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:31,680
+track
+
+206
+00:18:31,680 --> 00:18:35,480
+بيرامدال
+
+207
+00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:43,440
+track من القسم لقسمين القسم لقسمين اول
+
+208
+00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:49,180
+قسم بنسميه cortico spinal
+
+209
+00:18:52,560 --> 00:19:00,180
+القسم الثاني كورتيكو
+
+210
+00:19:00,180 --> 00:19:09,200
+نوكليار تراكت او كورتيكو بالبر
+
+211
+00:19:17,420 --> 00:19:21,860
+الجزء الأول كورتيكو spinal tract والجزء الثاني
+
+212
+00:19:21,860 --> 00:19:24,200
+كورتيكو نوكليار أو كورتيكو بلبر
+
+213
+00:19:35,420 --> 00:19:41,380
+الـ Corticonuclear tract قسمين و Corticospinal
+
+214
+00:19:41,380 --> 00:19:47,400
+tract قسمين من اسمه Corticonuclear tract
+
+215
+00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,420
+Corticonuclear tract ايه راح يكون اي حالة
+
+216
+00:19:51,420 --> 00:20:01,180
+Corticonuclear tract؟ بيعطينا fibers لمن؟ لانتريو
+
+217
+00:20:02,580 --> 00:20:11,160
+هو cells in the spinal cord من هنا نسمو Cortico-H
+
+218
+00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:14,820
+spinal يعني بيبدأ من ال cortex و بنتهي وين في ال
+
+219
+00:20:14,820 --> 00:20:21,840
+spinal طب و Cortico نوكليا بيعطينا fibers لمن؟
+
+220
+00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:28,040
+to motor nuclei
+
+221
+00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:31,760
+in the brain stem
+
+222
+00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:47,520
+موتور نوكلياي of cranial nerve of cranial
+
+223
+00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:52,340
+nerve in
+
+224
+00:20:52,340 --> 00:21:00,060
+the brain السم تمام
+
+225
+00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:14,250
+Corticospinal tract تنقسم لقسمين Lateral
+
+226
+00:21:14,250 --> 00:21:17,970
+Corticospinal
+
+227
+00:21:17,970 --> 00:21:25,810
+tract و Ventral Corticospinal
+
+228
+00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:26,470
+tract
+
+229
+00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:34,280
+طبعا القسم القسمين lateral corticospinal tract and
+
+230
+00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:37,540
+ventral corticospinal tract lateral corticospinal
+
+231
+00:21:37,540 --> 00:21:43,300
+tract supply supply
+
+232
+00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:52,420
+the upper limbs and lower limbs أما ال ventral
+
+233
+00:21:52,420 --> 00:21:57,500
+corticospinal tract supply اللي هو
+
+234
+00:22:04,260 --> 00:22:09,520
+trunk and abdominal
+
+235
+00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:14,980
+muscle يبقى
+
+236
+00:22:14,980 --> 00:22:19,620
+في عندي اللي هو ال ventral tract أو ventral
+
+237
+00:22:19,620 --> 00:22:21,880
+corticospinal tract هيكون مسؤولة عن ال respiratory
+
+238
+00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:25,640
+عن ايه respiratory muscle قال cortico
+
+239
+00:22:28,610 --> 00:22:31,350
+Bulbar tract راح ينقسم ل .. او corticonuclear
+
+240
+00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:36,590
+tract راح ينقسم لقسمين القسم
+
+241
+00:22:36,590 --> 00:22:43,930
+الأول اسمه lateral نفس الشيء corticonuclear tract
+
+242
+00:22:43,930 --> 00:22:50,030
+والثاني medial corticonuclear
+
+243
+00:22:50,030 --> 00:22:56,630
+tract ال medial corticonuclear tract سهل supply
+
+244
+00:22:59,180 --> 00:23:07,700
+أو give fibers to
+
+245
+00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:20,300
+ocular nuclei اللي هم العصب الثالث والرابع والسادس
+
+246
+00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:22,560
+from
+
+247
+00:23:26,510 --> 00:23:31,150
+both cerebral hemisphere يعني ال media الكورتيكو
+
+248
+00:23:31,150 --> 00:23:33,990
+نوكليار ترياكت بيعطي ال نوكليار ساعة ال اوكلاموتر
+
+249
+00:23:33,990 --> 00:23:37,310
+و تروكليا و الابدوسنت على ال both side بيبقى على
+
+250
+00:23:37,310 --> 00:23:39,450
+ال right و على ال left و ال left بيعطي right left
+
+251
+00:23:39,450 --> 00:23:42,630
+و هكذا يعني ال نوكليار of اوكلاموتر تروكليا و
+
+252
+00:23:42,630 --> 00:23:46,110
+الابدوسنت بياخده من ال both cerebral hemisphere طب
+
+253
+00:23:46,110 --> 00:23:52,590
+ال lateral كورتيكو نوكليار ترياكت بيعطي
+
+254
+00:23:52,590 --> 00:23:53,750
+لالموتر
+
+255
+00:23:55,610 --> 00:24:04,570
+Nuclei of Trigeminal
+
+256
+00:24:04,570 --> 00:24:09,750
+nerve Dorsal
+
+257
+00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:17,170
+facial nerve Glucopharyngeal,
+
+258
+00:24:17,770 --> 00:24:22,490
+vagus و cranial accessory اللي له علاقة بامبيغاس
+
+259
+00:24:22,490 --> 00:24:23,010
+نوكلياس
+
+260
+00:24:29,020 --> 00:24:36,020
+cranial accessory from both cerebral hemisphere
+
+261
+00:24:36,020 --> 00:24:46,500
+and وبيعطي كمان two ventral nucleus
+
+262
+00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:55,440
+of facial nerve فاصلة وhypoglossal nerve
+
+263
+00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:57,680
+hypoglossal nucleus
+
+264
+00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:07,360
+only from opposite side
+
+265
+00:25:12,120 --> 00:25:17,500
+يعني هنا شرحنا لكم مخطط بتاع بيرامدال إتراكت شرحنا
+
+266
+00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:21,220
+لكم مخطط بتاع بيرامدال إتراكت هنا موجود بس مش واضح
+
+267
+00:25:21,220 --> 00:25:24,900
+كتير في الورقة اللي أنا صورتلكوا إياها هنا رسمنا
+
+268
+00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:28,620
+لكوا إياها وخططتوا لكم ال بيرامدال إتراكت بنقسم
+
+269
+00:25:28,620 --> 00:25:34,140
+لجزئين الجزء الأول corticospinal tractوجزء ثاني
+
+270
+00:25:34,140 --> 00:25:36,600
+Corticobulbar او Corticonuclear tract
+
+271
+00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:39,740
+Corticospinal tract يبدأ من الكورتكس وينتهي في
+
+272
+00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:44,060
+spinal cord يعني بيعطي fibers للانترال وحسل في
+
+273
+00:25:44,060 --> 00:25:49,540
+spinal cord و Corticobulbar tract بيعطي fibers to
+
+274
+00:25:49,540 --> 00:25:53,760
+motor nuclei of the cranial nerves in the brain
+
+275
+00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:58,860
+stem in the brain stem okay Corticospinal tract
+
+276
+00:25:58,860 --> 00:26:05,610
+بنقسم لقسمينLateral corticospinal tract بيمر في ال
+
+277
+00:26:05,610 --> 00:26:11,190
+lateral column of spinal cord و بيغضي ال upper و
+
+278
+00:26:11,190 --> 00:26:16,070
+lower limbsوventral corticospinal tract supply
+
+279
+00:26:16,070 --> 00:26:21,730
+trunk and abdominal muscle بمار وين في الventral
+
+280
+00:26:21,730 --> 00:26:25,870
+column of spinal cord نيجي ل Corticobulbar tract
+
+281
+00:26:25,870 --> 00:26:31,490
+بنقسم لقسمين lateral corticonuclear tract and
+
+282
+00:26:31,490 --> 00:26:36,270
+medial corticonuclear tract ال medial
+
+283
+00:26:36,270 --> 00:26:37,810
+corticonuclear tract
+
+284
+00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:50,800
+النوكليارات بتاعتهم موجودة في برهين السم نوكلياس
+
+285
+00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,640
+او اوكولا نوكلياس او اوكولا نوكلياس او اوكولا
+
+286
+00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:55,860
+نوكلياس او اوكولا نوكلياس او اوكولا نوكلياس او
+
+287
+00:26:55,860 --> 00:26:57,280
+اوكولا نوكلياس او اوكولا نوكلياس او اوكولا نوكلياس
+
+288
+00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:58,920
+او اوكولا نوكلياس او اوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا
+
+289
+00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:04,480
+نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا
+
+290
+00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:05,610
+نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نوكولا نووالـ
+
+291
+00:27:05,610 --> 00:27:09,190
+left بيقوط left و بيقوط right يعني ال nucleus
+
+292
+00:27:09,190 --> 00:27:14,030
+بتاعة ال motor nuclei of the ocular nerve received
+
+293
+00:27:14,030 --> 00:27:17,950
+fibers from the corticonuclear tract أيه واحد
+
+294
+00:27:17,950 --> 00:27:22,530
+فيهم؟ from the medial corticonuclear tract from
+
+295
+00:27:22,530 --> 00:27:27,020
+both cerebral hemispheresنجي لـ lateral
+
+296
+00:27:27,020 --> 00:27:31,700
+corticonuclear tract give motor fibers لمن؟
+
+297
+00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:37,140
+للموتور نوكلياي of the cranial nerves من هما موتور
+
+298
+00:27:37,140 --> 00:27:41,140
+نوكلياس الـ trigeminal nerve موتور نوكلياس الـ
+
+299
+00:27:41,140 --> 00:27:45,820
+dorsal nucleus بتاعة الـ facial nerve أمبيغاس
+
+300
+00:27:45,820 --> 00:27:49,040
+نوكلياس المسئول عن الـ glossopharyngeal و Vegas و
+
+301
+00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:53,000
+cranial accessoryfrom both cerebral and cerebral
+
+302
+00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:56,220
+يعني ال right lateral بيعطي right left right left
+
+303
+00:27:56,220 --> 00:28:02,260
+طيب زائد انه بيعطي كمان ventral nucleus of facial
+
+304
+00:28:02,260 --> 00:28:07,300
+nerve المسئول عن ال lower quadrant of the face
+
+305
+00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:10,640
+وبيعتبرها الـ hypoglossal nucleus المسئول عن الـ
+
+306
+00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:15,880
+hypoglossal nerve only from up this side يعني ال
+
+307
+00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:19,740
+ventral nucleus بتاعة ال facial nerve الشمال
+
+308
+00:28:19,740 --> 00:28:24,810
+اليمينوالـ hypoglossal nucleus بتاعت العصب الثاني
+
+309
+00:28:24,810 --> 00:28:31,030
+عشر اليمين بس تاخد إشارة من الـ left lateral
+
+310
+00:28:31,030 --> 00:28:34,490
+corticonuclear تاخدش من الـ both cerebral اللي
+
+311
+00:28:34,490 --> 00:28:37,970
+مصير، بياخد من الـ one side، بياخد من وين؟ one
+
+312
+00:28:37,970 --> 00:28:38,610
+side
+
+313
+00:28:42,830 --> 00:28:46,430
+هيو ال pyramidal tract الآن راح يكون أسهل لكم ال
+
+314
+00:28:46,430 --> 00:28:53,150
+pyramidal tract is a bundle of motoneur fibers it
+
+315
+00:28:53,150 --> 00:28:57,370
+begins in the cerebral cortex بيبدأ من وين؟ من ال
+
+316
+00:28:57,370 --> 00:29:01,190
+cerebral cortex عشان هيك سموه corticospinal
+
+317
+00:29:01,190 --> 00:29:05,130
+corticobulbar او corticonuclear يعني بيبدأ من وين؟
+
+318
+00:29:05,130 --> 00:29:09,810
+من ال cortex بيبدأ من وين؟ من ال cortex وبينتهيIt
+
+319
+00:29:09,810 --> 00:29:19,370
+ends in anterior horn cells of spinal cord كورتيكو
+
+320
+00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:22,730
+سباينال تركت
+
+321
+00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:30,690
+وخلص في ال motor nuclei of the cranial nerves in
+
+322
+00:29:30,690 --> 00:29:35,670
+the brainstem اسمه corticonuclear او corticobulbar
+
+323
+00:29:35,670 --> 00:29:40,670
+retract يبقى cortico او البرامج ال retract نقسم لك
+
+324
+00:29:40,670 --> 00:29:46,120
+اسمينCorticospinal tract and Corticonuclear tract
+
+325
+00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:51,340
+Corticospinal tract بنقسم من قسمين حسب وين مر إلى
+
+326
+00:29:51,340 --> 00:29:55,360
+lateral corticospinal tract بمر في ال lateral
+
+327
+00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:59,500
+column of spinal cord and ventral او anterior
+
+328
+00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:04,160
+corticospinal tract بمر في ال ventral column of
+
+329
+00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:09,040
+spinal cord اما corticonuclear tract راح نمر وين؟
+
+330
+00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:16,020
+للبراين استمروا وينقسم لقسمين ل lateral and medial
+
+331
+00:30:16,020 --> 00:30:22,620
+corticonuclear tract الان نتكلم على شي اسمه upper
+
+332
+00:30:22,620 --> 00:30:28,020
+motoneuron سمعت فيه ال upper motoneuron system ال
+
+333
+00:30:28,020 --> 00:30:31,700
+upper motoneuron system هذا احنا نتكلم على
+
+334
+00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:34,380
+corticospinal tract او corticonuclear tract يعني
+
+335
+00:30:34,380 --> 00:30:39,000
+ال corticospinal tractو corticonuclear tract إذا
+
+336
+00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,480
+حدث فيهم مشكلة بيؤدي إلى upper motor neuron lesion
+
+337
+00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:47,400
+يعني damage of corticospinal tract or
+
+338
+00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:52,940
+corticonuclear tract leads to upper motor neuron
+
+339
+00:30:52,940 --> 00:30:56,980
+lesion يعني يعرفنا ال damage أو أي تغير أو أي مرض
+
+340
+00:30:56,980 --> 00:31:00,260
+بيصيب ال corticospinal tract أو corticonuclear
+
+341
+00:31:00,260 --> 00:31:07,530
+tract يؤدي إلى upper motor neuron lesionيكون هو
+
+342
+00:31:07,530 --> 00:31:11,030
+يعتبر super spinal lesion او اذا بتكلم على ال
+
+343
+00:31:11,030 --> 00:31:15,050
+corticonuclear tract super nuclear lesion ايش ال
+
+344
+00:31:15,050 --> 00:31:18,030
+function بتاعة العبر موتو نيرون ان كان
+
+345
+00:31:18,030 --> 00:31:23,070
+corticospinal او corticonuclear اول وظيفة ان هي
+
+346
+00:31:23,070 --> 00:31:27,170
+initiation and control of voluntary motor activity
+
+347
+00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:36,820
+في حال انهفي حال انه حدث عندنا ال damage
+
+348
+00:31:36,820 --> 00:31:41,540
+of corticospinal tract او corticonuclear tract
+
+349
+00:31:41,540 --> 00:31:45,760
+بيحدث paralysis بيحدث ايش؟ paralysis او شلل
+
+350
+00:31:47,650 --> 00:31:51,590
+Inhibition of muscle tone Inhibition of muscle
+
+351
+00:31:51,590 --> 00:31:55,030
+tone هو وظيفته يعمل Inhibition لل muscle tone في
+
+352
+00:31:55,030 --> 00:31:58,770
+حال حدث damage لل other motor neuron رح يكون عندنا
+
+353
+00:31:58,770 --> 00:32:03,990
+muscle hypertonia muscle hypertonia ثلاثة بيعمل
+
+354
+00:32:03,990 --> 00:32:07,710
+Inhibition لل deep reflex عشان هيك احنا لما نفحص
+
+355
+00:32:07,710 --> 00:32:11,930
+reflex لمريد بنقول اشد عيدك او اقدمه للعشرة عشان
+
+356
+00:32:11,930 --> 00:32:14,150
+ألم ال cortex ال cortex يعمل Inhibition لل reflex
+
+357
+00:32:14,150 --> 00:32:18,630
+في حال حدثأبرموتونيرون ليجين راح يتحول
+
+358
+00:32:18,630 --> 00:32:22,510
+لhyperreflexia، hyperreflexia، يبقى هي وظيفة
+
+359
+00:32:22,510 --> 00:32:26,550
+الأبرموتونيرون initiation and control of voluntary
+
+360
+00:32:26,550 --> 00:32:30,210
+motor activity هي واحد، اتنين، inhibition of
+
+361
+00:32:30,210 --> 00:32:35,430
+muscle tone، ثلاثة، inhibition of deep reflexes
+
+362
+00:32:36,940 --> 00:32:42,420
+متكلم على ال path way of the upper motor neurons
+
+363
+00:32:42,420 --> 00:32:46,460
+أو ال بيرامدال او ال corticospinal tract الإشارة
+
+364
+00:32:46,460 --> 00:32:50,340
+بتبدأ من بيت ال cells من ال area رقم أربع من ال
+
+365
+00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:53,720
+upper two third of pre central gas ليه هو ان ال
+
+366
+00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:57,400
+upper two third؟ لأن ال corticonuclear tract متجه
+
+367
+00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:02,640
+إلى ال face رح يبدأ من ال lower one third بعدك ال
+
+368
+00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:07,850
+fibers descent في شيء اسمه corona radiataبمره في
+
+369
+00:33:07,850 --> 00:33:13,190
+الـ posterior limb of internal capsule بعدك في ال
+
+370
+00:33:13,190 --> 00:33:19,550
+midbrain, palms, medulla oblongata، في lower part
+
+371
+00:33:19,550 --> 00:33:25,270
+of medulla oblongataبيحدث عملية decassation او
+
+372
+00:33:25,270 --> 00:33:28,390
+crossing الـ Corticospiral tract اللي جاي من
+
+373
+00:33:28,390 --> 00:33:32,210
+اليمين بيتجه لليسار و اللي جاي من اليسار بيتجه
+
+374
+00:33:32,210 --> 00:33:35,670
+لليمين علشان أسألك لو حدث جلطة دماغية في اليمين
+
+375
+00:33:35,670 --> 00:33:39,230
+وين ال hemoglobin بتكون؟ على ال opposite side لو
+
+376
+00:33:39,230 --> 00:33:42,330
+حدث جلطة دماغية في اليسار وين ال hemoglobin بتكون؟
+
+377
+00:33:42,330 --> 00:33:46,870
+على ال right side وهكذا هذه بنسميها بيرامدال
+
+378
+00:33:46,870 --> 00:33:50,390
+decassation نحاول
+
+379
+00:33:51,260 --> 00:34:05,480
+هرسملكم إياهم هنا قد الإمكان لما
+
+380
+00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:09,140
+بتكلم ع موتور أنا بتكلم عليه على descending tract
+
+381
+00:34:09,140 --> 00:34:12,320
+يبقى ال tract راح أبدأ من وين من ال cortex و أنزل
+
+382
+00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:12,880
+للمصدر
+
+383
+00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:39,060
+هنا area precentral
+
+384
+00:34:39,060 --> 00:34:44,400
+gyrus
+
+385
+00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:51,640
+اللي هي area أربعة بعدين في هنا
+
+386
+00:34:56,400 --> 00:35:10,060
+Internal Capsule بعدين
+
+387
+00:35:10,060 --> 00:35:10,660
+فيه اللي هو
+
+388
+00:35:25,740 --> 00:35:30,240
+mid brain bones
+
+389
+00:35:30,240 --> 00:35:33,260
+مدلة
+
+390
+00:35:33,260 --> 00:35:53,840
+أبلغتها ناخد two segments of spinal cord و
+
+391
+00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:54,300
+هنا في عند
+
+392
+00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:03,920
+مصر مصر مصر
+
+393
+00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:07,380
+مصر مصر
+
+394
+00:36:07,380 --> 00:36:12,380
+مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر
+
+395
+00:36:12,380 --> 00:36:16,900
+مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر
+
+396
+00:36:16,900 --> 00:36:16,920
+مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر
+
+397
+00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:16,920
+مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر
+
+398
+00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:16,920
+مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر
+
+399
+00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:21,920
+مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر مصر
+
+400
+00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:27,540
+مصر مصهذا segment of spinal cord على سبيل المثال
+
+401
+00:36:27,540 --> 00:36:33,520
+ناخد c5 segment ناخد ال3 segment
+
+402
+00:36:57,050 --> 00:37:05,330
+الـ Corticospinal tract راح يبدأ من وين؟ من الـ
+
+403
+00:37:05,330 --> 00:37:11,950
+pre-central area اللي هي من ال upper و ال middle
+
+404
+00:37:11,950 --> 00:37:20,710
+one third راح ال fibers تمر في ال posterior limb
+
+405
+00:37:20,710 --> 00:37:30,910
+of internal capsulemedibrain bones medulla
+
+406
+00:37:30,910 --> 00:37:40,650
+oblongata هذا ايش اسمه اسمه cortico spinal
+
+407
+00:37:40,650 --> 00:37:52,310
+tract تمام هنا internal capsule هذا left internal
+
+408
+00:37:52,310 --> 00:38:04,370
+capsulelift internal capsule lift
+
+409
+00:38:04,370 --> 00:38:08,250
+internal
+
+410
+00:38:08,250 --> 00:38:12,650
+capsule
+
+411
+00:38:12,650 --> 00:38:20,850
+اللي في lower part of medulla oblongata هذا اللي
+
+412
+00:38:20,850 --> 00:38:26,410
+هوCorticospinal tract بيعمل incomplete decassation
+
+413
+00:38:26,410 --> 00:38:30,870
+او crossing بيعمل incomplete decassation ال main
+
+414
+00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:33,890
+fibers اكتر من خمسة و تمانين تسعين في المية
+
+415
+00:38:33,890 --> 00:38:39,610
+بيعملوا crossing على ال opposite side النرسانت مين
+
+416
+00:38:39,610 --> 00:38:45,570
+هو ال left? Corticospinal tract و بيتجه ل ال right
+
+417
+00:38:45,570 --> 00:38:55,090
+side و بيفوت ل في وين؟ فيlateral column في ال
+
+418
+00:38:55,090 --> 00:39:03,670
+lateral column of spinal cord وبدأ
+
+419
+00:39:03,670 --> 00:39:11,170
+ننزل مثل خط الكهربا الرئيسي وين بينتهي؟ بينتهي at
+
+420
+00:39:11,170 --> 00:39:17,370
+the level of
+
+421
+00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:29,060
+S2 ساكرال تو سباينال كورد يعني
+
+422
+00:39:29,060 --> 00:39:33,640
+بنتهي وين على level ساكرال تو S2 segment of spinal
+
+423
+00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:37,900
+cord هذا بشبه خط الكهرب الرئيسي النازل في الدرج
+
+424
+00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:44,160
+نازل و كل ما يصل طابق الشجرة بيعطيها سلك خط هذا
+
+425
+00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:52,070
+ايش اسمه ال lift تتحولاللي ها right في ال spoiler
+
+426
+00:39:52,070 --> 00:39:57,730
+code ايش بيصير اسمه right cortico
+
+427
+00:39:57,730 --> 00:40:09,550
+او اسمه صح هي اسمه
+
+428
+00:40:09,550 --> 00:40:14,450
+صح right lateral
+
+429
+00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:21,320
+Corticospinal tract Right Lateral Corticospinal
+
+430
+00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:25,860
+tract هذا الخط الرئيسي كل ما يصل الـ Anterior Horn
+
+431
+00:40:25,860 --> 00:40:32,360
+Cells بيعطيهم إيش؟ Fibers بيعطيهم إيه؟ Fibers على
+
+432
+00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:36,340
+كل segment على كل segment يبقى لو حدث دمج لل
+
+433
+00:40:36,340 --> 00:40:39,960
+Corticospinal tract في ال brain أو Spinal cord هذا
+
+434
+00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:44,040
+بيؤدي إلى إيش؟ Upper Motoneurone lesion Upper
+
+435
+00:40:44,040 --> 00:40:51,860
+Motoneurone lesion2 الجزء
+
+436
+00:40:51,860 --> 00:40:57,560
+اللي بقى اللي ماعمش costing هذا
+
+437
+00:40:57,560 --> 00:41:05,640
+بنزل في ال anterior horn cells بنزل في ال anterior
+
+438
+00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:11,100
+column of spinal cord و بكمل طريقه وين بنتهي
+
+439
+00:41:19,510 --> 00:41:23,630
+ends at lower
+
+440
+00:41:23,630 --> 00:41:30,590
+thoracic level في
+
+441
+00:41:30,590 --> 00:41:34,010
+ناس بيقولوا على ال middle thoracic level الثانين
+
+442
+00:41:34,010 --> 00:41:40,530
+صح middle او lower thoracic هذا ايش بيعطي بيعطي لا
+
+443
+00:41:40,530 --> 00:41:48,250
+ايش لا هو انتهى هنا اكتر مش راح يصل ال number
+
+444
+00:41:51,940 --> 00:42:11,700
+عشان تكون صح وين
+
+445
+00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:14,980
+بينتهي end at
+
+446
+00:42:21,190 --> 00:42:26,490
+the lower thoracic
+
+447
+00:42:26,490 --> 00:42:33,110
+level هذا ال .. إيش بنسميه؟ بنسميه ventral
+
+448
+00:42:37,550 --> 00:42:42,630
+واضيفته ايش يا غدى؟ واضيفته لغدى اللي هو chest
+
+449
+00:42:42,630 --> 00:42:46,790
+muscle او thoracic muscle او respiratory muscle
+
+450
+00:42:46,790 --> 00:42:49,570
+هذا بيعطي ال anterior horn cells على نفس الجهة
+
+451
+00:42:49,570 --> 00:42:52,290
+وبيعطي ال anterior horn cells على الجهة الثانية
+
+452
+00:42:52,290 --> 00:42:56,990
+يعني بيعطي ال both anterior horn cells for
+
+453
+00:42:56,990 --> 00:43:03,820
+respiratory muscleطيب هذا يعتبر ايش Corticospinal
+
+454
+00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:09,240
+tract هان مرسومين في slide واضح هان عندي يقول هان
+
+455
+00:43:09,240 --> 00:43:14,400
+عندي pyramidal decassation هاد ال pyramids بتحول ل
+
+456
+00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:18,040
+decassation يعني لو المريض حدث مع جلطة دماغية في
+
+457
+00:43:18,040 --> 00:43:20,580
+ال left cerebral hemisphere ولي ال hemiplegia
+
+458
+00:43:20,580 --> 00:43:23,800
+يتكون على ال right طيب لو جينا في ال spinal cord
+
+459
+00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:28,300
+لأخلص ال crossing صار دمج في ال spinal cord، على
+
+460
+00:43:28,300 --> 00:43:31,500
+نفس الجهة بدي يكون فيه motor، على نفس الجهة لأن ال
+
+461
+00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:34,840
+crossing خلص وين بتتم ال crossing؟ بتتم ال
+
+462
+00:43:34,840 --> 00:43:41,440
+crossing وين؟ على ال lower part
+
+463
+00:43:41,440 --> 00:43:50,030
+of medulla oblongataبالنسبة للمدالة الأسفل 80% ل
+
+464
+00:43:50,030 --> 00:43:57,710
+85% من الفيبيرز يقومون بـ crossings ويروحوا على
+
+465
+00:43:57,710 --> 00:44:02,660
+الـ opposite side في الـ lateral columnوالجزء اللي
+
+466
+00:44:02,660 --> 00:44:05,840
+بيظلوا .. بنسميهم إيش؟ indirect ليش بنسميهم
+
+467
+00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:09,200
+indirect؟ لأنهم عملوا crossing و اتجهوا على ال
+
+468
+00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:13,500
+opposite side بنسميهم crossed corticospinal tract
+
+469
+00:44:13,500 --> 00:44:18,300
+وبينهم يخلصوا كل fibers او كل ما نسى ال segment
+
+470
+00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:22,780
+بيطلعوا fibers لمين؟ لل anterior horn cells كل ما
+
+471
+00:44:22,780 --> 00:44:25,800
+نسى ال segment بيطلعوا fibers لل anterior horn
+
+472
+00:44:25,800 --> 00:44:30,620
+cells طيب ال 15 ل 20% من ال fibers اللي ضالهم قدر
+
+473
+00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:36,350
+وماعملوش crossing بنسميهم direct anterior او
+
+474
+00:44:36,350 --> 00:44:40,430
+ventral corticospinal tract بيعطونا fibers لل
+
+475
+00:44:40,430 --> 00:44:44,430
+anterior home cells على نفس ال segment بس لوين؟ لل
+
+476
+00:44:44,430 --> 00:44:49,790
+both cerebral hemisphere وين بينتهوا؟ بينتهوا في
+
+477
+00:44:49,790 --> 00:44:53,450
+ال mid thoracic ممكن في مراجع يقولوا يكونوا في ال
+
+478
+00:44:53,450 --> 00:44:56,290
+lower thoracic اعتبرهم mid thoracic عشان ما
+
+479
+00:44:56,290 --> 00:44:59,490
+تتخربطوش نعتمدهم mid thoracic في مراجع يقولوا
+
+480
+00:44:59,490 --> 00:45:06,100
+lower thoracicmade thoracic نعتمدهم للكل level
+
+481
+00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:11,540
+الآن أنا بكتفر الجزء الأول من المحاضرة الجزء
+
+482
+00:45:11,540 --> 00:45:17,800
+الثاني راح أكمله في جزء اثنين لمحاضرة الأسبوع
+
+483
+00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:19,500
+الثالث عشان يعطيكم العافية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/Ev3PGmWnexI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1458 @@
+1
+00:00:05,080 --> 00:00:07,540
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله 
+
+2
+00:00:07,540 --> 00:00:13,840
+وبركاته الجزء الثاني من محاضرة الأسبوع الخامس رح 
+
+3
+00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:18,200
+تكون على ventricles of the brain and CSF 
+
+4
+00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:24,430
+circulation. The brain and spinal cord float within
+
+5
+00:00:24,430 --> 00:00:30,170
+a protective bath of cerebrospinal fluid. الدماغ و
+
+6
+00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:38,810
+الحبل الشوكي بيسبحوا في حوض من السائل الدماغي 
+
+7
+00:00:38,810 --> 00:00:46,040
+الشوكي. CSF is produced by the choroidal plexus 
+
+8
+00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:49,960
+واحنا عارفين في ال ventricular system في ال
+
+9
+00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:53,640
+choroidal plexus أصلها جاية من invagination of the
+
+10
+00:00:53,640 --> 00:00:59,920
+pia mater و ال choroidal plexus contains ependymal
+
+11
+00:00:59,920 --> 00:01:03,140
+cells و ال ependymal cells تقوم بـ production لـ ال
+
+12
+00:01:03,140 --> 00:01:09,410
+CSF. Each part of the central nervous system contains
+
+13
+00:01:09,410 --> 00:01:14,210
+a component of the ventricular system. يعني لو 
+
+14
+00:01:14,210 --> 00:01:18,530
+اتكلمنا على ال cerebral hemisphere في lateral
+
+15
+00:01:18,530 --> 00:01:23,250
+ventricle، diencephalon في third ventricle، في
+
+16
+00:01:23,250 --> 00:01:26,510
+الcerebellum و المَـدُلة و ال pons في fourth
+
+17
+00:01:26,510 --> 00:01:31,510
+ventricle، في ال midbrain في silvius aqueduct أو
+
+18
+00:01:31,510 --> 00:01:37,470
+بنسميها cerebral aqueduct. الـ ventricles contain
+
+19
+00:01:37,470 --> 00:01:46,150
+about 35 milliliter of cerebrospinal fluid. The 
+
+20
+00:01:46,150 --> 00:01:50,850
+ventricles of the brain there 
+
+21
+00:01:50,850 --> 00:01:54,310
+are four interconnected ventricles of the brain.
+
+22
+00:01:54,310 --> 00:02:00,410
+في عندنا four ventricles. lateral ventricles البطين 
+
+23
+00:02:00,410 --> 00:02:05,900
+الجانبي right and left lateral ventricle. third
+
+24
+00:02:05,900 --> 00:02:11,700
+ventricle. البطين الثالث and fourth ventricle
+
+25
+00:02:11,700 --> 00:02:17,220
+البطين الرابع. يبقى عندنا four interconnected
+
+26
+00:02:17,220 --> 00:02:22,980
+ventricles. two lateral ventricles and one third
+
+27
+00:02:22,980 --> 00:02:30,720
+ventricle and a fourth ventricle. اللحظة هنا عندي 
+
+28
+00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:33,800
+lateral ventricle.
+
+29
+00:02:36,730 --> 00:02:42,830
+left and right lateral ventricle. بعدها بيجي third 
+
+30
+00:02:42,830 --> 00:02:47,870
+ventricle وفي الآخر في عندي ايه؟ fourth ventricle.
+
+31
+00:02:47,870 --> 00:02:56,530
+هنا عندي في الصورة واضح cavity
+
+32
+00:02:56,530 --> 00:03:03,090
+of right lateral ventricle. بعدين هنا في بتكون 
+
+33
+00:03:03,090 --> 00:03:09,820
+cavity of third ventricle. وهنا فيه اللي هي cavity 
+
+34
+00:03:09,820 --> 00:03:15,940
+of a fourth ventricle. و ال connection القناة اللي 
+
+35
+00:03:15,940 --> 00:03:20,520
+بتوصل ما بين ال third ventricle و ال fourth 
+
+36
+00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:26,520
+ventricle اسمها silvius aqueduct أو cerebral
+
+37
+00:03:26,520 --> 00:03:33,270
+aqueduct. اسمها silvius aqueduct أو cerebral
+
+38
+00:03:33,270 --> 00:03:48,290
+aqueduct أو بنسميها aqueduct of midbrain. نبدأ 
+
+39
+00:03:48,290 --> 00:03:53,270
+بـ lateral ventricle. لدينا two lateral ventricles.
+
+40
+00:03:53,270 --> 00:03:58,510
+right and left lateral ventricles side.
+
+41
+00:03:59,940 --> 00:04:03,360
+lateral ventricles عبارة عن cavity of cerebral
+
+42
+00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:06,660
+hemispheres. يعني انها right cerebral hemisphere و
+
+43
+00:04:06,660 --> 00:04:10,120
+left cerebral hemisphere. كل cerebral hemisphere
+
+44
+00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:12,660
+اللي لهم cavity اسمه lateral ventricles. يعني انها
+
+45
+00:04:12,660 --> 00:04:16,700
+right and left lateral ventricles. لو اتكلمنا عن ال
+
+46
+00:04:16,700 --> 00:04:22,400
+origin of lateral
+
+47
+00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,600
+ventricles بيكون جاي من telencephalon أو 
+
+48
+00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,820
+prosencephalon. communication 
+
+49
+00:04:31,580 --> 00:04:41,000
+no any direct connections between right and left
+
+50
+00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,480
+lateral ventricles. يعني مافي انها direct
+
+51
+00:04:44,480 --> 00:04:46,820
+connection between right and left lateral 
+
+52
+00:04:46,820 --> 00:04:53,260
+ventricle. نرسمهم مع بعض الآن. هي ان انا برسم
+
+53
+00:05:24,530 --> 00:05:33,650
+أنا رسمت right وهي برسم فيه left lateral 
+
+54
+00:05:33,650 --> 00:05:35,250
+ventricle. يعني عندي 
+
+55
+00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:56,420
+right lateral ventricle و left lateral ventricle.
+
+56
+00:05:56,420 --> 00:06:02,540
+okay. no direct connection between both lateral 
+
+57
+00:06:02,540 --> 00:06:05,460
+ventricles. تمام. بعدها بدنا نرسم
+
+58
+00:06:11,790 --> 00:06:13,170
+third ventricle.
+
+59
+00:06:36,980 --> 00:06:42,700
+بين ال lateral ventricle و ال third ventricle في 
+
+60
+00:06:42,700 --> 00:06:51,760
+foramen. left interventricular foramen of Monro و
+
+61
+00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:59,320
+هنا في right interventricular foramen of Monro.
+
+62
+00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:05,210
+يعني احنا رسلنا left lateral ventricle و right
+
+63
+00:07:05,210 --> 00:07:09,010
+lateral ventricle و رسمنا third ventricle. no
+
+64
+00:07:09,010 --> 00:07:12,630
+direct connection between both lateral ventricles
+
+65
+00:07:12,630 --> 00:07:18,170
+but presented indirect connection. من خلال ايه؟ 
+
+66
+00:07:19,470 --> 00:07:23,570
+interventricular foramen of Monro. كم Monro فينا؟
+
+67
+00:07:23,570 --> 00:07:28,050
+فينا two foramen of Monro. فينا left foramen of 
+
+68
+00:07:28,050 --> 00:07:32,150
+Monro و في right foramen of Monro. يبقى ال
+
+69
+00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:36,410
+communication بتاع ال lateral ventricle. H lateral
+
+70
+00:07:36,410 --> 00:07:41,410
+ventricle communicates with the third ventricle
+
+71
+00:07:41,410 --> 00:07:45,770
+through interventricular foramen of Monro. right 
+
+72
+00:07:45,770 --> 00:07:46,510
+and left.
+
+73
+00:07:50,300 --> 00:07:53,360
+What's the part of the lateral ventricle؟ إيش 
+
+74
+00:07:53,360 --> 00:07:56,220
+أجزاء ال lateral ventricle؟ ال lateral ventricle 
+
+75
+00:07:56,220 --> 00:08:02,140
+contains anterior horn أو frontal horn. located in 
+
+76
+00:08:02,140 --> 00:08:08,180
+frontal lobe، posterior horn أو occipital horn
+
+77
+00:08:08,180 --> 00:08:13,330
+located in occipital lobe، inferior horn أو
+
+78
+00:08:13,330 --> 00:08:17,690
+temporal horn. located in temporal lobe. مين راح 
+
+79
+00:08:17,690 --> 00:08:21,550
+يزعل؟ ال parietal lobe ما يزعلش. ال parietal lobe و
+
+80
+00:08:21,550 --> 00:08:26,270
+في جزء اسمه body أو central part of the lateral
+
+81
+00:08:26,270 --> 00:08:30,990
+ventricle which is located in the parietal lobe. و
+
+82
+00:08:30,990 --> 00:08:36,530
+في شيء اسمه trigon أو atrium. دي dilation at the
+
+83
+00:08:36,530 --> 00:08:41,070
+meeting of the inferior and posterior horn. وين
+
+84
+00:08:41,070 --> 00:08:44,570
+بتقابل ال anterior و ال posterior horn. نشوف مع بعض 
+
+85
+00:08:44,570 --> 00:08:51,390
+على الصورة. هنا في الخلف عندي هنا posterior horn
+
+86
+00:08:51,390 --> 00:09:00,210
+posterior horn و في الأمام بيكون anterior horn. وهنا 
+
+87
+00:09:00,210 --> 00:09:05,570
+إيش ال body أو ال central part. body أو ال central 
+
+88
+00:09:05,570 --> 00:09:09,330
+part مش هينبين انها الأجزاء الثانية. يعني يعني عندي
+
+89
+00:09:09,330 --> 00:09:12,310
+في posterior horn بتكون في ال occipital lobe. في
+
+90
+00:09:12,310 --> 00:09:16,070
+anterior horn بتكون في ال frontal lobe وفي body 
+
+91
+00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:25,330
+بتكون في parietal lobe. في parietal lobe. واضح 
+
+92
+00:09:25,330 --> 00:09:25,770
+عندي هنا 
+
+93
+00:09:28,940 --> 00:09:34,000
+anterior horn, posterior horn، و تحت في ال temporal 
+
+94
+00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:40,630
+lobe في inferior horn. يعني frontal horn، occipital 
+
+95
+00:09:40,630 --> 00:09:45,310
+horn، temporal horn. أو اسم ثاني: anterior horn،
+
+96
+00:09:45,310 --> 00:09:50,550
+posterior horn، inferior horn. طب و المكان تلاقي 
+
+97
+00:09:50,550 --> 00:09:54,790
+الـ inferior horn مع الـ posterior horn. هذا المكان 
+
+98
+00:09:54,790 --> 00:10:01,470
+بنسميه trigon، بنسميه trigon أو atrium of lateral
+
+99
+00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:02,290
+ventricle.
+
+100
+00:10:08,870 --> 00:10:15,950
+لاحظوا هنا على شاشة تلفزيون عندي anterior horn,
+
+101
+00:10:17,650 --> 00:10:26,870
+posterior horn, inferior horn, body، و هذا المكان 
+
+102
+00:10:26,870 --> 00:10:34,830
+بنسميه atrium أو trigon. هو مكان تلاقي ال posterior
+
+103
+00:10:34,830 --> 00:10:38,510
+horn مع ال inferior horn، لكن الأصح لو قلنا أصح 
+
+104
+00:10:38,510 --> 00:10:45,310
+كمان هو عبارة عن تلاقي ما بين posterior horn مع ال
+
+105
+00:10:45,310 --> 00:10:51,140
+inferior horn و ال body. مكان بتلاقى فيه ال body مع 
+
+106
+00:10:51,140 --> 00:10:53,140
+ال posterior horn و ال inferior horn. لكن الكتب 
+
+107
+00:10:53,140 --> 00:10:56,240
+بيكتبوا هو عبارة عن مكان وين بتلاقى فيه ال
+
+108
+00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:59,860
+posterior horn مع ال inferior horn. الأ��ح تلاقي ما
+
+109
+00:10:59,860 --> 00:11:05,240
+بين posterior horn و inferior horn and body of 
+
+110
+00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:09,060
+lateral ventricle and body of lateral ventricle.
+
+111
+00:11:09,060 --> 00:11:16,710
+لاحظوا هنا في foramen. هنا واحد، اثنين. واحد بيكون مع ال 
+
+112
+00:11:16,710 --> 00:11:18,430
+left lateral ventricle و مع ال right lateral
+
+113
+00:11:18,430 --> 00:11:21,810
+ventricle. هذول communication مع مين؟ مع ال third 
+
+114
+00:11:21,810 --> 00:11:25,390
+ventricle. مع ايه؟ مع ال third ventricle. مع ال
+
+115
+00:11:25,390 --> 00:11:28,990
+third ventricle. اسمه Interventricular Foramen of
+
+116
+00:11:28,990 --> 00:11:41,650
+Monro. Interventricular Foramen of Monro. هذا 
+
+117
+00:11:41,650 --> 00:11:47,320
+واضح على ال axial cut. هذا anterior horn و هذا 
+
+118
+00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:53,100
+posterior horn أو هذا posterior horn و هذا trigon 
+
+119
+00:11:53,100 --> 00:12:05,980
+أو atrium. تجي هنا trigon أو atrium. ننتقل
+
+120
+00:12:05,980 --> 00:12:15,020
+الآن لـ third ventricle. third ventricle عبارة عن cavity. هو
+
+121
+00:12:15,020 --> 00:12:19,600
+cavity of diencephalon. it is a narrow cavity situated
+
+122
+00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:25,780
+in the midline between the right and left thalamus
+
+123
+00:12:25,780 --> 00:12:32,270
+و الهيبوثلامس. بين ال right و ال left. في adhesion 
+
+124
+00:12:32,270 --> 00:12:36,610
+بنسميها interthalamic adhesion. هي هذي اللي أنا 
+
+125
+00:12:36,610 --> 00:12:40,230
+رسمتها. هي عبارة عن interthalamic adhesion.
+
+126
+00:12:40,230 --> 00:12:44,430
+interthalamic ايه؟ adhesion. يعني هذا المكان
+
+127
+00:12:44,430 --> 00:12:49,730
+connection between right and left thalami. okay. ال
+
+128
+00:12:49,730 --> 00:12:55,690
+origin of third ventricle from diencephalon أو 
+
+129
+00:12:55,690 --> 00:12:57,810
+كمان صح prosencephalon.
+
+130
+00:13:00,320 --> 00:13:07,440
+هنا عندي ال axial cut. هذا هو ال third ventricle اللي 
+
+131
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:11,220
+بيجي في النصف من المنتصف و بيحده من الشمال و
+
+132
+00:13:11,220 --> 00:13:18,980
+اليمين left thalamus و right thalamus. غير هيك بيمر
+
+133
+00:13:18,980 --> 00:13:25,240
+في شيء اسمه interthalamic adhesion. connections
+
+134
+00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:30,200
+between left and right ثلامي. يبقى هي عبارة عن 
+
+135
+00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:34,340
+connection between left and right ثلامي. كام third 
+
+136
+00:13:34,340 --> 00:13:38,620
+ventricle؟ عندنا one third ventricle. عندنا one
+
+137
+00:13:38,620 --> 00:13:44,240
+third ventricle. ننتقل لـ communications of third 
+
+138
+00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:48,000
+ventricle. أول communication أنا اتكلمت عنها 
+
+139
+00:13:49,130 --> 00:13:56,090
+anterior superiorly. من الأمام ومن أعلى the third 
+
+140
+00:13:56,090 --> 00:14:01,690
+ventricle communicates with a lateral ventricle.
+
+141
+00:14:01,690 --> 00:14:06,570
+يعني ال third ventricle communicates with both
+
+142
+00:14:06,570 --> 00:14:13,490
+lateral ventricles. Okay. كمان مرة اللي هو ال third
+
+143
+00:14:13,490 --> 00:14:19,170
+ventricle communicates anterior superiorly with 
+
+144
+00:14:19,170 --> 00:14:23,910
+both lateral ventricles. من طريق ايه؟ أو عن طريق
+
+145
+00:14:23,910 --> 00:14:29,270
+ايه؟ عن طريق interventricular foramen of Monro. كم 
+
+146
+00:14:29,270 --> 00:14:34,070
+Monro عندي؟ left and right Monro. يبقى خلصنا من 
+
+147
+00:14:34,070 --> 00:14:35,990
+الاعلى. طب من أسفل 
+
+148
+00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:47,600
+Posterior inferiorly. Posterior
+
+149
+00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:53,820
+inferiorly communicates with fourth ventricle. with 
+
+150
+00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:57,220
+ايه؟
+
+151
+00:14:57,220 --> 00:15:04,940
+with fourth ventricle. عن طريق ايه؟ هذه fourth
+
+152
+00:15:04,940 --> 00:15:07,680
+ventricle.
+
+153
+00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:16,180
+عن طريق aqueduct أو بنسميه cerebral... cerebral
+
+154
+00:15:16,180 --> 00:15:25,180
+aqueduct أو له اسم ثاني: silvius aqueduct. يعني 
+
+155
+00:15:25,180 --> 00:15:29,400
+silvius aqueduct أو cerebral aqueduct تعمل 
+
+156
+00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:32,440
+connection ما بين ال third ventricle مع ال fourth
+
+157
+00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:37,060
+كمان مرة نعيد. communication of third ventricle.
+
+158
+00:15:38,550 --> 00:15:42,530
+anterior superiorly. من الأمام ومن أعلى 
+
+159
+00:15:42,530 --> 00:15:45,790
+communicates
+
+160
+00:15:45,790 --> 00:15:51,450
+مع both lateral ventricles. عن طريق ايه؟
+
+161
+00:15:51,450 --> 00:15:55,670
+Interventricular foramen of Monro. two Monro.
+
+162
+00:15:55,670 --> 00:16:01,930
+اثنين. posterior inferiorly. من الخلف ومن تحت 
+
+163
+00:16:01,930 --> 00:16:10,380
+communicates with fourth ventricle. عن طريق ايه؟ 
+
+164
+00:16:10,380 --> 00:16:15,200
+sylvius أو cerebral aqueduct اللي هو يعتبر cavity
+
+165
+00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:22,120
+of midbrain. cavity of midbrain. هاي عندنا
+
+166
+00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:29,880
+interthalamic adhesion. هاي Monro foramen. وهي عندي
+
+167
+00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:33,880
+ايه؟ cerebral aqueduct اللي بربط ما بين 
+
+168
+00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:49,740
+third ventricle مع مين؟ مع fourth ventricle. و 
+
+169
+00:16:49,740 --> 00:17:03,620
+anterior superior ليه؟ عندي من عندي 
+
+170
+00:17:03,620 --> 00:17:04,280
+في ايه؟
+
+171
+00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:13,100
+Monro foramen. Right 
+
+172
+00:17:13,100 --> 00:17:17,600
+and left بيعمل connection بين ال lateral ventricle
+
+173
+00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:21,680
+مع مين؟ مع ال third ventricle. يعني هي عندي lateral 
+
+174
+00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:26,340
+ventricles عن طريق Monro ارتبطوا مع ال third 
+
+175
+00:17:26,340 --> 00:17:29,800
+ventricle. ال third ventricle عن طريق cerebral aqueduct
+
+176
+00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:34,710
+مع مين؟ مع ال fourth ventricle. هاد ال 
+
+177
+00:17:34,710 --> 00:17:40,870
+communication between the ventricular system. واضح 
+
+178
+00:17:40,870 --> 00:17:45,290
+ان دي lateral ventricle communicates مع ال third
+
+179
+00:17:45,290 --> 00:17:47,530
+ventricle عن طريق interventricular foramen of 
+
+180
+00:17:47,530 --> 00:17:51,410
+Monro and right and left Monro. بعدين third 
+
+181
+00:17:51,410 --> 00:17:54,690
+ventricle عن طريق cerebral aqueduct أو sylvius 
+
+182
+00:17:54,690 --> 00:17:58,410
+aqueduct communicates with ايش؟ with fourth 
+
+183
+00:17:58,410 --> 00:17:58,990
+ventricle.
+
+184
+00:18:19,220 --> 00:18:25,960
+الآن بنتقل لل fourth ventricle.
+
+185
+00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:31,960
+هذا 
+
+186
+00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:38,020
+left lateral ventricle.
+
+187
+00:18:38,020 --> 00:18:42,800
+okay. fourth
+
+188
+00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:50,070
+ventricle. it is cavity of hindbrain و ممكن اقول it
+
+189
+00:18:50,070 --> 00:18:55,770
+is cavity of rhombencephalon. وين موجود؟ located
+
+190
+00:18:55,770 --> 00:19:00,010
+between cerebellum 
+
+191
+00:19:00,010 --> 00:19:05,470
+and pons medulla oblongata. يعني بيحدوا من الخلف 
+
+192
+00:19:05,470 --> 00:19:12,990
+ال cerebellum و بيحدوا من الأمام ال pons و ال upper 
+
+193
+00:19:12,990 --> 00:19:18,170
+medulla أو open medulla. طيب بكلام ثاني لو بدي أصيغه 
+
+194
+00:19:18,17
+
+201
+00:20:05,590 --> 00:20:11,190
+superior angle و inferior angle و lateral angle
+
+202
+00:20:11,190 --> 00:20:19,030
+superior angle بفتح فيه اللي هو the silvius aqueduct
+
+203
+00:20:19,030 --> 00:20:24,270
+أو the cerebral aqueduct من أعلى ال superior angle
+
+204
+00:20:24,270 --> 00:20:30,470
+inferior angle بيمر في ال central spinal canal
+
+205
+00:20:30,470 --> 00:20:35,530
+بيمر في ال closed medulla طيب و ال lateral angle
+
+206
+00:20:35,530 --> 00:20:41,470
+right and left lateral angle بيمر فيه foramen اسمه
+
+207
+00:20:41,470 --> 00:20:45,530
+right luschka foramen و left luschka foramen كمان
+
+208
+00:20:45,530 --> 00:20:54,110
+مرة في عندي superior angle تشوف مع الصورة هيهم هي
+
+209
+00:20:54,110 --> 00:21:02,290
+superior angle مين فاتح فيه فاتح اللي هو
+
+210
+00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:13,880
+the cerebral aqueduct هذا في ال superior angle طب في
+
+211
+00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:21,020
+ال inferior angle هي inferior angle بفتح
+
+212
+00:21:21,020 --> 00:21:26,120
+فيه the central
+
+213
+00:21:26,120 --> 00:21:29,260
+central
+
+214
+00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:34,500
+the Central Spinal Canal اللي بيمر وين؟
+
+215
+00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,680
+أول شي بيمر في الـ Closed Medulla وبعدين بيمر في
+
+216
+00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:43,320
+the Spinal Cord يبقى عندي Inferior Angle فاتح فيه اللي
+
+217
+00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:47,840
+هو the Central Spinal Canal وفي Superior Angle فاتح
+
+218
+00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:53,520
+the Cerebral أو the Silvius Aqueduct وفي عندي Lateral
+
+219
+00:21:53,520 --> 00:22:01,080
+Angle the Lateral Angle Right and Left lateral angle
+
+220
+00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:06,680
+بفتح فيهم foramen على ال right اسمه right luschka foramen
+
+221
+00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:10,680
+وعلى ال left اسمه left luschka foramen يبقى
+
+222
+00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:15,120
+بالطريقة هذه أنا شرحتلكم ال angles of the fourth
+
+223
+00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:22,400
+ventricle الآن
+
+224
+00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:27,480
+صار الموضوع سهل communications of the fourth
+
+225
+00:22:27,480 --> 00:22:32,860
+ventricle انا اتكلمت عن communication بين ال fourth
+
+226
+00:22:32,860 --> 00:22:40,720
+ventricle ها هي و ال third ventricle اسمها the silvius
+
+227
+00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:44,140
+أو the cerebral aqueduct بتكون فاتحة في ال superior
+
+228
+00:22:44,140 --> 00:22:49,560
+angle طب في ال inferior angle في communications
+
+229
+00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:57,400
+اسمها the central
+
+230
+00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:09,160
+spinal canal طيب
+
+231
+00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:16,420
+في ال lateral angle على ال right و على ال left في
+
+232
+00:23:16,420 --> 00:23:24,340
+right and left foramina
+
+233
+00:23:24,340 --> 00:23:27,720
+luschka
+
+234
+00:23:30,810 --> 00:23:34,810
+طيب في ال media .. بصير ال media في ال .. في ال
+
+235
+00:23:34,810 --> 00:23:40,490
+report فيها foramen
+
+236
+00:23:40,490 --> 00:23:44,670
+مجندي
+
+237
+00:23:44,670 --> 00:23:50,970
+.. foramen مجندي أو مجندي يقول عندي كام صاروا ..
+
+238
+00:23:50,970 --> 00:23:54,970
+صاروا أربعة صاروا كام foramen أو communication أربعة
+
+239
+00:23:55,910 --> 00:24:00,810
+the Cerebral Aqueduct أو the Central أو the Sylvius Aqueduct
+
+240
+00:24:00,810 --> 00:24:04,690
+هو عبارة عن connection between the fourth and the third
+
+241
+00:24:04,690 --> 00:24:10,390
+ventricle the Central Spinal Canal بيصرف جزء من ال CSF
+
+242
+00:24:10,390 --> 00:24:16,800
+على ال central spinal canal لمين؟ لل spinal cord و
+
+243
+00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:21,160
+ثلاثة foramina .. يعني ثلاثة foramina لوشكا foramina
+
+244
+00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:24,340
+بيكون ال lateral أو ماجيندي foramen بيكون
+
+245
+00:24:24,340 --> 00:24:30,450
+posterior هدول بيصرفوا ال CSF من ال fourth
+
+246
+00:24:30,450 --> 00:24:36,530
+ventricle لل subarachnoid space and the subarachnoid
+
+247
+00:24:36,530 --> 00:24:40,210
+cistern the subarachnoid space and the subarachnoid
+
+248
+00:24:40,210 --> 00:24:45,970
+cistern واحنا اتفجنا أن ال cistern هي عبارة عن
+
+249
+00:24:45,970 --> 00:24:54,690
+widening place of the subarachnoid space هاي
+
+250
+00:24:54,690 --> 00:24:58,630
+ممكن مرة نشرحهم هنا communications أو نشوف صورة
+
+251
+00:24:58,630 --> 00:24:58,950
+ثانية
+
+252
+00:25:02,160 --> 00:25:05,680
+هنا واضح هي ال communication بتاعة ال fourth
+
+253
+00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:10,960
+ventricle نرسم ال fourth ventricle هذا هو ال ايه
+
+254
+00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:18,400
+fourth ventricle أول
+
+255
+00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:22,500
+communication مع ال superior angle عن طريق
+
+256
+00:25:22,500 --> 00:25:29,040
+the cerebral aqueduct أو the sylvius aqueduct هي أول واحد
+
+257
+00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:35,680
+the Central Spinal Canal في الـ Closed Medulla وبعدين
+
+258
+00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:41,900
+في the Spinal Cord ثلاثة وأربعة في الـ Lateral بيكون
+
+259
+00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:47,740
+عندي فرع من the Luschka Right and Left و posteriorly
+
+260
+00:25:47,740 --> 00:25:53,070
+بيكون فرع من the Magendie السيلفياس اكويداكت أو
+
+261
+00:25:53,070 --> 00:25:56,470
+the cerebral aqueduct بربط ال third ventricle مع ال
+
+262
+00:25:56,470 --> 00:26:03,670
+fourth ventricle the Central spinal canal بعمل
+
+263
+00:26:03,670 --> 00:26:06,970
+connection ما بين ال fourth ventricle مع ال
+
+264
+00:26:06,970 --> 00:26:11,090
+the central spinal canal بتاعة ال spinal cordفورا من
+
+265
+00:26:11,090 --> 00:26:15,370
+اللوشكا أو ماجيندي بيصرفوا ال CSF من ال fourth
+
+266
+00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:20,010
+ventricle لال the subarachnoid space وال the subarachnoid
+
+267
+00:26:20,010 --> 00:26:24,190
+cistern وقولنا ال cistern هي عبارة عن the widening
+
+268
+00:26:24,190 --> 00:26:32,310
+place of the subarachnoid space هيك بيكون أنا شرحتلكم
+
+269
+00:26:32,310 --> 00:26:39,700
+ال ventricular system هاي واضح the sylvius aqueduct أو
+
+270
+00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:43,140
+the cerebroacviduct واضح عندي the central spinal canal
+
+271
+00:26:43,140 --> 00:26:47,720
+واضح عن اللوشكا ماجيندي foramen وفي ال lateral
+
+272
+00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:54,080
+بيكون two luschka foramina the cerebrospinal fluid أخر
+
+273
+00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:58,340
+جزئية في المحاضرة the cerebrospinal fluid هي عبارة عن
+
+274
+00:26:58,340 --> 00:27:04,040
+fluid which circulates in the ventricles and the
+
+275
+00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:11,200
+central canal of the CNS وأيضًا تدفع إلى الـ
+
+276
+00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:18,340
+the Subarachnoid space الـ production of the CSF بتتم من
+
+277
+00:27:18,340 --> 00:27:23,220
+ال ependymal cells موجودة في the choroid plexuses of
+
+278
+00:27:23,220 --> 00:27:27,560
+the lateral third and fourth ventricle لكن أكتر شيء
+
+279
+00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:33,410
+بيكون في ال lateral ventricle بين دايما بتعمل
+
+280
+00:27:33,410 --> 00:27:40,610
+extraction أو production لل CSF من ال capillaries
+
+281
+00:27:40,610 --> 00:27:45,630
+بتاعة ال arteries وبتعمل عملية فلترة وبتخرج ال CSF من
+
+282
+00:27:45,630 --> 00:27:48,210
+ال blood من ال arterial blood في ال ventricular
+
+283
+00:27:48,210 --> 00:27:53,910
+system the circulation of the CSF سيبونا من ال slide هذا
+
+284
+00:27:53,910 --> 00:27:58,410
+نتبع مع بعض على the slide هنا أو بتقول على ال slide
+
+285
+00:27:58,410 --> 00:28:01,730
+اللي أنا رسمته نفس الشيء على الصورة اللي رسمتها الـ
+
+286
+00:28:01,730 --> 00:28:07,190
+CSF اللي تم اله production من الـ third ventricle
+
+287
+00:28:07,190 --> 00:28:11,910
+بعبر عن طريق الـ interventricular foramen of Monro
+
+288
+00:28:11,910 --> 00:28:16,690
+right and left و بيروح لوين؟ لل third ventricle ها
+
+289
+00:28:16,690 --> 00:28:25,090
+ايه دخل و راحوا لوين؟ ل .. نرسم بلون ثاني و راحوا
+
+290
+00:28:25,090 --> 00:28:29,350
+ل .. لل third ventricle
+
+291
+00:28:35,420 --> 00:28:39,120
+هيو بيسلموا على ال third ventricle و بياخدوا ال
+
+292
+00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:43,660
+CSF من ال third ventricle و بيدخلوا لوين؟
+
+293
+00:28:43,660 --> 00:28:48,640
+ل the cerebral aqueduct و
+
+294
+00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:53,320
+بيروحوا لوين؟ لال third من ال third ventricle
+
+295
+00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:57,980
+بيروحوا لال fourth ventricle جزء بسيط من ال CSF
+
+296
+00:28:58,630 --> 00:29:03,510
+بيروح ل the central spinal canal ل the central spinal
+
+297
+00:29:03,510 --> 00:29:08,730
+canal الجزء الأكبر بيغادر ال ventricles عن طريق
+
+298
+00:29:08,730 --> 00:29:12,570
+ماجيندي foramina و لوشكا foramina right and left
+
+299
+00:29:12,570 --> 00:29:17,710
+بيغادروا من لوشكا و من ماجيندي foramina و أين
+
+300
+00:29:17,710 --> 00:29:25,070
+بيطلعوا؟ ال the subarachnoid space of the brain and the
+
+301
+00:29:25,070 --> 00:29:30,710
+subarachnoid space of the spinal cord هيك بالطريقة هذه
+
+302
+00:29:30,710 --> 00:29:35,570
+أنا شرحتلكوا كله على ال slide واضح و سلس و سهل و
+
+303
+00:29:35,570 --> 00:29:42,250
+مش صعب نتبع
+
+304
+00:29:42,250 --> 00:29:46,850
+مع بعض السلس اللي جابنا نشوفه The CSF in each
+
+305
+00:29:46,850 --> 00:29:49,490
+lateral ventricle بيمورف الـ the Interventricular
+
+306
+00:29:49,490 --> 00:29:54,010
+Foramen of Monroe بعد ذلك للثيرد Ventricle عن طريق
+
+307
+00:29:54,010 --> 00:29:58,090
+the Aqueduct of Silvius أو the Silvius Aqueduct بيمورفيه
+
+308
+00:29:58,090 --> 00:30:02,110
+وبعدها بنتجل لل fourth ventricle جزء من ال CSF
+
+309
+00:30:02,110 --> 00:30:06,090
+بيروح لل the Central Spinal Canal والجزء الأكبر بيروح
+
+310
+00:30:06,090 --> 00:30:10,230
+عن طريق ثلاثة foramina ماجيندي و لوشكا foramina
+
+311
+00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:14,930
+بيروح لها ال the subarachnoid space و ال the subarachnoid
+
+312
+00:30:14,930 --> 00:30:19,150
+cistern من ضمنهم the cerebellum medullary cistern و
+
+313
+00:30:19,150 --> 00:30:23,590
+pontine cistern كمان هدول موجودين في ال the subarachnoid
+
+314
+00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:28,740
+space منهم بيروح لل the subarachnoid space بتاعة ال
+
+315
+00:30:28,740 --> 00:30:32,500
+brain وال the spinal cord هيك بيكون عاملنا واتكلمنا
+
+316
+00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:38,570
+على ال circulation of the CSF طب absorption of the CSF؟ ال
+
+317
+00:30:38,570 --> 00:30:43,390
+absorption of the CSF بتتم عن طريق اللي هي the arachnoid
+
+318
+00:30:43,390 --> 00:30:47,370
+villi and the arachnoid granulation شرحت لكم بيام في
+
+319
+00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:51,350
+the arachnoid مطر و بيتم absorption و reabsorption
+
+320
+00:30:51,350 --> 00:30:56,050
+بتاعة ال CSF لل the dural venous sinuses و من ال
+
+321
+00:30:56,050 --> 00:30:58,910
+the dural venous sinuses بتروح على ال the jugular vein و
+
+322
+00:30:58,910 --> 00:31:02,430
+منهم بتروح على ال the venous blood و ال the venous blood
+
+323
+00:31:02,430 --> 00:31:10,100
+stream لل the right atrium of the heart هذا واضح
+
+324
+00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:13,560
+عندي اللي هم the arachnoid granulation الـ the arachnoid
+
+325
+00:31:13,560 --> 00:31:16,300
+villi بيكونوا microscopic بياخدوا ال CSF من ال the sub
+
+326
+00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:19,660
+the arachnoid space �� بيسلموه لل the dural venous sinuses
+
+327
+00:31:19,660 --> 00:31:23,700
+what's the function of the CSF؟ ايش ال functions تبع
+
+328
+00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:29,120
+ال CSF؟ أول شي support and protect the CNS against
+
+329
+00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:34,420
+trauma بيعملوا عملية امتصاص للصدماتTake place of
+
+330
+00:31:34,420 --> 00:31:38,620
+the lymph بعملوا protection لل CNNS من ال micro
+
+331
+00:31:38,620 --> 00:31:44,700
+organism the Regulation of the intracranial pressure
+
+332
+00:31:46,010 --> 00:31:49,250
+لأنه احنا أول شي برجع لرقم اتنين قلنا بيعملوا
+
+333
+00:31:49,250 --> 00:31:52,590
+عملية protection against microorganism لإنه ال CNS
+
+334
+00:31:52,590 --> 00:31:56,810
+مافيش في ال CNS the lymph أو the lymph nodes أو the lymphatic
+
+335
+00:31:56,810 --> 00:32:01,730
+vessels مين بيقوم في الحاجة هذه اللي هو ال CSF زاد
+
+336
+00:32:01,730 --> 00:32:06,670
+اللي هو the microglial cells the regulation of the
+
+337
+00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:10,330
+intracranial pressure remove metabolites and
+
+338
+00:32:10,330 --> 00:32:13,810
+toxics from the central nervous system and
+
+339
+00:32:13,810 --> 00:32:18,970
+the nourishment function of the CNS بيعملوا عملية تغذية لل
+
+340
+00:32:18,970 --> 00:32:23,290
+the CNS هنا بزيلوا المواد والفضلات اللي بتخرج من
+
+341
+00:32:23,290 --> 00:32:27,310
+الميتابوليزم والمواد السامة من ال brain الـ
+
+342
+00:32:27,310 --> 00:32:32,430
+Characters of the normal CSF the Appearance بيكون
+
+343
+00:32:32,430 --> 00:32:35,970
+Clear Water Fluid the Isotonic بيكون لون لون الماء ال
+
+344
+00:32:35,970 --> 00:32:39,510
+the amount حوالي 100 ل 150 ملي لتر ال the replacement
+
+345
+00:32:39,510 --> 00:32:45,150
+بتغير تلات مرات هذا ال CSF بيحدث the production تقريبا
+
+346
+00:32:45,150 --> 00:32:48,590
+تلاتة من عشرة لاربع من عشرة ملي لتر بالدقيقة
+
+347
+00:32:48,590 --> 00:32:53,770
+الواحدة في اليوم بيصنع جسمنا من أربع مية لخمس مائة
+
+348
+00:32:53,770 --> 00:32:59,380
+ملي لتر the CSF ال pressure بتاعه 100 ل 180 millimeter
+
+349
+00:32:59,380 --> 00:33:02,720
+of water ال the blood pressure بيكون of mercury هنا
+
+350
+00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:06,960
+of water ال the rate of the production قلناه the cells بيكونوا
+
+351
+00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:10,100
+ال cells ال the white blood cells بيكونوا من 0 ل 5 و
+
+352
+00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:13,580
+بيكونوا كلهم the lymphocytes بيكونوا كلهم the lymphocytes
+
+353
+00:33:13,580 --> 00:33:17,440
+ولا واحدة neutrophils ال the RBCs كلوات الدم الحمراء
+
+354
+00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:19,900
+لازم تكون zero مش موجودة كلوات الدم الحمراء
+
+355
+00:33:20,390 --> 00:33:25,450
+the glucose 60 ميلي جرام لديسلتر و أصحى نقول 70% من
+
+356
+00:33:25,450 --> 00:33:27,530
+the Ceramic Glucose لأنه ممكن المريض يكون مريض
+
+357
+00:33:27,530 --> 00:33:30,770
+سكر، سكره عالي أو العكس، سكره محروق يبقى بتتم
+
+358
+00:33:30,770 --> 00:33:33,830
+المقارنة مع الـ the Ceramic Glucose و الـ the Total
+
+359
+00:33:33,830 --> 00:33:39,090
+the Protein من 15 ل 50 ميلي جرام لديسلتر، أنا بدي أشرح
+
+360
+00:33:39,090 --> 00:33:43,600
+بس لو .. لو حدث the tumor هنالو اجت the tumor في ال
+
+361
+00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:49,120
+the midbrain أو في ال the cerebellum وضغط على ايه؟ على اللي
+
+362
+00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:52,220
+هو ال the Sylvius aqueduct، the cerebral aqueduct في
+
+363
+00:33:52,220 --> 00:33:56,940
+الحالة هذه بيحدث عندنا حاجة اسمها the hydrocephalus،
+
+364
+00:33:56,940 --> 00:34:00,450
+بيصير انتفاخ في البطين في الحالة هاد راح يصير
+
+365
+00:34:00,450 --> 00:34:04,130
+the dilatation في ال third ventricle و ال both
+
+366
+00:34:04,130 --> 00:34:09,150
+ventricles لكن لو حدث the exclusion في one monroe يصير
+
+367
+00:34:09,150 --> 00:34:12,910
+the dilatation في one lateral ventricle two monroe في
+
+368
+00:34:12,910 --> 00:34:15,770
+ال two lateral ventricles و هكذا
+
+369
+00:34:18,850 --> 00:34:21,890
+بهيك بنكون إن شاء الله وصلنا لنهاية المحاضرة بتاعة
+
+370
+00:34:21,890 --> 00:34:25,070
+ال mini G و هي ال the ventricular system of the brain
+
+371
+00:34:25,070 --> 00:34:27,870
+and the cerebrospinal fluid circulation 

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/Ev3PGmWnexI_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1484 @@
+1
+00:00:05,080 --> 00:00:07,540
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:07,540 --> 00:00:13,840
+وبركاته الجزء الثاني من محاضرة الأسبوع الخامس رح
+
+3
+00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:18,200
+تكون على ventricles of the brain and CSF
+
+4
+00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:24,430
+circulationThe brain and spinal cord float within
+
+5
+00:00:24,430 --> 00:00:30,170
+a protective bath of cerebrospinal fluid. الدماغ و
+
+6
+00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:38,810
+الحبل الشوكي بيسبحوا في حوض من السائل الدماغي
+
+7
+00:00:38,810 --> 00:00:46,040
+الشوكي CSFis produced by the choroidal plexus
+
+8
+00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:49,960
+واحنا عارفين في ال ventricular system في ال
+
+9
+00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:53,640
+choroidal plexus أصلها جاية من invagination of the
+
+10
+00:00:53,640 --> 00:00:59,920
+pia mater و ال choroidal plexus contains ependymal
+
+11
+00:00:59,920 --> 00:01:03,140
+cells و ال ependymal cells تمنا production ل ال
+
+12
+00:01:03,140 --> 00:01:09,410
+CSFEach part of the central nervous system contain
+
+13
+00:01:09,410 --> 00:01:14,210
+a component of the ventricular system يعني لو
+
+14
+00:01:14,210 --> 00:01:18,530
+اتكلمنا على ال cerebral hemisphere في lateral
+
+15
+00:01:18,530 --> 00:01:23,250
+ventricle، diencephalon third ventricle في
+
+16
+00:01:23,250 --> 00:01:26,510
+الcerebellum و المدلة و ال pons في fourth
+
+17
+00:01:26,510 --> 00:01:31,510
+ventricle، في ال midbrain في silvius aqueduct أو
+
+18
+00:01:31,510 --> 00:01:37,470
+بنسميها cerebral aqueductالـ ventricles contain
+
+19
+00:01:37,470 --> 00:01:46,150
+about 35 milliliter of cerebrospinal fluid the
+
+20
+00:01:46,150 --> 00:01:50,850
+ventricles of the brain there
+
+21
+00:01:50,850 --> 00:01:54,310
+are four interconnection ventricles of the brain
+
+22
+00:01:54,310 --> 00:02:00,410
+في عندنا four ventricles lateral ventricles البطين
+
+23
+00:02:00,410 --> 00:02:05,900
+الجانبي right and left lateral ventriclethird
+
+24
+00:02:05,900 --> 00:02:11,700
+ventricle البطين الثالث and fourth ventricle
+
+25
+00:02:11,700 --> 00:02:17,220
+البطين الرابع يبقى عندنا four interconnection
+
+26
+00:02:17,220 --> 00:02:22,980
+ventricles two lateral ventricles and one third
+
+27
+00:02:22,980 --> 00:02:30,720
+ventricle and a fourth ventricle اللحظة هنا عندي
+
+28
+00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:33,800
+lateral ventricle
+
+29
+00:02:36,730 --> 00:02:42,830
+left and right lateral ventricle بعدها بيجي third
+
+30
+00:02:42,830 --> 00:02:47,870
+ventricle وفي الآخر في عندي ايه fourth ventricle
+
+31
+00:02:47,870 --> 00:02:56,530
+هنا عندي في الصورة واضح cavity
+
+32
+00:02:56,530 --> 00:03:03,090
+of right lateral ventricle بعدين هنا في بتكون
+
+33
+00:03:03,090 --> 00:03:09,820
+cavity ofthird ventricle وهنا فيه اللي هي cavity
+
+34
+00:03:09,820 --> 00:03:15,940
+of a fourth ventricle و ال connection القناة اللي
+
+35
+00:03:15,940 --> 00:03:20,520
+بتوصل ما بين ال third ventricle و ال fourth
+
+36
+00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:26,520
+ventricle اسمها silvius aqueduct او cerebral
+
+37
+00:03:26,520 --> 00:03:33,270
+aqueduct اسمها silvius aqueductأو cerebral
+
+38
+00:03:33,270 --> 00:03:48,290
+aqueduct أو بنسميها aqueduct of midbrain نبدأ
+
+39
+00:03:48,290 --> 00:03:53,270
+ب lateral ventricle لدينا two lateral ventricles
+
+40
+00:03:53,270 --> 00:03:58,510
+right and left lateral ventricles side
+
+41
+00:03:59,940 --> 00:04:03,360
+lateral ventricles عبارة عن cavity of cerebral
+
+42
+00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:06,660
+hemispheres يعني انها right cerebral hemisphere و
+
+43
+00:04:06,660 --> 00:04:10,120
+left cerebral hemisphere كل cerebral hemisphere
+
+44
+00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:12,660
+اللي لهم cavity اسمه lateral ventricles يعني انها
+
+45
+00:04:12,660 --> 00:04:16,700
+right and left lateral ventricles لو اتكلمنا عن ال
+
+46
+00:04:16,700 --> 00:04:22,400
+origin of lateral
+
+47
+00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,600
+ventricles بيكون جاي من telencephalon او
+
+48
+00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,820
+prosencephalon communication
+
+49
+00:04:31,580 --> 00:04:41,000
+no any direct connections between right and left
+
+50
+00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,480
+lateral ventricles يعني مافي انها direct
+
+51
+00:04:44,480 --> 00:04:46,820
+connection between right and left lateral
+
+52
+00:04:46,820 --> 00:04:53,260
+ventricle نرسمهم مع بعض الآن هي ان انا برسم
+
+53
+00:05:24,530 --> 00:05:33,650
+أنا رسمت right وهي برسم فيه left lateral
+
+54
+00:05:33,650 --> 00:05:35,250
+ventricle يعني عندي
+
+55
+00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:56,420
+right lateral ventricle و left lateral ventricle
+
+56
+00:05:56,420 --> 00:06:02,540
+okay no direct connection between both lateral
+
+57
+00:06:02,540 --> 00:06:05,460
+ventricles تمام بعدها بدنا نرسم
+
+58
+00:06:11,790 --> 00:06:13,170
+third ventricle
+
+59
+00:06:36,980 --> 00:06:42,700
+بين ال lateral ventricle و ال third ventricle فى
+
+60
+00:06:42,700 --> 00:06:51,760
+foramen left interventricular foramen of monroe و
+
+61
+00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:59,320
+هنا فى right interventricular foramen of monroe
+
+62
+00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:05,210
+يعني احنا رسلناleft lateral ventricle و right
+
+63
+00:07:05,210 --> 00:07:09,010
+lateral ventricle و رسمنا third ventricle no
+
+64
+00:07:09,010 --> 00:07:12,630
+direct connection between both lateral ventricles
+
+65
+00:07:12,630 --> 00:07:18,170
+but presented indirect connection من خلال ايه؟
+
+66
+00:07:19,470 --> 00:07:23,570
+interventricular foramen of Monroe كم Monroe فينا؟
+
+67
+00:07:23,570 --> 00:07:28,050
+فينا two foramen of Monroe فينا left foramen of
+
+68
+00:07:28,050 --> 00:07:32,150
+Monroe و في right foramen of Monroe يبقى ال
+
+69
+00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:36,410
+communication بتاع ال lateral ventricle H lateral
+
+70
+00:07:36,410 --> 00:07:41,410
+ventricle communicates with the third ventricle
+
+71
+00:07:41,410 --> 00:07:45,770
+through interventricular foramen of Monroe right
+
+72
+00:07:45,770 --> 00:07:46,510
+and left
+
+73
+00:07:50,300 --> 00:07:53,360
+What's the part of the lateral ventricle؟ إيش
+
+74
+00:07:53,360 --> 00:07:56,220
+أجزاء ال lateral ventricle؟ ال lateral ventricle
+
+75
+00:07:56,220 --> 00:08:02,140
+contains anterior horn أو frontal horn located in
+
+76
+00:08:02,140 --> 00:08:08,180
+frontal loop، posterior horn أو occipital horn
+
+77
+00:08:08,180 --> 00:08:13,330
+located in occipital loop،Inferior horn أو
+
+78
+00:08:13,330 --> 00:08:17,690
+temporal horn located in temporal loop مين راح
+
+79
+00:08:17,690 --> 00:08:21,550
+يزعل؟ ال parietal loop مايزعلش ال parietal loop و
+
+80
+00:08:21,550 --> 00:08:26,270
+في جزء اسمه body أو central part of the lateral
+
+81
+00:08:26,270 --> 00:08:30,990
+ventricle which is located in the parietal loopو
+
+82
+00:08:30,990 --> 00:08:36,530
+في شي اسمه trigon او atrium دي لاتيشن at the
+
+83
+00:08:36,530 --> 00:08:41,070
+meeting of the inferior and posterior horn وين
+
+84
+00:08:41,070 --> 00:08:44,570
+بتقابل ال anterior و ال posterior horn نشوف مع بعض
+
+85
+00:08:44,570 --> 00:08:51,390
+على الصورة هنا في الخلف عندي هنا posterior horn
+
+86
+00:08:51,390 --> 00:09:00,210
+posterior horn و في الأمام بيكون anterior hornوهنا
+
+87
+00:09:00,210 --> 00:09:05,570
+ايش ال body او ال central part body او ال central
+
+88
+00:09:05,570 --> 00:09:09,330
+part مش هينبين انها الأجزاء الثانية يعني يعني عندي
+
+89
+00:09:09,330 --> 00:09:12,310
+في posterior horn بتكون في ال occipital loop في
+
+90
+00:09:12,310 --> 00:09:16,070
+anterior horn بتكون في ال frontal loop وفي body
+
+91
+00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:25,330
+بتكون في parietal loop في parietal loop واضح
+
+92
+00:09:25,330 --> 00:09:25,770
+عندي هنا
+
+93
+00:09:28,940 --> 00:09:34,000
+انتيريور هارن بوستيريور هارن و تحت في ال temporal
+
+94
+00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:40,630
+loop في inferior horn يعني frontal hornأكسبتال
+
+95
+00:09:40,630 --> 00:09:45,310
+هورن كيمبورال هورن أو اسم ثاني انتريور هورن
+
+96
+00:09:45,310 --> 00:09:50,550
+بوستيريور هورن انفريور هورن طب و المكان تلاقي
+
+97
+00:09:50,550 --> 00:09:54,790
+الانفريور هورن مع ال بوستيريور هورن هذا المكان
+
+98
+00:09:54,790 --> 00:10:01,470
+بنسميه تريجون بنسميه تريجون او أتريوم of lateral
+
+99
+00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:02,290
+ventricle
+
+100
+00:10:08,870 --> 00:10:15,950
+لاحظوا هنا على سجن teleview عندي anterior horn,
+
+101
+00:10:17,650 --> 00:10:26,870
+posterior horn, inferior horn, body و هذا المكان
+
+102
+00:10:26,870 --> 00:10:34,830
+بنسمي atrium او trigonهو مكان تلاقي ال posterior
+
+103
+00:10:34,830 --> 00:10:38,510
+horn مع ال inferior horn، لكن الأصح لو قلنا أصح
+
+104
+00:10:38,510 --> 00:10:45,310
+كمان هو عبارة عن تلاقي ما بين posterior horn مع ال
+
+105
+00:10:45,310 --> 00:10:51,140
+inferior horn و ال bodyمكان بتلاقى فيه ال body مع
+
+106
+00:10:51,140 --> 00:10:53,140
+ال posterior horn و ال inferior horn لكن الكتب
+
+107
+00:10:53,140 --> 00:10:56,240
+بيكتبوا هو عبارة عن مكان وين بتلاقى فيه ال
+
+108
+00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:59,860
+posterior horn مع ال inferior horn الأصح تلاقي ما
+
+109
+00:10:59,860 --> 00:11:05,240
+بين posterior horn و inferior horn and body of
+
+110
+00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:09,060
+lateral ventricle and body of lateral ventricle
+
+111
+00:11:09,060 --> 00:11:16,710
+لاحظوا هنا في فرم هنا واحد اتنينواحد بيكون مع ال
+
+112
+00:11:16,710 --> 00:11:18,430
+left lateral ventricle و مع ال right lateral
+
+113
+00:11:18,430 --> 00:11:21,810
+ventricle هذول communication مع مين؟ مع ال third
+
+114
+00:11:21,810 --> 00:11:25,390
+ventricle مع ايه؟ مع ال third ventricle مع ال
+
+115
+00:11:25,390 --> 00:11:28,990
+third ventricle اسمه Interventricular Foramen of
+
+116
+00:11:28,990 --> 00:11:41,650
+Monroe Interventricular Foramen of Monroe هذا
+
+117
+00:11:41,650 --> 00:11:47,320
+واضح على ال axial cutهذا anterior horn وهذا
+
+118
+00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:53,100
+posterior horn أو هذا posterior horn وهذا تراجون
+
+119
+00:11:53,100 --> 00:12:05,980
+او أتريام تجي هنا تراجون او أتريام ننتقل
+
+120
+00:12:05,980 --> 00:12:15,020
+الآن لثير ذنتركل ثير ذنتركل عبارة عن cavityهو
+
+121
+00:12:15,020 --> 00:12:19,600
+كفتيه of diencephalon it is narrow cavity situated
+
+122
+00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:25,780
+in the midline between the right and left thalamus
+
+123
+00:12:25,780 --> 00:12:32,270
+و الهيبو ثلامس بين ال right و ال leftفي adhesion
+
+124
+00:12:32,270 --> 00:12:36,610
+بنسميها interthalamic adhesion هي هذي اللي انا
+
+125
+00:12:36,610 --> 00:12:40,230
+رسمتها هي عبارة عن interthalamic adhesion
+
+126
+00:12:40,230 --> 00:12:44,430
+interthalamic ايه؟ adhesion يعني هذا المكان
+
+127
+00:12:44,430 --> 00:12:49,730
+connection between right and left thalami okay ال
+
+128
+00:12:49,730 --> 00:12:55,690
+origin of third ventricle from diencephalon او
+
+129
+00:12:55,690 --> 00:12:57,810
+كمان صح frozen cephalon
+
+130
+00:13:00,320 --> 00:13:07,440
+هنا عندي ال axial cut هذا هو ال third ventric اللي
+
+131
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:11,220
+بيجي في النصف من المنتصف و بيحده من الشمال و
+
+132
+00:13:11,220 --> 00:13:18,980
+اليمين left thalamus و right thalamus غير هيك بيمر
+
+133
+00:13:18,980 --> 00:13:25,240
+في شي اسمهinterthalamic adhesion connections
+
+134
+00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:30,200
+between left and right ثلمائي يبقى هي عبارة عن
+
+135
+00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:34,340
+connection between left and right ثلمائي كام third
+
+136
+00:13:34,340 --> 00:13:38,620
+ventricle عندنا one third ventricle عندنا one
+
+137
+00:13:38,620 --> 00:13:44,240
+third ventricle ننتقل ل communications of third
+
+138
+00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:48,000
+ventricle اول communication انا اتكلمت عنها
+
+139
+00:13:49,130 --> 00:13:56,090
+anterior superiorly من الأمام ومن أعلى the third
+
+140
+00:13:56,090 --> 00:14:01,690
+ventricle communicates with a lateral ventricle
+
+141
+00:14:01,690 --> 00:14:06,570
+يعني ال third ventricle communicates with a both
+
+142
+00:14:06,570 --> 00:14:13,490
+lateral ventricleOkay كمان مرة اللي هو ال third
+
+143
+00:14:13,490 --> 00:14:19,170
+ventricle communicates anterior superiorly with
+
+144
+00:14:19,170 --> 00:14:23,910
+both lateral ventricles من طريق ايه؟ او عن طريق
+
+145
+00:14:23,910 --> 00:14:29,270
+ايه؟ عن طريق interventricular foramen of Monroe كم
+
+146
+00:14:29,270 --> 00:14:34,070
+Monroe عندي؟ left and right Monroe يبقى خلصنا من
+
+147
+00:14:34,070 --> 00:14:35,990
+الاعلى طب من أسفل
+
+148
+00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:47,600
+Posterior inferiorly Posterior
+
+149
+00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:53,820
+inferiorly communicate with fourth ventricle with
+
+150
+00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:57,220
+ايه؟
+
+151
+00:14:57,220 --> 00:15:04,940
+with fourth ventricle عن طريق ايه؟ هذه fourth
+
+152
+00:15:04,940 --> 00:15:07,680
+ventricle
+
+153
+00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:16,180
+عن طريق enter او بنسميه cerebral .. cerebral
+
+154
+00:15:16,180 --> 00:15:25,180
+aqueduct او له اسم ثاني silvius aqueduct يعني
+
+155
+00:15:25,180 --> 00:15:29,400
+silvius aqueduct او cerebral aqueduct تعمل
+
+156
+00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:32,440
+connection ما بين ال third ventricle مع ال fourth
+
+157
+00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:37,060
+كمان مرة نعيد communication of third ventricle
+
+158
+00:15:38,550 --> 00:15:42,530
+anterior superiorly من الأمام ومن أعلى
+
+159
+00:15:42,530 --> 00:15:45,790
+communicates
+
+160
+00:15:45,790 --> 00:15:51,450
+مع both lateral ventricles عن طريق ايه؟
+
+161
+00:15:51,450 --> 00:15:55,670
+Interventricular foramen of Monroe two Monroe
+
+162
+00:15:55,670 --> 00:16:01,930
+اثنين posterior inferiorly من الخلف ومن تحت
+
+163
+00:16:01,930 --> 00:16:10,380
+communicates withfourth ventricle عن طريق ايه؟
+
+164
+00:16:10,380 --> 00:16:15,200
+sylvius او cerebral aqueduct اللي هو يعتبر cavity
+
+165
+00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:22,120
+of midbrain cavity of midbrain هاي عندنا
+
+166
+00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:29,880
+interthalamic adhesion هاي منروفورامين وهي عندي
+
+167
+00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:33,880
+ايه؟ cerebral aqueduct اللي بربط ما بين
+
+168
+00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:49,740
+third ventricle مع مين؟ مع fourth ventricle و
+
+169
+00:16:49,740 --> 00:17:03,620
+anterior superior ليه؟ عندي من عندي
+
+170
+00:17:03,620 --> 00:17:04,280
+في ايه؟
+
+171
+00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:13,100
+من رو فورامن Right
+
+172
+00:17:13,100 --> 00:17:17,600
+and left بيعمل connection بين ال lateral ventricle
+
+173
+00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:21,680
+مع مين؟ مع ال third ventricle يعني هي عندي lateral
+
+174
+00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:26,340
+ventricles عن طريق من رو ارتبطوا مع ال third
+
+175
+00:17:26,340 --> 00:17:29,800
+ventricle ال third ventricle عن طريق سربع ال
+
+176
+00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:34,710
+aqueductمع مين؟ مع ال fourth ventricle هاد ال
+
+177
+00:17:34,710 --> 00:17:40,870
+communication between the ventricular system واضح
+
+178
+00:17:40,870 --> 00:17:45,290
+ان دي lateral ventricle communicates مع ال third
+
+179
+00:17:45,290 --> 00:17:47,530
+ventricle عن طريق interventricular foramen of
+
+180
+00:17:47,530 --> 00:17:51,410
+Monroe and right and left Monroe بعدين third
+
+181
+00:17:51,410 --> 00:17:54,690
+ventricle عن طريق cerebral aqueduct أو sylvius
+
+182
+00:17:54,690 --> 00:17:58,410
+aqueduct communicates with ايش؟ with fourth
+
+183
+00:17:58,410 --> 00:17:58,990
+ventricle
+
+184
+00:18:19,220 --> 00:18:25,960
+الان بنتقل لل fourth ventricle
+
+185
+00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:31,960
+هذا
+
+186
+00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:38,020
+left lateral ventricle
+
+187
+00:18:38,020 --> 00:18:42,800
+okay fourth
+
+188
+00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:50,070
+ventricle it is cavity of hind brainو ممكن اقول it
+
+189
+00:18:50,070 --> 00:18:55,770
+is cavity of rhombocephalon وين موجود؟ located
+
+190
+00:18:55,770 --> 00:19:00,010
+between cerebellum
+
+191
+00:19:00,010 --> 00:19:05,470
+and pons medulla blankata يعني بيحدوا من الخلف
+
+192
+00:19:05,470 --> 00:19:12,990
+الcerebellum و بيحدوا من الأمام ال pons و ال upper
+
+193
+00:19:12,990 --> 00:19:18,170
+medulla او open medullaطيب بكلام ثاني لو بدى نصيغه
+
+194
+00:19:18,170 --> 00:19:26,490
+وين موجود ال fourth ventricle located between the
+
+195
+00:19:26,490 --> 00:19:34,630
+dorsal cervix of pons and open medulla and
+
+196
+00:19:35,750 --> 00:19:40,130
+ventral service of cerebellum يبقى ان هو ال cavity
+
+197
+00:19:40,130 --> 00:19:46,190
+هذا محصور ما بين ال ventral cavity of cerebellum
+
+198
+00:19:46,190 --> 00:19:51,970
+من الخلف و ال dorsal service بتاع ال palms و ال
+
+199
+00:19:51,970 --> 00:19:59,390
+upper medulla او open medulla من الأمام تمام ال
+
+200
+00:19:59,390 --> 00:20:05,590
+angles الموجودة في ال fourth ventricleأول شيء فيه
+
+201
+00:20:05,590 --> 00:20:11,190
+superior angle و inferior angle و lateral angle
+
+202
+00:20:11,190 --> 00:20:19,030
+superior angle بفتح فيه اللي هو silvius aqueduct
+
+203
+00:20:19,030 --> 00:20:24,270
+أو cerebral aqueduct من أعلى superior angle ال
+
+204
+00:20:24,270 --> 00:20:30,470
+inferior angle بيمر في ال central spinal canal
+
+205
+00:20:30,470 --> 00:20:35,530
+بيمر في ال closed medullaطيب و ال lateral angle
+
+206
+00:20:35,530 --> 00:20:41,470
+right and left lateral angle بيمر فيه فرمن اسمه
+
+207
+00:20:41,470 --> 00:20:45,530
+logica right logica فرمن و left logica فرمن كمان
+
+208
+00:20:45,530 --> 00:20:54,110
+مرة في عندي superior angle تشوف مع الصورة هيهم هي
+
+209
+00:20:54,110 --> 00:21:02,290
+angle superior angle مين فاتح فيه فاتح اللي هو
+
+210
+00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:13,880
+cerebral aqueduct هذا في ال superior angle طب في
+
+211
+00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:21,020
+ال inferior angle هى inferior angle بفتح
+
+212
+00:21:21,020 --> 00:21:26,120
+فيه central
+
+213
+00:21:26,120 --> 00:21:29,260
+central
+
+214
+00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:34,500
+Spinal Canal Central Spinal Canal اللي بيمر وين؟
+
+215
+00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,680
+أول شي بيمر في الـ Closed Medulla وبعدين بيمر في
+
+216
+00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:43,320
+Spinal Cord يبقى عندي Inferior Angle فاتح فيه اللي
+
+217
+00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:47,840
+هو Central Spinal Canal وفي Superior Angle فاتح
+
+218
+00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:53,520
+Cerebral أو Silvius Aqueduct وفي عندي Lateral
+
+219
+00:21:53,520 --> 00:22:01,080
+Angle Lateral Angle Right and Leftlateral angle
+
+220
+00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:06,680
+بفتح فيهم فرمن على ال right اسمه right lochka
+
+221
+00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:10,680
+foramen وعلى ال left اسمه left lochka foramen يبقى
+
+222
+00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:15,120
+بالطريقة هذه انا شرحتلكم ال angles of fourth
+
+223
+00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:22,400
+ventricle الآن
+
+224
+00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:27,480
+صار الموضوع سهل communications of the fourth
+
+225
+00:22:27,480 --> 00:22:32,860
+ventricle انا اتكلمتعن communication بين ال fourth
+
+226
+00:22:32,860 --> 00:22:40,720
+ventricle ها هي و ال third ventricle اسمها silvius
+
+227
+00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:44,140
+او cerebral aqueduct بتكون فاتحة في ال superior
+
+228
+00:22:44,140 --> 00:22:49,560
+angle طب في ال inferior angle في communications
+
+229
+00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:57,400
+اسمها central
+
+230
+00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:09,160
+spinal canal طيب
+
+231
+00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:16,420
+في ال lateral angle على ال right و على ال left في
+
+232
+00:23:16,420 --> 00:23:24,340
+right and left formina
+
+233
+00:23:24,340 --> 00:23:27,720
+logica
+
+234
+00:23:30,810 --> 00:23:34,810
+طيب في ال media .. بصير ال media في ال .. في ال
+
+235
+00:23:34,810 --> 00:23:40,490
+report فيها فرمان
+
+236
+00:23:40,490 --> 00:23:44,670
+مجندي
+
+237
+00:23:44,670 --> 00:23:50,970
+.. فرمان مجندي او مجندي يقول عندي كام صاروا ..
+
+238
+00:23:50,970 --> 00:23:54,970
+صاروا اربعة صاروا كام فرمان او communication اربعة
+
+239
+00:23:55,910 --> 00:24:00,810
+Cerebral Aqueduct أو Central أو Sylvius Aqueduct
+
+240
+00:24:00,810 --> 00:24:04,690
+هو عبارة عن connection between fourth and third
+
+241
+00:24:04,690 --> 00:24:10,390
+ventricle Central Spinal Canal بيصرف جزء من ال CSF
+
+242
+00:24:10,390 --> 00:24:16,800
+على ال central spinal canal لمين؟ لل spinal cordو
+
+243
+00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:21,160
+ثلاثة فرامنة .. يعني ثلاثة فرامنة تولوشكة فرامنة
+
+244
+00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:24,340
+بيكون اللاترال أو وان ماجيندي فرامن بيكون
+
+245
+00:24:24,340 --> 00:24:30,450
+بوستيريور هدول بيصرفوا ال CSFمن ال fourth
+
+246
+00:24:30,450 --> 00:24:36,530
+ventricle ل subarachnoid space and subarachnoid
+
+247
+00:24:36,530 --> 00:24:40,210
+cistern subarachnoid space and subarachnoid
+
+248
+00:24:40,210 --> 00:24:45,970
+cistern و احنا اتفجنا ان ال cistern هي عبارة عن
+
+249
+00:24:45,970 --> 00:24:54,690
+widening place of subarachnoid space هاي
+
+250
+00:24:54,690 --> 00:24:58,630
+ممكن مرة نشرحهم هنا communications او نشوف صورة
+
+251
+00:24:58,630 --> 00:24:58,950
+تانية
+
+252
+00:25:02,160 --> 00:25:05,680
+هنا واضح هى ال communication بتاعة ال fourth
+
+253
+00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:10,960
+ventricle نرسم ال fourth ventricle هذا هو ال ايه
+
+254
+00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:18,400
+fourth ventricle اول
+
+255
+00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:22,500
+communication مع ال superior angle عن طريق
+
+256
+00:25:22,500 --> 00:25:29,040
+cerebral aqueduct او sylvius aqueduct هى اول واحد
+
+257
+00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:35,680
+Central Spinal Canal في الـ Closed Medulla وبعدين
+
+258
+00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:41,900
+في Spinal Cord ثلاثة وأربعة في الـ Lateral بيكون
+
+259
+00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:47,740
+عندي فرع من Logica Right and Left و posteriorly
+
+260
+00:25:47,740 --> 00:25:53,070
+بيكون فرع من Magendieالسيلفياس اكويداكت او
+
+261
+00:25:53,070 --> 00:25:56,470
+cerebral aqueduct بربط ال third ventricle مع ال
+
+262
+00:25:56,470 --> 00:26:03,670
+fourth ventricle Central spinal canal بعمل
+
+263
+00:26:03,670 --> 00:26:06,970
+connection ما بين ال fourth ventricle مع ال
+
+264
+00:26:06,970 --> 00:26:11,090
+central spinal canal بتاعة ال spinal cordفورا من
+
+265
+00:26:11,090 --> 00:26:15,370
+الوشكا او ماجيندي بيصرفوا ال CSF من ال fourth
+
+266
+00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:20,010
+ventricle لال subarachnoid space والsubarachnoid
+
+267
+00:26:20,010 --> 00:26:24,190
+cistern وقولنا ال cistern هي عبارة عن widening
+
+268
+00:26:24,190 --> 00:26:32,310
+place of subarachnoid space هيك بيكون انا شرحتلكم
+
+269
+00:26:32,310 --> 00:26:39,700
+ال ventricular system هاي واضح syllabus aqueductأو
+
+270
+00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:43,140
+cerebroacviduct واضح عندي central spinal canal
+
+271
+00:26:43,140 --> 00:26:47,720
+واضح عن الوجكا المجندي foramen وفي ال lateral
+
+272
+00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:54,080
+بيكون two logica foramina cerebrospinal fluid أخر
+
+273
+00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:58,340
+جزئية في المحاضر�� cerebrospinal fluid هي عبارة عن
+
+274
+00:26:58,340 --> 00:27:04,040
+fluid which circulates in the ventricles and
+
+275
+00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:11,200
+central canal of CNSوأيضًا تدفع إلى الـ
+
+276
+00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:18,340
+Subarachnoid space الـ production of CSF بتتم من
+
+277
+00:27:18,340 --> 00:27:23,220
+ابن دايمة ال cells موجودة في الكرويذيا لبليكساس of
+
+278
+00:27:23,220 --> 00:27:27,560
+lateral third and fourth ventricle لكن أكتر شيء
+
+279
+00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:33,410
+بيكون في ال lateral ventricleبين دايما بتعمل
+
+280
+00:27:33,410 --> 00:27:40,610
+extraction او production لل CSF من ال capillaries
+
+281
+00:27:40,610 --> 00:27:45,630
+بتاعة الارتريز وبتعمل عملية فلترة وبتخرج ال CSF من
+
+282
+00:27:45,630 --> 00:27:48,210
+ال blood من ال arterial blood في ال ventricular
+
+283
+00:27:48,210 --> 00:27:53,910
+system circulation of CSF سيبونا من ال slide هذا
+
+284
+00:27:53,910 --> 00:27:58,410
+نتبع مع بعض على slide هان او بتقول على ال slide
+
+285
+00:27:58,410 --> 00:28:01,730
+اللي أنا رسمته نفس الشيء على الصورة اللي رسمتهاالـ
+
+286
+00:28:01,730 --> 00:28:07,190
+CSF اللى تم اله production من الـ third ventricle
+
+287
+00:28:07,190 --> 00:28:11,910
+بعبر عن طريق الـ interventricular forum من أومنروه
+
+288
+00:28:11,910 --> 00:28:16,690
+right and left و بيروح لوين؟ لل third ventricle ها
+
+289
+00:28:16,690 --> 00:28:25,090
+ايه دخل و راحوا لوين؟ ل .. نرسم بلون ثاني و راحوا
+
+290
+00:28:25,090 --> 00:28:29,350
+ل .. لل third ventricle
+
+291
+00:28:35,420 --> 00:28:39,120
+هيو بيسلموا على ال third ventricle و بياخدوا ال
+
+292
+00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:43,660
+CSF من ال third ventricle و بيدخلوا لوين؟
+
+293
+00:28:43,660 --> 00:28:48,640
+لcerebral aqueduct و
+
+294
+00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:53,320
+بيروحوا لوين؟ لال third من ال third ventricle
+
+295
+00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:57,980
+بيروحوا لال fourth ventricle جزء بسيط من ال CSF
+
+296
+00:28:58,630 --> 00:29:03,510
+بيروح ل central spinal canal ل central spinal
+
+297
+00:29:03,510 --> 00:29:08,730
+canal الجزء الأكبر بيغادر ال ventricles عن طريق
+
+298
+00:29:08,730 --> 00:29:12,570
+ماجيندي فورامنا و لوشكا فورامنا right and left
+
+299
+00:29:12,570 --> 00:29:17,710
+بيغادروا من لوشكا و من ماجيندي فورامنا و أين
+
+300
+00:29:17,710 --> 00:29:25,070
+بيطلعوا؟الـ subarachnoid space of the brain and
+
+301
+00:29:25,070 --> 00:29:30,710
+subarachnoid space of spinal cord هيك بالطريقة هذه
+
+302
+00:29:30,710 --> 00:29:35,570
+انا شرحتلكوا كله على ال slide واضح و سلس و سهل و
+
+303
+00:29:35,570 --> 00:29:42,250
+مش صعب نتبع
+
+304
+00:29:42,250 --> 00:29:46,850
+مع بعض السلس اللي جابنا نشوفهThe CSF in each
+
+305
+00:29:46,850 --> 00:29:49,490
+lateral ventricle بمورف الـ Interventricular
+
+306
+00:29:49,490 --> 00:29:54,010
+Foramen of Monroe بعد ذلك للثيرد Ventricle عن طريق
+
+307
+00:29:54,010 --> 00:29:58,090
+Aqueduct of Silvius أو Silvius Aqueduct بمورفيه
+
+308
+00:29:58,090 --> 00:30:02,110
+وبعدها بنتجل لل fourth ventricle جزء من ال CSF
+
+309
+00:30:02,110 --> 00:30:06,090
+بيروح لل Central Spinal Canalوالجزء الأكبر بيروح
+
+310
+00:30:06,090 --> 00:30:10,230
+عن طريق ثلاثة فرامين ماجيندي و تولوشكا فرامين
+
+311
+00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:14,930
+بيروح لها ال subarachnoid space و ال subarachnoid
+
+312
+00:30:14,930 --> 00:30:19,150
+cistern من ضمنهم cerebellum medullary cistern و
+
+313
+00:30:19,150 --> 00:30:23,590
+بنتين cistern كمان هدول موجودين في ال subarachnoid
+
+314
+00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:28,740
+spaceمنهم بيروح للـ subarachnoid space بتاعة ال
+
+315
+00:30:28,740 --> 00:30:32,500
+brain وال spinal cord هيك بيكون عاملنا واتكلمنا
+
+316
+00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:38,570
+على ال circulation of CSF طب absorption of CSF؟ال
+
+317
+00:30:38,570 --> 00:30:43,390
+absorption of CSF بتم عن طريق اللي هي arachnoid
+
+318
+00:30:43,390 --> 00:30:47,370
+villi and arachnoid granulation شرحت لكم بيام في
+
+319
+00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:51,350
+arachnoid مطر و بيتم absorption و reabsorption
+
+320
+00:30:51,350 --> 00:30:56,050
+بتاعة ال CSF للي ديورال venous sinuses و من لي
+
+321
+00:30:56,050 --> 00:30:58,910
+ديورال venous sinuses بتروح على ال jugular vein و
+
+322
+00:30:58,910 --> 00:31:02,430
+منهم بتروح على ال venous blood و ال venous blood
+
+323
+00:31:02,430 --> 00:31:10,100
+stream لاللي هو right atrium of the heartهذا واضح
+
+324
+00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:13,560
+عندي اللي هم arachnoid granulation الـ arachnoid
+
+325
+00:31:13,560 --> 00:31:16,300
+villi بيكونوا microscopic بياخدوا ال CSF من ال sub
+
+326
+00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:19,660
+arachnoid space و بيسلموه لديور ال venous sinuses
+
+327
+00:31:19,660 --> 00:31:23,700
+what's the function of CSF؟ ايش ال functions تبع
+
+328
+00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:29,120
+ال CSF؟ اول شي support and protect the CNS against
+
+329
+00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:34,420
+trauma بيعملوا عملية امتصاص للصدماتTake place of
+
+330
+00:31:34,420 --> 00:31:38,620
+the lymph بعملوا protection لل CNNS من ال micro
+
+331
+00:31:38,620 --> 00:31:44,700
+organism Regulation of the intracranial pressure
+
+332
+00:31:46,010 --> 00:31:49,250
+لأنه احنا اول شي برجع لرقم اتنين قلنا بيعملوا
+
+333
+00:31:49,250 --> 00:31:52,590
+عملية protection against microorganism لإنه ال CNS
+
+334
+00:31:52,590 --> 00:31:56,810
+مافيش في ال CNS lymph أو lymph nodes او lymphatic
+
+335
+00:31:56,810 --> 00:32:01,730
+vessels مين بيقوم في الحاجة هذه اللي هو ال CSF زاد
+
+336
+00:32:01,730 --> 00:32:06,670
+اللي هو microglial cellsregulation of the
+
+337
+00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:10,330
+intracranial pressure remove metabolites and
+
+338
+00:32:10,330 --> 00:32:13,810
+toxics from the central nervous system and
+
+339
+00:32:13,810 --> 00:32:18,970
+nourishment function of CNS بيعملوا عملية تغذية لل
+
+340
+00:32:18,970 --> 00:32:23,290
+CNS هنا بزيلوا المواد والفضلات اللي بتخرج من
+
+341
+00:32:23,290 --> 00:32:27,310
+الميتاباليزم والمواد السامة من ال brainالـ
+
+342
+00:32:27,310 --> 00:32:32,430
+Characters of the normal CSF Appearance بيكون
+
+343
+00:32:32,430 --> 00:32:35,970
+Clear Water Fluid Isotenic بيكون لون لون الماء ال
+
+344
+00:32:35,970 --> 00:32:39,510
+amount حوالي 100 ل 150 ملي لتر ال replacement
+
+345
+00:32:39,510 --> 00:32:45,150
+بتغير تلاث مرات هذا ال CSF بيحدث production تقريبا
+
+346
+00:32:45,150 --> 00:32:48,590
+تلاتة من عشرة لاربع من عشرة ملي لتر بالدقيقة
+
+347
+00:32:48,590 --> 00:32:53,770
+الواحدة في اليوم بيصنع جسمنا من أربع مية لخمس مائة
+
+348
+00:32:53,770 --> 00:32:59,380
+ملي لتر CSFال pressure بتاعه 100 ل 180 millimeter
+
+349
+00:32:59,380 --> 00:33:02,720
+of water ال blood pressure بيكون of mercury هانه
+
+350
+00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:06,960
+of water ال rate of production قلناه cells بيكونوا
+
+351
+00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:10,100
+ال cells ال white blood cells بيكونوا من 0 ل 5 و
+
+352
+00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:13,580
+بيكونوا كلهم lymphocytes بيكونوا كلهم lymphocytes
+
+353
+00:33:13,580 --> 00:33:17,440
+ولا واحدة نيترو فيلز ال RBCs كلوات الدم الحمراء
+
+354
+00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:19,900
+لازم تكون zero مش موجودة كلوات الدم الحمراء
+
+355
+00:33:20,390 --> 00:33:25,450
+الجلوكوز 60 ميلي جرام لديسلتر و أصحى نقول 70% من
+
+356
+00:33:25,450 --> 00:33:27,530
+الـ Ceramic Glucose لأنه ممكن المريض يكون مريض
+
+357
+00:33:27,530 --> 00:33:30,770
+سكر، سكره عالي أو العكس، سكره محروق يبقى بتتم
+
+358
+00:33:30,770 --> 00:33:33,830
+المقارنة مع الـ Ceramic Glucose و الـ Total
+
+359
+00:33:33,830 --> 00:33:39,090
+Protein من 15 ل 50 ميلي جرام لديسلتر، أنا بدي أشرح
+
+360
+00:33:39,090 --> 00:33:43,600
+بس لو .. لو حدث ال tumor هنالو اجت tumor في ال
+
+361
+00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:49,120
+midbrain او في الcerebellum وضغط على ايه؟ على اللي
+
+362
+00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:52,220
+هو ال Sylvius aqueduct، cerebral aqueduct في
+
+363
+00:33:52,220 --> 00:33:56,940
+الحالة هذه بيحدث عندنا حاجة اسمها hydrocephalus،
+
+364
+00:33:56,940 --> 00:34:00,450
+بيصير انتفاخفي البطين في الحالة هاد راح يصير
+
+365
+00:34:00,450 --> 00:34:04,130
+dilatation في ال third ventricle و ال both
+
+366
+00:34:04,130 --> 00:34:09,150
+ventricle لكن لو حدث exclusion في one monroe يصير
+
+367
+00:34:09,150 --> 00:34:12,910
+dilatation في one lateral ventricle two monroe في
+
+368
+00:34:12,910 --> 00:34:15,770
+ال two lateral ventricles و هكذا
+
+369
+00:34:18,850 --> 00:34:21,890
+بهيك بنكون ان شاء الله وصلنا لنهاية المحاضرة بتاعة
+
+370
+00:34:21,890 --> 00:34:25,070
+ال mini G و هي ال ventricular system of the brain
+
+371
+00:34:25,070 --> 00:34:27,870
+and cerebrospinal fluid circulation
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/G6Vhdm1UDcc.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1221 @@
+1
+00:00:05,130 --> 00:00:07,970
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:07,970 --> 00:00:13,370
+نكمل محاضرة الأسبوع التاسع which is cranial nerves
+
+3
+00:00:13,370 --> 00:00:17,390
+رقم 2 في جزء الأول من المحاضرة أنا شرحت لكم facial
+
+4
+00:00:17,390 --> 00:00:22,090
+nerve واتفاجأنا أن vestibulocochlear nerve راح 
+
+5
+00:00:22,090 --> 00:00:27,140
+نشرحه في محاضرة الـ special sensation اليوم أو جزء
+
+6
+00:00:27,140 --> 00:00:30,560
+الآن راح يكون على glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus
+
+7
+00:00:30,560 --> 00:00:34,920
+nerve, accessory nerve  وvagus nerve نبدأ بـ
+
+8
+00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:38,700
+glossopharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve it
+
+9
+00:00:38,700 --> 00:00:41,640
+is mixed nerve it is mixed nerve يبقى
+
+10
+00:00:41,640 --> 00:00:45,900
+glossopharyngeal nerve it is mixed nerve which
+
+11
+00:00:45,900 --> 00:00:51,460
+contain sensory fibers motor fibers and
+
+12
+00:00:51,460 --> 00:00:57,910
+parasympathetic it is more important as sensory لأن 
+
+13
+00:00:57,910 --> 00:01:06,630
+أكثر الأفرع اللي فيه تعتبر أعصاب حسية emerged from
+
+14
+00:01:06,630 --> 00:01:14,130
+the posterior lateral sulcus of medulla oblongata
+
+15
+00:01:14,130 --> 00:01:19,250
+بخرج من الـ posterior lateral sulcus of medulla
+
+16
+00:01:19,250 --> 00:01:22,190
+oblongata اللي هو glossopharyngeal nerve
+
+17
+00:01:27,070 --> 00:01:32,350
+ثم تنتقل إلى الـ jugular foramen بخرج من الـ
+
+18
+00:01:32,350 --> 00:01:37,750
+jugular foramen اتفاقنا أن الـ functions بتاعة الـ
+
+19
+00:01:37,750 --> 00:01:41,950
+glossopharyngeal nerve motor sensory
+
+20
+00:01:41,950 --> 00:01:47,610
+parasympathetic main function is sensory يبقى الـ
+
+21
+00:01:47,610 --> 00:01:49,890
+nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve رح يكونوا
+
+22
+00:01:49,890 --> 00:01:54,980
+ثلاثة أنواع وحدة motor و وحدة sensory و بارا
+
+23
+00:01:54,980 --> 00:02:01,080
+sympathetic نبدأ بالـ motor motor nucleus اسمها
+
+24
+00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:06,480
+nucleus of ambiguous nucleus of ambiguous nucleus
+
+25
+00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:10,240
+of
+
+26
+00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:14,420
+ambiguous
+
+27
+00:02:17,550 --> 00:02:22,250
+Nucleus of Ambigus بتعطي 3 nerve بتخدنا كم عصب
+
+28
+00:02:22,250 --> 00:02:29,650
+ثلاثة بتخدنا الـ glossopharyngeal nerve ثلاثة
+
+29
+00:02:29,650 --> 00:02:38,930
+بتخدنا الـ vagus nerve ثلاثة بتخدنا الـ cranial
+
+30
+00:02:38,930 --> 00:02:43,760
+nerve accessory nerve يبقى أن هذه الـ nucleus اللي
+
+31
+00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:47,620
+هي ambiguous nucleus بتعطينا لثلاث عصاب بتعطي
+
+32
+00:02:47,620 --> 00:02:57,780
+للعصب التاسع عشر واحد عشر وأضفتها somatic motor
+
+33
+00:02:57,780 --> 00:03:03,880
+nucleus ايش somatic motor nucleus يعني supply
+
+34
+00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:10,440
+skeletal muscles supply لإيه skeletal muscles Okay
+
+35
+00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:17,020
+هذا أول نيوكلياس النيوكلياس الثانية sub inferior
+
+36
+00:03:17,020 --> 00:03:21,300
+salivary nucleus يوم شرحت facial nerve اتكلمت على
+
+37
+00:03:21,300 --> 00:03:24,020
+superior salivary nucleus لأن الـ glossopharyngeal
+
+38
+00:03:24,020 --> 00:03:27,760
+nerve في inferior salivary nucleus
+
+39
+00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:32,960
+موجودة في الميدالة أوبلانجاتا وظيفتها supply the
+
+40
+00:03:34,530 --> 00:03:38,070
+parotid gland يقولون وظيفتها ايه بتغذي مين
+
+41
+00:03:38,070 --> 00:03:43,350
+parotid gland ايش وظيفتها parasympathetic function
+
+42
+00:03:43,350 --> 00:03:47,850
+parasympathetic function وايه ايه الثالثة solitary
+
+43
+00:03:47,850 --> 00:03:53,950
+nucleus احنا شرحناها هي solitary nucleus solitary
+
+44
+00:03:53,950 --> 00:03:56,970
+nucleus
+
+45
+00:03:56,970 --> 00:04:02,350
+موجودة وين في الميدالة oblongata for general
+
+46
+00:04:04,350 --> 00:04:11,190
+and taste sensation هذه الـ nucleus راح تتكرر
+
+47
+00:04:11,190 --> 00:04:13,790
+معناها في الأعصاب اللي لهم علاقة بالـ taste
+
+48
+00:04:13,790 --> 00:04:20,770
+sensation في العصب السابع بتعطينا general و taste
+
+49
+00:04:20,770 --> 00:04:28,830
+sensation تمام في العصب السابع و التاسع في العصب
+
+50
+00:04:28,830 --> 00:04:32,510
+التاسع الـ glossopharyngeal  لـ taste و general sensation
+
+51
+00:04:32,510 --> 00:04:41,510
+و لـ vagus nerve هيبقى هذه تتكرر في ثلاث عصاب
+
+52
+00:04:41,510 --> 00:04:47,330
+تتكرر
+
+53
+00:04:47,330 --> 00:04:53,310
+في العصب السابع و التاس�� و العشر هذه اسمها اللي هي
+
+54
+00:04:55,650 --> 00:05:03,170
+سوليتاريه نيوكلياس ثلاثة نيوكلياه ambiguous for motor
+
+55
+00:05:03,170 --> 00:05:08,490
+function تعطينا fibers للموتور supply of stylo
+
+56
+00:05:08,490 --> 00:05:10,610
+pharyngeal muscle اللي يقلص الـ pharyngeal نير
+
+57
+00:05:10,610 --> 00:05:14,330
+بيغذّي عضلة واحدة ثمانية inferior salivary nucleus
+
+58
+00:05:14,330 --> 00:05:17,730
+موجودة في الميدالة أبلنجاته for parotid gland
+
+59
+00:05:17,730 --> 00:05:21,530
+parasympathetic function وسوليتاريه نيوكلياه موجودة
+
+60
+00:05:21,530 --> 00:05:27,160
+في الميدالة أبلنجاته وأضفتها sensory function نتكلم
+
+61
+00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:29,700
+الآن على الـ functions of glossopharyngeal nerve
+
+62
+00:05:29,700 --> 00:05:32,980
+اتفاقنا أنه mixed nerve، the main function is
+
+63
+00:05:32,980 --> 00:05:38,820
+sensory function، first function is sensory،
+
+64
+00:05:38,820 --> 00:05:42,900
+supply أو receive taste sensation and general
+
+65
+00:05:42,900 --> 00:05:47,980
+sensation from posterior one third of the tongue
+
+66
+00:05:48,380 --> 00:05:54,820
+اثنين mucous membrane pharynx و tonsil carotid sinus و
+
+67
+00:05:54,820 --> 00:05:58,980
+carotid body يبقى هذه اللي هي sensory function
+
+68
+00:06:01,300 --> 00:06:06,000
+parasympathetic function supply parotid gland يقول
+
+69
+00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:10,800
+أن هو المسؤول عن parotid gland ثلاثة motor
+
+70
+00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:14,540
+function supply only one muscle it is
+
+71
+00:06:14,540 --> 00:06:20,160
+stylopharyngeus muscle stylopharyngeus muscle هاي
+
+72
+00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:25,420
+عندي الـ posterior one third of the tongue taste
+
+73
+00:06:33,170 --> 00:06:40,430
+and general sensation من وين بتاخد؟ من العصب
+
+74
+00:06:40,430 --> 00:06:44,650
+التاسع glossopharyngeal مسؤول عن الـ taste و
+
+75
+00:06:44,650 --> 00:06:51,650
+general sensation طيب anterior two third الـ
+
+76
+00:06:51,650 --> 00:07:00,210
+anterior two third تلاحظوا الـ anterior two third من
+
+77
+00:07:00,210 --> 00:07:00,710
+ناحية
+
+78
+00:07:05,390 --> 00:07:11,950
+taste sensation from
+
+79
+00:07:11,950 --> 00:07:17,930
+facial nerve من الـ facial nerve taste sensation طيب
+
+80
+00:07:17,930 --> 00:07:23,430
+general sensation
+
+81
+00:07:23,430 --> 00:07:27,590
+يعني ايش مقصود بالـ general sensation pain
+
+82
+00:07:27,590 --> 00:07:34,090
+temperature touch sensation من اللي هو mandibular
+
+83
+00:07:34,090 --> 00:07:37,950
+nerve mandibular اللي أصله جاي من وين mandibular
+
+84
+00:07:37,950 --> 00:07:43,410
+nerve من trigeminal nerve هذا هو الـ innervation of
+
+85
+00:07:43,410 --> 00:07:46,150
+the tongue even الـ taste و الـ general sensation
+
+86
+00:07:46,150 --> 00:07:49,090
+from the posterior two third مسئول عنها الـ
+
+87
+00:07:49,090 --> 00:07:57,670
+glossopharyngeal nerve الآن
+
+88
+00:07:57,670 --> 00:08:03,300
+بنتج الـ vagus nerve العصب العاشر it is mixed nerve
+
+89
+00:08:03,300 --> 00:08:08,020
+من الرقم عشر تلاف وتسعمية وخمس وسبعين اتكلمنا
+
+90
+00:08:08,020 --> 00:08:16,660
+it is more important أو most important function is
+
+91
+00:08:16,660 --> 00:08:22,260
+parasympathetic function لو اتكلمنا على الـ vagus
+
+92
+00:08:22,260 --> 00:08:28,420
+nerve it is most important nerve
+
+93
+00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:36,320
+as parasympathetic يبقى أن هو أهم parasympathetic
+
+94
+00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:40,500
+nerve في جسم الإنسان الـ function تبعته motor
+
+95
+00:08:40,500 --> 00:08:45,660
+function لـ skeletal muscles بارا سيمباتاتيك
+
+96
+00:08:45,660 --> 00:08:50,000
+function لـ smooth muscles cardiac muscles تبعت الـ
+
+97
+00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:54,700
+internal organs و لـ الـ glands و sensory function
+
+98
+00:08:54,700 --> 00:08:59,400
+as sensation nuclei of vagus nerve
+
+99
+00:09:02,140 --> 00:09:08,860
+في منهم اثنتين شرحناهم main part of nucleus
+
+100
+00:09:08,860 --> 00:09:14,060
+ambiguous هي بتعطي الـ vagus nerve بتغذيها الـ skeletal
+
+101
+00:09:14,060 --> 00:09:18,320
+muscles بتاعة الـ larynx, pharynx and palate هي
+
+102
+00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:25,810
+واحدة و solitary nucleus شرحناها قلنا بتغذي كمان الـ
+
+103
+00:09:25,810 --> 00:09:31,890
+vagus nerve لـ taste sensation from epiglottis و
+
+104
+00:09:31,890 --> 00:09:37,050
+general sensation من الـ area supplied by the
+
+105
+00:09:37,050 --> 00:09:39,570
+parasympathetic fibers يعني المريض صار معاه جلطة
+
+106
+00:09:39,570 --> 00:09:44,230
+في القلب بيشعر بألم الـ vagus nerve بيشعر فيها المريض
+
+107
+00:09:44,230 --> 00:09:48,740
+عنده قرحة في المعدة حدث قرحة قرحة في المعدة عنده
+
+108
+00:09:48,740 --> 00:09:52,500
+وفي ألم في المعدة الـ vagus nerve بيشعر فيها مريض
+
+109
+00:09:52,500 --> 00:09:56,340
+عنده في الدودينم في الـ 12 نفس الشيء يبقى هو الـ
+
+110
+00:09:56,340 --> 00:10:01,780
+vagus nerve بيغذّي الـ respiratory system heart
+
+111
+00:10:01,780 --> 00:10:07,720
+القلب بيغذّي الجهاز الهضمي لحد الـ junction between
+
+112
+00:10:09,190 --> 00:10:13,930
+right two thirds of transverse colon مع الـ left
+
+113
+00:10:13,930 --> 00:10:17,750
+one third يعني هو بيغذّي المعدة بيغذّي الـ pancreas
+
+114
+00:10:17,750 --> 00:10:21,230
+بيغذّي الاثني عشرة الأمعاء الدقيقة small intestine
+
+115
+00:10:21,230 --> 00:10:25,430
+بيغذّي الأمعاء الغليظة اللي هي ascending colon
+
+116
+00:10:25,430 --> 00:10:30,310
+transverse right two thirds right two thirds of
+
+117
+00:10:30,310 --> 00:10:34,020
+transverse colon بياخذوا من vagus طب اللي بعدهم
+
+118
+00:10:34,020 --> 00:10:37,760
+left one third, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum
+
+119
+00:10:37,760 --> 00:10:41,660
+هذول بياخذوا من الـ sacral part of parasympathetic
+
+120
+00:10:41,660 --> 00:10:46,540
+nervous system أشرحها إن شاء الله في محاضرة تبع الـ
+
+121
+00:10:46,540 --> 00:10:51,980
+autonomic nervous system و الـ nucleus الثالثة
+
+122
+00:10:51,980 --> 00:10:58,060
+dorsal motor nucleus of vagus طب دكتور يا أنت 
+
+123
+00:10:58,060 --> 00:11:02,470
+قلت لنا ambiguous motor وكمان في dorsal motor
+
+124
+00:11:02,470 --> 00:11:06,690
+nucleus dorsal motor nucleus of vagus it is the
+
+125
+00:11:06,690 --> 00:11:12,490
+most important parasympathetic nucleus in the body
+
+126
+00:11:12,490 --> 00:11:15,950
+هذه مسؤولة عن ايش يا جماعة، عند الـ glands، بتغذي
+
+127
+00:11:15,950 --> 00:11:19,990
+الـ glands، as secretomotor، هي واحدة، مسؤولة عن الـ
+
+128
+00:11:19,990 --> 00:11:23,980
+cardiac muscle، involuntary muscle مسؤولة عن الـ
+
+129
+00:11:23,980 --> 00:11:27,840
+smooth muscles الـ respiratory system والـ GIT
+
+130
+00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:31,940
+system لحد الـ junction between right two third of
+
+131
+00:11:31,940 --> 00:11:34,380
+transverse colon مع الـ left one third of
+
+132
+00:11:34,380 --> 00:11:38,680
+transverse colon في الحالة هذه دورسة الـ motor
+
+133
+00:11:38,680 --> 00:11:43,560
+nucleus of vagus الوظيفة تبعتها parasympathetic
+
+134
+00:11:43,560 --> 00:11:48,690
+function parasympathetic function الـ
+
+135
+00:11:48,690 --> 00:11:51,290
+parasympathetic nervous system نشرحها إن شاء الله
+
+136
+00:11:51,290 --> 00:11:54,990
+في محاضرة منفصلة اسمها autonomic nervous system
+
+137
+00:11:54,990 --> 00:11:58,110
+راح نشرح فيها sympathetic nervous system و
+
+138
+00:11:58,110 --> 00:12:01,750
+parasympathetic nervous system الـ vagus nerve هو
+
+139
+00:12:01,750 --> 00:12:07,090
+يعتبر جزء من وظيفته أو أهم وظيفة له هي
+
+140
+00:12:07,090 --> 00:12:14,870
+parasympathetic function من وين بخرج؟ from the
+
+141
+00:12:14,870 --> 00:12:22,290
+posterior lateral sulcus of medulla oblongata خرج
+
+142
+00:12:22,290 --> 00:12:24,050
+من الـ posterior lateral sulcus of medulla
+
+143
+00:12:24,050 --> 00:12:30,090
+oblongata بعدها بفوض في jugular foramen و بخرج من
+
+144
+00:12:30,090 --> 00:12:36,500
+jugular foramen هي عندي vagus nerve هذا هو الـ vagus
+
+145
+00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:41,220
+nerve وهذا هو left vagus nerve وهنا عندي اللي هو
+
+146
+00:12:41,220 --> 00:12:46,240
+right vagus nerve مقلوبة الصورة بصير view الاختلاف
+
+147
+00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:53,260
+فيهم أن في عصب اسمه recurrent laryngeal nerve الـ
+
+148
+00:12:53,260 --> 00:12:57,460
+right recurrent laryngeal nerve بيعمل hooking بيلف
+
+149
+00:12:57,460 --> 00:13:04,380
+و بيرجع من الخلف بتاع الـ posterior part of the
+
+150
+00:13:04,380 --> 00:13:08,700
+subclavian artery يبقى نقل هو right recurrent
+
+151
+00:13:08,700 --> 00:13:12,620
+laryngeal nerve بيعمل hooking من وين من اللي هو
+
+152
+00:13:12,620 --> 00:13:17,300
+right subclavian artery أما الـ ..
+
+153
+00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:26,660
+left recurrent laryngeal nerve بيعمل hooking و
+
+154
+00:13:26,660 --> 00:13:30,120
+بيلف من الـ arch of the aorta هاي الاختلاف ما بينهم
+
+155
+00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:33,600
+أن recurrent laryngeal nerve عشان هيك سموه
+
+156
+00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:37,920
+recurrent بيرجع رجوع و ��لـ right بيعمل hooking و
+
+157
+00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,380
+بيلف خلف الـ subclavian artery على الـ right side
+
+158
+00:13:41,380 --> 00:13:46,740
+أما للـ left بيلف حوالين الـ arch of the aorta هذا
+
+159
+00:13:46,740 --> 00:13:55,960
+اسمه vagus nerve وهنا vagus nerve هذا right وهذا
+
+160
+00:13:55,960 --> 00:14:02,120
+left طب واللي عمل hawking لف وصعد و رجع اسمه
+
+161
+00:14:02,120 --> 00:14:07,240
+left recurrent laryngeal nerve وهذا right
+
+162
+00:14:07,240 --> 00:14:14,260
+recurrent laryngeal nerve احنا شرحنا ايش الخلاف ما
+
+163
+00:14:14,260 --> 00:14:17,240
+بين الـ right و الـ left vagus nerve
+
+164
+00:14:27,260 --> 00:14:32,620
+هيو عندي نازل vagus nerve وبيعطي الـ branches
+
+165
+00:14:32,620 --> 00:14:36,780
+بتاعينه ماراح أفوت بالتفصيل معاكم في موضوع الـ
+
+166
+00:14:36,780 --> 00:14:45,020
+branches بتاعينه بنتجة
+
+167
+00:14:45,020 --> 00:14:52,500
+لأن للعصب الـ 11 اسمه accessory nerve it is purely
+
+168
+00:14:52,500 --> 00:14:58,310
+motor nerve it is purely motor nerve two roots إله
+
+169
+00:14:58,310 --> 00:15:04,770
+two roots one cranial root و another spinal root
+
+170
+00:15:04,770 --> 00:15:10,750
+cranial root arise from the medulla oblongata من
+
+171
+00:15:10,750 --> 00:15:15,510
+وين بيجينا لـ cranial root؟ بيجي من وين؟ من
+
+172
+00:15:15,510 --> 00:15:19,110
+ambiguous nucleus بيجي من وين؟ ambiguous nucleus
+
+173
+00:15:19,110 --> 00:15:23,570
+يبقى الـ cranial root أصله من ambiguous nucleus اللي
+
+174
+00:15:23,570 --> 00:15:26,950
+موجودة في الميدالة أوبلانجاتا بعد ما يخرج من jugular
+
+175
+00:15:26,950 --> 00:15:30,770
+foramen هذا الـ cranial root بيتحد مع الـ vagus
+
+176
+00:15:30,770 --> 00:15:36,890
+nerve و بيدخل مع الـ vagus nerve و بيغذي الـ palatine و
+
+177
+00:15:36,890 --> 00:15:40,630
+pharyngeal muscle اللي علاقة فقط بـ skeletal
+
+178
+00:15:40,630 --> 00:15:44,610
+muscles ماراح اتكلم عنه اليوم cranial root لأنه
+
+179
+00:15:44,610 --> 00:15:48,150
+دخل مع مين مع الـ vagus nerve الجزء الثاني من الـ
+
+180
+00:15:48,150 --> 00:15:52,980
+accessory nerve هو spinal root هذا spinal root
+
+181
+00:15:52,980 --> 00:15:58,100
+بيجينا من الـ upper four five cervical segments من
+
+182
+00:15:58,100 --> 00:16:01,860
+الـ anterior horn cells then السن بيصعد بيفوت في الـ
+
+183
+00:16:01,860 --> 00:16:05,660
+foramen magnum وبيتحد مع الـ cranial part مع الجزء
+
+184
+00:16:05,660 --> 00:16:08,900
+الجمالي اللي بيضل قبل ان جاته وبيغادروا عن طريق
+
+185
+00:16:08,900 --> 00:16:11,020
+jugular foramen بعد ما يغادروا الـ jugular foramen
+
+186
+00:16:11,020 --> 00:16:14,800
+بنفصلوا مباشرة ما بيحبوش بعض هذا spinal و هذا
+
+187
+00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:18,420
+cranial الـ cranial بيتحد مع الـ vagus nerve و
+
+188
+00:16:18,420 --> 00:16:21,740
+بيغذي لـ الـ palatine muscle و الـ pharyngeal
+
+189
+00:16:21,740 --> 00:16:26,820
+muscle و الـ spinal
+
+201
+00:17:11,940 --> 00:17:15,940
+muscle هنا بيصلحه شوية هنا مش مظبوطة the shoulder
+
+202
+00:17:15,940 --> 00:17:19,000
+elevation لأ ال shoulder elevation اللي بتعمل
+
+203
+00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,780
+elevation لل shoulder هي مين؟ هي deltoid muscle
+
+204
+00:17:22,780 --> 00:17:26,460
+دلتويد هي اللي بتعمل elevation يبقى هنا the shoulder
+
+205
+00:17:26,460 --> 00:17:27,780
+shrugging
+
+206
+00:17:31,240 --> 00:17:35,300
+shoulder shrugging جينا سألناكوا سؤال نعطيكم
+
+207
+00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:39,060
+محاضرة إضافية يوم الجمعة أربع ساعات إيش راح الطلاب
+
+208
+00:17:39,060 --> 00:17:42,260
+يقولوا كلهم مابدناش لأ مابدنا إيش عملنا احنا في ال
+
+209
+00:17:42,260 --> 00:17:45,580
+shoulder عملنا shrugging هذه العملية بنسميها
+
+210
+00:17:45,580 --> 00:17:50,650
+shruggingلكن هذه elevation ال elevation دلتويد
+
+211
+00:17:50,650 --> 00:17:54,430
+muscle shrugging عن طريق the trapezius muscle
+
+212
+00:17:54,430 --> 00:17:58,110
+الترابيزياس
+
+213
+00:17:58,110 --> 00:18:02,990
+muscle اللي بيغضيها هو accessory nerves تبقى دا
+
+214
+00:18:02,990 --> 00:18:07,110
+spinal accessory تبقى spinal accessory supply two
+
+215
+00:18:07,110 --> 00:18:10,110
+muscles the trapezius muscle اللي بتعملنا shrugging
+
+216
+00:18:10,110 --> 00:18:11,750
+لل shoulder and
+
+217
+00:18:13,860 --> 00:18:17,320
+Sternocleidomastoid muscle اللي بتعملنا turn
+
+218
+00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:28,240
+للhead هو انك على ال opposite side هي عندي ال
+
+219
+00:18:28,240 --> 00:18:33,200
+cranial cranial root وهذا
+
+220
+00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:39,880
+ايه spinal root تفوت لفرم المجنم بعدين بتتحد مع
+
+221
+00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:41,720
+مين؟ مع ال cranial root
+
+222
+00:18:45,710 --> 00:18:50,710
+بيفوتوا في foramen magnum لما فات foramen magnum اتحد
+
+223
+00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:57,170
+بعدها مع ال cranial root بعدك بيغادروا عن طريق
+
+224
+00:18:57,170 --> 00:19:02,250
+jugular foramen cranial
+
+225
+00:19:02,250 --> 00:19:11,010
+root بتحد مع مين؟ مع الvagus nerve و spinal root
+
+226
+00:19:11,010 --> 00:19:18,600
+بيغديلنا two muscles Sternocleidomastoid muscle
+
+227
+00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:21,760
+وTrapezius
+
+228
+00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:26,020
+muscle وهي كانت بيكون انا شرحتلكوا اللي هو ايش
+
+229
+00:19:26,020 --> 00:19:28,000
+accessory nerve هو اضيفته
+
+230
+00:19:34,850 --> 00:19:38,330
+هي عندي jugular foramen في عندي two roots في
+
+231
+00:19:38,330 --> 00:19:40,750
+spinal و cranial او cranial و spinal اتحدوا مع
+
+232
+00:19:40,750 --> 00:19:44,550
+بعض وصار اسمه accessory nerve بعد ما يغادروا
+
+233
+00:19:44,550 --> 00:19:47,190
+jugular و foramen بيكرهوا بعض على السبحة هذول
+
+234
+00:19:47,190 --> 00:19:50,630
+اتنين بنفصلوا مباشرة عن بعض ال cranial بيروح
+
+235
+00:19:50,630 --> 00:19:55,830
+لvagus nerve و spinal بيغدى sternocleidomastoid
+
+236
+00:19:55,830 --> 00:20:00,510
+muscle and trapezius muscle هي واضح عندي هنا اللي
+
+237
+00:20:00,510 --> 00:20:00,710
+هو
+
+238
+00:20:04,130 --> 00:20:11,090
+Spinal Root فات على foramen magnum هذه عندي ال
+
+239
+00:20:11,090 --> 00:20:14,310
+ambiguous nucleus عطتنا fibers لل cranial accessory
+
+240
+00:20:14,310 --> 00:20:20,770
+اتحدوا مع بعض و سمناهم accessory nerve بعد هيك
+
+241
+00:20:20,770 --> 00:20:31,550
+بيغادروا عن طريق jugular foramen cranial
+
+242
+00:20:31,550 --> 00:20:37,970
+root بتحد و بنفصل عن ال accessory و بروح لوان مع ال
+
+243
+00:20:37,970 --> 00:20:46,650
+vagus nerve مع ال vagus و Spinal Root يدلق ماشينا
+
+244
+00:20:46,650 --> 00:20:49,210
+عليناك بيغدي two muscles Sternocleidomastoid
+
+245
+00:20:49,210 --> 00:20:57,970
+muscle و Trapezius muscle okay
+
+246
+00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:03,480
+واتفجنا .. ال slide هذا أنا شرحته الآن انه ال
+
+247
+00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:06,960
+branches of accessory nerve cranial accessory
+
+248
+00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:09,760
+nerve اللي هو internally branch اللي جاي من ال
+
+249
+00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:12,920
+ambiguous nucleus of medulla oblongata بتحد مع
+
+250
+00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:16,140
+vagus nerve بعد هيك بيكون distribution مع ال
+
+251
+00:21:16,140 --> 00:21:18,440
+distribution of vagus nerve ماشي و بيغضينا
+
+252
+00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:22,570
+الlaryngeal palatine and pharyngeal musclesوالجزء
+
+253
+00:21:22,570 --> 00:21:25,310
+الثاني او العصب الثاني او الجزء الثاني من ال
+
+254
+00:21:25,310 --> 00:21:28,450
+accessory nerve اسمه spinal accessory هذا external
+
+255
+00:21:28,450 --> 00:21:32,310
+branch supply ايه اللي هي sternocleidomastoid
+
+256
+00:21:32,310 --> 00:21:35,050
+muscle اللي بتعملنا internal head to the opposite
+
+257
+00:21:35,050 --> 00:21:38,050
+side هنا أنا بصلحها أنا في ال side هذا صلحتها و
+
+258
+00:21:38,050 --> 00:21:40,750
+بغضي trapezius muscle اللي بتعمل ايه shoulder
+
+259
+00:21:40,750 --> 00:21:41,830
+shrugging
+
+260
+00:21:44,670 --> 00:21:50,290
+هذا شرحته، هاي عندي spinal accessory nerve، supply
+
+261
+00:21:50,290 --> 00:21:53,090
+of the trapezius muscle، وهذه the trapezius muscle
+
+262
+00:21:53,090 --> 00:21:58,290
+وهذه sternocleidomastoid muscle، الآن بصل للعصب
+
+263
+00:21:58,290 --> 00:22:01,570
+الثاني عشر اخر عصب في cranial nerves اللي هو
+
+264
+00:22:01,570 --> 00:22:05,910
+hypoglossal nervehypoglossal nerve it is the motor
+
+265
+00:22:05,910 --> 00:22:09,230
+nerve of the tongue هذا العصب يا بدخلنا الجنة يا
+
+266
+00:22:09,230 --> 00:22:12,910
+بدخلنا النار لأنه إيه supply the muscles of the
+
+267
+00:22:12,910 --> 00:22:16,410
+tongue بيغدى اللسان وحسب لسانك ما يتكلم ويفعل
+
+268
+00:22:16,410 --> 00:22:22,510
+بيكون الآخرة بتاعتنا movement of the tongue are
+
+269
+00:22:22,510 --> 00:22:27,270
+important in chewing speech and initial stage of
+
+270
+00:22:27,270 --> 00:22:31,650
+swallowing يبقى أن حركة اللسان مهمة لإيه مهمة مهمة
+
+271
+00:22:31,650 --> 00:22:36,880
+في عملية المضغفي عملية البلع في عملية الكلام يجون
+
+272
+00:22:36,880 --> 00:22:42,560
+هي مهمة لإيه للمضغ للكلام لبداية عملية البلع
+
+273
+00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:47,140
+hypoglossal nerve it is a purely motor nerve ال
+
+274
+00:22:47,140 --> 00:22:51,340
+hypoglossal nerve purely motor nerve supplies the
+
+275
+00:22:51,340 --> 00:22:55,540
+external and internal muscles of the tongue بغد
+
+276
+00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:59,040
+الأعضالات الداخلية والخارجية بتاعة اللسان من وين
+
+277
+00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:01,180
+مصدره أصله بجينا من
+
+278
+00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:07,300
+hypoglossal nucleus بيجي من وين؟ من hypoglossal
+
+279
+00:23:07,300 --> 00:23:11,080
+nucleus في medulla oblongata وبعد هيك بيغادر عن
+
+280
+00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:16,200
+طريق .. لاحظوا عن طريق anterior lateral sulcus of
+
+281
+00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:19,920
+medulla oblongata عن طريق إيش؟ anterior lateral
+
+282
+00:23:19,920 --> 00:23:24,920
+sulcus of medulla oblongata بعدها بيخرج من ال skull
+
+283
+00:23:24,920 --> 00:23:29,120
+عن طريق اللي هي hypoglossal canal hypoglossal canal
+
+284
+00:23:29,120 --> 00:23:31,590
+يبقى هو أصل من وين الhypoglossal nerve جاي؟من
+
+285
+00:23:31,590 --> 00:23:35,930
+hypoglossal nucleus موجودة في medulla oblongata
+
+286
+00:23:35,930 --> 00:23:39,190
+بغادر the brain stem أو بغادر medulla oblongata عن
+
+287
+00:23:39,190 --> 00:23:42,750
+طريق اللي هي anterior lateral sulcus of medulla
+
+288
+00:23:42,750 --> 00:23:47,170
+oblongata و بخرج من ال skull عن طريق hypoglossal
+
+289
+00:23:47,170 --> 00:23:50,930
+canal هي hypoglossal canal واضح يكون عن ال left أو
+
+290
+00:23:50,930 --> 00:23:55,390
+ال right أو ال left branches of hypoglossal nerve
+
+291
+00:23:55,390 --> 00:24:00,310
+itself هلأ ال hypoglossal nerve بتحد مع C1 و C2 و
+
+292
+00:24:00,310 --> 00:24:04,050
+بيكونون حاجة اسمها ansa cervicales أنا مارح أتطرق
+
+293
+00:24:04,050 --> 00:24:07,950
+للموضوع هذا لإنه أنا بشرح للطب أكتر أنه بتحد مع
+
+294
+00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:12,090
+cervical one nerve و cervical two أنا راح أشرح بس
+
+295
+00:24:12,090 --> 00:24:14,530
+إيش العضلات اللي بيغديهم ال hypoglossal nerve
+
+296
+00:24:14,530 --> 00:24:18,110
+itselfاللي أصله جاي من ال hypoglossal nucleus
+
+297
+00:24:18,110 --> 00:24:21,650
+الأصله جاي من وين؟ من medulla oblongata ال supply
+
+298
+00:24:21,650 --> 00:24:26,630
+is styloglossus muscle, a hyoglossus muscle
+
+299
+00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:32,070
+وgenioglossus muscle and the internal muscles of
+
+300
+00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:33,910
+the tongue يبقى من ال fibers جاية من ال
+
+301
+00:24:33,910 --> 00:24:37,850
+hypoglossal nucleus اللي أعطتنا hypoglossal nerve
+
+302
+00:24:37,850 --> 00:24:42,670
+itself بدون ما يشارك مع ال spinal nerves بيغدينا
+
+303
+00:24:42,670 --> 00:24:47,250
+styloglossus musclewe hyoglossus muscle و we
+
+304
+00:24:47,250 --> 00:24:51,790
+genioglossus muscle and internal muscles of the
+
+305
+00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:58,010
+tongue هاي عندي واضحة hypoglossal nucleus إيه بتعطينا
+
+306
+00:24:58,010 --> 00:25:02,050
+hypoglossal nerve بيفوت في ال hypoglossal canal زي
+
+307
+00:25:02,050 --> 00:25:05,870
+ما قلنا بالتحد مع c1 و c2 و c3 ما راح اتدخل و
+
+308
+00:25:05,870 --> 00:25:08,950
+اتكلم فى الموضوع حدا و اتطرق إله لأنه الموضوع شوية
+
+309
+00:25:08,950 --> 00:25:12,570
+صعب راح يكون عليكوا لكن ال hypoglossal nerve
+
+310
+00:25:12,570 --> 00:25:15,510
+itself بيغدىنا external and internal muscles of the
+
+311
+00:25:15,510 --> 00:25:18,590
+tongue اللي اتكلمنا عنهم تلاتة اللي هو
+
+312
+00:25:18,590 --> 00:25:21,010
+styloglossus muscle, hyoglossus muscle و
+
+313
+00:25:21,010 --> 00:25:27,960
+genioglossus muscle and supply all
+
+314
+00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:32,500
+internal muscles of the tongue بطريقة هادية أو لحد
+
+315
+00:25:32,500 --> 00:25:36,660
+هذا ال slide بكون أنا أو just لكم و شرحت لكم ال
+
+316
+00:25:36,660 --> 00:25:41,040
+cranial nerves كلهم و دومتم بخير و الله يعطيكم
+
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/HH8Ar_LievY_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1624 @@
+1
+00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:10,440
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:10,440 --> 00:00:15,960
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع التاسع راح نكمل موضوع
+
+3
+00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:19,940
+anatomy and physiology of the cranial nerves الجزء
+
+4
+00:00:19,940 --> 00:00:24,900
+الأول من محاضرة الأسبوع التاسع راح نتكلم بالتفصيل
+
+5
+00:00:24,900 --> 00:00:29,600
+الممل عن anatomy and physiology of the facial
+
+6
+00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:34,990
+nerveأهم عصب لكم في موضوع cranial nerves هو العصب
+
+7
+00:00:34,990 --> 00:00:40,990
+السابع facial nerve facial
+
+8
+00:00:40,990 --> 00:00:44,670
+nerve it
+
+9
+00:00:44,670 --> 00:00:48,870
+is a mixed nerve it is a mixed nerve which
+
+10
+00:00:48,870 --> 00:00:57,600
+contains motor sensory and parasympatheticفانكشن
+
+11
+00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:02,920
+أو fibers هاي هو دي ال mix nerve عشر تلاف وتسعمية
+
+12
+00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:09,670
+وخمس وسبعين خلصنا السابق العصب الخامساللي هو الـ
+
+13
+00:01:09,670 --> 00:01:13,490
+Trigeminal nerve دلوقت راح اتكلم على Facial nerve
+
+14
+00:01:13,490 --> 00:01:17,970
+Facial nerve اللي هو العصب السابع عصب السابع
+
+15
+00:01:17,970 --> 00:01:22,230
+Facial nerve it is mixed nerve contains motor
+
+16
+00:01:22,230 --> 00:01:27,250
+sensory and parasympathetic fibers يوم اتكلمت على
+
+17
+00:01:27,250 --> 00:01:30,950
+Trigeminal nerve قلتلكوا Trigeminal nerve it is
+
+18
+00:01:30,950 --> 00:01:35,310
+more important than sensory nerve اليوم راح اتكلم
+
+19
+00:01:35,310 --> 00:01:40,730
+على Facial nerveit is more important as motor
+
+20
+00:01:40,730 --> 00:01:44,070
+nerve، عشان هي مهم إلكوا في العلاج الطبيعي، موضوع
+
+21
+00:01:44,070 --> 00:01:51,110
+facial nerve، لإنه عصب حركي أكتر ما هو حسيه، هو في
+
+22
+00:01:51,110 --> 00:01:57,110
+خليط الأنسجة، لكن هو more important as motor nerve
+
+23
+00:01:57,110 --> 00:02:01,730
+than sensory and than parasympathetic functions
+
+24
+00:02:02,370 --> 00:02:06,550
+what's the root of a facial nerve اتفقنا ان ال
+
+25
+00:02:06,550 --> 00:02:11,070
+facial nerve immerse بخرج من ال lower part of the
+
+26
+00:02:11,070 --> 00:02:16,130
+pons between the pons and medulla oblongata بخرج
+
+27
+00:02:16,130 --> 00:02:22,230
+as a two root اللي هو كام root؟ two root large
+
+28
+00:02:22,230 --> 00:02:31,100
+root large root بيكون اللي هوموتر فاشيال موتر روت
+
+29
+00:02:31,100 --> 00:02:37,000
+فاشيال موتر روت is purely motor nerve supply all
+
+30
+00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:42,360
+the muscle of expression facial expression second
+
+31
+00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:48,140
+root small rootsmall root بيسموه nerve
+
+32
+00:02:48,140 --> 00:02:53,880
+intermediates nerve intermediates contains sensory
+
+33
+00:02:53,880 --> 00:02:59,900
+and parasympathetic fibers يبقى كمان مرة ال facial
+
+34
+00:02:59,900 --> 00:03:05,370
+nerveبخرج من ال .. ال ventral service of the pons
+
+35
+00:03:05,370 --> 00:03:09,390
+في ال lower part of the pons between the pons and
+
+36
+00:03:09,390 --> 00:03:14,730
+medulla oblongata as two root large root facial
+
+37
+00:03:14,730 --> 00:03:20,390
+motor nerve و small root يعتبر intermedius nerve
+
+38
+00:03:20,390 --> 00:03:25,210
+اللي فيه sensory و parasympathetic fibers sensory
+
+39
+00:03:25,210 --> 00:03:32,710
+و parasympathetic fibersهي عندي ال lower part of
+
+40
+00:03:32,710 --> 00:03:37,950
+the palms بخرج منها large root أنا برسم على ال
+
+41
+00:03:37,950 --> 00:03:45,350
+left side large root اللي هو motor facial nerve و
+
+42
+00:03:45,350 --> 00:03:50,590
+small root nerve intermediates nerve intermediates
+
+43
+00:03:50,590 --> 00:03:55,030
+اللي علاقة بال sensation و هي parasympathetic
+
+44
+00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:59,650
+function sensory and parasympathetic function
+
+45
+00:04:04,790 --> 00:04:11,850
+nuclei of the facial nerve حسب ال function فيه
+
+46
+00:04:11,850 --> 00:04:17,450
+nuclei اتفاقنا main function is motor function
+
+47
+00:04:17,450 --> 00:04:23,750
+يبقى موجود عندي facial motor nerve facial motor
+
+48
+00:04:23,750 --> 00:04:29,590
+nucleus فيه موجودة facial motor nucleus تنجسم
+
+49
+00:04:29,590 --> 00:04:35,040
+جسمين هذه ال facial motor nucleusالها dorsal part
+
+50
+00:04:35,040 --> 00:04:44,340
+و ventral part هي نرسمها هذه تعتبر facial motor
+
+51
+00:04:44,340 --> 00:04:57,040
+nucleus of facial nerve تمام الها جزئين جزء دورسل
+
+52
+00:04:57,040 --> 00:04:59,360
+وجزء
+
+53
+00:05:01,570 --> 00:05:10,070
+ventral اللي الدورسل الدورسل
+
+54
+00:05:10,070 --> 00:05:14,890
+supply the
+
+55
+00:05:14,890 --> 00:05:19,730
+upper part
+
+56
+00:05:19,730 --> 00:05:28,670
+of the face يبقى الدورسل nucleus بتاعة الموتور
+
+57
+00:05:28,670 --> 00:05:34,410
+مسئول عن أي جزءupper part of the face يعني upper
+
+58
+00:05:34,410 --> 00:05:38,250
+quadrant of the face يقول لو غمضت عيني مين حرك
+
+59
+00:05:38,250 --> 00:05:44,170
+لعين هذا ال dorsal part دكتور ايه اضحك شيء عن
+
+60
+00:05:44,170 --> 00:05:46,810
+الامتحان و ماعجبك و اشرحها الطالب او طالب يعمل
+
+61
+00:05:46,810 --> 00:05:51,800
+بتمها زيك حرك مش ماجبهممش هنجيبهم يبقى ان انا حركت
+
+62
+00:05:51,800 --> 00:05:55,200
+ال lower quadrant of the face المسئول عنه ال lower
+
+63
+00:05:55,200 --> 00:06:00,720
+quadrant اللي هو ventral nucleus المسئول عن ايه ال
+
+64
+00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:04,140
+lower part
+
+65
+00:06:05,060 --> 00:06:08,780
+of the face من ناحية انا بتكلم عن ال motor من
+
+66
+00:06:08,780 --> 00:06:14,480
+ناحية ايه motor يبقى كمان مرة facial motor nucleus
+
+67
+00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:20,160
+الها two part dorsal part and ventral part ال
+
+68
+00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:25,340
+dorsal part مسئول عن مين عن ال upper quadrant of
+
+69
+00:06:25,340 --> 00:06:29,060
+the face ال ventral part مسئول عن مين lower
+
+70
+00:06:29,060 --> 00:06:32,560
+quadrant of the faceوين موجودة دي ال nucleus؟
+
+71
+00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:36,300
+موجودة في ال pons موجودة وين؟ في ال pons إيش
+
+72
+00:06:36,300 --> 00:06:41,300
+وظيفتها؟ supply the facial muscles لو أتكلم على ال
+
+73
+00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:46,540
+lower quadrant ببطرق إلى ال ventral part upper
+
+74
+00:06:46,540 --> 00:06:52,120
+quadrant of the face دورسال part ثمانة في عندي
+
+75
+00:06:52,950 --> 00:06:57,730
+Superior Salivary Nucleus Superior Salivary
+
+76
+00:06:57,730 --> 00:07:02,870
+Nucleus هذه لها علاقة بال Parasympathetic function
+
+77
+00:07:02,870 --> 00:07:10,630
+Secretomotor بتغديلنا submandibular and sublingual
+
+78
+00:07:10,630 --> 00:07:15,190
+salivary glands عن طريق branch من ال facial nerve
+
+79
+00:07:15,190 --> 00:07:21,600
+اسمه cordaتمبني نيرف كوردة تمبني نيرف و بتغدين ال
+
+80
+00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:26,500
+gland of the palate nose لاخرم ال gland
+
+81
+00:07:26,500 --> 00:07:32,880
+nasopharynx عن طريق عصب اسمه GSPN greater
+
+82
+00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:37,800
+superficial petrosal nerve اذا ذكروا لما نروح
+
+83
+00:07:37,800 --> 00:07:42,100
+المطبخ نقطع بصل ايش بيصير حالتنا شلش بيصير حالتنا
+
+84
+00:07:42,100 --> 00:07:48,010
+في شلش بندمع و بنف و حلقصعبة بتكون الوضع هنا من
+
+85
+00:07:48,010 --> 00:07:53,010
+البصل مين بشتغل هنا الـ Parasympathetic fibers
+
+86
+00:07:53,010 --> 00:07:57,270
+بتاعة مين ال facial nerve عن طريق أي نوكلياس
+
+87
+00:07:57,270 --> 00:08:01,230
+superior salivary nucleus وظيفته ايه
+
+88
+00:08:01,230 --> 00:08:07,590
+Parasympathetic ال نوكلياس التالتةsolitary nucleus
+
+89
+00:08:07,590 --> 00:08:14,530
+موجودة في الميدالة أبلانقاتها، علاقة بماذا؟ علاقة
+
+90
+00:08:14,530 --> 00:08:18,130
+بالـ sensory function، ومن ضمن الـ sensory
+
+91
+00:08:18,130 --> 00:08:24,310
+function taste، sensationfrom the anterior to
+
+92
+00:08:24,310 --> 00:08:29,930
+third of the tongue يعني ال facial nerve مسئول عن
+
+93
+00:08:29,930 --> 00:08:34,950
+حاسة التذوق لوين لل tongue من أي جزء من ال
+
+94
+00:08:34,950 --> 00:08:38,630
+anterior to third of the tongue يبقى ال taste
+
+95
+00:08:38,630 --> 00:08:43,370
+sensation from the anterior to third of the tongue
+
+96
+00:08:43,370 --> 00:08:48,310
+اللي بيحس فيها هو ال facial nerve عن طريق عصب اسمه
+
+97
+00:08:48,310 --> 00:08:50,750
+نفس الشيء كمان chorda tympani nerve هو chorda
+
+98
+00:08:50,750 --> 00:08:55,470
+tympani nerveو أي نوكلياس solitary نوكلياس وين
+
+99
+00:08:55,470 --> 00:08:58,250
+موجودة ال solitary نوكلياس في مضلة او بلانجاتا
+
+100
+00:08:58,250 --> 00:09:00,390
+احنا قولنا فيه exception مع ان ال facial nerve
+
+101
+00:09:00,390 --> 00:09:03,510
+المفروض يكون في ال bones تلاحظوا superior salivary
+
+102
+00:09:03,510 --> 00:09:06,990
+في ال bones و ال motor nucleus في ال bones لكن ال
+
+103
+00:09:06,990 --> 00:09:10,830
+solitary نوكلياس موجودة وين في مضلة او بلانجاتا
+
+104
+00:09:10,830 --> 00:09:14,410
+��أنها مسئولة كمان عن العصب التاسع و مسئولة عن من
+
+105
+00:09:14,410 --> 00:09:21,600
+عن العصب العاشرfunctions of the facial nerve ايش
+
+106
+00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:25,720
+وظيفة ال facial nerve اول function it is the main
+
+107
+00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:33,760
+function motor motor motor function motor function
+
+108
+00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:40,240
+وظيفتها ال motor اللي هيsupply the muscles of
+
+109
+00:09:40,240 --> 00:09:47,160
+facial expression لها علاقة بالموتور
+
+110
+00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:52,120
+facial expression ثاني بارا sympathetic function
+
+111
+00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:57,540
+to all glands of head لمين submandibular
+
+112
+00:09:57,540 --> 00:10:02,670
+sublingual and lacrimal glandsExcept Parotid
+
+113
+00:10:02,670 --> 00:10:05,950
+glands ما بتغدى ال Parotid gland ال Parotid gland
+
+114
+00:10:05,950 --> 00:10:10,470
+بتاخد عن طريق ال Glossopharyngeal nerve العصب
+
+115
+00:10:10,470 --> 00:10:16,450
+التاسع يبقى facial nerve مسئول عن كل ال salivary
+
+116
+00:10:16,450 --> 00:10:21,650
+glands مع دق اوتك أو ال Parotid gland بتاخد من
+
+117
+00:10:21,650 --> 00:10:26,690
+Glossopharyngeal nerveتلاثة مسئولة عن sensory from
+
+118
+00:10:26,690 --> 00:10:33,190
+skin of the external auricle و تمبانك مبراين بغض
+
+119
+00:10:33,190 --> 00:10:36,990
+يزه من الأذن و من طابلة الأذن تمبانك مبراين و أهم
+
+120
+00:10:36,990 --> 00:10:42,930
+شيء مسئول عن ايه taste sensation from the anterior
+
+121
+00:10:42,930 --> 00:10:48,220
+to third of the tongue نطبق على نقلي ITest
+
+122
+00:10:48,220 --> 00:10:52,020
+sensation بتاعة الانترال توترد of the tongue مسئول
+
+123
+00:10:52,020 --> 00:10:58,480
+عنها مين؟ Solitary nucleus Sensory of skin تبع ال
+
+124
+00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:02,740
+external auricle و ال membrane مسئول عنها تنبانك
+
+125
+00:11:02,740 --> 00:11:06,120
+ممبران مسئول عنها كمان Solitary nucleusالـ
+
+126
+00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:08,980
+Parasympathetic Function بتاعته لـ Glans، Salivary
+
+127
+00:11:08,980 --> 00:11:13,000
+Glans Superior Salivary Nucleus الـ Motor Function
+
+128
+00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:19,180
+اللي هي Motor Nucleus of Facial Nerve تنقسم لقسمين
+
+129
+00:11:19,180 --> 00:11:25,490
+Ventral Part and Dorsal Partو ventral part بياخد a
+
+130
+00:11:25,490 --> 00:11:28,790
+أو مسئول عن a ال ventral part مسئول عن ال lower
+
+131
+00:11:28,790 --> 00:11:32,830
+quadrant of the face lower quadrant of the face و
+
+132
+00:11:32,830 --> 00:11:36,670
+dorsal nucleus مسئول عن upper quadrant of the face
+
+133
+00:11:36,670 --> 00:11:44,350
+نتكلم على intracranial course of the facial nerve
+
+134
+00:11:44,350 --> 00:11:48,690
+ال intracranial course of facial nerve the facial
+
+135
+00:11:48,690 --> 00:11:54,030
+nerveemersed from the lower border of the pons،
+
+136
+00:11:54,030 --> 00:11:58,250
+بخرج من أين؟ من ال lower border بتاع ال pons، بعد
+
+137
+00:11:58,250 --> 00:12:02,810
+هي بيمر في cerebellopontine angel، يوم ما شرحتلكوا
+
+138
+00:12:02,810 --> 00:12:05,850
+العصب الخامس، اتكلمنا عن ال cerebellopontine
+
+139
+00:12:05,850 --> 00:12:11,050
+angel، بيمر في العصب الخامس والسبع والثامن، بعد هي
+
+140
+00:12:11,050 --> 00:12:16,980
+بيفوت لل internal auditory meatusبيمور وين؟ في
+
+141
+00:12:16,980 --> 00:12:22,400
+facial canal او fallopian canal ماتخربطوش؟ في
+
+142
+00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,480
+fallopian tube حد يكتبلي fallopian tube fallopian
+
+143
+00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:29,760
+tube هذه موجودة فقط عند ال female بتربط ال uterus
+
+144
+00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:35,320
+مع ال ovary قناة بين من ومن؟ بين الرحم ال uterus و
+
+145
+00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:40,510
+ال ovary و المبايدفالوبيان كانال موجود عند المال
+
+146
+00:12:40,510 --> 00:12:48,570
+والفمال اسمها facial canal او اسمها internal
+
+147
+00:12:48,570 --> 00:12:52,970
+auditory canal موجودة في الـ petrostemporal bone
+
+148
+00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:59,480
+أثناء مروره في ال facial canal ال facial nerve
+
+149
+00:12:59,480 --> 00:13:02,900
+بيعطينا three branches راح نتكلم عنهم بعد هيك
+
+150
+00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:06,940
+finally it exit from stylo-mastoid foramen وفي
+
+151
+00:13:06,940 --> 00:13:11,280
+النهاية بخرجلنا من الخلف من stylo-mastoid foramen
+
+152
+00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:21,370
+هي اندي تابع معايا خرج ال facial nerve منlower
+
+153
+00:13:21,370 --> 00:13:24,470
+border of the pons between the pons and medulla
+
+154
+00:13:24,470 --> 00:13:33,110
+oblongata مروين في cerebellopontine angle بعد هيك
+
+155
+00:13:33,110 --> 00:13:39,630
+بيفوت لل internal auditory
+
+156
+00:13:39,630 --> 00:13:45,210
+meatus لل facial canal facial ايه؟ canal او
+
+157
+00:13:45,210 --> 00:13:46,630
+fallopian canal
+
+158
+00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:53,900
+أثناء مروره في الـ facial canal إله جانجليون اسم
+
+159
+00:13:53,900 --> 00:13:58,820
+هذا الجانجليون جينيكوليت جانجليون هذا الجانجليون
+
+160
+00:13:58,820 --> 00:14:03,760
+الجينيكوليت جانجليون إله three branches greater
+
+161
+00:14:03,760 --> 00:14:08,140
+superficial petrosal nerve nerve to stabilize
+
+162
+00:14:08,140 --> 00:14:12,760
+muscleو cordotempani nerve هذول التلاثة راح نتكلم
+
+163
+00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:19,420
+عنهم و finally بيخرج من وين؟ بيخرج بيغادر عن طريق
+
+164
+00:14:19,420 --> 00:14:24,160
+Stylomastoid foramen بيخرج من وين؟ من Stylomastoid
+
+165
+00:14:24,160 --> 00:14:28,660
+foramen يقول هذا ال course بتاع اللي هو ال facial
+
+166
+00:14:28,660 --> 00:14:31,380
+nerve intracranial course
+
+167
+00:14:37,190 --> 00:14:41,890
+نتكلم على extra cranial course of the facial nerve
+
+168
+00:14:41,890 --> 00:14:47,910
+it leaves the skull through the stylomastoid
+
+169
+00:14:47,910 --> 00:14:51,630
+foramen يعني هو بيغادر ال facial canal الموجودة في
+
+170
+00:14:51,630 --> 00:14:54,590
+ال skull عن طريق ال stylomastoid foramen
+
+171
+00:14:54,590 --> 00:15:01,350
+immediately after exit of the skull it gives two
+
+172
+00:15:01,350 --> 00:15:03,630
+branches بعد ما يخرج من ال skull بيعطينا
+
+173
+00:15:03,630 --> 00:15:09,810
+immediately two branchesبعد ذلك يدخل في الـ
+
+174
+00:15:09,810 --> 00:15:16,270
+Posterior Medial Service
+
+175
+00:15:16,270 --> 00:15:20,150
+of Parotid Glan بيكون Superficial لـ External
+
+176
+00:15:20,150 --> 00:15:26,750
+Carotid Arteryو it ends inside of the substance
+
+177
+00:15:26,750 --> 00:15:32,710
+part of the gland by dividing into five terminal
+
+178
+00:15:32,710 --> 00:15:36,610
+branches و في الأخير بيعطينا five branches يعني
+
+179
+00:15:36,610 --> 00:15:41,150
+طلع ال facial nerve له كام branch؟ عشرة، له عشرة،
+
+180
+00:15:41,150 --> 00:15:46,000
+ثلاثة موجودين في ال facial canalتنين immediately
+
+181
+00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,660
+after exit و تنين بعد ما يخرج من
+
+182
+00:15:48,660 --> 00:15:52,360
+السايلومسترويدفورامن و خمسة terminal branches
+
+183
+00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:59,820
+صاروا كام صاروا عندي عشرة branches لمن لاله facial
+
+184
+00:15:59,820 --> 00:16:07,020
+nerve 10 branches
+
+185
+00:16:07,020 --> 00:16:12,640
+هاي عندي لما يخرج من السايلومسترويدفورامن تكون
+
+186
+00:16:12,640 --> 00:16:16,240
+الخلف شويةالميديات اللي بيعطينا two branches هاي
+
+187
+00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:20,840
+واحد هاي اتنين هذا اسمه posterior auricular nerve
+
+188
+00:16:20,840 --> 00:16:24,940
+و هنا nerve to posterior piliacal and digastric
+
+189
+00:16:24,940 --> 00:16:30,040
+muscle and stylohyoid muscle بعد هيك بيعطينا five
+
+190
+00:16:30,040 --> 00:16:35,920
+branches temporal nerve, zygomatic nerve, buccal
+
+191
+00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:41,380
+nerveمارجينال مانديبولار نيرف سيرفايكال نيرف صار
+
+192
+00:16:41,380 --> 00:16:46,200
+عندي في تلاتة في الكنة اللي قلنا هي أربعة خمسة ستة
+
+193
+00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:51,480
+سبعة تمانية تسعة عشرة طلع كام برنش عندي الفيشيال
+
+194
+00:16:51,480 --> 00:16:58,690
+نيرفعشرة ten branches مهمين
+
+195
+00:16:58,690 --> 00:17:02,310
+جدا وفي العلاج الطبيعي انتوا بتتعاملوا كثير مع ال
+
+196
+00:17:02,310 --> 00:17:06,330
+facial nerve في حالات bells pulse لما يجينا المريض
+
+197
+00:17:06,330 --> 00:17:10,670
+عنده facial neuropathy التهاب في العصب السابع
+
+198
+00:17:10,670 --> 00:17:17,730
+branches of the facial nerve branches of the
+
+199
+00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:23,400
+facial nerve inside the facial fallopian canalأول
+
+200
+00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:27,980
+شي في greater superficial petrosal nerve اتنين
+
+201
+00:17:27,980 --> 00:17:34,860
+small branch to stapedius muscle ايه بجنه؟ هذا
+
+202
+00:17:34,860 --> 00:17:40,680
+small branch للاستابيدياس مصل يعتبر motor جي اس بي
+
+203
+00:17:40,680 --> 00:17:46,360
+ان بارا sympathetic الكوردة تنبني يعتبر بارا
+
+204
+00:17:46,360 --> 00:17:52,370
+sympathetic و sensory و هي و sensoryPosterior
+
+205
+00:17:52,370 --> 00:17:56,110
+Auricular Nerve يعتبر موتور مع Sensory مع بعض
+
+206
+00:17:56,110 --> 00:17:59,950
+Nerve of Posterior Biliary of the Digastric Muscle
+
+207
+00:17:59,950 --> 00:18:05,710
+موتور و Terminal five branches temporal nerveموتور
+
+208
+00:18:05,710 --> 00:18:12,530
+موتور موتور موتور موتور موتور موتور موتور موتور
+
+209
+00:18:12,530 --> 00:18:20,530
+موتور موتور موتور موتور موتور
+
+210
+00:18:25,670 --> 00:18:30,930
+تنين immediately after exit وخمسة terminal التلاتة
+
+211
+00:18:30,930 --> 00:18:34,510
+اللي بيكونوا في ال canal داخل ال canal واحد GSBN
+
+212
+00:18:34,510 --> 00:18:37,850
+اللي هو greater superficial petrosal nerve ثمين
+
+213
+00:18:37,850 --> 00:18:42,670
+small branch to stapedius muscle تلاتة corda
+
+214
+00:18:42,670 --> 00:18:48,470
+tympani nerve ال two nerves immediately after exit
+
+215
+00:18:48,470 --> 00:18:51,930
+from stylomostoid foramen اللي هو posterior
+
+216
+00:18:51,930 --> 00:18:56,010
+auricular nerveو nerve to posterior belay of
+
+217
+00:18:56,010 --> 00:19:00,230
+digastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle وخمسة
+
+218
+00:19:00,230 --> 00:19:03,610
+terminal branches temporal nerve زي Gematic nerve,
+
+219
+00:19:04,030 --> 00:19:07,310
+buccal nerve, marginal mandibular nerve and
+
+220
+00:19:07,310 --> 00:19:13,890
+cervical nerve الآن في ال slide هذا راح اتكلم على
+
+221
+00:19:14,740 --> 00:19:19,660
+الـ branches التلاتة الموجودين في الـ canal GSPN
+
+222
+00:19:19,660 --> 00:19:24,460
+أو Greater Superficial Petrosal Nerve it is a
+
+223
+00:19:24,460 --> 00:19:29,700
+parasympathetic nerve carry parasympathetic fibers
+
+224
+00:19:29,700 --> 00:19:34,560
+to the lacrimal gland, nasal gland, nasopharyngeal
+
+225
+00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:40,560
+gland, palatine gland كلهم منهثمين small branch to
+
+226
+00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:44,260
+the stapedius muscle in the middle ear اللي هو
+
+227
+00:19:44,260 --> 00:19:49,260
+يعتبر motor nerve reduce excessive vibration and
+
+228
+00:19:49,260 --> 00:19:53,280
+sound transmission to inner ear بيكون جيرانكوا
+
+229
+00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:57,660
+عندهم حفلة طول الليل و هم أغاني مش عارفين أين
+
+230
+00:19:57,660 --> 00:20:02,280
+جايبينها و الإنسان بيرهق من سمح الأغاني اللي مش
+
+231
+00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:07,890
+حلوة و ماعليهاش أي معنى و حرامماذا تفعل هذه
+
+232
+00:20:07,890 --> 00:20:11,330
+العضلة؟ هذه العضلة تحدث لها contraction لـ
+
+233
+00:20:11,330 --> 00:20:14,830
+Stapedius muscle لماذا تعمل contraction؟ عشان نقلل
+
+234
+00:20:14,830 --> 00:20:19,770
+توصيل الصوت من الأدن الوسط للأدن الداخلية إذا كان
+
+235
+00:20:19,770 --> 00:20:22,570
+حفلة عن جيرانكو طول الوقت تكون Stapedius muscle في
+
+236
+00:20:22,570 --> 00:20:26,750
+وضع contraction ما هو وظيفتها؟ reduction excessive
+
+237
+00:20:26,750 --> 00:20:32,670
+vibration and sound transmissionfrom middle ear to
+
+238
+00:20:32,670 --> 00:20:35,790
+inner ear، يبقى بالعربي هذه العضلة عندما تحصل على
+
+239
+00:20:35,790 --> 00:20:39,650
+contraction تعمل تخفيض للصوت العالي، توصيل الصوت
+
+240
+00:20:39,650 --> 00:20:43,650
+العالي من الأدنة الوسطى لين؟ للأدنة الداخلية، لكن
+
+241
+00:20:43,650 --> 00:20:47,770
+لو ما كانت شغالة هذه العضلة، بيحدث عندنا اشي اسمه
+
+242
+00:20:47,770 --> 00:20:51,250
+hyperacusia، hyper ايه؟ Acusia
+
+243
+00:20:53,830 --> 00:20:56,630
+يعني لو أنا بقرا محاضرة إلكوا اللي عنده
+
+244
+00:20:56,630 --> 00:20:59,350
+hyperacusia بقدرش تحمل محاضرة الصوت بيكون
+
+245
+00:20:59,350 --> 00:21:05,960
+بالنسباله عالي كثير و مزعج كثيرثلاثة كوردا تنباني
+
+246
+00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:09,740
+نيرف هذا يعتبر بارا سيمباتاتيك و special sensory
+
+247
+00:21:09,740 --> 00:21:15,660
+nerve يعطي بارا سيمباتاتيك فايبرز لسب مانديبولر و
+
+248
+00:21:15,660 --> 00:21:20,320
+سب لينجوال سليفري جلاند بيغضينا السب مانديبولر و
+
+249
+00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:23,260
+السب لينجوال سليفري جلاند العلاقة في ال production
+
+250
+00:21:23,260 --> 00:21:27,780
+of saliva اثنين سب لايف دي تيه ال sensation بيغضي
+
+251
+00:21:27,780 --> 00:21:35,130
+التذوق from anterior to third of the tongueهي عندي
+
+252
+00:21:35,130 --> 00:21:39,170
+اللي هو greater superficial petrosal nerve هاي
+
+253
+00:21:39,170 --> 00:21:44,790
+nerve to stapedius muscle وهي
+
+254
+00:21:44,790 --> 00:21:48,890
+عندي اللي هو corda tympani nerve وخرج من وين؟ من
+
+255
+00:21:48,890 --> 00:21:53,870
+stylo-mastoid foramen من stylo-mastoid foramen خرج
+
+256
+00:21:53,870 --> 00:21:57,730
+من ال facial nerve هيك بيكون انا شرحتلكوا أول
+
+257
+00:21:57,730 --> 00:22:06,170
+ثلاثة عندي بعد هيكاللي هو facial nerve بخرج من
+
+258
+00:22:06,170 --> 00:22:10,590
+stylo mustoid foramen وبيعطينا two branches
+
+259
+00:22:10,590 --> 00:22:15,250
+posterior auricular nerve and nerve to posterior
+
+260
+00:22:15,250 --> 00:22:20,370
+belay of the gastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle
+
+261
+00:22:20,370 --> 00:22:26,230
+هاي
+
+262
+00:22:26,230 --> 00:22:33,850
+عندي اللي هو ال facial nerveبخرج من الـ stylo
+
+263
+00:22:33,850 --> 00:22:43,130
+-mastoid foramin الان
+
+264
+00:22:43,130 --> 00:22:48,490
+اتكلم على branches of the facial nerve immediately
+
+265
+00:22:48,490 --> 00:22:52,930
+after exit from the skull بعد ما يخرج من ال skull
+
+266
+00:22:52,930 --> 00:22:55,990
+من ال stylo-mastoid formin immediately it gives
+
+267
+00:22:55,990 --> 00:23:01,000
+two branchesأول واحد بستيريور أوريكولار نيرف
+
+268
+00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:05,920
+بستيريور أوريكولار نيرف supply of occipital belay
+
+269
+00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:11,260
+of occipitofrontalis muscle supply also superior
+
+270
+00:23:11,260 --> 00:23:16,000
+and posterior auricularis muscle بيغدينا ال
+
+271
+00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:18,020
+superior و ال posterior auricularis muscle
+
+272
+00:23:20,910 --> 00:23:25,630
+أوريكولار مصر لها جزءين جزء posterior و جزء
+
+273
+00:23:25,630 --> 00:23:30,230
+anterior هو أدق بيغضي بيغضي posterior part بيغضي
+
+274
+00:23:30,230 --> 00:23:33,830
+posterior part لإن ال temporal nerve راح يغضي main
+
+275
+00:23:33,830 --> 00:23:38,050
+anterior part يبقى ال posterior auricular nerve
+
+276
+00:23:38,050 --> 00:23:41,930
+راح يغضي أدق ال posterior part of superior
+
+277
+00:23:41,930 --> 00:23:46,770
+auricular muscleOkay و إيه العلاقة بموضوع ال
+
+278
+00:23:46,770 --> 00:23:51,650
+sensation from the posterior part of the auricle
+
+279
+00:23:51,650 --> 00:23:56,330
+and tympanic membrane العصب الثاني من اسمه واضح
+
+280
+00:23:56,330 --> 00:23:59,710
+اسمه nerve to posterior belay of the digastric
+
+281
+00:23:59,710 --> 00:24:02,630
+muscle and the stylohyoid muscle في غدينا
+
+282
+00:24:02,630 --> 00:24:05,530
+posterior belay of the digastric muscle and the
+
+283
+00:24:05,530 --> 00:24:10,590
+stylohyoid muscle هي عندي اللي هو posterior
+
+284
+00:24:10,590 --> 00:24:17,240
+auricular nervePosterior Auricular nerve خرج
+
+285
+00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:22,380
+امدياتيالي تونيرف بوستيريور اوريكولار نيرف و نيرف
+
+286
+00:24:22,380 --> 00:24:25,860
+بوستيريور بيليق ديجاثريك مسل و سايلوهايويد نتكلم
+
+287
+00:24:25,860 --> 00:24:29,340
+عن بوستيريور اوريكولار بيغدين اكسيبتر بيليق او
+
+288
+00:24:29,340 --> 00:24:35,560
+اكسيبتر فرونتاليس مسل بيغدي بوستيريور اوريكولار
+
+289
+00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:41,050
+مسل و بيغديالـ posterior part of superior
+
+290
+00:24:41,050 --> 00:24:45,070
+auricular muscle هذا هو posterior auricular nerve
+
+291
+00:24:45,070 --> 00:24:49,030
+وبيعطينا أو receive sensation from the posterior
+
+292
+00:24:49,030 --> 00:24:53,810
+auricle and posterior tympanic membrane هذا أول
+
+293
+00:24:53,810 --> 00:25:02,040
+branch after exit هاي عندي واضحأكسيبتال بلاي of
+
+294
+00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:05,820
+occipital frontalis muscle هي posterior auricular
+
+295
+00:25:05,820 --> 00:25:11,420
+muscle وهو بيغدى posterior part of superior
+
+296
+00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:16,680
+auricular بعد هيك عندي five .. في عندي بعدها
+
+297
+00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:21,320
+بيجينا five terminal branches في عندي five
+
+298
+00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:25,580
+terminal branches خمسة اللي هو temporal nerve
+
+299
+00:25:26,610 --> 00:25:30,830
+zigomatic nerve, buccal nerve, marginal mandibular
+
+300
+00:25:30,830 --> 00:25:34,210
+nerve and cervical nerve هذول تيرمين ال branches
+
+301
+00:25:34,210 --> 00:25:39,910
+temporal nerve نتكلم واحد واحد temporal nerve
+
+302
+00:25:39,910 --> 00:25:45,530
+supply the frontal belay of subfrontalis muscle
+
+303
+00:25:45,530 --> 00:25:52,640
+upper partof orbicularis oculi muscle superior and
+
+304
+00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:56,100
+anterior auricularis muscle نشوفهم مع بعض ايش
+
+305
+00:25:56,100 --> 00:26:01,460
+بيغدينا ال temporal nerve بيغدي اللي هو frontal
+
+306
+00:26:01,460 --> 00:26:08,130
+belay ofوsubta frontalis muscle بيغضي من؟ anterior
+
+307
+00:26:08,130 --> 00:26:13,790
+auricularis muscle وبيغضي ال anterior part of
+
+308
+00:26:13,790 --> 00:26:18,350
+superior auricular muscle وبيغضي ال upper part of
+
+309
+00:26:18,350 --> 00:26:22,650
+auricularis oculi muscle تمام؟ هذا من بيغضيهم؟
+
+310
+00:26:22,650 --> 00:26:32,490
+اللي هو temporal nerve نرجع لل slide zygomatic
+
+311
+00:26:32,490 --> 00:26:37,830
+nerveالـ zygomatic nerve بنقسم لقسمين upper
+
+312
+00:26:37,830 --> 00:26:43,910
+zygomatic branch and lower zygomatic branch ال
+
+313
+00:26:43,910 --> 00:26:50,510
+upper zygomatic branch بيغدى subperior
+
+314
+00:26:50,510 --> 00:26:53,110
+or inferior part of the orbicularis oculi muscle
+
+315
+00:26:53,110 --> 00:26:58,110
+اللي بتغمض إليهبيغدي ال lower zygomatic muscle
+
+316
+00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:03,210
+between the eye and mouth including nasal muscle
+
+317
+00:27:03,210 --> 00:27:07,050
+يبقى في الحالة هذه ال upper zygomatic nerve بيغدي
+
+318
+00:27:07,050 --> 00:27:11,070
+لنا ال articularis oculi muscle هذه ال upper part
+
+319
+00:27:11,070 --> 00:27:16,530
+و ال lower part هذه كلها بتاخد من أين؟ من upper
+
+320
+00:27:16,530 --> 00:27:19,630
+zygomatic و ال lower zygomatic بيغدينا ال muscles
+
+321
+00:27:19,630 --> 00:27:27,510
+between the mouthand I including nasal muscles
+
+322
+00:27:27,510 --> 00:27:33,390
+هذول بياخدوا من وين؟ من ال lower zygomatic branch
+
+323
+00:27:33,390 --> 00:27:36,450
+في
+
+324
+00:27:36,450 --> 00:27:43,990
+بعدها buckle nerve بيغدينا vaccinator muscle and
+
+325
+00:27:43,990 --> 00:27:47,090
+orbicularis oris muscle orbicularis oris muscle
+
+326
+00:27:47,090 --> 00:27:52,510
+اني انا لما بصفر بحركها لما بسكر طمي بحركها هذه هي
+
+327
+00:27:53,850 --> 00:27:59,450
+Vaccinator muscle تاخد من البكال و Arbicularis
+
+328
+00:27:59,450 --> 00:28:05,110
+muscle تاخد من البكال نيرف
+
+329
+00:28:08,670 --> 00:28:14,150
+الفرع اللي بعده اللي هو marginal mandibular nerve
+
+330
+00:28:14,150 --> 00:28:19,050
+supply the muscle in the region of the mandible
+
+331
+00:28:19,050 --> 00:28:22,970
+وفيه cervical muscle أو cervical nerve بيغدى
+
+332
+00:28:22,970 --> 00:28:29,860
+platysma muscleيبقى هاد ال muscles في ال angle of
+
+333
+00:28:29,860 --> 00:28:33,720
+the mandible تمام او angle of the mouth تاخد من ال
+
+334
+00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:36,840
+marginal mandibular nerve وهاد ال platysmal muscle
+
+335
+00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:40,840
+راح تاخد من وين ال platysmal muscle من اللي هو ال
+
+336
+00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:45,800
+cervical nerve of facial هكذا بيكون انا شرحتلكم
+
+337
+00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:51,220
+ten branches of facial nerve شرحت العشر عصاب يبقى
+
+338
+00:28:51,220 --> 00:28:55,430
+هاي عندي zygomatic nerveتمام؟ بيغدينا مين؟
+
+339
+00:28:55,430 --> 00:28:59,510
+الاربيكولاريس و ال muscle
+
+340
+00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:05,080
+between the eye and mouth including nasal muscle
+
+341
+00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:08,880
+أنا هأعلملكوا عليهم البقال نير بيغضي orbicularis
+
+342
+00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:12,480
+oris muscle و vaccinator muscle ال marginal
+
+343
+00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:16,480
+mandibular nerve بيغضينا ال muscle around the
+
+344
+00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:20,800
+mouth angle و ال cervical nerve بيغضي platysma
+
+345
+00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:25,240
+muscle و هذا ال marginal واضح بيغضينا ال muscle في
+
+346
+00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:30,650
+ال angle of the mouthانتجي لموضوع راح أشرحه
+
+347
+00:29:30,650 --> 00:29:34,710
+بالتفصيل في سنة رابعة إن ضلينا طيبين هي عندي ال
+
+348
+00:29:34,710 --> 00:29:41,970
+motor nucleus motor nucleus of the facial nerve
+
+349
+00:29:41,970 --> 00:29:50,950
+تنقسم لقسمين تنقسم لقسمين قولنا جزء يعتبر ventral
+
+350
+00:29:50,950 --> 00:29:58,190
+وجزء يعتبر dorsal ال ventral
+
+351
+00:30:01,490 --> 00:30:09,050
+supply the lower quadrant of the face و الدورسل
+
+352
+00:30:09,050 --> 00:30:16,450
+supply the upper quadrant of the face الدورسل تأخذ
+
+353
+00:30:16,450 --> 00:30:21,490
+إشارة من الـipsilateral cerebral hemisphere و من
+
+354
+00:30:21,490 --> 00:30:26,470
+الcontralateral cerebral hemisphere يعني حكمة ربنا
+
+355
+00:30:26,470 --> 00:30:29,730
+واسع بالبعدأعطى العضلات اللى بتغمض العين
+
+356
+00:30:29,730 --> 00:30:34,930
+innervation from both cerebral hemispheres يعني ال
+
+357
+00:30:34,930 --> 00:30:39,130
+dorsal part أو ال dorsal nucleus of facial بتاخد
+
+358
+00:30:39,130 --> 00:30:42,570
+من كام cerebral hemisphere؟ من two cerebral
+
+359
+00:30:42,570 --> 00:30:47,310
+hemispheres لكن ال ventral nucleus المسئول عن ال
+
+360
+00:30:47,310 --> 00:30:51,540
+lower quadrant of the faceفقط بتاخد من ال opposite
+
+361
+00:30:51,540 --> 00:30:55,680
+side، يعني في الحالة هذه، لو إنسان صار معاه جلطة
+
+362
+00:30:55,680 --> 00:30:58,940
+دماغية، جلطة دماغية في ال right cerebral
+
+363
+00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:03,340
+hemisphere، في ال right cerebral hemisphere، إيش
+
+364
+00:31:03,340 --> 00:31:09,340
+بحدث عنده؟ مين راح يتأثر فقط؟ الدرس اللي بتتأثر؟ما
+
+365
+00:31:09,340 --> 00:31:13,420
+بتتأثرش لإنه عندها Epilateral Innervation طيب و ال
+
+366
+00:31:13,420 --> 00:31:17,580
+Ventral ال Ventral راح تتأثر في الحالة هذه ال
+
+367
+00:31:17,580 --> 00:31:23,260
+Ventral راح تتأثر راح ينشل نص وجهه السفلي الموضوع
+
+368
+00:31:23,260 --> 00:31:28,240
+هذا ما راح أطول الآن فيه راح أشرحه بالتفصيل في سنة
+
+369
+00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:32,520
+رابعة في الأمراض بتاعة الأعصاب ان شاء الله في
+
+370
+00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:39,070
+cranial nerve disease هنا نشوفمرضى عندهم facial
+
+371
+00:31:39,070 --> 00:31:46,830
+palsy مرضى دول عندهم facial palsy لاحظولى المريض
+
+372
+00:31:46,830 --> 00:31:55,030
+عنده hand shell في نص وجهه على الجهة اليساربيغمض
+
+373
+00:31:55,030 --> 00:31:58,470
+عينه هنا مش قادر يغمض في drop في ال mouth angle
+
+374
+00:31:58,470 --> 00:32:03,770
+عينه فاتحة loss nasolabial fold مش موجودة يبقى ان
+
+375
+00:32:03,770 --> 00:32:07,710
+المريض هذا عنده شلل في العصب السابع ال GHA اليسرى
+
+376
+00:32:07,710 --> 00:32:11,110
+هذا كله بالتفصيل اللي راح اشرحه في سنة رابعة في
+
+377
+00:32:11,110 --> 00:32:16,410
+مرض اسمه Bell's palsy التهاب بال أو شلل العصب
+
+378
+00:32:16,410 --> 00:32:20,430
+السابع ونتكلم على ال upper motor neuron and lower
+
+379
+00:32:20,430 --> 00:32:23,730
+motor neuron ايش انواعهمكل هذا ان شاء الله راح
+
+380
+00:32:23,730 --> 00:32:27,630
+نتكلم عنه لاحظوا هنا المريض هذا عنده شلل في عضلات
+
+381
+00:32:27,630 --> 00:32:30,990
+الوجه على الجهة اليسرى في بالز بالسي على ال left
+
+382
+00:32:30,990 --> 00:32:35,550
+side مش قادر يغمض عينه drop mouth angle inability
+
+383
+00:32:35,550 --> 00:32:40,030
+to close the eye كله wrinkles هذا ال nasolabial
+
+384
+00:32:40,030 --> 00:32:44,110
+fold واضحة حلوة هنا lost مش موجودة المريض عنده شلل
+
+385
+00:32:44,110 --> 00:32:47,050
+في العصب السابع على الجهة اليسرى
+
+386
+00:32:57,770 --> 00:33:01,770
+نفس الشيء هذا الشاب بس هنا عاليمين شايفي لاحظوا في
+
+387
+00:33:01,770 --> 00:33:05,550
+drop mouth عاليمين و عنده inability to close the
+
+388
+00:33:05,550 --> 00:33:08,210
+eye دايما بيكون هنا في الحالات هذه ال mouth
+
+389
+00:33:08,210 --> 00:33:11,970
+deviated على ال intact side ال mouth deviated ليه؟
+
+390
+00:33:11,970 --> 00:33:15,810
+لأنه في حركة هنا في ال vaccinator muscle و
+
+391
+00:33:15,810 --> 00:33:19,950
+الorbicularis oris muscle متحركوا هنا عاليمين ع
+
+392
+00:33:19,950 --> 00:33:25,090
+الشمال ع اليسار في حركة عاليمين في drop يبقى
+
+393
+00:33:25,090 --> 00:33:29,600
+المريض هذا عندهright side facial palsy ال .. ال ..
+
+394
+00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:32,060
+ال mouth deviated على ال left side لأن ال left
+
+395
+00:33:32,060 --> 00:33:35,380
+side intact هنا ال right في drop في ال mouth angle
+
+396
+00:33:35,380 --> 00:33:39,220
+inability to close the eye الأسطى nasolabial fold
+
+397
+00:33:39,220 --> 00:33:42,760
+على ال right وكان في محالة هادة بتكلم على facial
+
+398
+00:33:42,760 --> 00:33:48,990
+palsy عند المريض على الجهة اليمنىالجزء الأول
+
+399
+00:33:48,990 --> 00:33:52,870
+باكتفي فيه في محاضرة cranial nerve بتاعة الأسبوع
+
+400
+00:33:52,870 --> 00:33:55,650
+التاسع الجزء المتبقى إلينا في cranial nerves راح
+
+401
+00:33:55,650 --> 00:33:59,550
+نتكلم عن Glossopharyngeal nerve Vegas nerve و
+
+402
+00:33:59,550 --> 00:34:03,070
+accessory and hypoglossal nerve موضوع
+
+403
+00:34:03,070 --> 00:34:06,430
+vestibulocochlear nerve بتكلم عنه في محاضرة ان شاء
+
+404
+00:34:06,430 --> 00:34:10,770
+الله ال special sensation اللي هو sense of hearing
+
+405
+00:34:10,770 --> 00:34:15,330
+هيك بكون أنهيت الجزء الأول من محاضرة تبعة الأسبوع
+
+406
+00:34:15,330 --> 00:34:18,000
+التاسع يعطيكوا ألف عافيةالعربية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/SYJEVo8m4NA_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1952 @@
+1
+00:00:04,990 --> 00:00:08,770
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,770 --> 00:00:16,400
+وبركاتهاليوم راح نكمل محاضرات مساق تشريح الأعصاب و
+
+3
+00:00:16,400 --> 00:00:20,480
+فسيولوجية الأعصاب وصلنا معاكم إلى المحاضرة رقم 5
+
+4
+00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:26,440
+اللي كانت على meninges and ventricular system
+
+5
+00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:31,840
+محاضرة الأسبوع السادس راح تكون على blood supply of
+
+6
+00:00:31,840 --> 00:00:38,910
+the brain and ural venousأو Dural Venous نبدأ
+
+7
+00:00:38,910 --> 00:00:45,090
+بداية المحاضرة على ال cerebral blood flow ايش هو
+
+8
+00:00:45,090 --> 00:00:51,190
+ال cerebral blood flow؟ هو عبارة عن blood supply
+
+9
+00:00:51,190 --> 00:00:59,250
+to the brain in a given time في الطبيعي ال brain
+
+10
+00:00:59,250 --> 00:01:08,180
+بياخد 20% من ال total cardiac outputيعني حوالي 750
+
+11
+00:01:08,180 --> 00:01:12,500
+ملي لتر في دقيقة الواحد الواحدة اللي بيصل ال blood
+
+12
+00:01:12,500 --> 00:01:19,360
+لل brain لو أخدنا دراسة regional cerebral blood
+
+13
+00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:23,520
+flowدرسنا كل 100 جرام brain tissue كم بيصل لها
+
+14
+00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:29,120
+blood في الدقيقة الواحدة طبيعي يصل 50 ل 54 مليليتر
+
+15
+00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:32,800
+في الدقيقة الواحدة هذا طبيعي طيب ماذا بيحدث
+
+16
+00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:36,960
+ischemia ischemia يعني ان الخلايا بتفقد وظيفتها
+
+17
+00:01:36,960 --> 00:01:42,160
+بدون ما يكون عندهم death لسه ما ماتت الخلية فقدت
+
+18
+00:01:42,160 --> 00:01:46,020
+الوظيفة بسبب نقص في التروية يقول ischemia هي عبارة
+
+19
+00:01:46,020 --> 00:01:53,430
+عن نقص تروية ماذا بتحدث؟if blood flow to the brain
+
+20
+00:01:53,430 --> 00:02:01,030
+below 18-20 milliliter per 100 gram per minute طيب
+
+21
+00:02:01,030 --> 00:02:05,950
+تشدث متى الخلية بتفقد الوظيفة و بتموت كمان بيحدث
+
+22
+00:02:05,950 --> 00:02:14,330
+لها death في حالنزل الـ cerebral blood flow أقل
+
+23
+00:02:14,330 --> 00:02:21,630
+من 8 ل 10 ملي لتر لكل 100 جرام برن تشوف في الدقيقة
+
+24
+00:02:21,630 --> 00:02:28,950
+الواحدة هيفجان اتفقنا انه طبيعي يصل لبرن 750 ملي
+
+25
+00:02:28,950 --> 00:02:34,090
+لتر لكل برن في الدقيقة الواحدة يعني نتكلم عن 15 ل
+
+26
+00:02:34,090 --> 00:02:37,350
+20% من ال total cardiac output
+
+27
+00:02:42,050 --> 00:02:47,330
+الخلية بتفقد الوظيفة بتاعتها في حال نزل ال blood
+
+28
+00:02:47,330 --> 00:02:56,750
+flow لكام؟ ل 18، 20 مليلتر ل 100 gram brain tissue
+
+29
+00:02:56,750 --> 00:03:01,330
+في الدقيقة الواحدة طب death tissue او ال tissue
+
+30
+00:03:01,330 --> 00:03:05,070
+death متى بيحدث ال tissue death؟في حال نزل الـ
+
+31
+00:03:05,070 --> 00:03:07,230
+cerebral blood flow، الـ regional cerebral blood
+
+32
+00:03:07,230 --> 00:03:14,010
+flow، below a 10 milliliter blood لكل 100 gram
+
+33
+00:03:14,010 --> 00:03:20,110
+brain tissue per minute blood
+
+34
+00:03:20,110 --> 00:03:27,470
+supply of the brainالـ brain very important organ
+
+35
+00:03:27,470 --> 00:03:33,370
+عشان هيك لاحظوا انه بيصلوا عشرين في المية من a
+
+36
+00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:40,050
+total cardiac output مهم جدا بتأثر ال brain في
+
+37
+00:03:40,050 --> 00:03:43,070
+حالات ال hypertension او في حالات ال hypertension
+
+38
+00:03:43,070 --> 00:03:50,310
+ال blood supply of the brain ال brain بيصلوا blood
+
+39
+00:03:50,310 --> 00:03:59,060
+من two systemsتو system اول system اللي هو ايه
+
+40
+00:03:59,060 --> 00:04:03,680
+carotid system carotid system ثاني system
+
+41
+00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:11,580
+vertebrobasilar system vertebrobasilar system ال
+
+42
+00:04:11,580 --> 00:04:18,030
+carotid systemبصلى ال brain عن طريق internal
+
+43
+00:04:18,030 --> 00:04:22,570
+carotid artery internal carotid artery هنا right
+
+44
+00:04:22,570 --> 00:04:27,530
+internal carotid artery and left internal carotid
+
+45
+00:04:27,530 --> 00:04:31,960
+artery طيب ال vertebral basilar systemبيصل ال
+
+46
+00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:35,980
+blood لل brain عن طريق ال two vertebral artery و
+
+47
+00:04:35,980 --> 00:04:39,560
+ال two vertebral artery بتحدوا مع بعض و بيكونولنا
+
+48
+00:04:39,560 --> 00:04:45,500
+single basilar artery لذلك سميها vertebral basilar
+
+49
+00:04:45,500 --> 00:04:54,260
+system the main blood supply to the brain بتتم عن
+
+50
+00:04:54,260 --> 00:04:56,740
+طريق ال carotid artery عن طريق ال internal carotid
+
+51
+00:04:56,740 --> 00:05:03,670
+artery internal carotid arterysupplied 80% of the
+
+52
+00:05:03,670 --> 00:05:08,190
+brain يعني 80% من الدماغ بياخد إبلاد سبلية عن طريق
+
+53
+00:05:08,190 --> 00:05:13,730
+ال internal carotid artery و 20% بياخد عن طريق
+
+54
+00:05:13,730 --> 00:05:19,390
+vertebral basilar artery نرجع
+
+55
+00:05:19,390 --> 00:05:24,450
+شوية ال general anatomy نشوف من وين ال origin بتاع
+
+56
+00:05:24,450 --> 00:05:30,330
+ال internal carotid artery أول شيءفي هنا شي اسمه
+
+57
+00:05:30,330 --> 00:05:34,290
+common carotid artery الـ carotid يعني شريان
+
+58
+00:05:34,290 --> 00:05:39,590
+السباتي شريان السباتي العام بالعربي common carotid
+
+59
+00:05:39,590 --> 00:05:43,990
+artery أو شريان السباتي الرئيسي ال common carotid
+
+60
+00:05:43,990 --> 00:05:51,870
+artery emerges from هنا الخلاف في right و في left
+
+61
+00:05:51,870 --> 00:05:59,070
+ال right common carotid arteryemerges from
+
+62
+00:05:59,070 --> 00:06:05,270
+brachiocephalic trunk from brachiocephalic trunk
+
+63
+00:06:05,270 --> 00:06:09,650
+طيب، brachiocephalic trunk بخرج من القرش و في
+
+64
+00:06:09,650 --> 00:06:13,750
+أوورته brachiocephalic
+
+65
+00:06:13,750 --> 00:06:17,790
+trunk من اسمه brachiocephalic يعني لل upper limb و
+
+66
+00:06:17,790 --> 00:06:22,370
+لل brain ال brachiocephalic trunk ال right منقسم ل
+
+67
+00:06:22,370 --> 00:06:28,250
+two arteries two main arteriesأولاً رايت سبكليفيان
+
+68
+00:06:28,250 --> 00:06:37,570
+ارتريه اللي تشتغل عقل العقل الأعلى اتنين
+
+69
+00:06:37,570 --> 00:06:43,750
+كومون كاروتد ارتريه يبقى رايت كومون كاروتد ارتريه
+
+70
+00:06:43,750 --> 00:06:47,350
+يتخلص
+
+71
+00:06:47,350 --> 00:06:54,620
+منthe brachiocephalic trunk ماحد يقول ليه من ال
+
+72
+00:06:54,620 --> 00:06:59,400
+right brachiocephalic trunk ليه؟ لأنه هو one only
+
+73
+00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:01,960
+على ال right بيكون موجود على ال brachiocephalic
+
+74
+00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:06,060
+trunk في الحالة هذه ال right common carotid artery
+
+75
+00:07:06,060 --> 00:07:12,160
+immerse from brachiocephalic trunkBreak ocephalic
+
+76
+00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:16,660
+trunk Divide into two arteries Right subclavian
+
+77
+00:07:16,660 --> 00:07:19,620
+artery and right common carotid artery
+
+78
+00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:32,180
+immediately direct from the arch of the aorta يعني
+
+79
+00:07:32,180 --> 00:07:35,000
+عال left الarch of the aorta عال left بيكون
+
+80
+00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:40,520
+immediately بخرج منه left subclavian artery and
+
+81
+00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:44,280
+left common carotid artery يبقى هنا عرفنا إيش
+
+82
+00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:47,600
+الاختلاف بين ال right و left common carotid artery
+
+83
+00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:52,360
+left common carotid artery emerges immediatelyfrom
+
+84
+00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:56,780
+the arch of the aorta but the right common carotid
+
+85
+00:07:56,780 --> 00:08:01,220
+artery emerges or arises directly from
+
+86
+00:08:01,220 --> 00:08:04,340
+brachiocephalic trunk و brachiocephalic trunk من
+
+87
+00:08:04,340 --> 00:08:09,480
+وين؟ من ال arch of the aorta خلصنا عرفنا من وين
+
+88
+00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:11,740
+أتى ال common carotid artery مابهمناش احنا ال
+
+89
+00:08:11,740 --> 00:08:14,560
+common carotid artery بهمنا ال internal carotid
+
+90
+00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:19,580
+artery طيب common carotid artery بينقسم ل two
+
+91
+00:08:19,580 --> 00:08:25,640
+branchesلـ Internal Carotid Artery و External
+
+92
+00:08:25,640 --> 00:08:28,860
+Carotid Artery، أنا الـ External Carotid Artery ما
+
+93
+00:08:28,860 --> 00:08:32,920
+بيهمني اليوم، بغد الـ Face و الـ Thyroid، ما إلي
+
+94
+00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:35,970
+علاقة في الموضوع الآن؟أنا باهيم من مين؟ ال
+
+95
+00:08:35,970 --> 00:08:38,870
+internal carotid artery طب وين بيتم ال
+
+96
+00:08:38,870 --> 00:08:45,110
+bifurcation؟ او ايه؟ ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+97
+00:08:45,110 --> 00:08:45,830
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+98
+00:08:45,830 --> 00:08:45,870
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+99
+00:08:45,870 --> 00:08:45,990
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+100
+00:08:45,990 --> 00:08:46,450
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+101
+00:08:46,450 --> 00:08:46,690
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+102
+00:08:46,690 --> 00:08:48,110
+.. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+103
+00:08:48,110 --> 00:08:48,130
+ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال .. ال
+
+104
+00:08:48,130 --> 00:08:52,030
+ال .. ال .. ال ..
+
+105
+00:08:52,030 --> 00:08:58,900
+ال .. ال ..Upper border of thyroid cartilage يعني
+
+106
+00:08:58,900 --> 00:09:05,260
+على أي level من ناحية ال vertibra على level C3 C4
+
+107
+00:09:05,260 --> 00:09:09,440
+vertibra يبقى common carotid artery بتميله by
+
+108
+00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:13,220
+bifurcation dividing ال common carotid artery
+
+109
+00:09:13,220 --> 00:09:19,260
+divide لمين ل two arteries internal carotid artery
+
+110
+00:09:19,260 --> 00:09:24,300
+و external carotid artery انا اللي بهمنياللي هو
+
+111
+00:09:24,300 --> 00:09:27,820
+internal
+
+112
+00:09:27,820 --> 00:09:32,400
+carotid artery ننتقل
+
+113
+00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:39,900
+لموضوع تاني هاي واضح انها في الصورة أرش أو داورتا
+
+114
+00:09:39,900 --> 00:09:46,000
+على ال right brachiocephalic trunkتنقسم لـ right
+
+115
+00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:50,520
+subclavian artery و right common carotid artery
+
+116
+00:09:50,520 --> 00:09:55,000
+نشوف الـ left هي عندي ارشف دورته Direct بخرج منه
+
+117
+00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:59,740
+left subclavian artery و left common carotid
+
+118
+00:09:59,740 --> 00:10:12,540
+artery طيب
+
+119
+00:10:12,540 --> 00:10:17,830
+لو سؤالنا سؤالجيبنا صورة زي هيك و قولنا what's the
+
+120
+00:10:17,830 --> 00:10:21,950
+difference between external carotid artery and
+
+121
+00:10:21,950 --> 00:10:25,370
+internal carotid artery هي عندي common carotid
+
+122
+00:10:25,370 --> 00:10:28,970
+artery عن ال right خرج من ال subclavian artery ..
+
+123
+00:10:28,970 --> 00:10:31,730
+آسف خرج من ال brachiocephalic trunk ال
+
+124
+00:10:31,730 --> 00:10:35,310
+brachiocephalic trunk انقسم ل right common carotid
+
+125
+00:10:35,310 --> 00:10:39,970
+artery و right subclavian artery هذا هو ايه ال
+
+126
+00:10:39,970 --> 00:10:43,030
+brachiocephalic trunkطب what's the difference
+
+127
+00:10:43,030 --> 00:10:46,290
+between right and left؟ what's the difference
+
+128
+00:10:46,290 --> 00:10:49,930
+between internal and external carotid artery؟ أنا
+
+129
+00:10:49,930 --> 00:10:57,610
+بطلع بصورة هيك و بده أعرف هاي one و هاي second
+
+130
+00:10:57,610 --> 00:11:01,710
+branch لل common carotid main ال internal و main
+
+131
+00:11:01,710 --> 00:11:09,230
+ال externalinternal carotid artery gives no branch
+
+132
+00:11:09,230 --> 00:11:13,390
+at the neck يعني ال internal carotid artery
+
+133
+00:11:13,390 --> 00:11:18,370
+بيعطيناش ولا شريان على الرقبة، مابيعطيش ولا branch
+
+134
+00:11:19,150 --> 00:11:24,650
+طيب أما ال external carotid artery it gives
+
+135
+00:11:24,650 --> 00:11:29,030
+branches at the neck يبقى الإختلاف إن ال external
+
+136
+00:11:29,030 --> 00:11:33,790
+carotid artery بيعطينا أفرع له للرقب و لل face و
+
+137
+00:11:33,790 --> 00:11:38,830
+للوجه تمام و الفكين أما ال internal carotid artery
+
+138
+00:11:38,830 --> 00:11:45,490
+وظيفة to supply the brain and eyes لذلك بيعطيش ولا
+
+139
+00:11:45,490 --> 00:11:47,790
+فرع له على الرقب
+
+140
+00:11:52,180 --> 00:11:58,280
+نوصل لـ Internal Carotid Artery اللي هو راح يكون
+
+141
+00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:02,820
+موضوع الجزء الأول من محاضرتنا ان شاء الله Internal
+
+142
+00:12:02,820 --> 00:12:10,540
+Carotid Artery arises in the neck of terminal
+
+143
+00:12:10,540 --> 00:12:16,700
+branch of common carotid arteryat bifurcation
+
+144
+00:12:16,700 --> 00:12:19,840
+واتفجنا ال bifurcation يعني إيش bifurcation مقصود
+
+145
+00:12:19,840 --> 00:12:24,260
+فيها هو انقسام ال common carotid artery إلى
+
+146
+00:12:24,260 --> 00:12:28,900
+external and internal على أي level قلنا على level
+
+147
+00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:34,960
+cervical 3 and cervical 4 vertebra أو على level
+
+148
+00:12:34,960 --> 00:12:40,640
+upper thyroid gland cartilageOkay what's the
+
+149
+00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:45,940
+function of internal carotid artery؟ Internal
+
+150
+00:12:45,940 --> 00:12:51,780
+carotid artery supplies structures of orbit يعني
+
+151
+00:12:51,780 --> 00:12:57,360
+ال I و ال orbitand large part of the brain
+
+152
+00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:03,960
+internal carotid artery supply 80% of the brain
+
+153
+00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:09,860
+يعني 80% من ال brain blood supply بتم عن طريق مين؟
+
+154
+00:13:09,860 --> 00:13:16,780
+عن طريق internal carotid artery واتفجنا انهit
+
+155
+00:13:16,780 --> 00:13:22,980
+gives no branches at the neck او in the neck يعني
+
+156
+00:13:22,980 --> 00:13:27,440
+ال internal carotid artery مابيعطيناش ولا branch
+
+157
+00:13:27,440 --> 00:13:32,280
+على وين على الرقبة okay تمام ال internal carotid
+
+158
+00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:39,600
+artery هو supply ال orbit و ال brain each
+
+159
+00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:44,880
+internal carotid arteryenters the skull through
+
+160
+00:13:44,880 --> 00:13:49,800
+the carotid canal او carotid foramen هو بيفوت ل ال
+
+161
+00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:56,340
+cranial cavity عن طريق قناع او فتحة اسمها carotid
+
+162
+00:13:56,340 --> 00:14:04,620
+foramen او carotid canal okay and it gives intra
+
+163
+00:14:04,620 --> 00:14:09,380
+cranial branches بيعطينا ايه intra cranial
+
+164
+00:14:09,380 --> 00:14:15,680
+branchesلو اتكلم على course of the internal
+
+165
+00:14:15,680 --> 00:14:19,020
+carotid arteryاتفاجنا انه بيبدأ ال internal
+
+166
+00:14:19,020 --> 00:14:22,420
+carotid artery من مكان ال bifurcation of common
+
+167
+00:14:22,420 --> 00:14:28,620
+carotid artery على level C3-C4 فيرتبرة ال internal
+
+168
+00:14:28,620 --> 00:14:34,200
+carotid artery بيمور واحد cervical part اللي هو
+
+169
+00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:39,560
+أجزاء أول جزء اسمه cervical part بيكون below the
+
+170
+00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:42,680
+carotid foramen وين موجود هذا الجزء؟ على ال neck
+
+171
+00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:52,940
+موجود وين؟ على ال neck اثنينانترا بترا سبارت انتوا
+
+172
+00:14:52,940 --> 00:14:59,100
+عارفين كاروتد فورامن موجود في ال بترا بون تمام of
+
+173
+00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:02,440
+temporal bone يعني ال temporal bone في جزء منها
+
+174
+00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:06,600
+اسمه بترا سبارت وفيها canal او فورامن اسمه كاروتد
+
+175
+00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:12,060
+فورامن يبقى أثناء مرور ال internal carotid artery
+
+176
+00:15:12,900 --> 00:15:15,840
+في الـ Carotid Foramen هذا الجزء اللي موجود في الـ
+
+177
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:22,750
+Foramen بنسميه Intrapetra Sparta ثلاثةانترا
+
+178
+00:15:22,750 --> 00:15:26,850
+كافيرنس بارد ان شاء الله في نهاية المحاضرة راح
+
+179
+00:15:26,850 --> 00:15:30,630
+ناخد ديور ال venous sinuses ومن ضمنهم كافيرنس
+
+180
+00:15:30,630 --> 00:15:36,470
+sinus ال internal carotid artery بيمر في ال media
+
+181
+00:15:36,470 --> 00:15:41,650
+wall of the cavernous sinus كافيرنس sinus هو عبارة
+
+182
+00:15:41,650 --> 00:15:46,350
+عن ديور ال venous sinusو ال internal carotid
+
+183
+00:15:46,350 --> 00:15:49,030
+artery اللي بمر فيه ايه الجزء اللي بمر في ال
+
+184
+00:15:49,030 --> 00:15:54,210
+cavernous sinus بنسميه intra cavernous part و اخر
+
+185
+00:15:54,210 --> 00:16:00,270
+جزء اسمه intracranial part above the cavernous
+
+186
+00:16:00,270 --> 00:16:06,210
+sinus في بعض المراجع بيسمو ال intra cavernous part
+
+187
+00:16:06,210 --> 00:16:12,580
+و ال intracranial part نفس الاسمهي عندى تحت بيكون
+
+188
+00:16:12,580 --> 00:16:18,640
+هذا survival part هذا الجزء بنسميه intra-pitras
+
+189
+00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:22,280
+part هذا الجزء اللى في ال cavernous sinus بنسميه
+
+190
+00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:25,980
+intra-cavernous part وجزء العلو اللى دخل في ال
+
+191
+00:16:25,980 --> 00:16:31,020
+cranial cavity نفسه بنسميه intra cranial part
+
+192
+00:16:42,630 --> 00:16:47,310
+branches of the internal carotid artery internal
+
+193
+00:16:47,310 --> 00:16:53,410
+carotid artery الو five branches يعني خمسة في عين
+
+194
+00:16:53,410 --> 00:17:01,430
+الحسود خمسة كم واحد خمسة ophthalmic branch من اسمه
+
+195
+00:17:01,430 --> 00:17:05,650
+ophthalmic branch لو ايه رايح؟ رايح لل orbit and a
+
+196
+00:17:05,650 --> 00:17:12,620
+eyePosterior communicating artery من اسمه
+
+197
+00:17:12,620 --> 00:17:18,540
+posterior متجه إلى الخلف communicating بهم الحلقة
+
+198
+00:17:18,540 --> 00:17:24,030
+وصل communication راح نتكلم عنه تلاثةAnterior
+
+199
+00:17:24,030 --> 00:17:28,910
+Coroidal Artery من اسمه بيكون شريان أمامي Coroidal
+
+200
+00:17:28,910 --> 00:17:32,730
+يعني supply Coroidal Plexus رح نتكلم عنه بالتفصيل
+
+201
+00:17:32,730 --> 00:17:38,610
+و ا two terminal branches و أكبر اتنين Anterior
+
+202
+00:17:38,610 --> 00:17:42,770
+Cerebral Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery لكن لو
+
+203
+00:17:42,770 --> 00:17:48,890
+سألنا سؤال مين هو largest branch of an internal
+
+204
+00:17:48,890 --> 00:17:53,680
+carotid artery رح يكون middle cerebral arteryيقول
+
+205
+00:17:53,680 --> 00:17:56,220
+الـ middle cerebral artery it is the largest
+
+206
+00:17:56,220 --> 00:18:01,260
+branch of the internal carotid artery ممكن يجي
+
+207
+00:18:01,260 --> 00:18:07,000
+سؤال تاني مين فيهم medial branch ومين فيهم lateral
+
+208
+00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:15,060
+branch ال anterior cerebral artery يعتبر a medial
+
+209
+00:18:15,060 --> 00:18:17,240
+branch
+
+210
+00:18:18,530 --> 00:18:22,370
+Media Large Branch والـ Middle Cerebral artery
+
+211
+00:18:22,370 --> 00:18:28,610
+Lateral Branchتمام ممكن يجي سؤال مين هو ال large
+
+212
+00:18:28,610 --> 00:18:32,590
+medial branch of internal carotid artery ع السليله
+
+213
+00:18:32,590 --> 00:18:36,270
+بغز ع وين؟ anterior cerebral artery طب اجي سؤال
+
+214
+00:18:36,270 --> 00:18:39,730
+ثاني مين هو ال large ماقولناش largest large
+
+215
+00:18:39,730 --> 00:18:43,590
+lateral branch of internal carotid artery بغز ع
+
+216
+00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:46,650
+السليله وين؟ ال middle cerebral artery لكن لو اجي
+
+217
+00:18:46,650 --> 00:18:51,980
+سؤال مين هو ال largest؟ اكبر واحدفي branches of
+
+218
+00:18:51,980 --> 00:18:55,460
+internal carotid artery اكيد رح يكون middle
+
+219
+00:18:55,460 --> 00:18:59,740
+cerebral artery و اكتر شريان بيغدى ال brain هو
+
+220
+00:18:59,740 --> 00:19:09,080
+middle cerebral artery middle cerebral artery هنا
+
+221
+00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:16,800
+ان ال internal carotid artery اعطانا
+
+222
+00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:17,520
+اللي هو
+
+223
+00:19:20,360 --> 00:19:23,780
+انا واضح عندي بوستيرو كوميونيكاتنج وواضح اللي هو
+
+224
+00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:29,840
+middle cerebral artery بيروح لاترال وواضح عندي ايه
+
+225
+00:19:29,840 --> 00:19:34,940
+anterior cerebral artery medial ففي صورة ثانية راح
+
+226
+00:19:34,940 --> 00:19:44,760
+نشوفهم أفضل ونرسم كل شريان لواحده نبدأ
+
+227
+00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:52,380
+ب of Thalmicbranch أو افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك
+
+228
+00:19:52,380 --> 00:19:52,820
+افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك
+
+229
+00:19:52,820 --> 00:19:57,560
+افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك
+
+230
+00:19:57,560 --> 00:19:59,700
+افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك
+
+231
+00:19:59,700 --> 00:19:59,840
+افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك
+
+232
+00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:04,860
+افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك
+
+233
+00:20:04,860 --> 00:20:14,840
+افثالمك افثالمك افثالمك افثالم
+
+234
+00:20:15,030 --> 00:20:20,090
+بغد ال orbit contents and it gives central retinal
+
+235
+00:20:20,090 --> 00:20:23,710
+artery هذا ال central retinal artery لو حدث فيه
+
+236
+00:20:23,710 --> 00:20:27,390
+occlusion او انسداد اثناء جلطة دماغية ممكن يؤدي
+
+237
+00:20:27,390 --> 00:20:31,830
+الى ipsy lateral blindness والمريض يفقد النظر على
+
+238
+00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:41,230
+نفس الجهة هي ان ال internal carotid artery خرج منه
+
+239
+00:20:41,230 --> 00:20:47,500
+branch اسمهوPhthalmic artery which supply the
+
+240
+00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:56,560
+orbit content and it givesCentral Retinal Artery
+
+241
+00:20:56,560 --> 00:21:01,420
+هذا هو Central Retinal Artery وهذا أول فرع لـ
+
+242
+00:21:01,420 --> 00:21:05,120
+Internal Carotid Artery اسمه ايه؟ Ophthalmic
+
+243
+00:21:05,120 --> 00:21:08,140
+Artery Ophthalmic Artery يبقى Ophthalmic Artery
+
+244
+00:21:08,140 --> 00:21:13,500
+supply the orbit content and it gives Central
+
+245
+00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:16,900
+Retinal Artery يعني شريان الشبكية المركزي
+
+246
+00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:24,420
+خلصنا أول فرع من الأفرع تبعات الشريان السباتي
+
+247
+00:21:24,420 --> 00:21:28,780
+الداخلي اللي هو Internal Carotid Artery ننتج إلى
+
+248
+00:21:28,780 --> 00:21:36,460
+الشريان الثاني Posterior Communicating Artery مين
+
+249
+00:21:36,460 --> 00:21:41,320
+اسمه؟ Posterior متجه إلى Posterior Cerebral Artery
+
+250
+00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:43,640
+لسه مااخدناهوش راح ناخده في الجزء الثاني من
+
+251
+00:21:43,640 --> 00:21:46,520
+المحاضرة اللي هو بيعتبر برانش من الـ A-Vertebral
+
+252
+00:21:46,520 --> 00:21:51,540
+Basilar Arteryبستيريور متجه إلى وين؟ للبستيريور
+
+253
+00:21:51,540 --> 00:21:56,760
+سريبرال آرتي communicating يعني بيعمل عملية وصل
+
+254
+00:21:56,760 --> 00:22:01,460
+بين ال internal carotid artery and posterior
+
+255
+00:22:01,460 --> 00:22:04,480
+cerebral artery وان شاء الله راح ناخد اليوم ان
+
+256
+00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:08,700
+البستيريور سريبرال آرتي هو يعتبر branch من وين؟ من
+
+257
+00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:12,960
+ال vertebro basilar artery في الحالة دي the main
+
+258
+00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:21,010
+function ofPosterior Communicating Artery is
+
+259
+00:22:21,010 --> 00:22:27,810
+connection between the internal carotid artery
+
+260
+00:22:27,810 --> 00:22:32,230
+with posterior
+
+261
+00:22:32,230 --> 00:22:36,170
+cerebral artery يعني لو قلنا Right Posterior
+
+262
+00:22:36,170 --> 00:22:41,210
+Communicating Artery بربط بين Right Internal
+
+263
+00:22:41,210 --> 00:22:49,550
+Carotid Arteryمع مين؟ مع Right Posterior Cerebral
+
+264
+00:22:49,550 --> 00:22:59,030
+Artery Right Posterior
+
+265
+00:22:59,030 --> 00:23:03,670
+Cerebral Artery وهي Right Internal Carotid Artery
+
+266
+00:23:03,670 --> 00:23:08,170
+هذا الشريان اللي بيربطه مع بعض، إيش اسمه؟
+
+267
+00:23:12,170 --> 00:23:24,090
+اسمه posterior communicating
+
+268
+00:23:24,090 --> 00:23:27,630
+artery
+
+269
+00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:32,380
+بعمل connections ما بين right internal carotid
+
+270
+00:23:32,380 --> 00:23:45,620
+artery مع right posterior
+
+271
+00:23:45,620 --> 00:23:51,290
+cerebral artery يعني بلغة ثانيةmake connections
+
+272
+00:23:51,290 --> 00:23:56,030
+between the carotid system with vertebral basilar
+
+273
+00:23:56,030 --> 00:23:58,890
+system يعني بيعمل connection بين ال internal
+
+274
+00:23:58,890 --> 00:24:03,170
+carotid system مع مين؟ مع vertebral basilar system
+
+275
+00:24:03,170 --> 00:24:10,050
+to establish عشان يكونلنا شيء اسمه circle of
+
+276
+00:24:10,050 --> 00:24:13,810
+wheels circle of wheels يبقى مين اللي بيكون ال
+
+277
+00:24:13,810 --> 00:24:18,200
+circle of wheels اللي هو ايه؟Posterior
+
+278
+00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:21,560
+communicating artery مع شرايين أخرى راح نتطرقلهم
+
+279
+00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:27,180
+في نهاية المحاضرة Also it supplies غير أنه ال main
+
+280
+00:24:27,180 --> 00:24:30,460
+function لو سألكوا سؤال what's the main function
+
+281
+00:24:30,460 --> 00:24:34,980
+of posterior communicating artery the main
+
+282
+00:24:34,980 --> 00:24:38,800
+function of posterior communicating artery is
+
+283
+00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:45,140
+connection between the internal carotid artery
+
+284
+00:24:45,140 --> 00:24:49,980
+with posterior cerebral artery to establish عشان
+
+285
+00:24:49,980 --> 00:24:56,100
+يكوننا circle ovals هل في وظائف تانية نعم also its
+
+286
+00:24:56,100 --> 00:25:02,360
+supply optic tractLateral Geniculate Body وMedial
+
+287
+00:25:02,360 --> 00:25:05,380
+Service of Thalamus أخدنا الـ Thalamus تابع للـ
+
+288
+00:25:05,380 --> 00:25:08,520
+Diencephalon و أخدنا ال Lateral Geniculate Body
+
+289
+00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:11,280
+اللي علاقة بالـ Vision تابع للـ Metathalamus من
+
+290
+00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:14,820
+الـ Diencephalon و الـ Optic Tract هو تابع للـ
+
+291
+00:25:14,820 --> 00:25:17,720
+Vision لما نتكلم على ال cranial nerves ان شاء الله
+
+292
+00:25:17,720 --> 00:25:21,700
+راح أشرحهم شريان الثاني
+
+293
+00:25:27,100 --> 00:25:36,020
+Anterior Coroidal Artery بيخرج
+
+294
+00:25:36,020 --> 00:25:41,060
+من الـ Internal Carotid Arteryيكون أول branch قلنا
+
+295
+00:25:41,060 --> 00:25:43,740
+ophthalmic branch تاني branch posterior
+
+296
+00:25:43,740 --> 00:25:48,000
+communicating branch ثالث branch anterior coroidal
+
+297
+00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:53,560
+artery من وين بيخرج؟ just before the origin of the
+
+298
+00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:57,540
+anterior and middle cerebral artery قبل ما يخرج ال
+
+299
+00:25:57,540 --> 00:26:01,680
+anterior و ال middle cerebral artery بيعطينا إيه
+
+300
+00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:06,540
+شريان اسمه anterior coroidal artery لو سألتك سؤال
+
+301
+00:26:06,540 --> 00:26:13,650
+what's the main functionمشكلة الرقم الرئيسي للأرض
+
+302
+00:26:13,650 --> 00:26:20,650
+الكرويضية هي أنها
+
+303
+00:26:20,650 --> 00:26:30,410
+تدفعThe choroidal plexus of the lateral and third
+
+304
+00:26:30,410 --> 00:26:35,630
+ventricle يقن main function supply the choroidal
+
+305
+00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:39,830
+plexus of the lateral and third ventricle Also it
+
+306
+00:26:39,830 --> 00:26:44,210
+supply optic tract, optic chiasm, lateral
+
+307
+00:26:44,210 --> 00:26:48,090
+geniculate body and other structures أنا أخدت ال
+
+308
+00:26:48,090 --> 00:26:52,570
+main here ال main structures يقنهيلحظوا ا��ـ optic
+
+309
+00:26:52,570 --> 00:26:56,250
+extract أخد blood supply من posterior
+
+310
+00:26:56,250 --> 00:26:59,110
+communicating artery و أخد blood supply من a
+
+311
+00:26:59,110 --> 00:27:07,750
+anterior choroidal artery ها
+
+312
+00:27:07,750 --> 00:27:15,530
+عندي أنا internal
+
+313
+00:27:15,530 --> 00:27:33,250
+carotid artery باللون أسودناخد منه افرع افرع
+
+314
+00:27:33,250 --> 00:27:38,010
+افرع افرع افرع افرع افرع افرع
+
+315
+00:27:38,010 --> 00:27:46,630
+افرع
+
+316
+00:27:46,630 --> 00:27:55,180
+افرعانتريور كرويديال ارتري انتريور كرويديال ارتري
+
+317
+00:27:55,180 --> 00:27:59,100
+انتريور
+
+318
+00:27:59,100 --> 00:27:59,400
+كرويديال ارتري انتريور كرويديال ارتري انتريور
+
+319
+00:27:59,400 --> 00:27:59,480
+كرويديال ارتري انتريور كرويديال ارتري انتريور
+
+320
+00:27:59,480 --> 00:27:59,540
+كرويديال ارتري انتريور كرويديال ارتري انتريور
+
+321
+00:27:59,540 --> 00:27:59,840
+كرويديال ارتري انتريور كرووديال ارتري انتريور
+
+322
+00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:00,480
+كرووديال ارتري انتريور كرووديال ارتري انتريور
+
+323
+00:28:00,480 --> 00:28:03,520
+كرووديال ارتري انتريور
+
+324
+00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:11,220
+كرووديال ارتري انتريور كرووديال ارتري انتريور
+
+325
+00:28:11,220 --> 00:28:17,240
+كرووديال ارتري انتريور كروودو large كمان أو
+
+326
+00:28:17,240 --> 00:28:25,340
+largest branch اللي هو middle cerebral
+
+327
+00:28:25,340 --> 00:28:25,820
+artery
+
+328
+00:28:31,470 --> 00:28:38,910
+وهنا اللي هو anterior cerebral artery ال anterior
+
+329
+00:28:38,910 --> 00:28:43,910
+cerebral artery يعتبر medial branch و ال middle
+
+330
+00:28:43,910 --> 00:28:46,990
+cerebral artery يعتبر lateral branch
+
+331
+00:28:58,340 --> 00:29:04,940
+انتريو سيريبرال ارتري انتريو سيريبرال ارتري انتريو
+
+332
+00:29:04,940 --> 00:29:10,260
+سيريبرال ارتري انتريو
+
+333
+00:29:10,260 --> 00:29:10,940
+سيريبرال ارتري انتريو سيريبرال ارتري انتريو
+
+334
+00:29:10,940 --> 00:29:14,760
+سيريبرال ارتري انتريو سيريبرال ارتري انتريو
+
+335
+00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:22,680
+سيريبرال ارتري انتريو سيريبرال ارتري انتريو
+
+336
+00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:29,410
+سيريبرال ارتري انتريو سيريit becomes joined to
+
+337
+00:29:29,410 --> 00:29:34,170
+other anterior cerebral artery of the opposite
+
+338
+00:29:34,170 --> 00:29:39,650
+side by anterior communicating artery و ال right و
+
+339
+00:29:39,650 --> 00:29:45,430
+ال left anterior cerebral artery في بينهم وصلة
+
+340
+00:29:47,740 --> 00:29:53,140
+left anterior cerebral artery وهي ايه؟ right
+
+341
+00:29:53,140 --> 00:29:57,900
+anterior cerebral artery وهي left anterior
+
+342
+00:29:57,900 --> 00:30:04,380
+cerebral artery وهي عندي ايه؟
+
+343
+00:30:04,380 --> 00:30:08,680
+right anterior
+
+344
+00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:13,300
+cerebral artery في بينهم وصلة او connection هنا
+
+345
+00:30:18,030 --> 00:30:24,750
+اسمها anterior communicating artery لو سألتكوا
+
+346
+00:30:24,750 --> 00:30:30,470
+سؤالكم anterior communicating artery؟ one رح يكون
+
+347
+00:30:30,470 --> 00:30:34,890
+كام؟ one ليه؟ لأن وظيفته بيعمل connection بين ال
+
+348
+00:30:34,890 --> 00:30:38,470
+right و ال left right و left anterior cerebral
+
+349
+00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:41,050
+artery يبقى وظيفة ال anterior communicating artery
+
+350
+00:30:41,050 --> 00:30:45,250
+يعمل connection between right and left anterior
+
+351
+00:30:45,250 --> 00:30:49,970
+cerebral arteries تمام ال anterior cerebral artery
+
+352
+00:30:49,970 --> 00:30:56,140
+قلنا بيكون medial ولا lateral؟ بيكون medialالبرانش
+
+353
+00:30:56,140 --> 00:31:02,800
+البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش
+
+354
+00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:07,180
+البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش
+
+355
+00:31:07,180 --> 00:31:09,660
+البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش
+
+356
+00:31:09,660 --> 00:31:13,460
+البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش
+
+357
+00:31:13,460 --> 00:31:17,100
+البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش
+
+358
+00:31:17,100 --> 00:31:20,000
+البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش
+
+359
+00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,920
+البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش
+
+360
+00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:24,160
+البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش البرانش
+
+361
+00:31:24,160 --> 00:31:28,960
+البرانشوظيفة الـ Anticerebral artery supply media
+
+362
+00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:34,500
+service of cerebral hemispherefrom frontal pole من
+
+363
+00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:38,960
+القطب الأمامي لحد الـ parietal occipital sulcus
+
+364
+00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:41,920
+يعني الـ occipital اللوب مالهاش علاقة بالـ
+
+365
+00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:45,000
+anterior cerebral راح تغنوين من الـ posterior
+
+366
+00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,100
+cerebral يعني هو main function يقدّي medial
+
+367
+00:31:48,100 --> 00:31:52,800
+service of cerebral hemisphere أي جزء ميديال من
+
+368
+00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:57,500
+القطب الأمامي إلى parietal occipital sulcus لحد
+
+369
+00:31:57,500 --> 00:32:00,480
+البرايتل، نهاية البرايتل تغنوين من الـ anterior
+
+370
+00:32:00,480 --> 00:32:08,900
+cerebral arteryغير هيك بيغدى medial one
+
+371
+00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:13,540
+third of the orbital surface of frontal lobe و
+
+372
+00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:16,720
+بيغدى medial one third of orbital surface of
+
+373
+00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:19,340
+frontal lobe لذلك احنا سمنا هذا ال branch ايه
+
+374
+00:32:19,340 --> 00:32:24,840
+سمناه؟ medial branch غير هيكبيغدى superior lateral
+
+375
+00:32:24,840 --> 00:32:28,700
+service of cerebral hemisphere ماعدى ايه؟ الـ
+
+376
+00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:32,280
+occipital اللى بتاخد مين؟ من posterior cerebral
+
+377
+00:32:32,280 --> 00:32:37,340
+ارض بيغدى corpus callosum head of caudate nucleus
+
+378
+00:32:37,340 --> 00:32:42,260
+anterior limb of internal capsule لاحظوا هان يا
+
+379
+00:32:42,260 --> 00:32:49,160
+جماعة ايش قلناها؟ بيغدى superior lateralservice of
+
+380
+00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:53,980
+cerebral hemisphere الإنسان في الدماغ بيكون مجلوب
+
+381
+00:32:53,980 --> 00:33:10,240
+بيكون
+
+382
+00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:15,140
+الإنسان مجلوب في الدماغ ال head تحتو ال upper
+
+383
+00:33:15,140 --> 00:33:18,520
+limbs فوق يبقى في الحالة هذه ال upper limbs موجودة
+
+384
+00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:22,180
+في ال superior lateral surface بتكون في قشرة
+
+385
+00:33:22,180 --> 00:33:26,440
+الدماغ مين مسئول عن ال blood supply the area of
+
+386
+00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:30,700
+lower limbs اللي هو anterior cerebral artery في
+
+387
+00:33:30,700 --> 00:33:35,920
+الحالة هذه anterior cerebral artery supplies the
+
+388
+00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:40,400
+motor and sensory area of the lower limbs لو حصل
+
+389
+00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:45,030
+جلطة دماغية في ال anterior cerebral arteryراح
+
+390
+00:33:45,030 --> 00:33:48,190
+نلاقي عند المريض Contralateral Hemiplegia شلل نصفي
+
+391
+00:33:48,190 --> 00:33:54,090
+في الجهة المقابلة لكن ال deficit راح يكون و الشلل
+
+392
+00:33:54,090 --> 00:33:57,190
+أكثر ويه؟ راح يكون في ال lower limbs لأن ال lower
+
+393
+00:33:57,190 --> 00:33:59,730
+limbs اتأثرت وين ما كانها في الدماغ ال lower
+
+394
+00:33:59,730 --> 00:34:03,550
+limbs؟ في ال superior lateral surface طب ال face و
+
+395
+00:34:03,550 --> 00:34:06,570
+ال head و الإلسان وين ما كانهم؟ في ال inferior
+
+396
+00:34:07,780 --> 00:34:10,740
+Lateral، طب و ال upper limbs وين مكانهم في الدماغ؟
+
+397
+00:34:10,740 --> 00:34:13,680
+بيكونوا في ال middle frontal إذا من ناحية إيش
+
+398
+00:34:13,680 --> 00:34:17,520
+motor أو middle parietal إذا من ناحية إيه sensory
+
+399
+00:34:17,520 --> 00:34:20,400
+يعني يعني ال area المسئولة عن ال lower limbs
+
+400
+00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:24,180
+بيغضيها anterior cerebral artery و ال area
+
+401
+00:34:24,180 --> 00:34:27,620
+المسئولة عن ال upper limbs و ال face و ال head
+
+402
+00:34:27,620 --> 00:34:31,300
+بيغضيها اللي هو middle cerebral artery
+
+403
+00:34:40,750 --> 00:34:48,210
+ننتقل لصورة نوضح فيها anterior cerebral artery
+
+404
+00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:55,630
+anterior cerebral artery هذه anterior cerebral
+
+405
+00:34:55,630 --> 00:34:58,810
+artery بيكون medial بغض ال medial surface of
+
+406
+00:34:58,810 --> 00:35:05,080
+cerebral hemisphere لحد وين؟البراية الـ occipital
+
+407
+00:35:05,080 --> 00:35:08,740
+sulcus البراية الـ occipital sulcus الجزء الخلفي
+
+408
+00:35:08,740 --> 00:35:12,380
+أو الـ occipital area بتأخد blood supply من وين؟
+
+409
+00:35:12,380 --> 00:35:16,480
+من posterior cerebral artery من وين؟ من posterior
+
+410
+00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:22,160
+cerebral artery اللي بيأخد أو الجزء اللي بتغدى ال
+
+411
+00:35:22,160 --> 00:35:27,340
+medial هذا جاي من وين؟ من anterior cerebral artery
+
+412
+00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:49,460
+هنا واضح الصورة ها هاي left anterior
+
+413
+00:35:49,460 --> 00:35:54,300
+cerebral artery وهي ايه right anterior cerebral
+
+414
+00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:58,140
+artery بينهم connection اسمها ال connection ها دي
+
+415
+00:35:58,140 --> 00:36:02,760
+anterior communicating
+
+416
+00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:03,280
+artery
+
+417
+00:36:08,820 --> 00:36:16,240
+Middle cerebral artery is the lateral branch of a
+
+418
+00:36:16,240 --> 00:36:20,020
+internal carotid artery يبقى عندنا two large
+
+419
+00:36:20,020 --> 00:36:23,460
+branches فيه medial branch large هو anterior
+
+420
+00:36:23,460 --> 00:36:27,240
+cerebral artery وفيه lateral branch large هو
+
+421
+00:36:27,240 --> 00:36:29,500
+middle cerebral artery لكن لو سألنا سؤال من هو ال
+
+422
+00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:34,260
+largest branch هو middle cerebral arteryوهي بيفوت
+
+423
+00:36:34,260 --> 00:36:37,060
+في lateral sulcus عشان هيك قلنا هو يعتبر lateral
+
+424
+00:36:37,060 --> 00:36:43,680
+branch lateral branch وبيعطينا carotid branches
+
+425
+00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:48,740
+and central branches و ال central branches نفس
+
+426
+00:36:48,740 --> 00:36:52,660
+الشيء بنسميهم striate branches لأنهم بيغدوا البيزا
+
+427
+00:36:52,660 --> 00:36:56,780
+النوكلياعي الان
+
+428
+00:36:56,780 --> 00:37:00,720
+بتكلم على cortical branches ال cortical branches
+
+429
+00:37:00,720 --> 00:37:06,680
+بيغدوا أيه القشرة الدماغاتفقنا ان الـ anterior
+
+430
+00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:10,660
+cerebral artery بيغدينا ال superior lateral part
+
+431
+00:37:10,660 --> 00:37:16,240
+طب ال middle cerebral artery بيغدي lateral two
+
+432
+00:37:16,240 --> 00:37:21,400
+thirdof أو كمان مرة الـ anterior cerebral artery
+
+433
+00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:24,680
+قلنا بيغدى ال media ال one third of orbital part
+
+434
+00:37:24,680 --> 00:37:28,600
+of frontal lobe ال middle cerebral artery راح يغدى
+
+435
+00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:34,080
+lateral to third of the orbital part of frontal
+
+436
+00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:40,100
+lobe بيغدى ال temporal pool و ال insula طيب قلنا
+
+437
+00:37:40,100 --> 00:37:43,740
+ال anterior cerebral artery بيغدى ال upper
+
+438
+00:37:43,740 --> 00:37:49,680
+superior lateral partفي الحالة هذه الـ middle
+
+439
+00:37:49,680 --> 00:37:55,820
+cerebral artery بيغضي most of the lateral cerebral
+
+440
+00:37:55,820 --> 00:38:00,040
+hemisphere بيغضي most of the lateral cerebral
+
+441
+00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:05,460
+hemisphere مع ده except upper part ال upper part
+
+442
+00:38:05,460 --> 00:38:08,520
+ال super lateral قولنا باخد وين شرحنا من ال
+
+443
+00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:12,460
+anterior cerebral artery ال lower part تبع ال
+
+444
+00:38:12,460 --> 00:38:15,900
+timbral loop باخد من ال posterior cerebral artery
+
+445
+00:38:16,790 --> 00:38:20,510
+والـ occipital loop بتاخد من وين؟ من posterior
+
+446
+00:38:20,510 --> 00:38:23,630
+cerebral artery يعني ال middle cerebral artery
+
+447
+00:38:23,630 --> 00:38:26,930
+بيغضي أن كل ال lateral surface of cerebral
+
+448
+00:38:26,930 --> 00:38:30,690
+الهيمسفير معدى ال superior lateral الجزء العلوي
+
+449
+00:38:30,690 --> 00:38:34,590
+بياخد من ال anterior cerebral artery تمام و ال
+
+450
+00:38:34,590 --> 00:38:38,130
+occipital loop بتاخد من ال posterior cerebral
+
+451
+00:38:38,130 --> 00:38:42,670
+artery و ال lower temporal loop بتاخد من وين؟ من
+
+452
+00:38:42,670 --> 00:38:45,070
+posterior cerebral artery
+
+453
+00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:52,200
+Central branches of the middle cerebral artery
+
+454
+00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:56,780
+بيغدو بيزل نوكلياي Internal capsule خاصة لـ
+
+455
+00:38:56,780 --> 00:39:01,290
+posterior part of internal capsule والجينيوone of
+
+456
+00:39:01,290 --> 00:39:04,570
+these arteries is large في واحد منهم شريان كبير
+
+457
+00:39:04,570 --> 00:39:09,350
+هذا الشريان بيسموه artery of hemorrhage artery of
+
+458
+00:39:09,350 --> 00:39:12,650
+cerebral hemorrhage او اللي اسمه تشاركوت ارتريه
+
+459
+00:39:12,650 --> 00:39:15,790
+راح ناخده ان شاء الله في سنة رابعة لما نتكلم على
+
+460
+00:39:15,790 --> 00:39:19,230
+محاضرة ال cerebral hemorrhage او النزيف الدماغي
+
+461
+00:39:19,230 --> 00:39:24,510
+الشريان هذا كثير بيصير فيه حالات ��زيف و ليه بيصير
+
+462
+00:39:24,510 --> 00:39:29,510
+فيه نزيف لأن ال smooth muscle layer thin وUnder
+
+463
+00:39:29,510 --> 00:39:33,690
+high blood pressure بيحدث له ربشر وبيقدي الى
+
+464
+00:39:33,690 --> 00:39:42,030
+Intracerebral Hemorrhage هاي عندي middle cerebral
+
+465
+00:39:42,030 --> 00:39:50,490
+artery تعتبر lateral branch Lateral Branch هاي
+
+466
+00:39:50,490 --> 00:39:54,650
+و أنا أجانوين في lateral sulcus او lateral fissure
+
+467
+00:39:54,650 --> 00:40:00,900
+وبيغضي ايه اللي هي موسCerebral هي مصير المعدة
+
+468
+00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:07,660
+الجزء العلوي تأخذ من أنتريو سيريبرال آرتري
+
+469
+00:40:07,660 --> 00:40:13,760
+الأكسيبيتال تأخذ من بوستيريو سيريبرال آرتري
+
+470
+00:40:13,760 --> 00:40:18,040
+والإنفيريور سيرفيس بتاعة ال timber loop تأخذ من
+
+471
+00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:19,860
+بوستيريو سيريبرال آرتري
+
+472
+00:40:37,540 --> 00:40:41,640
+هي واضح عندي في الصورة هذه اللي هو middle cerebral
+
+473
+00:40:41,640 --> 00:40:46,180
+artery as lateral branch إله cortical branches
+
+474
+00:40:46,180 --> 00:40:50,560
+وإله إيه هنا نسميهم central branches اللي هم
+
+475
+00:40:50,560 --> 00:40:56,400
+أسريات ال branches
+
+476
+00:40:56,400 --> 00:41:01,180
+واضح
+
+477
+00:41:01,180 --> 00:41:05,040
+حلو هنا عندي ال middle cerebral artery إله lateral
+
+478
+00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:10,830
+branchesوالو central branches اللي هما striate
+
+479
+00:41:10,830 --> 00:41:17,090
+arteries في منهم short striate artery واضحين هنا
+
+480
+00:41:17,090 --> 00:41:22,070
+short striate arteries وفي long striate arteries
+
+481
+00:41:26,090 --> 00:41:28,990
+واحد منهم دول الشرايين لسرية الارتريز بيكون
+
+482
+00:41:28,990 --> 00:41:33,050
+labelled to bleeding واسمه artery of cerebral
+
+483
+00:41:33,050 --> 00:41:37,510
+hemorrhage او بنسميه charcoal artery لذلك اكتر
+
+484
+00:41:37,510 --> 00:41:43,520
+مكان بيحدث فيه نزيف دماغي هو ال basal nucleiلحد
+
+485
+00:41:43,520 --> 00:41:47,420
+الآن بن .. بن اكتفي في الجزء الأول من المحاضرة،
+
+486
+00:41:47,420 --> 00:41:50,240
+الجزء الثاني ان شاء الله من المحاضرة راح يكون على
+
+487
+00:41:50,240 --> 00:41:54,700
+vertebral basilar system هو ال diural venous
+
+488
+00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:56,960
+drainage، يعطيكوا العافية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/Tc4x5qe2wTI_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,988 @@
+1
+00:00:04,930 --> 00:00:09,230
+السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته نكمل الجزء
+
+2
+00:00:09,230 --> 00:00:12,750
+الثاني من محاضرة anatomy and physiology of
+
+3
+00:00:12,750 --> 00:00:16,470
+cerebral hemisphere شرحت لكم في الجزء الأول
+
+4
+00:00:16,470 --> 00:00:19,990
+frontal loop و parietal loop الآن نتكلم على
+
+5
+00:00:19,990 --> 00:00:24,770
+important salsa of temporal loop في ال temporal
+
+6
+00:00:24,770 --> 00:00:35,200
+loop في two salsa في هنا superior هذا lateralوهنا
+
+7
+00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:41,700
+عندي اللي هو central sulcus الان راح اتكلم على
+
+8
+00:00:41,700 --> 00:00:46,940
+اللي هو temporal loop سهلة temporal loop فيها
+
+9
+00:00:46,940 --> 00:00:53,780
+superior temporal sulcus تحت ال lateral في شهر
+
+10
+00:00:53,780 --> 00:01:00,780
+بيكون وفي عندي inferior temporal sulcus هذول
+
+11
+00:01:00,780 --> 00:01:08,580
+بيقسمونا temporal loopلـ Superior Temporal Gyrus و
+
+12
+00:01:08,580 --> 00:01:13,320
+Inferior Temporal Gyrus و بينهم Middle Temporal
+
+13
+00:01:13,320 --> 00:01:17,060
+Gyrus هذه تقسيمة الـ Temporal Loop Superior
+
+14
+00:01:17,060 --> 00:01:21,360
+Temporal Gyrus Middle Temporal Gyrus Inferior
+
+15
+00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:26,840
+Temporal Gyrus هي واضحين Superior Temporal Gyrus
+
+16
+00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:32,880
+بيجي بين الـ Lateral Fissure و Superiortemporal
+
+17
+00:01:32,880 --> 00:01:36,820
+sulcus الـ middle temporal gyrus بيجي بين ال
+
+18
+00:01:36,820 --> 00:01:42,320
+superior و inferior temporal sulci و ال inferior
+
+19
+00:01:42,320 --> 00:01:46,960
+temporal gyrus تجي تحت أو below the inferior
+
+20
+00:01:46,960 --> 00:02:01,580
+temporal sulcus okay فنتقل
+
+21
+00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:08,360
+important functional area of the temporal loop في
+
+22
+00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:13,780
+area 4142 اللي هي primary auditory area for
+
+23
+00:02:13,780 --> 00:02:19,220
+hearing اللي هي علاقة في ال function of the
+
+24
+00:02:19,220 --> 00:02:23,680
+hearing موجودة في superior temporal gyrus وظيفتها
+
+25
+00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:27,560
+auditory sensory area auditory sensory area
+
+26
+00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:35,880
+sensory speech areaأو بنسميها Vernix Center Area
+
+27
+00:02:35,880 --> 00:02:43,060
+22 موجودة في superior temporal loop في ال dominant
+
+28
+00:02:43,060 --> 00:02:47,820
+hemisphere وظيفتها auditory association area
+
+29
+00:02:47,820 --> 00:02:51,060
+recognition and recall of sound يعني بسألك سؤال
+
+30
+00:02:51,060 --> 00:03:00,230
+كيف حالك؟انت فهمت سمعت بال area 4142 ال area 4142
+
+31
+00:03:00,230 --> 00:03:07,390
+مرتبطة مع ال area 22 22 حلل ايش سمع قولتله كيف
+
+32
+00:03:07,390 --> 00:03:12,210
+حالك فهم انه انا سألته كيف حالك حللها وبيعطي اشارة
+
+33
+00:03:12,210 --> 00:03:18,070
+من 22 ل area 44 ل ايه لنطق و بيتكلم بيقول الحمد
+
+34
+00:03:18,070 --> 00:03:22,360
+للهيبقى موظفتها auditory association area
+
+35
+00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:28,000
+recognition and recall of sound لو حدث فيها مشكلة
+
+36
+00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:34,620
+تعطينا شي اسمه sensory aphasia او vernix aphasia
+
+37
+00:03:34,620 --> 00:03:39,220
+يعني كيف بقوله بحط ايده على شفتي عشان مايفهماش
+
+38
+00:03:39,220 --> 00:03:43,620
+بالشفاف بلغة الشفاف بقوله كيف حالك بقول اسم محمد
+
+39
+00:03:43,620 --> 00:03:48,530
+وين ساكنبيقول الحمد لله أنا بسأله شيء و هو بيجاوب
+
+40
+00:03:48,530 --> 00:03:53,070
+شيء ثاني لإن هو مافهم سمع لكن مافهم إيش أنا سألته
+
+41
+00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:57,670
+في limbic system أخر شيء الانقص و الhypocampus
+
+42
+00:03:57,670 --> 00:04:00,350
+موجودين في ال timbral loop اللي هم علاقة بال smell
+
+43
+00:04:00,350 --> 00:04:05,350
+function و بال memory و ال mood و المزاج و الذاكرة
+
+44
+00:04:05,350 --> 00:04:12,990
+و حاسة الشمس هي area 41 42 أو 42 أو 22 يكون تحتها
+
+45
+00:04:14,420 --> 00:04:19,300
+الان بنتقل لـ occipital loop اللي مهم جدا لموضوع
+
+46
+00:04:19,300 --> 00:04:24,000
+ال vision موظفتها cortical center for vision ال
+
+47
+00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:27,100
+timbral loop اللي علاقة بالسميل فانكشن و بال
+
+48
+00:04:27,100 --> 00:04:30,540
+hearing ال occipital loop اللي علاقة بال vision
+
+49
+00:04:30,540 --> 00:04:37,060
+فيها superior occipital gyrus و فيها inferior
+
+50
+00:04:37,060 --> 00:04:43,300
+occipital gyrus طيب في ال mediaفي ال media service
+
+51
+00:04:43,300 --> 00:04:46,560
+في برايتو اكسيبتال سالكس بيكونش واضع على ال
+
+52
+00:04:46,560 --> 00:04:51,660
+lateral بيكون واضع على ال media وفيها سلسلة داخلها
+
+53
+00:04:51,660 --> 00:04:59,780
+اسمه lateral salkas هايه lateral salkas انا مش
+
+54
+00:04:59,780 --> 00:05:04,840
+معلق عليهم في ال slide وفيه لونات salkas
+
+55
+00:05:06,250 --> 00:05:09,330
+طبعا في ال media service في شي اسمه calcarin
+
+56
+00:05:09,330 --> 00:05:13,050
+sulcus ال transverse او ال lateral sulcus بقسم
+
+57
+00:05:13,050 --> 00:05:17,150
+منها ال occipital loop ل superior occipital gyrus
+
+58
+00:05:17,150 --> 00:05:22,710
+و inferior occipital gyrus حد تقسمت اللي هي
+
+59
+00:05:22,710 --> 00:05:24,290
+occipital loop
+
+60
+00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:37,140
+هي واضح عندى هنا البرايتو أكسيبتال سالكاس بيكون في
+
+61
+00:05:37,140 --> 00:05:42,240
+ال medial service of cerebral hemisphere هذا اسمه
+
+62
+00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:47,640
+Calcarine Salcus بيكون كمان واضح في ال media
+
+63
+00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:50,480
+service of cerebral hemisphere
+
+64
+00:05:54,610 --> 00:05:59,270
+لما نتكلم عن ال important functional area of
+
+65
+00:05:59,270 --> 00:06:04,090
+occipital lobe نتكلم على area 17 اللي هي تعتبر ال
+
+66
+00:06:04,090 --> 00:06:07,570
+primary visual sensory area موجودة في ال posterior
+
+67
+00:06:07,570 --> 00:06:11,250
+medial part of occipital lobe حوالين الكلكرين
+
+68
+00:06:11,250 --> 00:06:14,750
+السلكس بتكون وظيفتها visual sensory area
+
+69
+00:06:14,750 --> 00:06:19,550
+perception of visual impulses لو حد اتذمج فيها
+
+70
+00:06:19,550 --> 00:06:27,040
+ممكن عند المريض ي ..لاجه عنده الهو visual agnosia
+
+71
+00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:32,600
+ما بعرفش الأشياء أو الصور بما يزهاش أو
+
+72
+00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:36,400
+Contralateral
+
+73
+00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:39,700
+Hemianopia
+
+74
+00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:44,820
+يفقد مجال الإبصار على ال opposite side في ال both
+
+75
+00:06:44,820 --> 00:06:51,730
+eyessecondary اللي هي psychic area ال .. ال
+
+76
+00:06:51,730 --> 00:06:55,470
+secondary ب psychic area هذه بيسميها area تمانتاش
+
+77
+00:06:55,470 --> 00:06:58,970
+تسعتاش هذه تمانتاش تسعتاش لو حدث فيها damage
+
+78
+00:07:00,120 --> 00:07:04,280
+بتعملنا الهو visual agnosia و area 17 لو حدث فيها
+
+79
+00:07:04,280 --> 00:07:08,540
+damage بتعملنا contralateral hemianopia 18-19
+
+80
+00:07:08,540 --> 00:07:12,320
+موجودة أمام ال 17 بتكون و وظيفتها visual
+
+81
+00:07:12,320 --> 00:07:17,360
+association area recognition and recall of image
+
+82
+00:07:17,360 --> 00:07:23,540
+هي 17و أمامها بيكون تمانتاش و تسعتاش هيك بيكون انا
+
+83
+00:07:23,540 --> 00:07:29,060
+شرحتلكم ال frontal, parietal, temporal و occipital
+
+84
+00:07:29,060 --> 00:07:33,020
+loop of cerebral hemisphere في بعض الكتب بيحطوا
+
+85
+00:07:33,020 --> 00:07:36,620
+loop خامس اسمه insula و أحيانا بيشرحوه على وحدها
+
+86
+00:07:36,620 --> 00:07:41,590
+insulaالانسولة بتكون في المكان هذا داخل بتكون وان
+
+87
+00:07:41,590 --> 00:07:43,430
+ال lateral fissure لو فتحنا ال lateral fissure
+
+88
+00:07:43,430 --> 00:07:47,250
+بتلاقيها داخل ال lateral fissure لبيول صغيرة لبيول
+
+89
+00:07:47,250 --> 00:07:50,670
+صغيرة هي و الانسولة هي عبارة عن جزء من ال cerebral
+
+90
+00:07:50,670 --> 00:07:56,830
+cortex موجودة في ال bottom of lateral sulcus داخل
+
+91
+00:07:56,830 --> 00:08:02,490
+ايش ال lateral sulcus بتكون من two long غيراي
+
+92
+00:08:02,490 --> 00:08:08,070
+behind خلفيات و three ل four short غيراي في الأمام
+
+93
+00:08:08,760 --> 00:08:12,560
+الـ function بتاعة الإنسلا هي cortical taste
+
+94
+00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:16,760
+center and some visceral activity اللي علاقة في
+
+95
+00:08:16,760 --> 00:08:20,700
+regulation of saliva لإن هي اللي بتعمل regulation
+
+96
+00:08:20,700 --> 00:08:24,500
+للبارا sympathetic nuclei in the brainstem و
+
+97
+00:08:24,500 --> 00:08:28,720
+التذوق موضوع التذوق ال taste sensation هي تعتبر
+
+98
+00:08:28,720 --> 00:08:32,980
+المركز بتاع التذوق لإن هي تعتبر a cortical center
+
+99
+00:08:32,980 --> 00:08:39,270
+for taste sensationهذه الانسولة هنا بتكون واضحة
+
+100
+00:08:39,270 --> 00:08:44,530
+الانسولة هنا وبين هذا اللوبيول صغير هذه كلها تعتبر
+
+101
+00:08:44,530 --> 00:08:56,490
+ايش الانسولة بتك��ن داخل ال lateral fissure اللي
+
+102
+00:08:56,490 --> 00:09:01,600
+نتكلم عن ال internal structure ofالسيريبرام بتكون
+
+103
+00:09:01,600 --> 00:09:07,380
+من ال grey matter اللي بتكون more outer وهما عبارة
+
+104
+00:09:07,380 --> 00:09:12,540
+عن cells نيرون و نيروغليال بتكون من ال white
+
+105
+00:09:12,540 --> 00:09:17,450
+matter اللي عبارة عن fibersراح اتكلم عنهم و Basal
+
+106
+00:09:17,450 --> 00:09:20,650
+nuclei راح ناخدهم في المحاضرة القادمة ان شاء الله
+
+107
+00:09:20,650 --> 00:09:26,370
+ال Basal nuclei من ضمنهم Corpus striatum بيوتامين
+
+108
+00:09:26,370 --> 00:09:31,450
+Globus pallidus و هكذا و ال lateral ventricle ال
+
+109
+00:09:31,450 --> 00:09:35,150
+lateral ventricle هي عبارة عن cavity of cerebral
+
+110
+00:09:35,150 --> 00:09:38,810
+hemisphere انها right and left lateral ventricles
+
+111
+00:09:38,810 --> 00:09:43,320
+two lateral ventricles زى ما تشوفين هنااللي هي الـ
+
+112
+00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:47,860
+gray matter بتكون more outer القشرة تبع الدماغ في
+
+113
+00:09:47,860 --> 00:09:51,060
+الداخل بيكون ال inner ال white matter في بيزل
+
+114
+00:09:51,060 --> 00:09:55,280
+نوكلياي بيكونوا عبارة عن gray matter في نهاية أو
+
+115
+00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:59,820
+تحت ال cerebral hemisphere ال diencephalon فيه ال
+
+116
+00:09:59,820 --> 00:10:03,180
+cavity of cerebral hemisphere بيعتبروا left و
+
+117
+00:10:03,180 --> 00:10:10,040
+right lateral ventricles بتكلم على ال white matter
+
+118
+00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:14,240
+of cerebrumالـ white matter of cerebrum هم عبارة
+
+119
+00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:17,640
+عن myelinated fibers myelinated fibers يعني هم
+
+120
+00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:21,540
+white ليش سموهم white؟ ليش هم بيض؟ لأن في حواليهم
+
+121
+00:10:21,540 --> 00:10:25,480
+غلاف اسمه myelin ال myelin هذا الغلاف لونه أبيض
+
+122
+00:10:25,480 --> 00:10:29,200
+سموهم ايه؟ myelin طب ليش ال grey matter سموها
+
+123
+00:10:29,200 --> 00:10:33,380
+grey؟ لأنها unmyelinated أو non myelinated مافيها
+
+124
+00:10:33,380 --> 00:10:38,200
+غلاف أبيض من ال myelin بتنقسم لثلاث أنواع هذه ال
+
+125
+00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:44,370
+white matter projection fibersو Association Fibers
+
+126
+00:10:44,370 --> 00:10:50,110
+وCommissarial Fibers الـ Projection Fibers وظفتهم
+
+127
+00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:53,030
+يربطوا الـ Cerebrum مع الـ Brain Stem Spinal Cord
+
+128
+00:10:53,030 --> 00:10:56,950
+أو العكس صحيح إذا كانوا Sensory Fibers من Spinal
+
+129
+00:10:56,950 --> 00:11:01,050
+Cord لCerebrum هذه علاقة بالـ Projection Fibers
+
+130
+00:11:01,050 --> 00:11:05,650
+مثل Ascending and Ascending Tractsassociation
+
+131
+00:11:05,650 --> 00:11:10,650
+fibers هذي بتربط different area in same cerebral
+
+132
+00:11:10,650 --> 00:11:13,850
+hemisphere يعني ال frontal مع ال parietal ال
+
+133
+00:11:13,850 --> 00:11:15,930
+parietal مع ال temporal ال frontal مع ال temporal
+
+134
+00:11:15,930 --> 00:11:20,170
+الجيراية ال superior temporal مع ال inferior
+
+135
+00:11:20,170 --> 00:11:22,350
+temporal ال superior temporal مع ال middle
+
+136
+00:11:22,350 --> 00:11:26,590
+temporal لكن أهم شيء في نفس ال cerebral hemisphere
+
+137
+00:11:26,590 --> 00:11:30,110
+هذي بيسموه association fibersيبقى انهم وظيفتهم
+
+138
+00:11:30,110 --> 00:11:34,350
+connect different area of the same cerebral
+
+139
+00:11:34,350 --> 00:11:39,250
+hemisphere commissural fibers connect similar area
+
+140
+00:11:39,250 --> 00:11:42,430
+of both cerebral hemispheres يعني ايه؟ frontal
+
+141
+00:11:42,430 --> 00:11:46,870
+loop right مع frontal loop left right مع right
+
+142
+00:11:46,870 --> 00:11:49,690
+left, occipital right مع occipital left هذه ال
+
+143
+00:11:49,690 --> 00:11:52,750
+connection بينهم بين ال right و ال left اسمها ايه؟
+
+144
+00:11:52,750 --> 00:11:54,070
+commissural fibers
+
+145
+00:11:58,810 --> 00:12:02,150
+تحت لفوق أو من فوق لتحت هذه تعتبر projection
+
+146
+00:12:02,150 --> 00:12:07,350
+fibers إما descending tract وإما ascending tract
+
+147
+00:12:07,350 --> 00:12:12,350
+على سبيل المثال lateral spinothalamic tract يعتبر
+
+148
+00:12:12,350 --> 00:12:16,390
+ascending sensory it is a projection fibers أو
+
+149
+00:12:17,550 --> 00:12:20,970
+Corticospinal tract هذا الـ Descending motor يعتبر
+
+150
+00:12:20,970 --> 00:12:24,290
+projection fibers تمام طب ال right مع ال left أو
+
+151
+00:12:24,290 --> 00:12:26,910
+ال left مع ال right هذي commissural fibers مثل
+
+152
+00:12:26,910 --> 00:12:30,930
+كوربوس كلوزوم طب different area في نفس ال cerebral
+
+153
+00:12:30,930 --> 00:12:37,210
+hemisphere هذي association fibers نتكلم كلمتين على
+
+154
+00:12:37,210 --> 00:12:42,070
+projection fibers أنا شرحتهم هم عبارة عن afferent
+
+155
+00:12:42,070 --> 00:12:45,410
+and efferent fibers هو عبارة عن ascending and
+
+156
+00:12:45,410 --> 00:12:51,260
+descending tracksأو afferent fibers أو tracks أو
+
+157
+00:12:51,260 --> 00:12:57,840
+motor and sensory tracks of the cerebral cortex
+
+158
+00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:02,140
+which connect the cerebral cortex with the lower
+
+159
+00:13:02,140 --> 00:13:05,580
+part of brain and spinal cord أو العكس صحيح
+
+160
+00:13:05,580 --> 00:13:10,400
+connectLower part اللي هو brainstem و spinal cord
+
+161
+00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:13,320
+with cerebral hemisphere إذا بتحدث عن إيه
+
+162
+00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:16,480
+ascending tracks من قسم إلى قسمين ال projection
+
+163
+00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:20,340
+fibers ascending أو afferent أو sensory tracks
+
+164
+00:13:20,340 --> 00:13:24,960
+اللي هم بيربطوا spinal cord مع ال cortex أو
+
+165
+00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:29,580
+thalamus هذا ال sensory tracks أو العكس descending
+
+166
+00:13:29,580 --> 00:13:33,480
+tracks أو motor بيربطوا إيش ال cortex مع ال lower
+
+167
+00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:37,260
+centers cortex مع brainstem cortex مع spinal cord
+
+168
+00:13:39,210 --> 00:13:45,730
+Association Fibers Fibers اللي يرتبط مختلفة
+
+169
+00:13:45,730 --> 00:13:49,390
+المنطقة الكورتكالية في نفس الهيمسفير السرابرال
+
+170
+00:13:49,390 --> 00:13:52,730
+يعني بيربطوا ال left frontal مع ال left parietal
+
+171
+00:13:52,730 --> 00:13:55,530
+left parietal مع left occipital أو left octemporal
+
+172
+00:13:55,530 --> 00:14:01,190
+و هكذا في short Association Fibers بيعملوا
+
+173
+00:14:01,190 --> 00:14:06,710
+connection between adjacent gyri with one another
+
+174
+00:14:06,710 --> 00:14:11,260
+يعني ياخدواSuperior temporal مع الـ middle
+
+175
+00:14:11,260 --> 00:14:14,240
+temporal يعني هتجرب على بعض المسافة جريبة بيكون
+
+176
+00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:18,240
+هذه short fibers تبقى ده بربطهم different loops
+
+177
+00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:23,480
+يعني نقول superior temporal مع middle أو مع
+
+178
+00:14:23,480 --> 00:14:27,300
+inferior frontal different loops ال fibers هتكون
+
+179
+00:14:27,300 --> 00:14:31,640
+طويلة هذه بنسميها long association fibers connect
+
+180
+00:14:31,640 --> 00:14:36,270
+different loops لكن شرط تاني يكونوا ايه؟of the
+
+181
+00:14:36,270 --> 00:14:38,730
+same cerebral hemisphere من نفس الـ cerebral
+
+182
+00:14:38,730 --> 00:14:42,290
+hemisphere الـ commissural fibers النوع الثالث
+
+183
+00:14:42,290 --> 00:14:47,030
+اللي اتكلمت عنه عبارة عن bands of white matter او
+
+184
+00:14:47,030 --> 00:14:51,050
+nerve fibers connecting and coordinating of
+
+185
+00:14:51,050 --> 00:14:54,970
+activities of the right and left cerebral
+
+186
+00:14:54,970 --> 00:15:00,790
+hemisphere connect same area لكن in both cerebral
+
+187
+00:15:00,790 --> 00:15:05,670
+hemispheres right frontal مع left frontalright
+
+188
+00:15:05,670 --> 00:15:09,270
+temporal مع left temporal و هكذا من ضمن هما دول
+
+189
+00:15:09,270 --> 00:15:13,910
+أهم شيء كوربوس كالوزوم أهم واحد كوربوس كالوزوم فيه
+
+190
+00:15:13,910 --> 00:15:17,890
+anterior commissar posterior commissar hypanolar
+
+191
+00:15:17,890 --> 00:15:21,030
+commissar وhypocampal commissar لكن أهم واحدة فيهم
+
+192
+00:15:21,030 --> 00:15:28,050
+مين هي ها اللي هي تعتبر ايه كوربوس كالوزوم هنا
+
+193
+00:15:28,050 --> 00:15:34,930
+فيها ان ايهانتريور كوميشار وفيها بوستيريور كوميشار
+
+194
+00:15:34,930 --> 00:15:39,950
+وفيها هابينولار كوميشار وفيه داخل شوية بتكون هيبو
+
+195
+00:15:39,950 --> 00:15:43,990
+كامبر كوميشار هيبو كامبر كوميشار هيك بتكون انا
+
+196
+00:15:43,990 --> 00:15:48,630
+اتكلمتلكم كمان على ال كوميشار على ال fibers و ال
+
+197
+00:15:48,630 --> 00:15:54,070
+white matter بتاعة ال brain في موضوع مهم جدا ال
+
+198
+00:15:54,070 --> 00:16:00,460
+internal capsule مهم جداit is a thick lamina of
+
+199
+00:16:00,460 --> 00:16:04,020
+white
+
+200
+00:16:04,020 --> 00:16:08,680
+matter خلال
+
+201
+00:16:08,680 --> 00:16:10,500
+ال course راح تسمعوا فيها كتير الـ internal
+
+202
+00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:14,120
+capsule يقولون هي عبارة عن ايه؟ white matter و
+
+203
+00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,520
+thick lamina made up of projection fibers بيمروا
+
+204
+00:16:18,520 --> 00:16:21,900
+فيها ال projection ايه؟ fibers ascending و
+
+205
+00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:26,680
+descending tractwhich pass to and from cerebral
+
+206
+00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:32,000
+hemisphere إذا sensory to cerebral hemisphere إذا
+
+207
+00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:37,100
+motor from cerebral hemisphere okay it is
+
+208
+00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:40,620
+continuous superiorly with corona radiata من أعلى
+
+209
+00:16:40,620 --> 00:16:42,720
+بيحدد حاجة اسمها corona radiata في ال white matter
+
+210
+00:16:43,470 --> 00:16:49,950
+and inferiorly تحت مع ال cerebral peduncles بتاعة
+
+211
+00:16:49,950 --> 00:16:52,810
+ال middle brain بسميهم peduncles of middle brain
+
+212
+00:16:52,810 --> 00:16:56,630
+أو cerebral peduncles إلها ثلاث أجزاء هذه ال
+
+213
+00:16:56,630 --> 00:17:01,110
+internal capsule anterior limb short و posterior
+
+214
+00:17:01,110 --> 00:17:05,670
+limb long و الكوع اللي في النص اسمه genio او apex
+
+215
+00:17:05,670 --> 00:17:09,970
+هيا
+
+216
+00:17:09,970 --> 00:17:22,620
+نشوفها هناهذه ال internal capsule اللي
+
+217
+00:17:22,620 --> 00:17:26,880
+هي جزء أمامي short و اللي هي جزء خلفي long يبقى
+
+218
+00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:33,180
+هذه anterior limb وهذه posterior limb وهذه genio
+
+219
+00:17:33,180 --> 00:17:38,060
+او apex الكوع بتاعها طب ماحدش يسأل ليش سموها
+
+220
+00:17:38,060 --> 00:17:43,970
+internal capsule لأنها locatedInternal لـ
+
+221
+00:17:43,970 --> 00:17:49,210
+Lentiform Nucleus الـ Lentiform Nucleus الـ
+
+222
+00:17:49,210 --> 00:17:54,290
+Lentiform Nucleus الـ Lentiform Nucleus الـ
+
+223
+00:17:54,290 --> 00:17:58,650
+Lentiform
+
+224
+00:17:58,650 --> 00:18:00,570
+Nucleus
+
+225
+00:18:02,540 --> 00:18:06,240
+Internal لإنتيفارم نوكلياس لإنتيفارم نوكلياس
+
+226
+00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:08,820
+لإنتيفارم نوكلياس لإنتيفارم نوكلياس لإنتيفارم
+
+227
+00:18:08,820 --> 00:18:11,660
+نوكلياس لإنتيفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس
+
+228
+00:18:11,660 --> 00:18:12,940
+لإنتفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس
+
+229
+00:18:12,940 --> 00:18:15,060
+لإنتفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس
+
+230
+00:18:15,060 --> 00:18:19,860
+لإنتفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس
+
+231
+00:18:19,860 --> 00:18:23,300
+لإنتفارم
+
+232
+00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:28,840
+نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم نوكلياس لإنتفارم
+
+233
+00:18:28,840 --> 00:18:28,920
+ن
+
+234
+00:18:32,970 --> 00:18:36,690
+الـ External Capsule سموها External Capsule عشانها
+
+235
+00:18:36,690 --> 00:18:40,990
+Located External لمن لـ Lentiform Nucleus أو
+
+236
+00:18:40,990 --> 00:18:44,270
+بنسميها Lateral لـ Lentiform Nucleus يبقى الـ
+
+237
+00:18:44,270 --> 00:18:47,390
+External Capsule عبارة عن Thin Layer of White
+
+238
+00:18:47,390 --> 00:18:50,710
+Matter which covers the lateral surface of
+
+239
+00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:54,310
+Lentiform Nucleus and separating the Lentiform
+
+240
+00:18:54,310 --> 00:18:58,410
+Nucleus from the Claustrum يبقى نهايها اللي هي ال
+
+241
+00:18:58,410 --> 00:19:03,390
+External Capsuleبتيجي على ال lateral surface of
+
+242
+00:19:03,390 --> 00:19:06,530
+lentiform nucleus وبتفصل ما بين ال lentiform
+
+243
+00:19:06,530 --> 00:19:10,670
+nucleus عن ال claustrum اللي هي هدول جزء من ال
+
+244
+00:19:10,670 --> 00:19:14,310
+بيزا النوكلياعي ان شاء الله راح ناخدهم في المحاضرة
+
+245
+00:19:14,310 --> 00:19:17,950
+القادمة ان شاء الله على البيزا النوكلياعي هيك انا
+
+246
+00:19:17,950 --> 00:19:23,270
+بكون شرحتلكم ال cerebral hemisphere كله و ال white
+
+247
+00:19:23,270 --> 00:19:27,030
+matter بتاعته يعطيكم الف عافية و دمتم بالف
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/U7EAhoTGhq4_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1412 @@
+1
+00:00:04,940 --> 00:00:09,260
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم جزء الثاني من المحاضرة هو
+
+2
+00:00:09,260 --> 00:00:16,800
+vertebro basilar system vertebro basilar system من
+
+3
+00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,360
+اسمه vertebro ناتج عن ال vertebral artery basilar
+
+4
+00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:25,480
+basilar artery نبدأ بال vertebral artery ال origin
+
+5
+00:00:25,480 --> 00:00:28,600
+of vertebral artery عندي right and left vertebral
+
+6
+00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:34,550
+artery ال origin تبعهم each vertebral arteryarise
+
+7
+00:00:34,550 --> 00:00:41,130
+from the first part of subclavian artery يبقى كل
+
+8
+00:00:41,130 --> 00:00:45,530
+vertebral artery بخرج من وين؟ من ال first part of
+
+9
+00:00:45,530 --> 00:00:49,430
+subclavian artery طب إيش هو ال first part of
+
+10
+00:00:49,430 --> 00:00:54,870
+subclavian artery؟ حاجة عندي؟ subclavian artery
+
+11
+00:00:54,870 --> 00:01:03,220
+subclavian arteryالو three part اول part اسمه
+
+12
+00:01:03,220 --> 00:01:15,040
+first و ثاني part second و third هاد اسمه anterior
+
+13
+00:01:15,040 --> 00:01:21,740
+scalene muscle الجزء اللي بيكون ميديا لل anterior
+
+14
+00:01:21,740 --> 00:01:28,140
+scalene muscle اسمه ايه first part الجزء اللي
+
+15
+00:01:28,140 --> 00:01:32,700
+بيكون خلفهااسمه second part الجزء اللي بيكون
+
+16
+00:01:32,700 --> 00:01:38,380
+lateral third part يبقى من وين بخرج ال vertebral
+
+17
+00:01:38,380 --> 00:01:44,420
+artery بخرج من first part of subclavian artery
+
+18
+00:01:44,420 --> 00:01:50,240
+first part of subclavian artery طيب course of
+
+19
+00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:55,240
+vertebral artery اتفقنا from the first part of
+
+20
+00:01:55,240 --> 00:01:58,040
+subclavian artery بخرج ال vertebral artery ال
+
+21
+00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:03,660
+right و ال leftpass upward بيصعد للأعلى بيفوت في
+
+22
+00:02:03,660 --> 00:02:09,540
+ال transverse foramina of upper six cervical
+
+23
+00:02:09,540 --> 00:02:17,320
+vertebra بعد هيك بيفوتنا في foramin magnumascend
+
+24
+00:02:17,320 --> 00:02:22,360
+upward بيصعد بيكون media لان in front of the
+
+25
+00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:26,620
+medulla أبلانجاته نتكلم على course of the
+
+26
+00:02:26,620 --> 00:02:30,980
+vertebral artery زي ما اتفجنا انه vertebral artery
+
+27
+00:02:30,980 --> 00:02:36,020
+emerges from first part of subclavian artery then
+
+28
+00:02:36,020 --> 00:02:39,780
+ascend بعد هيك بيصعد upward وين بيفوت في ال
+
+29
+00:02:39,780 --> 00:02:43,700
+transverse foramina of the upper sex cervical
+
+30
+00:02:43,700 --> 00:02:49,060
+vertebra بعدبفوت في forum in magnum as two
+
+31
+00:02:49,060 --> 00:02:52,640
+vertebral arty بيصعدوا في ال media service و ال
+
+32
+00:02:52,640 --> 00:02:57,400
+frontal service of medulla oblongata at the lower
+
+33
+00:02:57,400 --> 00:03:01,000
+border of the pons في ال lower border of ال pons
+
+34
+00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,780
+او في ال upper border of medulla oblongata يعني
+
+35
+00:03:04,780 --> 00:03:07,440
+على حدود ال medulla oblongata مع ال pons ايش بيصير
+
+36
+00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:11,900
+عنها؟بتحضوا ال two vertebral arteries مع بعض عشان
+
+37
+00:03:11,900 --> 00:03:16,520
+يكونونها single artery اسمه Basilar artery لذلك
+
+38
+00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:19,940
+سميها vertebro basilar system يعني ال two
+
+39
+00:03:19,940 --> 00:03:26,080
+vertebral arteries هاي هم بتحضوا مع بعض و
+
+40
+00:03:26,080 --> 00:03:29,820
+بيكونونها ايه
+
+41
+00:03:29,820 --> 00:03:36,480
+هاي اندي واضحان two vertebral arteries بتحضوا مع
+
+42
+00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:43,650
+بعضوكوّنونا ايه؟ one هذا left vertebral artery و
+
+43
+00:03:43,650 --> 00:03:47,590
+هذا right vertebral artery و هذا اسمه Basilar
+
+44
+00:03:47,590 --> 00:03:53,850
+artery في ال system هذا سموه vertebro basilar A
+
+45
+00:03:53,850 --> 00:03:59,610
+system vertebro basilar system هاي واضح عندي ال
+
+46
+00:03:59,610 --> 00:04:02,150
+origin بتاع ال ..
+
+47
+00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:08,860
+Vertebral artery بيخرج من ال first part of
+
+48
+00:04:08,860 --> 00:04:14,160
+subclavian artery ايوه خرج عندنا اللي هو vertebral
+
+49
+00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:20,720
+artery Vertebral artery قلنا
+
+50
+00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:24,880
+بيخرج من ال first part of subclavian artery هنا
+
+51
+00:04:24,880 --> 00:04:29,200
+واضح ال vertebral artery خرج من ال first part of
+
+52
+00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:34,270
+subclavian artery فات في القبر 6Cervical Vertebra
+
+53
+00:04:34,270 --> 00:04:39,970
+في ال Transverse Foramen بعدها بيفوت في Foramen
+
+54
+00:04:39,970 --> 00:04:45,390
+Magnum بيصلوا لل lower border of the pons أو ال
+
+55
+00:04:45,390 --> 00:04:48,990
+upper border of Medulla Blangata وبيتحدوا مع بعض
+
+56
+00:04:48,990 --> 00:04:52,570
+right vertebral artery مع ال left و بيكونون a
+
+57
+00:04:52,570 --> 00:04:57,970
+single artery is Basilar Artery الآن هتكلم على
+
+58
+00:04:57,970 --> 00:05:03,470
+branches of vertebral arteryفى branches اسمهم
+
+59
+00:05:03,470 --> 00:05:12,390
+posterior spinal artery هاندي posterior spinal
+
+60
+00:05:12,390 --> 00:05:21,590
+artery left و right نرسمهم بلون ثانى بلون ثانى
+
+61
+00:05:21,590 --> 00:05:24,930
+اسمهم posterior
+
+62
+00:05:30,330 --> 00:05:37,130
+Spinal artery هي عندي left posterior spinal artery
+
+63
+00:05:37,130 --> 00:05:44,010
+وهذا ايه right posterior spinal artery يبقى عندي
+
+64
+00:05:44,010 --> 00:05:46,570
+اول branches posterior spinal artery راح اتكلم
+
+65
+00:05:46,570 --> 00:05:50,350
+عنهم في المحاضرة القادمة ان شاء الله اسبوع القادم
+
+66
+00:05:50,350 --> 00:05:57,110
+في ال anatomy of spinal cord بعد هيك في عندي two
+
+67
+00:05:58,470 --> 00:06:03,790
+Anterior Spinal Arteries بالتحدي مع بعض بيكونونها
+
+68
+00:06:03,790 --> 00:06:10,510
+Single Anterior Spinal Artery كم
+
+69
+00:06:10,510 --> 00:06:16,150
+Anterior Spinal Artery؟ two من ناحية ال origin ال
+
+70
+00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:24,150
+origin اللي هو left Anterior Spinal Artery تمام او
+
+71
+00:06:24,150 --> 00:06:27,970
+هنا origin right
+
+72
+00:06:28,710 --> 00:06:31,950
+anterior spinal artery اثنين يتحدوا مع بعض
+
+73
+00:06:31,950 --> 00:06:38,230
+وبيكونون ايه single اله anterior spinal artery
+
+74
+00:06:38,230 --> 00:06:41,150
+يعني بعد ما يتحدوا مع بعض كام anterior spinal
+
+75
+00:06:41,150 --> 00:06:46,270
+artery single one one اللي هو ايه anterior spinal
+
+76
+00:06:46,270 --> 00:06:50,570
+artery ورح اتكلم عنه ان شاء الله في محاضرة اللي هي
+
+77
+00:06:50,570 --> 00:06:56,090
+spinal cord anatomyاللي بنفع أخد راتب و أروح بيتي
+
+78
+00:06:56,090 --> 00:07:00,330
+لازم أميل على الأهل و أعطيهم لازم أدفع دريبة و
+
+79
+00:07:00,330 --> 00:07:03,690
+هكذا و فيرتبرة الارث اللي بيمر على الميدالة
+
+80
+00:07:03,690 --> 00:07:07,310
+أبلانجاتا لازم يعطي دريبة دريبة المرور اللي هي
+
+81
+00:07:07,310 --> 00:07:10,690
+اسمها ايه ميدالاري branches هذول الصغار شايفينهم
+
+82
+00:07:10,690 --> 00:07:14,810
+اسمهم ايه ميدالاري branches بغض ال media part of
+
+83
+00:07:14,810 --> 00:07:17,890
+ميدالة أبلانجاتا يبقى هذول الصغار شايفينهم اسمهم
+
+84
+00:07:17,890 --> 00:07:22,670
+ايه ميدالاري branches
+
+85
+00:07:24,540 --> 00:07:31,880
+وفي شريان كبير right and left اسمه posterior
+
+86
+00:07:31,880 --> 00:07:40,160
+inferior cerebellar artery left baica و right
+
+87
+00:07:40,160 --> 00:07:47,740
+baica يبقى ان عندي ال branches of ال vertebral
+
+88
+00:07:47,740 --> 00:07:52,700
+arteryPosterior Spinal Arteries, Anterior Spinal
+
+89
+00:07:52,700 --> 00:07:57,500
+Artery, Medullary Branches و Left Posterior
+
+90
+00:07:57,500 --> 00:08:00,500
+Inferior Cerebellar Artery لو سألنا سؤال مين هو ال
+
+91
+00:08:00,500 --> 00:08:03,860
+largest branch؟ largest branch بايكا ال posterior
+
+92
+00:08:03,860 --> 00:08:06,560
+inferior cerebellar artery it is the largest
+
+93
+00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:14,720
+branch of a vertebral arteryنتكلم على الـ Pica أو
+
+94
+00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:17,340
+posterior inferior cerebellar artery، it is the
+
+95
+00:08:17,340 --> 00:08:20,700
+largest branch of الورتبرة الارتري، supplies
+
+96
+00:08:20,700 --> 00:08:27,330
+posterior partof inferior cervix of cerebellum من
+
+97
+00:08:27,330 --> 00:08:30,870
+هنا اسمه posterior inferior cerebellar artery و
+
+98
+00:08:30,870 --> 00:08:35,970
+بيغدى دورسه أو posterior lateral part of مضلة زاد
+
+99
+00:08:35,970 --> 00:08:40,390
+بيعطينا a branch لالchoroidal plexus of fourth
+
+100
+00:08:40,390 --> 00:08:43,430
+ventricle اتفاقنا ال choroidal plexus من ال
+
+101
+00:08:43,430 --> 00:08:46,690
+lateral والthird باخده من ال anterior choroidal
+
+102
+00:08:46,690 --> 00:08:50,930
+artery of internal carotid و ال choroidal plexus
+
+103
+00:08:50,930 --> 00:08:55,930
+في ال fourth ventricle باخده من ايه؟الـ posterior
+
+104
+00:08:55,930 --> 00:08:59,310
+inferior cerebellar artery وهنا كمان مرة نرسمهم
+
+105
+00:08:59,310 --> 00:09:08,350
+على الصورة نوضحهم هي عند�� اتنين anterior spinal
+
+106
+00:09:08,350 --> 00:09:13,330
+origin تبعهم بعدين بيكونون single anterior spinal
+
+107
+00:09:13,330 --> 00:09:19,650
+artery في عندي two posterior spinal artery في
+
+108
+00:09:19,650 --> 00:09:25,300
+بايكاالليبوستيريونفيروس ريبيلر آرتري واخر شئ في
+
+109
+00:09:25,300 --> 00:09:29,400
+عند ميدالاري برانشز ميدالاري برانشز هانا في الصورة
+
+110
+00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:40,020
+هذه ربما أتركوا معاهم واضحين أكتر كبرتها بزلر
+
+111
+00:09:40,020 --> 00:09:44,440
+آرتري هلأ اتحدوا تلو الارتري مع بعض هاي هم
+
+112
+00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:53,890
+وكوّنونا ايهبازيلار آرتري كونونا ايه بازيلار آرتري
+
+113
+00:09:53,890 --> 00:09:59,350
+بازيلار
+
+114
+00:09:59,350 --> 00:10:07,430
+آرتري البازيلار آرتري هو عبارة عن ايه عبارة عن
+
+115
+00:10:07,430 --> 00:10:11,530
+union between the two vertebral arteries هو عبارة
+
+116
+00:10:11,530 --> 00:10:16,320
+عن اتحاد بين ايه two vertebral arteriesat the
+
+117
+00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:20,220
+lower border of the pons by the union of the two
+
+118
+00:10:20,220 --> 00:10:24,440
+vertebral arteries بيجينا مين بزلر آرتري and it
+
+119
+00:10:24,440 --> 00:10:29,260
+ascends along to the basilary groove، متذكرين ال
+
+120
+00:10:29,260 --> 00:10:32,380
+pons؟ في ال ventral surface of the pons، إيش قولنا
+
+121
+00:10:32,380 --> 00:10:35,680
+فيه؟ في عندنا basilary groove بيمور فيها بزلر
+
+122
+00:10:35,680 --> 00:10:40,660
+آرتري termination، وين بنتهي؟at the upper border
+
+123
+00:10:40,660 --> 00:10:48,960
+of the pons by dividing two terminal branches
+
+124
+00:10:48,960 --> 00:10:52,080
+posterior cerebral artery يبقى مين هو ال terminal
+
+125
+00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:59,920
+branch of basilar artery هم ايه posterior cerebral
+
+126
+00:10:59,920 --> 00:11:05,560
+artery هاي leftPosterior Cerebral Artery و هاي ايه
+
+127
+00:11:05,560 --> 00:11:12,240
+Right Posterior Cerebral Artery تمام Okay طب مين
+
+128
+00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:15,480
+هو largest branch of Basilar Artery نفس الشي هو
+
+129
+00:11:15,480 --> 00:11:21,480
+Posterior Cerebral Artery branches of Basilar
+
+130
+00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:27,640
+Artery أول branch نرسمها باللون أسود
+
+131
+00:11:30,510 --> 00:11:37,090
+هي عندى اللى هو large branch قولنا اللى هم
+
+132
+00:11:37,090 --> 00:11:40,910
+posterior spinal
+
+133
+00:11:40,910 --> 00:11:48,930
+artery posterior
+
+134
+00:11:48,930 --> 00:11:56,850
+spinal artery هم large branch هاي
+
+135
+00:11:56,850 --> 00:12:03,880
+liftPosterior Spinal Artery وهي ايه Right
+
+136
+00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:12,720
+Posterior Spinal Artery اول branch بيجينا اللي هم
+
+137
+00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:20,920
+Right Aica اللي هو Anterior Inferior Cerebellar
+
+138
+00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:25,080
+Artery Left Aica
+
+139
+00:12:26,870 --> 00:12:32,850
+هنا عندي بعدها auditory
+
+140
+00:12:32,850 --> 00:12:40,990
+او internal auditory internal auditory artery left
+
+141
+00:12:40,990 --> 00:12:48,590
+وهنا right internal auditory او لابيرنتين وبعدها
+
+142
+00:12:48,590 --> 00:12:56,130
+بيعطي ضريبة مرور اسمهم paramedianاو اسمهم Pontine
+
+143
+00:12:56,130 --> 00:13:03,810
+branches هدول الصغار اسمهم ايه Pontine branches او
+
+144
+00:13:03,810 --> 00:13:08,010
+Paramedian و قبل ما يعطينا posterior cerebral
+
+145
+00:13:08,010 --> 00:13:17,750
+artery بخرج منه اللي هو superior cerebellar
+
+146
+00:13:17,750 --> 00:13:18,170
+artery
+
+147
+00:13:22,860 --> 00:13:27,980
+Superior Cerebellar Artery
+
+148
+00:13:32,430 --> 00:13:36,530
+هيك بيكون خلصنا الموضوع branches of basilar artery
+
+149
+00:13:36,530 --> 00:13:41,010
+أول branch anterior inferior cerebellar artery هيه
+
+150
+00:13:41,010 --> 00:13:44,410
+هنا anterior inferior cerebellar artery أو آيكه
+
+151
+00:13:44,410 --> 00:13:49,570
+supply the anterior and inferior surface of the
+
+152
+00:13:49,570 --> 00:13:51,130
+cerebellum and pons
+
+153
+00:13:53,720 --> 00:13:58,160
+internal auditory او labyrinthine artery بيفوت لل
+
+154
+00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:02,000
+internal auditory meatus مع العصب السابع والثامن
+
+155
+00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:07,100
+supply the internal ear بيغد الأدن الداخلية تلاتة
+
+156
+00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:12,000
+small paramedian بنسميهم pontine branches supply
+
+157
+00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:16,600
+the pons بيغدوا ال pons بعدينبجينا superior
+
+158
+00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:21,120
+cerebellar artery which supply the superior part
+
+159
+00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:26,260
+of cerebellum and superior cerebellar peduncle
+
+160
+00:14:26,260 --> 00:14:30,380
+اللي بتحت مع ال midbrain وterminal branch الكبار
+
+161
+00:14:30,380 --> 00:14:34,680
+اللي هم posterior cerebral artery من الذاكرين ال
+
+162
+00:14:34,680 --> 00:14:38,580
+posterior cerebral artery قلتلكوا بتحت مع مين؟ مع
+
+163
+00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:43,440
+الـ Internal Carotid Artery عن طريق Posterior
+
+164
+00:14:43,440 --> 00:14:48,060
+Communicating Artery عشان يكونوا Circle of Wells
+
+165
+00:14:48,060 --> 00:14:58,660
+او Wells Formation خيان دي ايكا
+
+166
+00:14:58,660 --> 00:15:03,280
+Anterior Cerebellar Artery هذا Labyrinthine Artery
+
+167
+00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:10,340
+هذول Small Paramedianهنا superior cerebellar
+
+168
+00:15:10,340 --> 00:15:14,800
+artery وفي النهاية أكبر الـ branches اللي هم
+
+169
+00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:19,280
+posterior posterior cerebral artery اللي بتتحد مع
+
+170
+00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:24,120
+ال internal carotid artery عن طريق اللي هو
+
+171
+00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:28,340
+posterior communicating artery عشان يكونونا circle
+
+172
+00:15:28,340 --> 00:15:36,180
+of wells او wells formation الآن ننتقل لالـ
+
+173
+00:15:36,180 --> 00:15:39,220
+posterior cerebral artery حقه مش ماجس شرحنا
+
+174
+00:15:39,220 --> 00:15:42,360
+anterior cerebral artery بالتفصيل و شرحنا ال
+
+175
+00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:45,120
+middle cerebral artery بالتفصيل اللي هم بيخرجوا من
+
+176
+00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:48,320
+ال internal carotid artery لأنا أشرحلكم posterior
+
+177
+00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:52,500
+cerebral artery اللي أصله بيخرج من بزلر إيه ال
+
+178
+00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:55,910
+branchIt is the terminal branch of basilar artery
+
+179
+00:15:55,910 --> 00:16:01,050
+at the upper part of the pons connects with the
+
+180
+00:16:01,050 --> 00:16:05,450
+ipsilateral internal carotid artery by posterior
+
+181
+00:16:05,450 --> 00:16:08,470
+communicating artery وهذا ال posterior cerebral
+
+182
+00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:12,270
+artery كل واحد ال right بتحد مع ال right internal
+
+183
+00:16:12,270 --> 00:16:15,870
+carotid artery و ال left بتحد مع ال left internal
+
+184
+00:16:15,870 --> 00:16:19,750
+carotid arteryبواسطة ايه؟ اللي هو posterior
+
+185
+00:16:19,750 --> 00:16:26,670
+communicating artery on each side ايش بيغضينا اللي
+
+186
+00:16:26,670 --> 00:16:31,270
+هو posterior cerebral artery؟ it supplies inferior
+
+187
+00:16:31,270 --> 00:16:35,730
+lateral part of temporal loop, occipital loop,
+
+188
+00:16:36,330 --> 00:16:39,930
+posterior part of corpus callosum, diencephalon,
+
+189
+00:16:40,530 --> 00:16:45,390
+midbrain وchoroidal plexus of lateral and third
+
+190
+00:16:45,390 --> 00:16:51,110
+ventricleهذه واضحة عندي اللي هو posterior cerebral
+
+191
+00:16:51,110 --> 00:16:54,450
+artery بيغضي ال occipital loop و بيغضينا ال
+
+192
+00:16:54,450 --> 00:17:08,750
+inferior service of temporal loop هذه
+
+193
+00:17:08,750 --> 00:17:14,680
+عندي اعتبرها ال basilar arteryانقسم لقسمين ل
+
+194
+00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:18,220
+posterior cerebral artery right left او left right
+
+195
+00:17:18,220 --> 00:17:23,040
+بتحد مع ال internal carotid artery عن طريق ايش هو
+
+196
+00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:27,200
+اللي هو left and right posterior communicating
+
+197
+00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:34,160
+arteries ننتقل
+
+198
+00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:38,850
+لموضوع circle of wheelsFunction أو الـ definition
+
+199
+00:17:38,850 --> 00:17:40,570
+تبع الـ circle of wells قبل ما اتكلم عن الـ
+
+200
+00:17:40,570 --> 00:17:45,130
+function هو عبارة عن arterial anastomosis between
+
+201
+00:17:45,130 --> 00:17:48,670
+nine arteries supplying the brain يبقى انه عبارة
+
+202
+00:17:48,670 --> 00:17:52,170
+عن anastomosis between vertebral basilar system
+
+203
+00:17:52,170 --> 00:17:57,690
+and internal carotid systemالـ Function Direct
+
+204
+00:17:57,690 --> 00:18:03,310
+blood to other branches in cases of occlusion and
+
+205
+00:18:03,310 --> 00:18:07,070
+connect carotid system with vertebral basilar
+
+206
+00:18:07,070 --> 00:18:11,430
+system أنا سنة 2001 2004 في رسالة الدكتوراه بتاعتى
+
+207
+00:18:11,430 --> 00:18:14,130
+عملت دراسة على المرضى اللى عندهم carotid stroke
+
+208
+00:18:14,130 --> 00:18:16,430
+المرضى اللى عندهم جلطات دماغية في شريان السباتي
+
+209
+00:18:16,430 --> 00:18:20,670
+ووجدنا عند دول المرضى انه بزيد عندهم ال cerebral
+
+210
+00:18:20,670 --> 00:18:23,910
+hemodynamicو الـ blood supply راح تزيد عندهم و
+
+211
+00:18:23,910 --> 00:18:26,850
+بزيد في الـ vertebrobasilar عشان يعمل عملية
+
+212
+00:18:26,850 --> 00:18:31,050
+compensation ل .. ل .. اللي هو الـ deficit اللي
+
+213
+00:18:31,050 --> 00:18:34,650
+صار في carotid system يبقى وظيفة الـ circle ovals
+
+214
+00:18:34,650 --> 00:18:38,190
+هو عبارة عن connection between two system between
+
+215
+00:18:38,190 --> 00:18:42,670
+internal carotid system and vertebrobasilar system
+
+216
+00:18:42,670 --> 00:18:49,200
+من أين بتكون؟circle of wells بتكون من 9 ارتريز،
+
+217
+00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,920
+واحد فردي واربع زوجي، واحد فردي واربع زوجي، الاربع
+
+218
+00:18:52,920 --> 00:18:55,880
+زوجي صاروا ثمانية، واحد فردي صاروا تسعة، نبدأ من
+
+219
+00:18:55,880 --> 00:18:56,560
+فوق لتحت
+
+220
+00:19:00,070 --> 00:19:01,910
+لو سألتكوا سؤال الـ anterior communicating artery
+
+221
+00:19:01,910 --> 00:19:04,710
+هو يعتبر الـ branch من الـ internal carotid
+
+222
+00:19:04,710 --> 00:19:08,590
+artery؟ لأ، هو يعتبر connection between two
+
+223
+00:19:08,590 --> 00:19:10,850
+anterior cerebral arteries، يبقى الـ anterior
+
+224
+00:19:10,850 --> 00:19:13,650
+communicating artery، هذا فردي واحد، بيربط الـ
+
+225
+00:19:13,650 --> 00:19:15,950
+right والـ left إيه؟ Anterior cerebral artery،
+
+226
+00:19:15,950 --> 00:19:18,410
+صاروا ثلاثة، من وين خرج الـ anterior cerebral
+
+227
+00:19:18,410 --> 00:19:21,290
+artery من الـ internal carotid؟ right، left، صاروا
+
+228
+00:19:21,290 --> 00:19:25,800
+خمسةبرجع رجوع للخلف posterior communicating artery
+
+229
+00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:29,100
+right left صاروا كام؟ سبعة بربط مين ال posterior
+
+230
+00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:32,660
+communicating artery؟ بربط ال internal carotid مع
+
+231
+00:19:32,660 --> 00:19:35,000
+ال posterior cerebral artery يعني right left
+
+232
+00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,780
+posterior cerebral artery صاروا كام؟ تسعة ايه كان؟
+
+233
+00:19:37,780 --> 00:19:42,900
+بتكون من anterior communicating arteryالواحد بيكون
+
+234
+00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:45,680
+هو بربط ال right will lifts anterior cerebral
+
+235
+00:19:45,680 --> 00:19:50,040
+artery right left anterior cerebral artery right
+
+236
+00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:53,860
+left internal carotid artery right left posterior
+
+237
+00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:57,320
+communicating artery and right left posterior
+
+238
+00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:02,520
+cerebral artery صار عددهم كام تسعة انتبهوا لو أجي
+
+239
+00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:04,920
+سؤال على ال middle cerebral artery ال middle
+
+240
+00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:09,080
+cerebral artery ملهوش علاقة في موضوع circle of
+
+241
+00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:17,210
+wells تابعوا معاياهي نرسم بلون .. الكلام هذا مش
+
+242
+00:20:17,210 --> 00:20:24,490
+واضح كير هي anterior communicating
+
+243
+00:20:24,490 --> 00:20:28,010
+artery واحد هذا ال anterior communicating artery
+
+244
+00:20:28,010 --> 00:20:36,270
+بيربط right anterior cerebral artery مع ايه؟ مع ال
+
+245
+00:20:36,270 --> 00:20:41,610
+leftصار عندى كام؟ اتنين ثلاثة من وين خرج ال
+
+246
+00:20:41,610 --> 00:20:45,170
+anterior cerebral artery من ال internal carotid
+
+247
+00:20:45,170 --> 00:20:51,470
+artery صار عندى اكام؟ تلاتة اربعة خمسة بخرج
+
+248
+00:20:51,470 --> 00:20:57,510
+posterior communicating artery right
+
+249
+00:20:57,510 --> 00:21:02,770
+and left ستة سبعة بربط مين؟ بربط ال internal
+
+250
+00:21:02,770 --> 00:21:08,270
+carotid artery مع ايه؟ posteriorCerebral artery
+
+251
+00:21:08,270 --> 00:21:11,650
+سعره
+
+252
+00:21:11,650 --> 00:21:17,090
+ايه تمانية تسعة هذا هو اللي تعتبر circle of wells
+
+253
+00:21:27,730 --> 00:21:31,930
+هك أنا بكون خلصت موضوع الـ arterial blood supply
+
+254
+00:21:31,930 --> 00:21:36,290
+بضل عندنا كام slide على موضوع ال cerebral diural
+
+255
+00:21:36,290 --> 00:21:40,950
+venous sinuses ال diural venous sinuses بنسميهم
+
+256
+00:21:40,950 --> 00:21:46,170
+cerebral sinuses هم عبارة عن cavity أو channels
+
+257
+00:21:47,290 --> 00:21:50,770
+موجودين between the two layers of the durometer in
+
+258
+00:21:50,770 --> 00:21:56,110
+the brain موجودين
+
+259
+00:21:56,110 --> 00:21:59,510
+between the two layers of the durometer in the
+
+260
+00:21:59,510 --> 00:22:00,810
+brain موجودين between the two layers of the
+
+261
+00:22:00,810 --> 00:22:03,610
+durometer in the brain موجودين between the two
+
+262
+00:22:03,610 --> 00:22:05,530
+layers of the durometer in the brain موجودين
+
+263
+00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:05,770
+between the two layers of the durometer in the
+
+264
+00:22:05,770 --> 00:22:07,010
+brain موجودين between the two layers of the
+
+265
+00:22:07,010 --> 00:22:08,130
+durometer in the brain موجودين between the two
+
+266
+00:22:08,130 --> 00:22:09,330
+layers of the durometer in the brain موجودين
+
+267
+00:22:09,330 --> 00:22:10,590
+between the two layers of the durometer in the
+
+268
+00:22:10,590 --> 00:22:11,870
+brain موجودين between the two layers of the
+
+269
+00:22:11,870 --> 00:22:12,750
+durometer in the brain موجودين between the two
+
+270
+00:22:12,750 --> 00:22:14,010
+layers of the durometer in the brain موجودين
+
+271
+00:22:14,010 --> 00:22:14,130
+between the two layers of the durometer in the
+
+272
+00:22:14,130 --> 00:22:14,150
+brain موجودين between the two layers of the
+
+273
+00:22:14,150 --> 00:22:14,150
+durometer in the brain موجودين between the two
+
+274
+00:22:14,150 --> 00:22:14,150
+layers of the durometer in the brain موجودين
+
+275
+00:22:14,150 --> 00:22:14,150
+between the two layers of the durometer in the
+
+276
+00:22:14,150 --> 00:22:14,150
+brain موجودين between the two layers of the
+
+277
+00:22:14,150 --> 00:22:16,300
+durometer in theمن وين بتاخد الـ venous blood
+
+278
+00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:19,620
+لديورة الـ venous sinuses؟ من الـ internal and
+
+279
+00:22:19,620 --> 00:22:23,780
+external veins of the brain من أوريذة الدماغ ثانيا
+
+280
+00:22:23,780 --> 00:22:27,480
+تاخد الـ cerebrospinal fluid CSF من الـ
+
+281
+00:22:27,480 --> 00:22:31,260
+subarachnoid space من الذاكرين عن طريق arachnoid
+
+282
+00:22:31,260 --> 00:22:34,520
+villi and arachnoid granulation قلتلكوا
+
+283
+00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:38,710
+granulation microscope و villi microscopicو
+
+284
+00:22:38,710 --> 00:22:43,410
+finally هدول ال sinuses بيسلموا ال venous blood
+
+285
+00:22:43,410 --> 00:22:48,550
+لوين ل internal jugular في عندنا three single
+
+286
+00:22:48,550 --> 00:22:52,850
+sinuses و six paired sinuses يعني ال single
+
+287
+00:22:52,850 --> 00:22:55,730
+sinuses راح يكونوا في ال right cerebral hemisphere
+
+288
+00:22:55,730 --> 00:22:59,530
+ولا في ال left مدام هم singleOkay هم راح يكونوا
+
+289
+00:22:59,530 --> 00:23:02,690
+وين؟ في المنتصف بين ال right و ال left عشان هيك
+
+290
+00:23:02,690 --> 00:23:06,150
+بيكونوا فردي مش زوجي لكن الزوجي راح يكونوا في ال
+
+291
+00:23:06,150 --> 00:23:08,550
+right و في ال left لكن الفردي بيكون وين؟ في
+
+292
+00:23:08,550 --> 00:23:15,190
+المنتصف من هم ال single venous sinuses superior
+
+293
+00:23:15,190 --> 00:23:20,750
+sagittal sinus هي واحد inferior sagittal sinus و
+
+294
+00:23:20,750 --> 00:23:25,730
+striate sinus او هذا ال striate بيسموه tentorial
+
+295
+00:23:29,390 --> 00:23:35,190
+Sinus Stentorial Sinus او بيسموه Striate Sinus
+
+296
+00:23:35,190 --> 00:23:38,710
+يبقى كام واحد فردي ثلاثة كمان مرة Superior and
+
+297
+00:23:38,710 --> 00:23:40,450
+Sagittal مدام في Superior and Sagittal يبقى ان في
+
+298
+00:23:40,450 --> 00:23:45,790
+Inferior and Sagittal ثلاثة Striate Sinus هي عندي
+
+299
+00:23:45,790 --> 00:23:49,310
+Superior
+
+300
+00:23:49,310 --> 00:23:55,790
+Sagittal Sinus هي عندي Inferior Sagittal Sinus وهي
+
+301
+00:23:55,790 --> 00:24:01,110
+عنديstriate sinus أو بنسميه tentorial sinus عشان
+
+302
+00:24:01,110 --> 00:24:05,330
+جاي في ال tentarium cerebelli هذول الثلاثة فردي
+
+303
+00:24:05,330 --> 00:24:11,470
+superior sagittal inferior sagittal وstriate sinus
+
+304
+00:24:11,470 --> 00:24:17,370
+هذول التلاتة ال coronal cut هذا يعتبر superior
+
+305
+00:24:17,370 --> 00:24:22,370
+sagittal sinusلاحظوا باخد venous blood من ال veins
+
+306
+00:24:22,370 --> 00:24:26,210
+و باخد CSF عن طريق arachnoid granulation و
+
+307
+00:24:26,210 --> 00:24:30,150
+arachnoid villi من ال subarachnoid space باخد CSF
+
+308
+00:24:30,150 --> 00:24:35,670
+هاي واضح هندي هان superior sagittal sinus في ال
+
+309
+00:24:35,670 --> 00:24:45,730
+corona ال cut و تحت inferior sagittal sinus الآن
+
+310
+00:24:45,730 --> 00:24:50,350
+ننتقللـ Paired Sinuses ايش Paired Sinuses يعني
+
+311
+00:24:50,350 --> 00:24:55,250
+بيكون زوجي Right و Left في Transverse او Lateral
+
+312
+00:24:55,250 --> 00:25:00,030
+Sinus Right و Left في Sigmoid Sinus Right و Left
+
+313
+00:25:00,030 --> 00:25:04,690
+في Cavernous Sinus Right و Left Superior Petrosal
+
+314
+00:25:04,690 --> 00:25:08,790
+Sinus Right و Left Inferior Petrosal Sinus Right و
+
+315
+00:25:08,790 --> 00:25:14,490
+Left و Sphenobarital Sinus Right و Left هنا واضح
+
+316
+00:25:14,490 --> 00:25:25,500
+عن دياللي هو Transverse Sinus أو Lateral Sinus هنا
+
+317
+00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:29,700
+بيكون عندي Cavernous Sinus في Right و في Left هذا
+
+318
+00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:33,440
+Superior Petrosal Sinus هنا Inferior Petrosal
+
+319
+00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:37,180
+Sinus و تحت هنا تحت ال Tentorium بيكون عندي
+
+320
+00:25:37,180 --> 00:25:41,060
+Sigmoid Sinus
+
+321
+00:25:48,740 --> 00:25:51,060
+ال caviarnal sinus اتكلم عنه كلمتين مرة علينا كتير
+
+322
+00:25:51,060 --> 00:25:53,980
+caviarnal sinus هذا ال caviarnal sinus مهم جدا
+
+323
+00:25:53,980 --> 00:25:57,900
+لانه بيمور فيه structures بيمور فيه cranial nerves
+
+324
+00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:02,380
+و artery بيمور فيه oculomotor nerve بيمور فيه
+
+325
+00:26:02,380 --> 00:26:07,190
+trochlear nerve و بيمور فيه abdossum nerveوغير هيك
+
+326
+00:26:07,190 --> 00:26:11,110
+بيمر في ophthalmic and maxillary branch of the
+
+327
+00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:16,010
+trigeminal nerve وكمان بيمر internal carotid
+
+328
+00:26:16,010 --> 00:26:21,370
+artery بيمر في الكفيرنس الصينيس هي الكفيرنس
+
+329
+00:26:21,370 --> 00:26:26,970
+الصينيس ناخد ال right cavernous sinus بين ال right
+
+330
+00:26:26,970 --> 00:26:34,650
+و ال leftفيه بيكون بتيوترى جلاند الغدة النخامية في
+
+331
+00:26:34,650 --> 00:26:38,850
+ال cavernous sinus بيمر في ال lateral wall العصب
+
+332
+00:26:38,850 --> 00:26:43,130
+الثالث oculomotor تحته العصب الرابع trochlea و
+
+333
+00:26:43,130 --> 00:26:47,170
+كمان في ال lower lateral بيمر ال ophthalmic branch
+
+334
+00:26:47,170 --> 00:26:51,930
+بتاع ايش trigeminal nerve و maxillary branch بتاع
+
+335
+00:26:51,930 --> 00:26:56,470
+مين trigeminal nerve و في ال medial wall بيكون
+
+336
+00:26:56,470 --> 00:26:59,890
+عندى ال internalcarotid artery و تحت ال internal
+
+337
+00:26:59,890 --> 00:27:03,670
+carotid artery بيكون abdocent nerve العصب ايه
+
+338
+00:27:03,670 --> 00:27:06,470
+السادس اللي راح نتكلم عنهم في محاضرة ان شاء الله
+
+339
+00:27:06,470 --> 00:27:14,870
+cranial nerve هاي
+
+340
+00:27:14,870 --> 00:27:17,610
+واضح اندي في الصورة هنا superior sagittal sinus
+
+341
+00:27:17,610 --> 00:27:22,030
+هنا inferior sagittal sinus وهنا straight sinus
+
+342
+00:27:22,030 --> 00:27:25,950
+هذول الثلاثة فردي هذول الثلاثة فردي هنا في عندي
+
+343
+00:27:25,950 --> 00:27:30,830
+cavernous sinusSuperpetrosal sinus, Inferopetrosal
+
+344
+00:27:30,830 --> 00:27:36,230
+sinus, Transverse sinus او Lateral sinus, Sigmoid
+
+345
+00:27:36,230 --> 00:27:39,230
+sinus، ال Sigmoid sinus بيسلم كله، كلهم بيسلموا ل
+
+346
+00:27:39,230 --> 00:27:42,130
+Sigmoid sinus، و Sigmoid sinus بيسلم ال blood ال
+
+347
+00:27:42,130 --> 00:27:45,690
+venous blood ل internal، jugular في فين؟ في
+
+348
+00:27:45,690 --> 00:27:49,210
+occipital sinus او في other sinuses، هذول هيك
+
+349
+00:27:49,210 --> 00:27:54,730
+بيكفوا لشرح المحاضرة هذهفي ال slide هذا بكون وصلت
+
+350
+00:27:54,730 --> 00:27:58,630
+لنهاية المحاضرة اللي هي عن ال blood supply of the
+
+351
+00:27:58,630 --> 00:28:02,810
+brain and venous drainage of the brain يعطيكم الف
+
+352
+00:28:02,810 --> 00:28:06,350
+عافية و إلى اللقاء في المحاضرة القادمة راح نتكلم
+
+353
+00:28:06,350 --> 00:28:09,330
+على anatomy of the spinal cord
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/a_0yOkkNuqY_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1248 @@
+1
+00:00:05,010 --> 00:00:08,110
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,110 --> 00:00:12,830
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع الخامس رح تكون على meninges
+
+3
+00:00:12,830 --> 00:00:17,790
+ventricles of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid
+
+4
+00:00:17,790 --> 00:00:24,630
+circulation رح أبدأ المحاضرة ب meninges meninges
+
+5
+00:00:24,630 --> 00:00:28,090
+of the brain and spinal cord لما اتكلم عن ال
+
+6
+00:00:28,090 --> 00:00:36,390
+meninges هم عبارة عن protective membraneover the
+
+7
+00:00:36,390 --> 00:00:41,030
+surface of the brain and spinal cord يعني الدماغ و
+
+8
+00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:48,590
+الحبل الشوكلي محاط ب membranes هم meninges the
+
+9
+00:00:48,590 --> 00:00:54,390
+brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three
+
+10
+00:00:54,390 --> 00:00:59,890
+membranes three membranes or three meningial
+
+11
+00:00:59,890 --> 00:01:07,400
+layersمن الداخل
+
+12
+00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:20,780
+إلى الخارج الام الحنونة الام العنكبوتية الام
+
+13
+00:01:20,780 --> 00:01:22,120
+الحنونة الام الحنونة الام الحنونة الام الحنونة
+
+14
+00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:23,680
+الحنونة الام الحنونة الام الحنونة الام الحنونة
+
+15
+00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:24,960
+الام الحنونة الام الحنونة الام الحنونة الام
+
+16
+00:01:24,960 --> 00:01:25,080
+الحنونة الام الحنونة الام الحنونة الام حنونة الام
+
+17
+00:01:25,080 --> 00:01:26,100
+حنونة الام حنونة الام حنونة الام حنونة الام حنونة
+
+18
+00:01:26,100 --> 00:01:33,870
+الام حنونة الام حنin the brain في ال brain او في
+
+19
+00:01:33,870 --> 00:01:37,650
+ال intracranial cavity ال diuremator بتتكون من two
+
+20
+00:01:37,650 --> 00:01:43,230
+layers outer layer and inner layer outer layer it
+
+21
+00:01:43,230 --> 00:01:47,790
+is endostial layer يبقى فيه عندي endostial layer
+
+22
+00:01:47,790 --> 00:01:55,010
+هي outer layer وفي inner layer او a meningial
+
+23
+00:01:55,010 --> 00:02:00,270
+layer او a meningial layer يعني ال diurematorتتكون
+
+24
+00:02:00,270 --> 00:02:04,910
+من two layers outer and inner ال outer layer اللي
+
+25
+00:02:04,910 --> 00:02:08,450
+هي industrial layer و ال inner layer اللي هي
+
+26
+00:02:08,450 --> 00:02:13,850
+menagerie layer زي
+
+27
+00:02:13,850 --> 00:02:16,010
+ما شايفين هنا في عندي
+
+28
+00:02:18,850 --> 00:02:21,170
+بيتكوّن من two layers ال two layers عاملين
+
+29
+00:02:21,170 --> 00:02:25,430
+adherence مع بعض في بعض الأماكن حكمة ربانية ان
+
+30
+00:02:25,430 --> 00:02:28,810
+ربنا في البنيان خلقنا اللي هي diurameter من two
+
+31
+00:02:28,810 --> 00:02:34,150
+layers عشان في بعض الأماكن يحدث separation انفصال
+
+32
+00:02:34,150 --> 00:02:38,310
+بينهم و يكونوننا cavity و ال cavity هذا يكون في
+
+33
+00:02:38,310 --> 00:02:43,330
+ايه ال diural venous sinus هنواضف عندي superior
+
+34
+00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:47,370
+sagittal sinus superior sagittal sinus
+
+35
+00:02:50,420 --> 00:02:55,160
+بعدها بتجينا الأم العنكابوتية الأم العنكابوتية
+
+36
+00:02:55,160 --> 00:03:00,160
+بتتكون من طولية من .. فيها blood vessels الأم
+
+37
+00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:03,400
+العنكابوتية فيها blood vessels ال blood vessels
+
+38
+00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:09,340
+بيعملونا نسيج بشبه نسيج العنكابوت لذلك سميت أم
+
+39
+00:03:09,340 --> 00:03:14,060
+العنكابوتية أو arachnoid mater لو جينا بعض ال
+
+40
+00:03:14,060 --> 00:03:21,300
+arachnoid فينا الأم الحنونة اللي هي pia materواضح
+
+41
+00:03:21,300 --> 00:03:27,800
+اندي حوالين الـ spinal cord الأم
+
+42
+00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:37,880
+الحنونة فيها مطر هذه ملتصقة التصاق كامل بال tissue
+
+43
+00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:43,660
+of spinal cord and brain بعدها تجينا الأم
+
+44
+00:03:43,660 --> 00:03:47,920
+العنكابوتية و
+
+45
+00:03:49,570 --> 00:03:55,210
+الـ outer layer هي ديورامتر في ال spinal cord
+
+46
+00:03:55,210 --> 00:04:01,430
+لديورامتر تتكون من one layer يكون
+
+47
+00:04:01,430 --> 00:04:07,630
+عندي أم حنونة بيامتر أم عنكبوتية arachnoid و الأم
+
+48
+00:04:07,630 --> 00:04:15,830
+الجافية اللي هي ديورامتر ديورامتر نفس
+
+49
+00:04:15,830 --> 00:04:19,070
+الشي ديورامتر
+
+50
+00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:27,980
+Arachnoid هي مطر، هي مطر الآن نبدأ بموضوع Pia
+
+51
+00:04:27,980 --> 00:04:33,820
+Matar Pia Matar اللي هي أم حنونة وانتوا عارفين
+
+52
+00:04:33,820 --> 00:04:39,000
+دايما الأم الحنونة ملتصقة لالتصاق كامل بالابن و
+
+53
+00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:45,340
+البنتمافيش بينهم any spaces مافيش حواجز بين الأم و
+
+54
+00:04:45,340 --> 00:04:51,160
+الطفل بتاعها لذلك ال بياموتر it is soft vascular
+
+55
+00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:56,280
+membrane مدام هي حنونة لازم تكون soft مش لازم تكون
+
+56
+00:04:56,280 --> 00:05:01,720
+hard soft membrane forming the innermost covering
+
+57
+00:05:01,720 --> 00:05:05,440
+membrane of the brain زائد
+
+58
+00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:10,460
+it closely surrounds the brain محيطة في ال brain
+
+59
+00:05:10,460 --> 00:05:17,600
+and dips into the cerebral and cerebellar salicyde
+
+60
+00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:22,660
+and fissures هي ملتصقة بالكامل بال tissue بتاعة ال
+
+61
+00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:25,700
+brain spinal cord وإن فيه سلكس فشر بتلاقيها داخلة
+
+62
+00:05:25,700 --> 00:05:30,420
+معاه it contains blood vessels وفيها blood vessels
+
+63
+00:05:32,150 --> 00:05:38,570
+زائد it send tubular sheath around the cranial and
+
+64
+00:05:38,570 --> 00:05:42,530
+spinal nerve roots و بتحيط بالspinal و cranial
+
+65
+00:05:42,530 --> 00:05:47,610
+nerve roots to polar sheath غير هيك it gives
+
+66
+00:05:47,610 --> 00:05:54,510
+telachoroidia في شي اسمه تيلا كورويديا هذه تيلا
+
+67
+00:05:54,510 --> 00:05:58,010
+كورويديا بتجينا من البيامطر بيحدث إليها
+
+68
+00:05:58,010 --> 00:06:03,580
+invaginationوبتفوت في ال ventricles وبتكون لنا
+
+69
+00:06:03,580 --> 00:06:08,280
+كورويديا البليكساس والكورويديا البليكساس في
+
+70
+00:06:08,280 --> 00:06:13,500
+بندامال cells بتعمل production لمين؟ لل CSF يجب ان
+
+71
+00:06:13,500 --> 00:06:19,070
+هين عارفنا من وين ال CSF بنحصل عليهامن كورويديا
+
+72
+00:06:19,070 --> 00:06:21,950
+لبليكساس طب من وين أجينا الكورويديا لبليكساس؟ من
+
+73
+00:06:21,950 --> 00:06:26,150
+شيء اسمه تيلا كورويديا طب من وين هي تيلا كورويديا؟
+
+74
+00:06:26,150 --> 00:06:30,930
+هي من وين؟ من البيامتر يبقى form the تيلا كورويديا
+
+75
+00:06:30,930 --> 00:06:34,290
+in which the koroidyplexes of ventricles are
+
+76
+00:06:34,290 --> 00:06:42,040
+formedPiameter and Arachnoid بنسميهم Leptomeninges
+
+77
+00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:48,640
+شاي لبتون اه تحفظوها Leptomeninges Leptomeninges
+
+78
+00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:54,320
+انا بقصد فيها Piameter and Arachnoid يعني Piameter
+
+79
+00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:58,080
+و Arachnoid
+
+80
+00:07:02,350 --> 00:07:08,030
+مطر هدول التنتين مع بعض اللهم اسم اسمها لبتو
+
+81
+00:07:08,030 --> 00:07:16,610
+مينينجيز لبن كلمة لبتو مينينجيز عبارة عن أرقنويد
+
+82
+00:07:16,610 --> 00:07:22,490
+and بيامطر كمان
+
+83
+00:07:22,490 --> 00:07:28,910
+مرة نعيد بيامطرممكنات عضوية و عضوية تصبح أعضاء
+
+84
+00:07:28,910 --> 00:07:31,570
+الداخلية التي تغطي الممكنات من عضوية العضوية و
+
+85
+00:07:31,570 --> 00:07:35,470
+عضوية العضوية العضوية تغطي عضوية العضوية العضوية
+
+86
+00:07:35,470 --> 00:07:37,250
+العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية
+
+87
+00:07:37,250 --> 00:07:38,150
+العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية
+
+88
+00:07:38,150 --> 00:07:42,190
+العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية
+
+89
+00:07:42,190 --> 00:07:42,330
+العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية
+
+90
+00:07:42,330 --> 00:07:42,450
+العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية
+
+91
+00:07:42,450 --> 00:07:47,830
+العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية العضوية
+
+92
+00:07:47,830 --> 00:07:55,710
+العضوية العضوإنها تعطي تيلاكورويديا وشينفياجينيات
+
+93
+00:07:55,710 --> 00:08:02,270
+إلى نظام الفنتريكولار لتصميم المسلحة الرقصية و
+
+94
+00:08:02,270 --> 00:08:05,370
+البياموتر
+
+95
+00:08:05,370 --> 00:08:14,870
+مع أرقنويد الليبتو مينيجيس بنتقل لمين؟ لأرقنويد
+
+96
+00:08:17,660 --> 00:08:22,660
+منبرين بيقع ما بين البيامتر و الديورامتر بيكون
+
+97
+00:08:22,660 --> 00:08:27,980
+inner للديورامتر و outer ��بيامتر inner لإيه
+
+98
+00:08:27,980 --> 00:08:33,520
+للديورامتر و outer لإيه لبيامتر it is delicate
+
+99
+00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:41,780
+smooth membrane thin membrane which located outer
+
+100
+00:08:41,780 --> 00:08:48,090
+to the piameter and inner to the diurameterوهي في
+
+101
+00:08:48,090 --> 00:08:56,110
+الشيطان حول الطريق الكرانيو والسبينيو نيرو تمنح
+
+102
+00:08:56,110 --> 00:09:05,970
+الوضع ميكروسكوبيكي وميكروسكوبيكي لتدخل و تدخل
+
+103
+00:09:05,970 --> 00:09:07,650
+ميكروسبينيو سيريبرو
+
+104
+00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:15,920
+it separates from the pia mater by space called
+
+105
+00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:23,140
+subarachnoid space and it separates from
+
+106
+00:09:23,140 --> 00:09:30,260
+diuramater by space called subdural space يعني في
+
+107
+00:09:30,260 --> 00:09:34,540
+space بين الاراكنويد و pia mater اسمه subarachnoid
+
+108
+00:09:34,540 --> 00:09:39,370
+spaceو في space بين الاركنويد و الديورامطر اسمه
+
+109
+00:09:39,370 --> 00:09:47,410
+sub-deuteral space نشوف مع بعض هذه اللي هي
+
+110
+00:09:47,410 --> 00:09:52,730
+البيامطر وين فيه سالكس تلاقيها داخلة فيه هذه
+
+111
+00:09:52,730 --> 00:09:59,310
+بيامطر اللي بعدها اركنويد
+
+112
+00:10:01,640 --> 00:10:05,540
+عطتنا Arachnoid Granulation Microscopic and
+
+113
+00:10:05,540 --> 00:10:08,260
+Arachnoid V-Line Microscopic بتشوفهم مش بالعين
+
+114
+00:10:08,260 --> 00:10:12,400
+المجردة وبعدهم
+
+115
+00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:21,220
+two layers of durameter صارهم separation بيكونوننا
+
+116
+00:10:21,220 --> 00:10:24,680
+ايه
+
+117
+00:10:24,680 --> 00:10:27,980
+بيكونوننا
+
+118
+00:10:27,980 --> 00:10:28,700
+اللي هم
+
+119
+00:10:31,800 --> 00:10:41,000
+Dural venous sinuses يكون في الحالة هذه عندي two
+
+120
+00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:45,140
+layers of durameter outer layer and inner layer ال
+
+121
+00:10:45,140 --> 00:10:48,440
+outer layer industrial layer و ال inner layer منين
+
+122
+00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:51,900
+جه ال layer هذه ال cavity اللي موجودة بين ال two
+
+123
+00:10:51,900 --> 00:10:56,860
+layers اسمها Dural venous sinuses فيها ايه venous
+
+124
+00:10:56,860 --> 00:11:03,880
+blood طب ايش اسم ال space اللي بينالبيامتر و
+
+125
+00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:08,860
+الاركنويد هذا ال space اسمه subarachnoid space طب
+
+126
+00:11:08,860 --> 00:11:13,180
+ايش اسم ال space بين البيامتر و ال brain tissue؟
+
+127
+00:11:13,180 --> 00:11:19,060
+no any spaces بيامتر
+
+128
+00:11:19,060 --> 00:11:24,660
+it is soft امحنونة امحنونة مافي بينها و بين ال
+
+129
+00:11:24,660 --> 00:11:29,940
+brain tissue مسافات او فواصلطب ايش اسم ال space
+
+130
+00:11:29,940 --> 00:11:35,840
+بين ال diurameter و ال arachnoid اسم هذا ال space
+
+131
+00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:38,980
+subdiural
+
+132
+00:11:38,980 --> 00:11:43,100
+space طب ايش اسم ال space اللي بين ال bone و ال
+
+133
+00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:46,340
+diurameter هذا ال space اللي هنا هذا ال space اسمه
+
+134
+00:11:46,340 --> 00:11:51,380
+Epidural space او Extradural space Epidural space
+
+135
+00:11:51,380 --> 00:11:54,220
+او Extradural space
+
+136
+00:11:57,030 --> 00:12:05,010
+هك انا بكون شرحت لكم بيامتر واراكنويد بيامتر
+
+137
+00:12:05,010 --> 00:12:13,390
+واراكنويد واضح عندي هنا two layers of durometer
+
+138
+00:12:13,390 --> 00:12:17,150
+outer layer industrial layer inner layer مينيجيا
+
+139
+00:12:17,150 --> 00:12:27,730
+layer بعدها واضحة اراكنويد البعدهم اللي هي بيمطر
+
+140
+00:12:27,730 --> 00:12:33,810
+بيه مطر طيب لو سؤالنا سؤال ايش اسم ال space بين ال
+
+141
+00:12:33,810 --> 00:12:38,210
+born و ال ديورة مطر اسمه a b ديورة ال space او
+
+142
+00:12:38,210 --> 00:12:42,290
+extra ديورة ال space ايش اسم ال space اللي بين ال
+
+143
+00:12:42,290 --> 00:12:46,350
+two layers of ديورة مطر اسمه ديورة ال venous
+
+144
+00:12:46,350 --> 00:12:51,010
+sinuses اخدنا او راح نشرحوا فيه ال venous blood و
+
+145
+00:12:51,010 --> 00:12:55,090
+venous drainage of the brain ايش اسم ال space اللي
+
+146
+00:12:55,090 --> 00:13:02,570
+بينالديورامطر و الاركنويد اسمه sub-diural space
+
+147
+00:13:02,570 --> 00:13:06,830
+ايش اسم ال space اللي بين الاركنويد و البيامطر
+
+148
+00:13:06,830 --> 00:13:11,330
+اسمه sub-arachnoid space وقولنا بين البيامطر و ال
+
+149
+00:13:11,330 --> 00:13:15,910
+brain ت��وق no any spaces
+
+150
+00:13:25,260 --> 00:13:29,840
+الأن بنتكلم على ال layer الثالث اللي هو ال
+
+151
+00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:35,080
+diuremator ال diuremator it is a thick membrane
+
+152
+00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:41,140
+thick membrane consist of two layers بتكون من two
+
+153
+00:13:41,140 --> 00:13:48,820
+layers outer layer industrial layer و inner layer
+
+154
+00:13:48,820 --> 00:13:54,840
+منين جه ال layer منين جه ال layerبيعمل adherent،
+
+155
+00:13:54,840 --> 00:14:00,040
+adherent مع مين؟ مع skull bones، مع عظم الجمجم،
+
+156
+00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:06,900
+وين بالظبط؟ مع ال sutures of the skull، مع ال
+
+157
+00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:13,590
+sutures of the skull، وين؟base of the skull and at
+
+158
+00:14:13,590 --> 00:14:16,750
+the foramen magnum يبقى على foramen magnum بيعمل
+
+159
+00:14:16,750 --> 00:14:20,450
+adherent مع ال sutures of the skull بيعمل adherent
+
+160
+00:14:20,450 --> 00:14:25,130
+وفي ال base of the skull بيعمل adherent ال inner
+
+161
+00:14:25,130 --> 00:14:30,090
+or meningial layer هو عبارة عن meningial layer
+
+162
+00:14:30,090 --> 00:14:36,050
+بيكون inner داخلي داخلي ال outer layer surround
+
+163
+00:14:36,050 --> 00:14:40,830
+and protects the brain بيحمل ال brainو بيعطينا two
+
+164
+00:14:40,830 --> 00:14:47,590
+polar sheath around cranial
+
+165
+00:14:47,590 --> 00:14:50,690
+nerves يبقى هذول بيحموا ال cranial nerves لما
+
+166
+00:14:50,690 --> 00:14:56,870
+يخرجوا من وين؟ من الفرمنا What's the function of
+
+167
+00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:04,180
+ديورامتر، ايش وظيفة الديورامتر؟ The first function
+
+168
+00:15:04,180 --> 00:15:09,280
+is protection function يبقى ان هو ما بيمطص الصدمات
+
+169
+00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:16,260
+بيعمل protection against trauma اتنين،
+
+170
+00:15:16,260 --> 00:15:23,480
+it gives four سبتة، بيعطونا اربع قواطع، واحد أسمها
+
+171
+00:15:24,230 --> 00:15:29,950
+فالكس سيربراي فالكس سيربراي بعمل separation
+
+172
+00:15:29,950 --> 00:15:38,130
+between the two cerebral hemispheres فالكس
+
+173
+00:15:38,130 --> 00:15:43,950
+سيربيلاي بعمل ايه؟ separation between the two
+
+174
+00:15:43,950 --> 00:15:50,100
+cerebellar hemispheresTentorium cerebralis تعني
+
+175
+00:15:50,100 --> 00:15:57,940
+الاختلاف بين العقل الأعلى والعقل الأسفل وDiaphragm
+
+176
+00:15:57,940 --> 00:16:08,340
+cella تعني الاختلاف بين الوضيفة
+
+177
+00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:18,840
+الثالثة gives أو formsمقاومة بين أعلى
+
+178
+00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:24,660
+و أسفل مقاومة الديورالمطر ديورالفينالساينسس
+
+179
+00:16:24,660 --> 00:16:27,880
+ديورالفينالساينسس
+
+180
+00:16:29,510 --> 00:16:36,450
+send sheath around the cranial and spinal nerve
+
+181
+00:16:36,450 --> 00:16:40,190
+roots يبقى هنا أربع وظائف protection against
+
+182
+00:16:40,190 --> 00:16:47,070
+trauma واحد، اثنين gives four septa منهم فالكس
+
+183
+00:16:47,070 --> 00:16:53,690
+ريبراي، فالكس ريبلاي، تنتوريام ريبلاي and دي فراجم
+
+184
+00:16:53,690 --> 00:17:02,310
+السلة، ثلاثةGives Dural Vein Sinuses أربعة بيعطونا
+
+185
+00:17:02,310 --> 00:17:08,270
+tubular sheath around the cranial and spinal
+
+186
+00:17:08,270 --> 00:17:12,090
+nerves بيحموهم عمل ما يخرجوا من الفرامنة بتاعتهم
+
+187
+00:17:12,090 --> 00:17:19,630
+بيكونوا مغلفين ال nerve هى عندي ديورامطر بين ال
+
+188
+00:17:19,630 --> 00:17:22,930
+two layers في space اسمه ديورالمطر ديورامطر
+
+189
+00:17:22,930 --> 00:17:25,630
+ديورامطر ديورامطر ديورامطر ديورامطر ديورامطر
+
+190
+00:17:25,630 --> 00:17:26,330
+ديورامطر ديورامطر ديورامطر ديورامطر ديورامطر
+
+191
+00:17:26,330 --> 00:17:30,770
+ديورامطر ديورامطر دبيا مترد بعدين اراكنويد بعدها
+
+192
+00:17:30,770 --> 00:17:34,350
+بيجي ديورا متر تكون من two layers outer and inner
+
+193
+00:17:34,350 --> 00:17:38,530
+و بينهم في space اسمه ديورا الوينس سايناسيس طب
+
+194
+00:17:38,530 --> 00:17:42,270
+السبت اللي شرحتهم إلكم قولنا فالكس سيريبراي يقول
+
+195
+00:17:42,270 --> 00:17:46,990
+هي عندي فالكس سيريبراي هذا فالكس سيريبراي بيجي في
+
+196
+00:17:46,990 --> 00:17:50,450
+ال median لإنه متودينها الفشرة بفصل بيعمل فصل ما
+
+197
+00:17:50,450 --> 00:17:52,650
+بين ال right و ال left cerebral hemisphere
+
+198
+00:17:55,390 --> 00:17:57,670
+فالكسيربيلاي بيجي بين ال right و ال left
+
+199
+00:17:57,670 --> 00:18:01,650
+cerebellum اراهيم السفير بيعمل فصل ما بينهم ثلاثة
+
+200
+00:18:01,650 --> 00:18:06,810
+تنتوريام سيربيلاي بتفصل ما بين ال cerebrum above
+
+201
+00:18:06,810 --> 00:18:12,820
+عن ال cerebellum belowأربع ديافراج مسلة هنا فيه
+
+202
+00:18:12,820 --> 00:18:17,320
+ديافراج مسلة بتفصل عن ال .. بين ال potatory gland
+
+203
+00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:22,100
+below و ال optic chiasm above بالطريقة هذه لديورا
+
+204
+00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:28,080
+متر أعطتنا كام سبتة؟ أربع، four سبتة، four سبتة
+
+205
+00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:36,380
+هيك أنا بكون شرحتلكم اللي هم meninges of the brain
+
+206
+00:18:36,380 --> 00:18:43,020
+and spinal cordهذه واضحة عندي تنتوريام سيريبيلاي
+
+207
+00:18:43,020 --> 00:18:51,780
+وهنا بتكون عندي فالكس سيريبيلاي فالكس سيريبيلاي
+
+208
+00:18:51,780 --> 00:19:01,560
+تنتوريام سيريبيلاي تنتوريام سيريبرايAnd ديافراجم
+
+209
+00:19:01,560 --> 00:19:08,360
+سلة تفصل ما بين بثيترجلاند below عن أبتكيازم above
+
+210
+00:19:24,320 --> 00:19:32,400
+واضح هنا اللي هي tentorium cerebelli تمام الآن
+
+211
+00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:36,860
+ننتقل ل spaces between the layers ليش ال spaces
+
+212
+00:19:36,860 --> 00:19:44,520
+الموجودين epidural أو extra-dural spaceمن اسمه
+
+213
+00:19:44,520 --> 00:19:49,840
+extra diural يعني خارج الديورا خارج الديورا it is
+
+214
+00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:54,560
+potential space between the diurameter and bone
+
+215
+00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:57,580
+يبقى انه عبارة عن space بين الديورامتر والبون
+
+216
+00:19:57,580 --> 00:20:04,000
+contains semi-liquids fat and meningial arteries
+
+217
+00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:09,620
+and meningial veins في حال حدث injury أو trauma
+
+218
+00:20:10,830 --> 00:20:13,370
+بيحدث bleeding أكتر شيء من الـ middle meningia
+
+219
+00:20:13,370 --> 00:20:18,050
+الأرضي بيؤدي إلى epidural hematoma و ال epidural
+
+220
+00:20:18,050 --> 00:20:21,890
+hematoma بتكون arterial hematoma arterial hematoma
+
+221
+00:20:21,890 --> 00:20:26,810
+مين أخطر epidural hematoma ولا subdural hematoma
+
+222
+00:20:26,810 --> 00:20:30,850
+الأخطر epidural hematoma طب فيها اسم ثاني epidural
+
+223
+00:20:30,850 --> 00:20:36,130
+hematoma صح إليها اسم ثاني extradural hematoma طب
+
+224
+00:20:36,130 --> 00:20:40,050
+ليش أخطر لإنها arterial bleeding طب ليش سمناها
+
+225
+00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,200
+Hematoma ماسميناهاش hemorrhage ال hematoma بتيجي
+
+226
+00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:49,300
+bleeding في مكان مغلق يبقى نزيف في مكان مغلق تمام
+
+227
+00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:53,620
+هذا hematoma لكن نزيف في مكان بيصير ال circulation
+
+228
+00:20:53,620 --> 00:20:58,500
+زي subarachnoid hemorrhage تنزل من إيش؟ تنزل من ال
+
+229
+00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:02,260
+brain لل spinal cord لل ventricle يبقى هذي تمام
+
+230
+00:21:02,260 --> 00:21:09,700
+تعتبر إيش؟ تعتبرsubarachnoid hemorrhage نزيف تحت
+
+231
+00:21:09,700 --> 00:21:14,400
+لقمة العنكبوتية لكن لما نكون النزيف في شيء مغلق
+
+232
+00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:18,860
+بسميه ايه hematoma يبقى هنا epidural hematoma
+
+233
+00:21:18,860 --> 00:21:21,880
+مابنفعش اقول epidural hemorrhage اقول epidural ايه
+
+234
+00:21:21,880 --> 00:21:31,200
+hematoma subdural
+
+235
+00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:36,640
+spaceit is potential space اسمه sub-diural يعني
+
+236
+00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:40,320
+ايه sub-diural تحت الديورة it is potential space
+
+237
+00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:45,080
+between the diura and arachnoid ممكن طالب يقول
+
+238
+00:21:45,080 --> 00:21:47,720
+بديش اقول تحت الديورة بدي اقول فوق ال arachnoid
+
+239
+00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:51,340
+اعلى ال arachnoid صح كلامه صح لأن هو space between
+
+240
+00:21:51,340 --> 00:21:56,000
+ال diuramotor and arachnoid it contains a small
+
+241
+00:21:56,000 --> 00:22:02,220
+amount of serracifluid تمام؟Laceration of veins
+
+242
+00:22:02,220 --> 00:22:06,180
+leads to subdural hematoma و الsubdural hematoma
+
+243
+00:22:06,180 --> 00:22:09,620
+بتكون venous hematoma يبقى في ال subdural bleeding
+
+244
+00:22:09,620 --> 00:22:15,960
+بيكون اكتر a venous a bleeding subarachnoid space
+
+245
+00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:19,980
+من اسمه subarachnoid يبقى من تحت الاراكنويد
+
+246
+00:22:19,980 --> 00:22:24,140
+subarachnoid space هو عبارة عن space located
+
+247
+00:22:24,140 --> 00:22:29,740
+between the arachnoid and the ameterscontains
+
+248
+00:22:29,740 --> 00:22:36,920
+cerebrospinal fluid, arteries veins and cranial
+
+249
+00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:44,820
+and spinal nerve roots في بعض الأماكن subarachnoid
+
+250
+00:22:44,820 --> 00:22:48,800
+space بيكون واسع بمورفي blood vessels بمورفي
+
+251
+00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:54,210
+nervesعلى أساس ما يحدث اللي هو compression وضغط
+
+252
+00:22:54,210 --> 00:22:58,630
+على ال nerves و ال veins و ال artery و ال .. و ال
+
+253
+00:22:58,630 --> 00:23:03,530
+.. root of the nerves ربنا وسع المكان هذا الأماكن
+
+254
+00:23:03,530 --> 00:23:08,210
+الواسعة بنسميها إيه subarachnoid cistern كلمة
+
+255
+00:23:08,210 --> 00:23:13,650
+cistern أنا بقصد فيها box صندوق كلمة .. كلمة
+
+256
+00:23:13,650 --> 00:23:18,680
+cistern هي عبارة عن إيه boxيبقى الـ widening place
+
+257
+00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:24,240
+of subarachnoid space اسمها subarachnoid cistern
+
+258
+00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:27,020
+يبقى subarachnoid cistern هي نفس subarachnoid
+
+259
+00:23:27,020 --> 00:23:33,260
+space بس بتكون أوسع شوية تمام
+
+260
+00:23:33,260 --> 00:23:41,620
+ال space اللي بين البيامطر و
+
+261
+00:23:44,870 --> 00:23:50,650
+الاركنويد هو أوسع space هذا بنسمي subarachnoid
+
+262
+00:23:50,650 --> 00:23:59,370
+space بين الاركنويد و الديورالمطر بتكون two layers
+
+263
+00:23:59,370 --> 00:24:05,630
+هذا بنسمي subdiural space بين الديورة و البون هذا
+
+264
+00:24:05,630 --> 00:24:11,050
+بنسمي ايه بديورال او extra diural space لو كان
+
+265
+00:24:11,050 --> 00:24:20,120
+عندي هنا ديورالمطرهندي بعدها arachnoid هندي بعدها
+
+266
+00:24:20,120 --> 00:24:24,520
+بيامطر وهنا
+
+267
+00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:30,900
+بتتكون من ايه؟ من two layers دي
+
+268
+00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:38,520
+ورا المطر هلأ ال space و بعدين بيجينا ايه؟
+
+269
+00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,480
+skull بيجي ايه؟
+
+270
+00:24:45,740 --> 00:24:51,760
+الـ space اللي بين بيه مطر و
+
+271
+00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:56,340
+الاركنويد اسمه subarachnoid space بين الاركنويد و
+
+272
+00:24:56,340 --> 00:25:01,700
+ديورة مطر subdiural space بين الديورة ال outer
+
+273
+00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:06,700
+layer و ال bone ال skull اسمها epidural space او
+
+274
+00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:09,980
+extra diural space
+
+275
+00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:23,080
+هي عندي subdural hematoma على ال CT بتشبه هي ال
+
+276
+00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:26,540
+banana بنسميها banana shape بيبقى كلمة banana من
+
+277
+00:25:26,540 --> 00:25:29,320
+حتى ما اشوف بشكل ال banana هذي بتتذكر subdural
+
+278
+00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:41,600
+hematoma او crescent shape الهلال okay
+
+279
+00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:46,800
+هذه شكل الهلال
+
+280
+00:25:49,950 --> 00:25:55,030
+crescent shape او banana shape تمام؟ ليش أخدت شكل
+
+281
+00:25:55,030 --> 00:25:59,810
+الهلال ال crescent shape او ال banana؟ لأنه بين ال
+
+282
+00:25:59,810 --> 00:26:03,570
+diuremator و ال arachnoid مافي adherent مافي
+
+283
+00:26:03,570 --> 00:26:08,170
+adherent بينهم ايش بيسوي البلد؟ البلد بتوزع و باخد
+
+284
+00:26:08,170 --> 00:26:11,430
+ال convexity of cerebral hemisphere باخد شكل
+
+285
+00:26:11,430 --> 00:26:14,750
+cerebral hemisphere بلف حوائز cerebral hemisphere
+
+286
+00:26:14,750 --> 00:26:19,870
+باخد شكل الهلال او ال banana shapeتمام طب مين
+
+287
+00:26:19,870 --> 00:26:23,770
+اختار subdural hematoma ولا epidural hematoma لأ
+
+288
+00:26:23,770 --> 00:26:27,730
+ال epidural hematoma اختار لسببين السبب الأول انها
+
+289
+00:26:27,730 --> 00:26:31,410
+arterial bleeding هنا venous bleeding نشوف صورة
+
+290
+00:26:31,410 --> 00:26:37,910
+فيها epidural hematoma
+
+291
+00:26:37,910 --> 00:26:42,990
+صورة فيها ايه epidural hematoma هذه epidural
+
+292
+00:26:42,990 --> 00:26:50,830
+hematoma ليش اختار اول شيءالـ .. بديورال الـ
+
+293
+00:26:50,830 --> 00:26:58,450
+hematoma بتاخد شكل ال lens lens shape lens shape
+
+294
+00:26:58,450 --> 00:27:03,570
+شكل ال lens هذه ال hematoma lens shape ليش أخطر من
+
+295
+00:27:03,570 --> 00:27:07,470
+ال subdiural لسببين السبب الأول arterial bleeding
+
+296
+00:27:11,530 --> 00:27:17,430
+السبب الثاني اين الموفر الديوراموتر عاملة adherent
+
+297
+00:27:17,430 --> 00:27:21,290
+مع ال future ملتصقة مع ال future من فوق و من تحت
+
+298
+00:27:25,230 --> 00:27:29,190
+خلفها فيه skull bone مابتقدرش تضغط عليه وين المكان
+
+299
+00:27:29,190 --> 00:27:32,150
+الطريق ال soft ال brain تشوف راح تعمل compression
+
+300
+00:27:32,150 --> 00:27:37,250
+عوين على ال brain تشوف ال blood مارح يتوزع و يخفف
+
+301
+00:27:37,250 --> 00:27:39,950
+الضغط على ال brain راح تضغط عوين على ال brain تشوف
+
+302
+00:27:39,950 --> 00:27:43,750
+راحظوا إيش عاملة عاملة midline shifting زيها ال
+
+303
+00:27:43,750 --> 00:27:48,050
+left structures are right و زيها العاملة عاملة
+
+304
+00:27:48,050 --> 00:27:51,220
+compression على ال left lateral ventricleLeft
+
+305
+00:27:51,220 --> 00:27:53,580
+atrial ventricle زي حاجة على ال right side يبقى ان
+
+306
+00:27:53,580 --> 00:27:57,080
+هذا محتاجة surgical intervention محتاجة تدخل
+
+307
+00:27:57,080 --> 00:28:00,800
+جراحية يبقى ان epidural hematoma is more dangerous
+
+308
+00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:07,260
+and more aggressive course from subdural hematoma
+
+309
+00:28:09,860 --> 00:28:15,300
+الان باكتفى بجزء الاول من المحاضرة هي meninges and
+
+310
+00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:18,440
+spaces between the meningial layer الجزء الثاني من
+
+311
+00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:22,760
+المحاضرة راح يكون على ventricles of the brain and
+
+312
+00:28:22,760 --> 00:28:24,640
+cerebrospinal fluid
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/j4jUjKaWiyM_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1636 @@
+1
+00:00:04,930 --> 00:00:07,630
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:07,630 --> 00:00:12,130
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع الثاني ستكون على anatomy
+
+3
+00:00:12,130 --> 00:00:19,170
+and physiology of cerebral hemispheres the
+
+4
+00:00:19,170 --> 00:00:25,840
+cranial fossathe cranial fossa is divided into
+
+5
+00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:30,580
+three fossa
+
+6
+00:00:30,580 --> 00:00:36,740
+anterior cranial fossa middle cranial fossa و
+
+7
+00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:41,260
+posterior cranial fossa في ال anterior cranial
+
+8
+00:00:41,260 --> 00:00:45,420
+fossa بيكون عندنا موجود frontal loopفي الـ middle
+
+9
+00:00:45,420 --> 00:00:50,160
+cranial fossa بيكون عندي موجود اللي هو temporal
+
+10
+00:00:50,160 --> 00:00:54,120
+loop و ال posterior cranial fossa بيكون occipital
+
+11
+00:00:54,120 --> 00:01:03,160
+loop, cerebellum and brain stem morphological
+
+12
+00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:09,140
+subdivisions of the brain the brain is contains
+
+13
+00:01:09,140 --> 00:01:12,360
+about one trillion cells
+
+14
+00:01:15,180 --> 00:01:19,800
+100 مليون نيرون و 900 مليون نيروجليال نيروجليال
+
+15
+00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:29,460
+تسعة أضعاف الوزن الدماغي هو حوالي 1200 جرام لحد
+
+16
+00:01:29,460 --> 00:01:34,840
+1500 جرام يعني أن الوزن بتاع الدماغ من كيلو متين
+
+17
+00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:38,200
+لكيلو خمسمية وهذا لا يعني أن كل ما كبر المخ كل ما
+
+18
+00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:42,280
+كان فالتة أما في ناس مخ كيلو متين وماشاء الله
+
+19
+00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:47,740
+عليهمthe brain reached full size about 18 years
+
+20
+00:01:47,740 --> 00:01:52,700
+يعني الآن انتوا عمركم فوق الثمانتاش اليوم عمركم
+
+21
+00:01:52,700 --> 00:01:55,520
+عشرين و واحد و عشرين سنة و واحد و عشرين سنة تقريبا
+
+22
+00:01:55,520 --> 00:02:00,600
+يعني كفة لعندكوا الدماغ مية لمية ماحدش يقول تحملني
+
+23
+00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:03,240
+يا دكتور انا الساعة ال brain عندى في ال
+
+24
+00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:07,720
+development ماشي لأ لعندكوا ال brain تمام ووصل
+
+25
+00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:10,540
+للوزن و للحجم الطبيعي
+
+26
+00:02:12,620 --> 00:02:18,880
+brain contains cerebra cerebellum
+
+27
+00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:23,560
+diencephalon and brain stem ان شاء الله في
+
+28
+00:02:23,560 --> 00:02:28,960
+المحاضرة اليوم راح اتكلم عن cerebrum في المحاضرة
+
+29
+00:02:28,960 --> 00:02:33,300
+القادمة راح اتكلم على cerebellum with diencephalon
+
+30
+00:02:33,300 --> 00:02:38,420
+and basal nuclei وفي المحاضرة راح تكون على brain
+
+31
+00:02:38,420 --> 00:02:44,520
+stemcerebrum it is the largest part of the brain
+
+32
+00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:50,040
+يعني المخ الدماغ بتكون من مخ مخاخ الcerebrum هو
+
+33
+00:02:50,040 --> 00:02:56,690
+المخ it is largest part of the brainlocated above
+
+34
+00:02:56,690 --> 00:03:01,650
+Tentorium cerebelli and orbit تقع فوق Tentorium
+
+35
+00:03:01,650 --> 00:03:04,070
+cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق
+
+36
+00:03:04,070 --> 00:03:07,450
+Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli
+
+37
+00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:07,450
+تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium
+
+38
+00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:07,450
+cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق
+
+39
+00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:07,450
+Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli
+
+40
+00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:07,570
+تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium
+
+41
+00:03:07,570 --> 00:03:07,590
+cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق
+
+42
+00:03:07,590 --> 00:03:07,590
+Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli
+
+43
+00:03:07,590 --> 00:03:08,370
+تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium
+
+44
+00:03:08,370 --> 00:03:10,990
+cerebelli تقع فوق Tentorium cerebelli تقع فوق
+
+45
+00:03:10,990 --> 00:03:11,030
+Tentor
+
+46
+00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:23,700
+السيرابران يتكوّن من اتسابقات عقلية عقلية عقلية
+
+47
+00:03:23,700 --> 00:03:30,400
+عقلية عقلية عقلية عقلية عقليةالسيرابللم كمية كبيرة
+
+48
+00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:37,320
+لعقل تشو موجودة في الـ posterior cranial fossa تحت
+
+49
+00:03:37,320 --> 00:03:41,820
+الـ Tentorium cerebelli يعني السيرابللم يعتبر
+
+50
+00:03:41,820 --> 00:03:46,700
+supra-tentorial والسيرابللم يعتبر infra-tentorial
+
+51
+00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:52,960
+والسيرابللم يكون خلف الـ fourth ventricle وعقل
+
+52
+00:03:52,960 --> 00:03:56,000
+العقل دينسفلون
+
+53
+00:03:57,350 --> 00:04:01,270
+it is located between the lower part of two
+
+54
+00:04:01,270 --> 00:04:06,730
+cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain
+
+55
+00:04:06,730 --> 00:04:11,310
+brainstem is part of the brain اللي هو الجدعو
+
+56
+00:04:11,310 --> 00:04:15,850
+الدماغ جدعو الدماغ part of the brain located below
+
+57
+00:04:15,850 --> 00:04:20,410
+the encephalon and in front of the cerebellum في
+
+58
+00:04:20,410 --> 00:04:26,820
+حال مات ال brainstem مات الإنسانفي حال حدث death
+
+59
+00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:33,400
+لل brainstem نتكلم على brain death موت دماغي و
+
+60
+00:04:33,400 --> 00:04:36,840
+الإنسان لا رجعة إلى الحياة إذا مات ال brainstem
+
+61
+00:04:36,840 --> 00:04:41,340
+جدر الدماغ مثل الشجرة إذا مات جدر الشجرة لا حياة
+
+62
+00:04:41,340 --> 00:04:46,980
+للشجرة مش راح تستمر في النمو هذه الشجرة is the
+
+63
+00:04:46,980 --> 00:04:50,860
+part of the brain located below the encephalon and
+
+64
+00:04:50,860 --> 00:04:56,100
+in front of the cerebellumconnected the cerebellum
+
+65
+00:04:56,100 --> 00:05:00,620
+by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles وبيرتبط مع
+
+66
+00:05:00,620 --> 00:05:03,960
+الcerebellum عن طريق three cerebellar peduncles
+
+67
+00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:07,740
+superior cerebellar peduncles middle cerebellar
+
+68
+00:05:07,740 --> 00:05:11,940
+peduncles and inferior cerebellar peduncles right
+
+69
+00:05:11,940 --> 00:05:17,440
+and leftconnected with two cerebral hemispheres
+
+70
+00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:22,260
+and spinal cord وهو يعتبر حلقة واصل ما بين spinal
+
+71
+00:05:22,260 --> 00:05:27,340
+cord من تحت مع الcerebrum من فوق ومن الخلف بيكون
+
+72
+00:05:27,340 --> 00:05:33,920
+مع ال cerebellum it contains three parts from
+
+73
+00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:40,240
+below upward من تحت لفوق medulla oblongata pons
+
+74
+00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,300
+and midbrain
+
+75
+00:05:46,270 --> 00:05:52,030
+هي عندي cerebellum
+
+76
+00:05:52,030 --> 00:06:02,570
+هنا بيكون centaurium cerebelli هذي right cerebral
+
+77
+00:06:02,570 --> 00:06:06,930
+hemisphere هذا ال brain السم يدل أبلانجاتا
+
+78
+00:06:09,270 --> 00:06:16,570
+medibrain وهنا بيكون عندي ايه دينسيفلون وهذه
+
+79
+00:06:16,570 --> 00:06:21,250
+كوربوسكالوزوم تربط ال right و left cerebral
+
+80
+00:06:21,250 --> 00:06:24,870
+hemispheres هذا ال fourth ventricle
+
+81
+00:06:37,640 --> 00:06:43,720
+عندي ميدالة أبلانجاتا Pons and Midbrain هاي
+
+82
+00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:47,980
+cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum داينستفرام
+
+83
+00:06:47,980 --> 00:06:53,620
+بيجي في المكان هذا Midbrain Pons and ميدالة
+
+84
+00:06:53,620 --> 00:06:57,180
+أبلانجاتا خلف ال brain stem بيكون عندي فيه
+
+85
+00:06:57,180 --> 00:07:00,940
+cerebellum بفصل بين ال cerebellum و ال cerebrum شي
+
+86
+00:07:00,940 --> 00:07:05,950
+اسمه Tentorium cerebelliاليوم نتكلم عن الـ
+
+87
+00:07:05,950 --> 00:07:11,670
+Cerebrum أو الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير يحتوى
+
+88
+00:07:11,670 --> 00:07:17,410
+على أكتر من الحفرة الكرنية و هي أكتر من جزء من
+
+89
+00:07:17,410 --> 00:07:24,270
+العقل الهيمسفر يحتوى على أكتر من حفرة كرنية و هي
+
+90
+00:07:24,270 --> 00:07:29,670
+أكتر من حفرة كرنيةو الـ both cerebral hemispheres
+
+91
+00:07:29,670 --> 00:07:34,170
+بينهم فاصل او separation اسمه longitudinal او
+
+92
+00:07:34,170 --> 00:07:39,410
+median longitudinal fissure يبقى في عندي cerebrum
+
+93
+00:07:39,410 --> 00:07:44,890
+بتكون من two cerebral hemispheres الفاصل ما بينهم
+
+94
+00:07:44,890 --> 00:07:49,470
+fissure اسمها median longitudinal fissure
+
+95
+00:07:51,690 --> 00:07:57,330
+و ال connection بينهم عن طريق commissural fibers و
+
+96
+00:07:57,330 --> 00:08:00,790
+أكتر شيء واضح أنه في الصورة بيكون في جسم الإنسان
+
+97
+00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:08,110
+اللي هو Corpus callosum هاي عندي right cerebral
+
+98
+00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:13,250
+hemisphere ترتبط مع ال left cerebral hemisphere عن
+
+99
+00:08:13,250 --> 00:08:19,390
+طريق شيء اسمه Corpus callosum و الفاصل ما بينهم
+
+100
+00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:27,800
+بيكون شئ اسمه median longitudinal fissure يبقى
+
+101
+00:08:27,800 --> 00:08:32,420
+الكوربوسكالوزم هو عبارة عن commercial fibers بيعمل
+
+102
+00:08:32,420 --> 00:08:36,160
+connection between right and left cerebral
+
+103
+00:08:36,160 --> 00:08:39,660
+hemispheres ��ام cerebral hemispheres ضننا؟ two
+
+104
+00:08:39,660 --> 00:08:43,340
+cerebral hemispheres right and left cerebral
+
+105
+00:08:43,340 --> 00:08:49,420
+hemispheres integrative function of the cerebral
+
+106
+00:08:49,420 --> 00:08:53,650
+cortexأول function consciousness regulation of
+
+107
+00:08:53,650 --> 00:08:59,650
+consciousness علاقة بالدرجة الوعي ال brain stem
+
+108
+00:08:59,650 --> 00:09:02,130
+reticular formation موجودين في ال brain stem
+
+109
+00:09:02,130 --> 00:09:06,370
+frontal temporal loop deep structures of cerebrum
+
+110
+00:09:06,370 --> 00:09:11,890
+هدول كلهم علاقة بالمتابعة درجة الوعي بتاعة الإنسان
+
+111
+00:09:12,770 --> 00:09:16,170
+Use of language اللغة و استخدام اللغة و الكلام و
+
+112
+00:09:16,170 --> 00:09:20,030
+النطق Speech center present in frontal and
+
+113
+00:09:20,030 --> 00:09:24,630
+temporal loop تسعين لخمسة وتسعين فمية من الناس ال
+
+114
+00:09:24,630 --> 00:09:28,390
+dominant hemisphere او السائد بيكون في هو left
+
+115
+00:09:28,390 --> 00:09:31,310
+cerebral hemisphere عشان هيك المرضى الناس هدول
+
+116
+00:09:31,310 --> 00:09:36,370
+بيكون عندهم المراكز النطق و الكلام موجودة في left
+
+117
+00:09:36,370 --> 00:09:41,600
+cerebral hemisphere5-10% بيكون عندهم dominant
+
+118
+00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:45,240
+hemisphere right cerebral hemisphere وهدول ممكن
+
+119
+00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:51,160
+يكونوا بيكتبوا باليد اليسرى emotion frontal and
+
+120
+00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:53,580
+temporal loop فيهم حاجة اسمها limbic system
+
+121
+00:09:53,580 --> 00:09:56,780
+العلاقة بال regulation of emotion ال emotion
+
+122
+00:09:56,780 --> 00:10:02,780
+العاطفة memory الذاكرة frontal و temporal loop
+
+123
+00:10:03,850 --> 00:10:07,850
+orientation thinking and intelligence في ال
+
+124
+00:10:07,850 --> 00:10:14,730
+frontal lobe هذا المخ العربي شايفين الشلة الفاسدة
+
+125
+00:10:14,730 --> 00:10:20,410
+ومركز الكذب والتبصبس والشك والبصريش وكلام فاضي هذا
+
+126
+00:10:20,410 --> 00:10:26,410
+مخ الراجل وهذه مخ المرأة العربية مركز النج الجزمة
+
+127
+00:10:26,410 --> 00:10:31,000
+القديمة من كثرة ما بيغير الجزميا أنا يا أمك في
+
+128
+00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:35,360
+البيت؟ هذا بس جيبناهم عشان إيش، اتركزوا معايا إذا
+
+129
+00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:38,980
+كنتوا نايمين و أنتوا بتابعوا في المحاضرة، بنكمل
+
+130
+00:10:38,980 --> 00:10:44,650
+محاضرتناservice of each cerebral hemisphere الـ
+
+131
+00:10:44,650 --> 00:10:50,670
+cerebral hemisphere له lateral service أو بنسميه
+
+132
+00:10:50,670 --> 00:10:54,970
+superior lateral service يعني الخارجي، السطح
+
+133
+00:10:54,970 --> 00:11:00,030
+الخارجي، العلوي okay medial service، السطح
+
+134
+00:11:00,030 --> 00:11:02,830
+الداخلي، اللي بيكون وين ال median longitudinal
+
+135
+00:11:02,830 --> 00:11:08,910
+الفشارة و inferior service، السطح السفلييعني هذا
+
+136
+00:11:08,910 --> 00:11:16,630
+يعتبر superior lateral service، هيك يعتبر medial
+
+137
+00:11:16,630 --> 00:11:23,230
+service، من تحت يعتبر inferior service
+
+138
+00:11:24,330 --> 00:11:29,250
+Poles of cerebral hemisphere الأقطاب الموجودة في
+
+139
+00:11:29,250 --> 00:11:32,090
+الـ cerebral hemisphere يعني إيش القطب؟ هو النهاية
+
+140
+00:11:32,090 --> 00:11:39,410
+الـ frontal pole القطب الأمامي يعتبر anterior end
+
+141
+00:11:39,410 --> 00:11:43,530
+of the frontal loop هو النهاية الأمامية للـ
+
+142
+00:11:43,530 --> 00:11:50,950
+frontal loop الـ temporal pole القطب السفلي هو الـ
+
+143
+00:11:50,950 --> 00:11:56,670
+anterior end للـ temporal loopو الـ occipital pole
+
+144
+00:11:56,670 --> 00:12:02,330
+هو القطب الخلفي هو الـ posterior end لمن؟ لـ
+
+145
+00:12:02,330 --> 00:12:06,490
+occipital loop لـ occipital loop نشوف الصورة مع
+
+146
+00:12:06,490 --> 00:12:12,930
+بعض هنا عندي frontal
+
+147
+00:12:12,930 --> 00:12:19,370
+pole هنا temporal pole وهنا
+
+148
+00:12:21,650 --> 00:12:25,270
+Occipital pole تمام؟ يكون هذه القطب الأمامي القطب
+
+149
+00:12:25,270 --> 00:12:29,530
+السفلي القطب الخلفي وهكذا هذي اللي بنسمي الأقطاع
+
+150
+00:12:29,530 --> 00:12:32,370
+بتاع ال cerebral hemisphere frontal pole temporal
+
+151
+00:12:32,370 --> 00:12:35,970
+pole و Occipital pole لو قلتكم مين هو ال anterior
+
+152
+00:12:35,970 --> 00:12:40,030
+pole هو راح يكون frontal pole مين هو ال inferior
+
+153
+00:12:40,030 --> 00:12:44,290
+pole هو راح يكون temporal pole مين هو ال posterior
+
+154
+00:12:44,290 --> 00:12:47,370
+pole راح يكون occipital pole وهكذا
+
+155
+00:12:55,190 --> 00:12:59,190
+القيت اتكلمنا عن الـ cerebrum وcerebrum بنجسم ل
+
+156
+00:12:59,190 --> 00:13:02,170
+two cerebral hemisphere الان راح ناخد one cerebral
+
+157
+00:13:02,170 --> 00:13:06,910
+hemisphere و ندرس ايش اللي داخله loops of each
+
+158
+00:13:06,910 --> 00:13:12,130
+cerebral hemisphere the surface of each cerebral
+
+159
+00:13:12,130 --> 00:13:18,110
+hemisphere is divided by three main salicytes
+
+160
+00:13:18,110 --> 00:13:26,830
+salcus واحد جمعه سلساية or fissuresinto four loops
+
+161
+00:13:26,830 --> 00:13:32,630
+يعني الcerebral hemisphere بنقسم بواسطة ال three
+
+162
+00:13:32,630 --> 00:13:40,570
+سلسال ل four loops طب كيف أخدوا أسماء هم ال loops
+
+163
+00:13:40,570 --> 00:13:45,390
+حسب أي عضمة بتقع فوقهم هم بيقعوا أو وين بيقعوا تحت
+
+164
+00:13:45,390 --> 00:13:51,060
+أي عضمة من الجمجمةwhich have been given the names
+
+165
+00:13:51,060 --> 00:13:55,880
+of the skull bone under which they lie يعني أخدوا
+
+166
+00:13:55,880 --> 00:14:01,300
+الاسم بتاعهم هدول ال loops حسب تحت أي عضمة بيقعوا
+
+167
+00:14:01,300 --> 00:14:07,380
+من الجمجمة there are four loops of cerebral
+
+168
+00:14:07,380 --> 00:14:16,480
+hemisphere frontal loop parietal loopTemporal loop
+
+169
+00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:23,680
+and occipital loop أربعة Each service of loop كل
+
+170
+00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:29,600
+service من ال loop نفسها لو أخدناها Divide by
+
+171
+00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:36,020
+سلساي بتنقسم بسلساي لجيراي يعني Cerebrum انجسم ل 2
+
+172
+00:14:36,020 --> 00:14:40,100
+Cerebral Hemisphere Cerebral Hemisphere انقسم ل
+
+173
+00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:48,320
+loops ال loops لجيرايا و هكذاالآن نتكلم عن اهمية
+
+174
+00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:50,280
+صحيحة الهيمسفير الصحيح الهيمسفير الهيمسفير
+
+175
+00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:52,820
+الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير
+
+176
+00:14:52,820 --> 00:14:56,820
+الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير
+
+177
+00:14:56,820 --> 00:14:59,580
+الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير
+
+178
+00:14:59,580 --> 00:15:00,180
+الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير
+
+179
+00:15:00,180 --> 00:15:00,260
+الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفير الهيمسفر
+
+180
+00:15:00,260 --> 00:15:03,360
+الهيمسفر الهيمسفر الهيمسفر الهيمسفر الهيمسفر
+
+181
+00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:09,300
+الهيمسفCentral sulcus أو بنسميه Roland sulcus هذا
+
+182
+00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:13,800
+بيعمل separation between frontal loop in front عن
+
+183
+00:15:13,800 --> 00:15:18,480
+ال parietal loop behind وفي lateral fissure عشان
+
+184
+00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:21,320
+واسع بنسميه fissure لإنه بيمر في middle cerebral
+
+185
+00:15:21,320 --> 00:15:24,940
+artery lateral fissure أو lateral sulcus بيعمل
+
+186
+00:15:24,940 --> 00:15:31,040
+separation between temporal loop below عن ال
+
+187
+00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:35,290
+frontal loop و ال parietal loop aboveهذول بيكونوا
+
+188
+00:15:35,290 --> 00:15:37,530
+واضحين من ال lateral service of cerebral
+
+189
+00:15:37,530 --> 00:15:41,650
+hemisphere وفي parietal occipital sulcus بيكون في
+
+190
+00:15:41,650 --> 00:15:45,110
+ال medial service of cerebral hemisphere بيعمل
+
+191
+00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:49,230
+separation between parietal loop in front بنسمه
+
+192
+00:15:49,230 --> 00:15:53,930
+parietal occipital عن من عن ال occipital loop
+
+193
+00:15:53,930 --> 00:15:59,930
+behind تشوف مع بعض هاي هنا
+
+194
+00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:08,620
+median longitudinal في شهر بفصل ايه right عن ال
+
+195
+00:16:08,620 --> 00:16:17,640
+left cerebral hemisphere ننتقل
+
+196
+00:16:17,640 --> 00:16:27,000
+ل ايه ل one cerebral hemisphere هيفي عندي central
+
+197
+00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:30,780
+sulcus او rolland sulcus اللي بيحب الكورة بفصل ما
+
+198
+00:16:30,780 --> 00:16:37,240
+بينه مينfrontal loop عن ال parietal loop ال
+
+199
+00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:41,940
+frontal in front و ال parietal behind و في lateral
+
+200
+00:16:41,940 --> 00:16:47,380
+fissure او lateral sulcus تفصل بين ال frontal و ال
+
+201
+00:16:47,380 --> 00:16:55,660
+parietal above عن a temporal belowوعلى ال media
+
+202
+00:16:55,660 --> 00:16:59,820
+service بيكون في برايته occipital sulcus بتكونش
+
+203
+00:16:59,820 --> 00:17:02,420
+واضحة على ال natural service على ال media service
+
+204
+00:17:02,420 --> 00:17:08,300
+تفصل ما بين ال parietal in front عن ال occipital
+
+205
+00:17:08,300 --> 00:17:13,080
+behind عن ال occipital a behind هيك بيكون أنا جسمت
+
+206
+00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:18,060
+ال cerebral hemisphere ل four loops frontal loop
+
+207
+00:17:18,060 --> 00:17:22,060
+parietal loop temporal loop and occipital loop
+
+208
+00:17:29,910 --> 00:17:37,370
+هيها واضحة عن ال media service بفصل
+
+209
+00:17:37,370 --> 00:17:41,970
+ما بين parietal loop in front عن parietal loop
+
+210
+00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:45,070
+behind
+
+211
+00:17:45,070 --> 00:17:52,710
+cortical
+
+212
+00:17:52,710 --> 00:17:56,230
+somatotopyانتبهوا و اتكلموا في الموضوع هذا من
+
+213
+00:17:56,230 --> 00:18:00,470
+ناحية ال motor و من ناحية ال sensation الإنسان
+
+214
+00:18:00,470 --> 00:18:11,330
+بيكون في الدماغ بيكون مجلوب الرأس تحت ال
+
+215
+00:18:11,330 --> 00:18:15,530
+upper limbs و ال trunk في ال middle و ال lower
+
+216
+00:18:15,530 --> 00:18:18,830
+limbs بيكونوا أعلى هي كتركيبة الإنسان في الدماغ
+
+217
+00:18:18,830 --> 00:18:24,780
+بيكون ال lower limbs في الأعلى ال middlelimbs أو
+
+218
+00:18:24,780 --> 00:18:29,580
+ال upper limbs و ال trunk في ال middle و ال head
+
+219
+00:18:29,580 --> 00:18:34,100
+بيكون وين؟ في اللي هو ال lower part يعني ال upper
+
+220
+00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:37,900
+limbs بيكونوا في وين موجودين؟ في ال middle part طب
+
+221
+00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:41,500
+ال lower limbs بيكونوا في ال upper part طب ال head
+
+222
+00:18:41,500 --> 00:18:47,460
+في ال lower part يعني الإنسان معكوس هنا أنا head
+
+223
+00:18:47,460 --> 00:18:52,940
+trunk و upper limbsو ال lower limbs في الدماغ
+
+224
+00:18:52,940 --> 00:18:56,820
+العكس ال head بيكون تحت و ال trunk و ال upper
+
+225
+00:18:56,820 --> 00:18:59,880
+limbs بيكونوا في ال middle و ال lower limbs
+
+226
+00:18:59,880 --> 00:19:02,800
+بيكونوا في الأعلى من ناحية motor و من ناحية
+
+227
+00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:08,320
+sensation من ناحية motor و من ناحية sensation واضح
+
+228
+00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:11,660
+عندي ال sensory و ال motor ال lower limbs بيكونوا
+
+229
+00:19:11,660 --> 00:19:16,380
+في القمة في الأعلىالـ trunk و ال upper limbs
+
+230
+00:19:16,380 --> 00:19:20,400
+بيكونوا في ال middle part و ال head بيكون وين؟ في
+
+231
+00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:28,740
+ال lower part الآن راح اتكلم عن frontal loop اتكلم
+
+232
+00:19:28,740 --> 00:19:34,020
+عن ايه؟ frontal loop the important source of
+
+233
+00:19:34,020 --> 00:19:40,600
+frontal loop اول شي موجود precentral sulcus
+
+234
+00:19:42,750 --> 00:19:47,290
+precentral sulcus ت present in front of the
+
+235
+00:19:47,290 --> 00:19:52,370
+central sulcus، بيكون أمام ال central sulcus، و في
+
+236
+00:19:52,370 --> 00:19:57,200
+superior frontal sulcusPresent in front of the
+
+237
+00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:01,180
+precentral a sulcus ويكون في ال superior part وفي
+
+238
+00:20:01,180 --> 00:20:04,760
+inferior frontal sulcus كمان نفس الشيء بيكون
+
+239
+00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,280
+present in front of precentral sulcus وبيكون في ال
+
+240
+00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:14,160
+inferior part of a frontal
+
+241
+00:20:14,160 --> 00:20:19,820
+loop نجسمهم مع بعض احنا جسمناهم هاي lateral في شهر
+
+242
+00:20:19,820 --> 00:20:26,810
+وهي central a sulcusالان هذه هي اندي frontal lobe
+
+243
+00:20:26,810 --> 00:20:31,730
+راح اشرحلكوا ال frontal lobe الان ايش ال main
+
+244
+00:20:31,730 --> 00:20:40,530
+salicyl موجودين في ال frontal lobe موجود pre
+
+245
+00:20:40,530 --> 00:20:46,530
+central salcus امام ال central salcus superior
+
+246
+00:20:46,530 --> 00:20:55,940
+frontal salcus و inferiorfrontal sulcus هذول
+
+247
+00:20:55,940 --> 00:21:00,920
+بيقسمولنا ال frontal loop لغيرها بيقسمولنا ال
+
+248
+00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:08,380
+frontal loop لغيرها precentral
+
+249
+00:21:08,380 --> 00:21:15,800
+gyrus superior frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus
+
+250
+00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:21,860
+inferior frontal gyrus يا سلام سهل precentral
+
+251
+00:21:21,860 --> 00:21:28,620
+sulcusSuperior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal
+
+252
+00:21:28,620 --> 00:21:33,160
+sulcus قسمولنا الـ frontal loop لجيراي الـ
+
+253
+00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:38,580
+Precentral gyrus Superior middle inferior frontal
+
+254
+00:21:38,580 --> 00:21:43,400
+gyrus نشوف الكلام هذا الـ slide القبله The
+
+255
+00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:49,280
+important gyri of frontal loop Precentral gyrus
+
+256
+00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:54,670
+لاحظوا هي الـ Precentral gyrusbetween the central
+
+257
+00:21:54,670 --> 00:21:58,390
+sulcus اللي هو اللي أحمر و ال precentral sulcus
+
+258
+00:21:58,390 --> 00:22:04,070
+superior frontal gyrus هاي superior frontal gyrus
+
+259
+00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:09,770
+above superior frontal sulcus أعلى لمين؟ اللي هو
+
+260
+00:22:09,770 --> 00:22:17,330
+superior frontal sulcus middle frontal gyrus بتقع
+
+261
+00:22:17,330 --> 00:22:23,460
+ما بين ال superior و ال inferior يعني التحتالـ
+
+262
+00:22:23,460 --> 00:22:30,260
+Superior Frontal Sulcus و أعلى من الـ Inferior
+
+263
+00:22:30,260 --> 00:22:35,040
+Frontal Sulcus طب أخرش هي Inferior Frontal Gyrus
+
+264
+00:22:35,040 --> 00:22:42,240
+بتقعد تحت اللي هو Inferior Frontal Sulcus واضح؟ هي
+
+265
+00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:49,170
+كأنا شرحتلكم الـ Anatomicaldivisions بتاعة ال
+
+266
+00:22:49,170 --> 00:22:55,050
+frontal loop وكيف قسمنا ال frontal loop لصرصاي
+
+267
+00:22:55,050 --> 00:23:00,490
+وجيراية نجي
+
+268
+00:23:00,490 --> 00:23:05,990
+ل important functional area of frontal loop هذه في
+
+269
+00:23:05,990 --> 00:23:11,670
+physiological classification في area رقم 4 هي
+
+270
+00:23:11,670 --> 00:23:14,290
+primary motor
+
+271
+00:23:15,530 --> 00:23:19,950
+area موجودة في الـ Precentral Gyrus وظيفتها
+
+272
+00:23:19,950 --> 00:23:23,750
+voluntary motor activity of opposite half of the
+
+273
+00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:29,290
+body يعني اليمنى تتحكم في حركة اليسرى و اليسرى
+
+274
+00:23:29,290 --> 00:23:35,430
+تتحكم في جهة اليمنى يعني لو حدث لنا جلطة دماغية في
+
+275
+00:23:35,430 --> 00:23:40,830
+ال right area for right area for بيحدث عن المريض
+
+276
+00:23:40,830 --> 00:23:50,240
+left sideHemeblegia شلال في الجهة اليسرى أو
+
+277
+00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:56,040
+Hemiparesis Hemiparesis يعني partial paralysis
+
+278
+00:23:56,040 --> 00:24:03,200
+شلال جزئي Hemiblegia شلال نصفي كاملSecondary motor
+
+279
+00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:07,940
+area رقم ستة بتكون أمام precentral gyrus اللي
+
+280
+00:24:07,940 --> 00:24:12,700
+علاقة بالـ extrapyramidal fibers لو حدث إلها
+
+281
+00:24:12,700 --> 00:24:17,940
+damage تعملنا hyperreflexia
+
+282
+00:24:17,940 --> 00:24:28,420
+of deep tendon reflexes وزائد hypertonia
+
+283
+00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:31,760
+مسكولر هايبارتونيا
+
+284
+00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:45,700
+طيب frontal eye conjugate center area تمانية
+
+285
+00:24:45,700 --> 00:24:49,840
+موجودة في ال middle frontal gyrus وظيفتها
+
+286
+00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:54,120
+voluntary conjugate deviation of eyes to opposite
+
+287
+00:24:54,120 --> 00:24:58,060
+side يا سلام يعني أنا بدى أطلع على جهة اليمنى حركت
+
+288
+00:24:58,060 --> 00:25:01,480
+راسي وعينيه على اليمين مين حركهم؟ area تمانية على
+
+289
+00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:05,080
+اليسار بدى نطلع على الشمال هنا طلعت على الشمال على
+
+290
+00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:09,090
+البابحركت رأسي و عيناي على الشمال، من حركهم؟ area
+
+291
+00:25:09,090 --> 00:25:13,710
+8 على اليمين، كويس، طب لو حدث مريض عنده جلطة دماغي
+
+292
+00:25:13,710 --> 00:25:20,130
+على اليمين في area 8، جلطة في اليمين، destruction،
+
+293
+00:25:20,130 --> 00:25:24,120
+بيقدر يلف حاله على الشمال؟ بيقدرشمين ضال سليم عنده
+
+294
+00:25:24,120 --> 00:25:27,100
+الشمال؟ الشمال بيلفه على اليمين، بنجي بنقيم المريض
+
+295
+00:25:27,100 --> 00:25:29,900
+في كومة في غيبوبة، المريض بيكون بالله يعنيه لفين
+
+296
+00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,700
+على اليمين ال eyes و ال head، بنقول the patience
+
+297
+00:25:33,700 --> 00:25:36,580
+is locks to the lesion المريض في غيبوبة، هو قاعد
+
+298
+00:25:36,580 --> 00:25:39,720
+بطلع على ال lesion تبعه؟ لأ، بس احنا عشان سهل نقول
+
+299
+00:25:39,720 --> 00:25:43,400
+the patience is locks to the lesion، ليه؟ لأنه دمج
+
+300
+00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:46,970
+على اليمين، مابيقدر يلفه على اليسارضايق
+
+301
+00:25:46,970 --> 00:25:49,410
+الاندوسليني من اليسار بيلفه على اليمين بتلاحظ
+
+302
+00:25:49,410 --> 00:25:56,630
+المريض اي�� بتطلع عليه ال lesion area 45 موجودة في
+
+303
+00:25:56,630 --> 00:26:00,030
+ال inferior frontal gyrus in dominant hemisphere
+
+304
+00:26:00,030 --> 00:26:04,910
+في السائد وظيفتها writing الكتابة لو حدث فيها
+
+305
+00:26:04,910 --> 00:26:09,870
+damage تعملنا مصطلح اسمه agraphia لا يستطيع
+
+306
+00:26:09,870 --> 00:26:15,640
+الكتابة لا يستطيع الكتابةبروكاس ايريا جانبها ايريا
+
+307
+00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:20,460
+44 موجودة في ال inferior frontal gyrus in dominant
+
+308
+00:26:20,460 --> 00:26:25,580
+hemisphere وظيفتها motor center of speech لو حدث
+
+309
+00:26:25,580 --> 00:26:31,120
+مع المريض مشكلة damage trauma جلطة بيحدث عندهم
+
+310
+00:26:31,120 --> 00:26:36,750
+حاجة اسمها حبسة كلامية حركية motorأو بروكاس أو
+
+311
+00:26:36,750 --> 00:26:40,650
+verbal aphasia راح نتكلم عنها في سنة رابعة ان شاء
+
+312
+00:26:40,650 --> 00:26:45,730
+الله حابسة كلامية إيه؟ حركية و في prefrontal area
+
+313
+00:26:45,730 --> 00:26:51,290
+area 9 و 10 و 11 و 12 هذول موجودين في ال anterior
+
+314
+00:26:51,290 --> 00:26:55,520
+pole و وظيفتهم higher centerof memory,
+
+315
+00:26:55,980 --> 00:26:59,980
+orientation, thinking and intelligence لو حدث فيهم
+
+316
+00:26:59,980 --> 00:27:06,820
+مشكلة قد يسبب فينا الهو amnesia فقدان الذاكرة أو
+
+317
+00:27:06,820 --> 00:27:13,270
+حاجة اسمها dementia خرفDementia هذه الأعراض اللي
+
+318
+00:27:13,270 --> 00:27:18,430
+ممكن تحدث عن ال frontal lobe في حال حدث عندهم
+
+319
+00:27:18,430 --> 00:27:22,870
+damage او stroke او trauma واضح عندي هذه ال area 4
+
+320
+00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:26,570
+اللي علاقة بال motor area 6 اللي علاقة بال
+
+321
+00:27:26,570 --> 00:27:30,130
+extrapyramidal area 8 بس هنا خطأ في الصورة حطهم
+
+322
+00:27:30,130 --> 00:27:33,090
+فوق في ال superior هي المفروض تكون في ال middle
+
+323
+00:27:33,090 --> 00:27:38,300
+اللي تحت شوية هنا المفروض تكون area 8اقري 44 اللي
+
+324
+00:27:38,300 --> 00:27:44,140
+مسئول عن النطق والكلام اقري 45 مسئول عن الكتابة و
+
+325
+00:27:44,140 --> 00:27:48,340
+10 و 9 او 10 او 11 هذول اللي هم علاقة بال
+
+326
+00:27:48,340 --> 00:27:52,080
+intelligence و ال memory و ال thinking و التفكير و
+
+327
+00:27:52,080 --> 00:28:00,440
+كل شيء الان اتكلم على important salsa of the
+
+328
+00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:09,120
+parietal loop ال parietal loopالها postcentral
+
+329
+00:28:09,120 --> 00:28:17,440
+sulcus و intraparietal sulcus سهلين تنين أول واحد
+
+330
+00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:24,260
+اسمه postcentral sulcus والثاني intraparietal
+
+331
+00:28:24,260 --> 00:28:30,420
+نرسمهم هاي عندى temporal loop تحت هذا اسمه lateral
+
+332
+00:28:30,420 --> 00:28:34,400
+fissure او lateral sulcus وهنا عندى
+
+333
+00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:41,460
+central sulcus تقريبا بيجينا ال parietal and
+
+334
+00:28:41,460 --> 00:28:45,980
+occipital sulcus معالنا يكون واضح اكتر في ال media
+
+335
+00:28:45,980 --> 00:28:51,360
+او في ال media service هذا عندي اللي هو frontal
+
+336
+00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:57,120
+loop frontal loop اللي هي انا عندي parietal loop
+
+337
+00:28:57,120 --> 00:29:01,000
+هذه اسمها parietal loop انا واضح عندي parietal
+
+338
+00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:06,770
+loop وهذه frontal loop في ال parietal loopراح
+
+339
+00:29:06,770 --> 00:29:14,930
+نتكلم عن الـ sulcus اسمه post central sulcus post
+
+340
+00:29:14,930 --> 00:29:20,390
+خلف central sulcus و intra parietal sulcus وداخل
+
+341
+00:29:20,390 --> 00:29:23,770
+ال parietal وداخل إيش ال parietal هدول راح
+
+342
+00:29:23,770 --> 00:29:33,190
+يجسمولنا ال parietal loop ل post central gyrus
+
+343
+00:29:34,290 --> 00:29:40,490
+و superior parietal gyrus و inferior parietal
+
+344
+00:29:40,490 --> 00:29:45,010
+gyrus سهلين مش صعبين ال post central بين ال
+
+345
+00:29:45,010 --> 00:29:47,970
+central و ال post central سلكس ال superior
+
+346
+00:29:47,970 --> 00:29:52,130
+parietal above ال intra parietal سلكس و ال
+
+347
+00:29:52,130 --> 00:29:55,990
+inferior parietal تحت ال intra parietal سلكس وعشان
+
+348
+00:29:55,990 --> 00:30:01,390
+خاطر الدكتورية نحفظ حاجتين super marginal area
+
+349
+00:30:02,380 --> 00:30:07,120
+بتيجي في ال upper end of lateral sulcus super
+
+350
+00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:13,260
+marginal area أو غيرس، super marginal غيرس، ثنين
+
+351
+00:30:13,260 --> 00:30:21,080
+صح، area صح و غيرس صح و angular
+
+352
+00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:29,240
+غيرس بيجي في ال upper end of superior
+
+353
+00:30:30,330 --> 00:30:34,290
+temporal sulcus لسه مااخدناهوش في ال upper end of
+
+354
+00:30:34,290 --> 00:30:40,650
+superior temporal sulcus يبقى عندي كام area في ال
+
+355
+00:30:40,650 --> 00:30:48,930
+parietal loop في عندي five area important pre أو
+
+356
+00:30:48,930 --> 00:30:54,870
+post post central gyrus موجودة بين اللي هو central
+
+357
+00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:59,230
+sulcus و post centralsuperior parietal هي superior
+
+358
+00:30:59,230 --> 00:31:04,190
+parietal above intraparietal sulcus و inferior
+
+359
+00:31:04,190 --> 00:31:07,870
+parietal هي inferior parietal below ال
+
+360
+00:31:07,870 --> 00:31:11,310
+intraparietal sulcus و super marginal هي super
+
+361
+00:31:11,310 --> 00:31:15,690
+marginal gyrus موجودة في ال upper end of lateral
+
+362
+00:31:15,690 --> 00:31:23,310
+fissure و angular area في ال upper end ofsuperior
+
+363
+00:31:23,310 --> 00:31:27,510
+temporal sulcus هيك بيكون انا شراحت البرايتال لوب
+
+364
+00:31:27,510 --> 00:31:36,530
+من ناحية ايه anatomy من ناحية ايه anatomy اللي
+
+365
+00:31:36,530 --> 00:31:42,520
+بتكلم على ال functional area of البرايتال لوبأول
+
+366
+00:31:42,520 --> 00:31:47,340
+شي primary sensory area area one two three موجودة
+
+367
+00:31:47,340 --> 00:31:51,520
+في ال postcentral gyrus واضفتها perception of
+
+368
+00:31:51,520 --> 00:31:55,200
+cortical أو somatic sensation from opposite side
+
+369
+00:31:55,200 --> 00:32:01,620
+هذه لو حدث فيها damage تعملنا Contralateral
+
+370
+00:32:01,620 --> 00:32:07,120
+Hemihepoesthesia
+
+371
+00:32:09,110 --> 00:32:12,630
+أو إذا كان complete تعمل anesthesia
+
+372
+00:32:15,110 --> 00:32:20,250
+تمام area 123 area 57 موجودة في ال superior
+
+373
+00:32:20,250 --> 00:32:25,330
+parietal gyrus وضيفتها knowing the meaning of
+
+374
+00:32:25,330 --> 00:32:30,890
+sensation felt انا بحس الشيء بيدي تمام بدون نظر و
+
+375
+00:32:30,890 --> 00:32:35,610
+بقول هذه 5 شكل هذه 10 شكل هذه 2 شكل باللمس او بمسك
+
+376
+00:32:35,610 --> 00:32:39,870
+شيء بدون ما اشوفه بعيني بقول هذا جلم حتى ان بقدر
+
+377
+00:32:39,870 --> 00:32:43,870
+احدد texture of material مصنوع من خشب من plastic
+
+378
+00:32:43,870 --> 00:32:48,710
+من حديد او metallicالانجولار هذه وضفتها ال area
+
+379
+00:32:48,710 --> 00:32:51,050
+خمس وسبعة زي ما قلنا استيريوجناصيز ايش
+
+380
+00:32:51,050 --> 00:32:55,210
+استيريوجناصيز knowing the meaning of the sensation
+
+381
+00:32:55,210 --> 00:33:01,810
+field لو حد تدمج فيها بسببنا استيريوجناصيز يعني
+
+382
+00:33:01,810 --> 00:33:08,330
+عدم معرفةAngular area أو angular gyrus موجودة في
+
+383
+00:33:08,330 --> 00:33:12,310
+ال upper end of temporal sulcus في ال dominant
+
+384
+00:33:12,310 --> 00:33:16,490
+hemisphere وضفتها visual psychic area recognition
+
+385
+00:33:16,490 --> 00:33:20,410
+of letters and numbers لو حدث مشكلة فيها كان انا
+
+386
+00:33:20,410 --> 00:33:23,970
+لو حدث اندي ماقدرش اقرا محاضرة ماقدرش اعرف الأحرف
+
+387
+00:33:23,970 --> 00:33:30,790
+والأرقام بسبب حاجة اسمها Alexia مابيقدرش يحضر ولا
+
+388
+00:33:30,790 --> 00:33:36,340
+يعطي lecturesو آخر شي Supramarginal Area Area 40
+
+389
+00:33:36,340 --> 00:33:42,600
+موجودة في ال upper end of lateral fissure في ال
+
+390
+00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,880
+dominant hemisphere هذه وظيفته associative area
+
+391
+00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:49,600
+and center for complex movement راح ناخدها في سنة
+
+392
+00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:54,240
+رابعة لو حدث مشكلة فيها بتعملنا شي اسمه apraxia
+
+393
+00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:58,240
+وزائد jargons
+
+394
+00:34:02,070 --> 00:34:06,590
+أفيزيا احنا في الحالة هذه المركز اللي علاقة بعملية
+
+395
+00:34:06,590 --> 00:34:11,010
+الربط في الدماغ لو حدث stroke جلطة دماغية المريض
+
+396
+00:34:11,010 --> 00:34:15,850
+بيفقد عملية الربط في الكلام بيتكلم بلغة بشبه لغة
+
+397
+00:34:15,850 --> 00:34:18,890
+أجنبية أنت بتفهمش ولا شيء منه jargons أفيزيا
+
+398
+00:34:18,890 --> 00:34:25,900
+بنسميها أو بنسميها صلاة speech صلاةspeech بتكلم زي
+
+399
+00:34:25,900 --> 00:34:31,460
+الصلطة مش فاهم أي كلمة منه و كل ال skills و ال
+
+400
+00:34:31,460 --> 00:34:35,960
+motor skills اللي اتعلمها في حي��ته كيف الست تطبخ
+
+401
+00:34:35,960 --> 00:34:39,400
+كيف تغسل كيف .. كل skills و المهارات اللي اتعلمتها
+
+402
+00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:45,490
+بتفقدهم في الحالة هذههذه واضحة عندي area 123 في ال
+
+403
+00:34:45,490 --> 00:34:50,490
+postcentral gyrus five seven للاستيريوجنوز area 40
+
+404
+00:34:50,490 --> 00:34:54,070
+في ال which is in the upper end of lateral fissure
+
+405
+00:34:54,070 --> 00:34:58,370
+و area 39 في ال upper end of superior temporal
+
+406
+00:34:58,370 --> 00:35:04,790
+sulcus هنا ننتهي من الجزء الأول من المحاضرة و ان
+
+407
+00:35:04,790 --> 00:35:07,610
+شاء الله في الجزء الثاني راح أشرحلكم ال temporal
+
+408
+00:35:07,610 --> 00:35:11,380
+loop و occipital loop و white matterof the
+
+409
+00:35:11,380 --> 00:35:13,800
+cerebral hemisphere يعطيكم 1000 عامة
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/nyZBSpvcHMo_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2084 @@
+1
+00:00:04,990 --> 00:00:09,510
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:09,510 --> 00:00:15,710
+وبركاته يوم راح أكون معكم في محاضرة الإسبوع العاشر
+
+3
+00:00:15,710 --> 00:00:20,670
+راح نتكلم عن autonomic nervous system نتكلم
+
+4
+00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,270
+general أول شي على autonomic nervous system
+
+5
+00:00:23,270 --> 00:00:25,410
+anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous
+
+6
+00:00:25,410 --> 00:00:30,110
+systemراح أتكلم بعدها على ال parasympathetic
+
+7
+00:00:30,110 --> 00:00:35,050
+nervous system cranial part and sacral part و
+
+8
+00:00:35,050 --> 00:00:39,170
+أتطرق على sympathetic nervous system و في نهاية
+
+9
+00:00:39,170 --> 00:00:45,640
+المحاضرة راح أتكلم على effectوPsychology of
+
+10
+00:00:45,640 --> 00:00:48,700
+Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
+
+11
+00:00:48,700 --> 00:00:53,980
+ونعمل comparison between the sympathetic and
+
+12
+00:00:53,980 --> 00:01:01,880
+parasympathetic nervous system effect لو
+
+13
+00:01:01,880 --> 00:01:06,080
+قلنا لكم what's the definition of the autonomic
+
+14
+00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:10,260
+nervous systemAutonomic nervous system is
+
+15
+00:01:10,260 --> 00:01:15,220
+involuntary nervous system يبقى ان هي اسمها
+
+16
+00:01:15,220 --> 00:01:19,280
+involuntary nervous system طب ليش سموها
+
+17
+00:01:19,280 --> 00:01:23,960
+involuntary nervous system لأن هي controls this
+
+18
+00:01:23,960 --> 00:01:30,310
+mouthcardiac muscles and glands هلأ أنا بتحكم في
+
+19
+00:01:30,310 --> 00:01:36,870
+حركة الأمعاء الدقيقة؟ بتحكمش بتحكم في حركة ال
+
+20
+00:01:36,870 --> 00:01:42,250
+heart؟ ما بتحكم بتحكم في نبض القلب؟ ما بتحكم okay
+
+21
+00:01:42,250 --> 00:01:48,210
+في الحالة هذه هي system supplies smooth muscles
+
+22
+00:01:49,330 --> 00:01:53,490
+cardiac muscles and glands عشان إيه يسموها
+
+23
+00:01:53,490 --> 00:02:01,210
+involuntary nervous system ال functions بتاعتها لو
+
+24
+00:02:01,210 --> 00:02:04,210
+سألنا سؤال اصلي ال functions of the autonomic
+
+25
+00:02:04,210 --> 00:02:07,850
+nervous system autonomic nervous system supply
+
+26
+00:02:07,850 --> 00:02:14,090
+unstriated muscles اللي هم مين smooth muscles
+
+27
+00:02:15,670 --> 00:02:21,030
+cardiac muscles و glands وين موجودة smooth muscles
+
+28
+00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:24,750
+موجودة في blood vessels موجودة في ال internal
+
+29
+00:02:24,750 --> 00:02:28,750
+organs طيب
+
+30
+00:02:28,750 --> 00:02:36,040
+لو عملنا comparison between the autonomicو Somatic
+
+31
+00:02:36,040 --> 00:02:41,080
+nervous system Somatic nervous system is voluntary
+
+32
+00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:45,660
+nervous system is voluntary nervous system لكن
+
+33
+00:02:45,660 --> 00:02:49,120
+autonomic nervous system is involuntary nervous
+
+34
+00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:57,110
+system okay يبقى Somatic nervous systemcontrol
+
+35
+00:02:57,110 --> 00:03:00,690
+skeletal muscles اللي علاقة بالـ skeletal muscles
+
+36
+00:03:00,690 --> 00:03:04,690
+و أنا لما بحرك ال skeletal muscles بكون conscious
+
+37
+00:03:04,690 --> 00:03:10,150
+oriented يعني واعى نفسي لأن هي تعتبر conscious or
+
+38
+00:03:10,150 --> 00:03:16,810
+voluntary regulation تحكم إيرادي بتحكم إيرادي فيها
+
+39
+00:03:16,810 --> 00:03:23,720
+يعني بدي أرفع أيدي رفعتها نزلتهاOkay abduction
+
+40
+00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:29,260
+abduction أنا بتحكم فيها اثنين autonomic nervous
+
+41
+00:03:29,260 --> 00:03:35,020
+system functions without conscious awareness يعني
+
+42
+00:03:35,020 --> 00:03:38,360
+تحكم لا إرادة
+
+43
+00:03:40,720 --> 00:03:45,300
+fibers في ال somatic nervous system don't synapse
+
+44
+00:03:45,300 --> 00:03:50,060
+after they leave the CNS يعني الفيبرز في ال
+
+45
+00:03:50,060 --> 00:03:53,020
+somatic nervous system بعد ما اتغادر الحبل الشوكي
+
+46
+00:03:53,020 --> 00:04:00,040
+مالهاش synapse هي الفيبرز راح تصل أخر شئ ل neuro
+
+47
+00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:03,060
+muscular junction و تسلم الإشارة ل ال muscle
+
+48
+00:04:03,060 --> 00:04:09,640
+fibers لكن autonomic nervous system لها synapse
+
+49
+00:04:11,170 --> 00:04:15,710
+ويلها ganglia sympathetic ganglia أو بارا
+
+50
+00:04:15,710 --> 00:04:22,430
+sympathetic ganglia و ال fibers هروح تتحول من pre
+
+51
+00:04:22,430 --> 00:04:28,550
+ganglionic fibers ل post ganglionic fibers يبقى
+
+52
+00:04:28,550 --> 00:04:31,990
+الاختلاف الثاني انه ال autonomic nervous system
+
+53
+00:04:31,990 --> 00:04:36,430
+مالهاش synapse في ال peripheral nervous system
+
+54
+00:04:36,430 --> 00:04:41,430
+يلها اخر شئ neuromuscular junctionأما الـ
+
+55
+00:04:41,430 --> 00:04:45,210
+Autonomic Nervous System اللي لها جانجيليا صينابس
+
+56
+00:04:45,210 --> 00:04:50,270
+بتنفيه و الإشارة راح تتحول من pre-ganglionic ل
+
+57
+00:04:50,270 --> 00:04:55,730
+post-ganglionic و الجانجيليا حسب الجهاز إما يكون
+
+58
+00:04:55,730 --> 00:04:59,010
+جهاز سمتاوي اللي sympathetic nervous system و تكون
+
+59
+00:04:59,010 --> 00:05:03,150
+sympathetic ganglia و إما parasympathetic و يكون
+
+60
+00:05:03,150 --> 00:05:10,240
+لها parasympathetic ganglia الاختلاف الثالثإنه
+
+61
+00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:14,980
+Somatic Nervous System Sublives Skeletal Muscles
+
+62
+00:05:14,980 --> 00:05:20,500
+هي عضلات إرادية يعني لو قلتلكم غمضوا عينكم
+
+63
+00:05:20,500 --> 00:05:23,540
+فانغمضوا عيننا عن طريق Arbicularis Oculi Muscle
+
+64
+00:05:23,540 --> 00:05:28,340
+Skeletal Muscle طب لو سألتكوا سؤال بالله كبروه
+
+65
+00:05:28,340 --> 00:05:34,920
+لحدقة العين ل pupils كبروهبنفع؟ مابكن اتحكم فيه،
+
+66
+00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:38,480
+بقدرش أتحكم فيه لأن هذه عضلة ملساق smooth muscles
+
+67
+00:05:38,480 --> 00:05:43,760
+وحركتها لا إيرادية أما ال autonomic nervous system
+
+68
+00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:49,340
+supplies smooth muscles، cardiac muscles and
+
+69
+00:05:49,340 --> 00:05:57,120
+glands لاحظوا هنا إنه في ال somatic nervous system
+
+70
+00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:00,640
+في عندى neurons بيكونوا موجودين في الـ anterior
+
+71
+00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:05,300
+horn cells ع سبيل المثال للموتور بعدها بيجينا
+
+72
+00:06:05,300 --> 00:06:12,180
+myelinated axon و لل neuromuscular junction supply
+
+73
+00:06:12,180 --> 00:06:16,620
+skeletal muscles stimulate effect بيكون لكن في ال
+
+74
+00:06:16,620 --> 00:06:21,980
+autonomic nervous system لاحظوا في عندي synapse و
+
+75
+00:06:21,980 --> 00:06:32,910
+الإشارة راح تتحول منبري جانجليونيك الهي
+
+76
+00:06:32,910 --> 00:06:42,690
+ساينابس الى بوست جانجليونيك بوست جانجليونيك و ال
+
+77
+00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:49,580
+effect تبعهم اما بيكونو إما بيكون inhibitory يعني
+
+78
+00:06:49,580 --> 00:06:53,080
+لو اتكلمنا على ال heart sympathetic nervous system
+
+79
+00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:58,260
+راح تكون stimulatory راح تعمل stimulation لل heart
+
+80
+00:06:58,260 --> 00:07:02,480
+rate أما ال parasympathetic nervous system راح
+
+81
+00:07:02,480 --> 00:07:06,760
+تكون inhibitory راح تكون inhibitory وتعملنا
+
+82
+00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:13,380
+ابراديكارديا decrease heart rate العكس صحيح على ال
+
+83
+00:07:13,380 --> 00:07:19,160
+GIT systemعلى الـ GIT جهاز الهضمي بلاحظ ال
+
+84
+00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:21,940
+Parasympathetic nervous system راح تكون
+
+85
+00:07:21,940 --> 00:07:26,020
+stimulatory راح تزود ال peristaltic of intestinal
+
+86
+00:07:26,020 --> 00:07:29,660
+راح تزود حركة الأمعاء أما Parasympathetic nervous
+
+87
+00:07:29,660 --> 00:07:33,140
+system راح تعملنا inhibitory effect راح تقلل ال
+
+88
+00:07:33,140 --> 00:07:40,960
+peristaltics طيب من أيه تتكون autonomic nervous
+
+89
+00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:44,740
+system هي أنها autonomic
+
+90
+00:07:47,470 --> 00:07:52,370
+nervous system autonomic nervous system فينقسم
+
+91
+00:07:52,370 --> 00:07:57,290
+لجزئين جزء
+
+92
+00:07:57,290 --> 00:08:04,690
+الأول وجزء الثاني الجزء الأول اسمه sympathetic
+
+93
+00:08:04,690 --> 00:08:14,090
+nervous system او بنسميه thoracolumbar
+
+94
+00:08:16,560 --> 00:08:20,440
+nervous system جزء ثاني من autonomic nervous
+
+95
+00:08:20,440 --> 00:08:27,060
+system بارا sympathetic nervous system او بنسميها
+
+96
+00:08:27,060 --> 00:08:31,960
+cranio cranio
+
+97
+00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:38,500
+sacral nervous
+
+98
+00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:44,920
+system okay يبقى slide هذا autonomic nervous
+
+99
+00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:50,420
+systemSympathetic nervous system و Parasympathetic
+
+100
+00:08:50,420 --> 00:08:54,620
+nervous system طيب Sympathetic nervous system
+
+101
+00:08:54,620 --> 00:09:03,820
+ثرائق و لمبر من T1 ل L2 segment موجودة ال
+
+102
+00:09:03,820 --> 00:09:09,000
+Parasympathetic nervous system موجودة في جزئين
+
+103
+00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:12,620
+cranial
+
+104
+00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:13,320
+part
+
+105
+00:09:16,550 --> 00:09:22,930
+اللي هو العصب العاشر التاسع السابع الثالث اللي هو
+
+106
+00:09:22,930 --> 00:09:29,210
+بيكون عشر تلاف و تسعمية و تلاتة و سبعين و ساكرال
+
+107
+00:09:29,210 --> 00:09:41,560
+part هي S2 S3 S4سموها Parasympathetic Nervous
+
+108
+00:09:41,560 --> 00:09:45,920
+System لأنها بتحد السيمباتاتيك نيربا سيستم من تحت
+
+109
+00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:49,020
+و من فوق نرسم السيمباتاتيك نيربا سيستم هاي ال
+
+110
+00:09:49,020 --> 00:09:57,400
+spinal cord سيمباتاتيك نيربا سيستم من T1 لحد ال2
+
+111
+00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:02,860
+ال Parasympathetic Nervous System راح تكون في ال
+
+112
+00:10:02,860 --> 00:10:04,820
+cranial part brainstem
+
+113
+00:10:08,680 --> 00:10:14,780
+العصب عشر تاسع سبع خمس عشر تلاف تسع مية و خمس
+
+114
+00:10:14,780 --> 00:10:23,620
+سبعين و في ال sacred part S2 S3 S4 يعني ال
+
+115
+00:10:23,620 --> 00:10:26,320
+parasympathetic nervous system هدول
+
+116
+00:10:28,590 --> 00:10:34,630
+sympathetic nervous system و T1 اللي قلتها تعتبر
+
+117
+00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:37,710
+sympathetic nervous system سموها بارا sympathetic
+
+118
+00:10:37,710 --> 00:10:41,930
+nervous system لأنها بتحد sympathetic nervous
+
+119
+00:10:41,930 --> 00:10:46,170
+system من فوق و من تحت كلمة بارا حوالين حوالين ايه
+
+120
+00:10:46,170 --> 00:10:52,310
+sympathetic nervous system part of the autonomic
+
+121
+00:10:52,310 --> 00:10:56,930
+nervous systemالـ Autonomic Nervous System تتكون
+
+122
+00:10:56,930 --> 00:11:02,710
+من الـ Central Part و الـ Peripheral Part من هم
+
+123
+00:11:02,710 --> 00:11:07,610
+الـ Central Part؟ هم الـ Autonomic Nuclei
+
+124
+00:11:07,610 --> 00:11:14,200
+الموجودين في الـ Brain Systemالنوكلياس تبعت العصب
+
+125
+00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:20,760
+هنا ثالث مش الخامس هنا ايه ثالث صلحوها عندكم عشر
+
+126
+00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:24,100
+تلاف و تسعمية و ثلاثة و سبعين عشر تلاف و تسعمية و
+
+127
+00:11:24,100 --> 00:11:26,720
+خمس سبعين مقصود فيها mixed nerve عشر تلاف و تسعمية
+
+128
+00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:32,940
+و ثلاثة و سبعين اللي هم ايه بارا سيم باتاتيك ايه
+
+129
+00:11:32,940 --> 00:11:34,740
+بقى النوكلياي اللي موجودة في ال brain السم
+
+130
+00:11:34,740 --> 00:11:41,690
+النوكلياس تالت اوكلاموتر nerve السابعتاسع عشر هدول
+
+131
+00:11:41,690 --> 00:11:46,410
+central part طيب و النكلياية الموجودة في ال
+
+132
+00:11:46,410 --> 00:11:53,510
+lateral horn cells segment T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
+
+133
+00:11:53,510 --> 00:11:59,030
+T9 T10 T11 T12 ال one ال two هذه تعتبر central
+
+134
+00:11:59,030 --> 00:12:02,810
+part لل sympatheticوالنوكلياي الموجودة في الانترال
+
+135
+00:12:02,810 --> 00:12:09,090
+هورنسينيز ال C2 ال C3 ال C4 ال نوكلياي
+
+136
+00:12:09,090 --> 00:12:11,430
+الموجودة في الانترال هورنسينيز ال نوكلياي الموجودة
+
+137
+00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:11,430
+في الانترال هورنسينيز ال C2 ال C3 ال C4 ال نوكلياي
+
+138
+00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:11,910
+الموجودة في الانترال هورنسينيز ال نوكلياي الموجودة
+
+139
+00:12:11,910 --> 00:12:11,990
+في الانترال هورنسينيز ال نوكلياي الموجودة في
+
+140
+00:12:11,990 --> 00:12:13,210
+الانترال هورنسينيز ال نوكلياي الموجودة في الانترال
+
+141
+00:12:13,210 --> 00:12:15,670
+هورنسينيز ال نوكلياي الموجودة في الانترال
+
+142
+00:12:15,670 --> 00:12:20,970
+هورنسينيز ال نوكلياي الموجودة
+
+143
+00:12:20,970 --> 00:12:28,270
+في الانترال هورنسينومن T1 ل L2 براينستيم بارا
+
+144
+00:12:28,270 --> 00:12:34,770
+سيمباتاتيك و ساكرال S2 S3 S4 ساكرال part of
+
+145
+00:12:34,770 --> 00:12:39,370
+parasympathetic nervous system peripheral part هم
+
+146
+00:12:39,370 --> 00:12:42,990
+ال nerve fibers و الجنجلية التابعة لمين
+
+147
+00:12:42,990 --> 00:12:47,170
+للsympathetic nervous system و ال nerve fibers و
+
+148
+00:12:47,170 --> 00:12:52,230
+الجنجلية التابعة ليه لparasympathetic nervous
+
+149
+00:12:52,230 --> 00:12:57,900
+systemThe origin of the autonomic nervous system
+
+150
+00:12:57,900 --> 00:13:01,680
+شراحناه ال origin of the autonomic nervous system
+
+151
+00:13:01,680 --> 00:13:08,540
+انا شراحته بقولنا sympathetic nervous system ال
+
+152
+00:13:08,540 --> 00:13:16,960
+origin تبعها thoracolumbar nervous system تبدأ
+
+153
+00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:25,240
+من T1لحد الاتنين يعني all thoracic and الوان ال
+
+154
+00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:30,100
+two segment of spinal cord طيب ال origin بتاع ال
+
+155
+00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:34,180
+parasympathetic nervous system بين جسم جسمين شرحته
+
+156
+00:13:34,180 --> 00:13:38,720
+cranial part اللي هم ال nuclei اللي موجودين في
+
+157
+00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:44,240
+برين السم بتاعين العصب الثالث oculomotor nerve
+
+158
+00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:49,740
+السابعFacial nerve التاسع Glossopharyngeal nerve
+
+159
+00:13:49,740 --> 00:13:59,740
+والعاشر Vagus nerve and nuclei of S3 S2 S3 S4
+
+160
+00:13:59,740 --> 00:14:03,820
+segment الـsacral part يبقى ان هيك انا شرحتلكوا
+
+161
+00:14:03,820 --> 00:14:07,280
+origin بتاع ال sympathetic وبقرا sympathetic كمان
+
+162
+00:14:07,280 --> 00:14:12,860
+مرة sympathetic من T1 لحد L2 بتكون موجودة في ال
+
+163
+00:14:12,860 --> 00:14:16,420
+anterior horn cellsأي أسف بتكون موجودة ال
+
+164
+00:14:16,420 --> 00:14:20,380
+simpatetic وين في lateral horn cells ال simpatetic
+
+165
+00:14:20,380 --> 00:14:27,920
+بتكون من T1 ل L2 بتكون موجودة وين في lateral horn
+
+166
+00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:32,980
+cells البالا simpatetic جزئين cranial part بيكون
+
+167
+00:14:32,980 --> 00:14:36,560
+في إبراين السم اللي هي ال nuclei بتاعة ال
+
+168
+00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:40,560
+oculomotra عصب تلاتة facial سبعة glossopharyngeal
+
+169
+00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:44,470
+تسعة وvegas عشرةو الـ sacral part تعالى باره
+
+170
+00:14:44,470 --> 00:14:46,850
+sympathetic النكليات الموجودة في الـ anterior horn
+
+171
+00:14:46,850 --> 00:14:55,390
+cells S2 S3 S4 segment of a spinal cord دكتور ياد
+
+172
+00:14:55,390 --> 00:15:00,690
+انت قلتلنا sympathetic collateral horn cells
+
+173
+00:15:03,380 --> 00:15:06,160
+والبارا ال sympathetic اللي سيقرأه في ال anterior
+
+174
+00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:11,860
+horn cells ليه؟ ليه ال sympathetic في ال lateral
+
+175
+00:15:11,860 --> 00:15:14,900
+horn cells والبارا ال sympathetic في ال anterior
+
+176
+00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:23,020
+horn cells؟ ابسط المعلومة لكمسافرت ع موسكو في 31
+
+177
+00:15:23,020 --> 00:15:28,560
+ديسمبر وفي كان أعياد عندهم الفندق مليان مشغول جدا
+
+178
+00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:33,880
+ودرجة حرارة اربعين او عشرين او تلاتين تحت الصفر
+
+179
+00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:40,100
+وفيش واسعة في الغرفو قالولي في إلك زاوية في الممر
+
+180
+00:15:40,100 --> 00:15:44,100
+في نهاية الممر بحطلك سيريت نام فيها، بوافق؟ بوافق
+
+181
+00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:46,960
+و ال sympathetic nervous system في ال
+
+182
+00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:51,180
+thoracolumbar part من T1 لT2 ال anterior horn
+
+183
+00:15:51,180 --> 00:15:55,400
+cells مشغولة، فيها motor neurons لمين؟ motor
+
+184
+00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:58,920
+neurons لل chest ولل abdomen المصير ولل lower
+
+185
+00:15:58,920 --> 00:16:02,320
+limbs ال one ال twoفي الحالة هذه الـ anterior
+
+186
+00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:06,620
+horns مشغولة ال sympathetic nervous system بتروح
+
+187
+00:16:06,620 --> 00:16:14,580
+تسكن في horn إضافي اسمه lateral horn لكن S2 خاصة
+
+188
+00:16:14,580 --> 00:16:21,480
+S3 و S4 في S3 و S4 مابيكونش motor neurons فاضينأنا
+
+189
+00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:26,560
+روحت في شهر تلاتة الفندق فاضي، مش فيه غرف مشغولة،
+
+190
+00:16:26,560 --> 00:16:29,320
+أنا بروح أسكن في الممارس ولا في الغرفة، باخد جناح
+
+191
+00:16:29,320 --> 00:16:32,860
+كامل و بسكن فيه، وهنا نفس الشيء اللي بره سمبتتك في
+
+192
+00:16:32,860 --> 00:16:36,660
+ال sacred part الانترو هورنسيلز فاضية، مش مشغولة
+
+193
+00:16:36,660 --> 00:16:39,980
+بال motor neuronراحت سكنت وين؟ في الـ anterior
+
+194
+00:16:39,980 --> 00:16:42,900
+horn cells فهمتوا ليش الـ sympathetic nervous
+
+195
+00:16:42,900 --> 00:16:46,440
+system بتروح تعمل horn إضافي اسمه lateral horn
+
+196
+00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:50,380
+cells لأن الـ anterior horn cells بتكون مشغولة
+
+197
+00:16:50,380 --> 00:16:54,220
+للموتور نيرون لأي muscles؟ لـ chest muscle،
+
+198
+00:16:54,220 --> 00:16:58,200
+intercostal muscle، لأبدومينال muscle، ل ال upper
+
+199
+00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:02,480
+thigh أو ال thigh muscle الموجودة في ال lower
+
+200
+00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:09,700
+limbs peripheral autonomic nervous systemmost of
+
+201
+00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:14,560
+the visceral structures supplied by two systems
+
+202
+00:17:14,560 --> 00:17:20,080
+يعني ال internal organs بتاخد innervation من ال
+
+203
+00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:25,160
+both systems sympathetic و parasympathetic لكن
+
+204
+00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:31,940
+sympathetic nervous system supply skin of the body
+
+205
+00:17:33,660 --> 00:17:37,680
+للـ arteriole لشرايين صغيرة في ال skin و sweetie
+
+206
+00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:44,200
+glands للغدد بتاع العرق تعرق blood vessels of the
+
+207
+00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:47,260
+limbs لال smooth muscles بتاعة blood vessels
+
+208
+00:17:47,260 --> 00:17:51,120
+الموجودة في ال limbs و بتغدى كمان ال deep viscera
+
+209
+00:17:51,120 --> 00:17:58,080
+لكن ال parasympathetic nervous system supply only
+
+210
+00:17:58,080 --> 00:18:04,180
+deep viscera تغدى ال deep viscera each ofالـ two
+
+211
+00:18:04,180 --> 00:18:10,940
+system consists of two order neurons يعني ال
+
+212
+00:18:10,940 --> 00:18:14,860
+autonomic nervous system لها two order neurons لها
+
+213
+00:18:14,860 --> 00:18:19,140
+first neuron بيكون موجود في ال central nervous
+
+214
+00:18:19,140 --> 00:18:24,420
+systemوالها second neuron بيكون موجود في ال
+
+215
+00:18:24,420 --> 00:18:28,500
+peripheral nervous system مين هو ال first neurons
+
+216
+00:18:28,500 --> 00:18:33,200
+هم ال nuclei او ال neurons الموجودين في ال
+
+217
+00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:37,240
+brainstem او ال spinal cord يعني
+
+218
+00:18:38,390 --> 00:18:42,810
+النوكليا السابعة العصب الثالث السابع تاسع عشر او
+
+219
+00:18:42,810 --> 00:18:48,010
+النوكلياي الموجودين في ال lateral horns من T1 ل L2
+
+220
+00:18:48,010 --> 00:18:53,050
+sympathetic nervous system او من S2 S3 S4
+
+221
+00:18:53,050 --> 00:18:56,470
+Parasympathetic nervous system هذي بنسميهم first
+
+222
+00:18:56,470 --> 00:19:01,480
+neuron طب منهم ال second neuron؟اما sympathetic
+
+223
+00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:06,340
+ganglia او parasympathetic ganglia هذه تعتبر
+
+224
+00:19:06,340 --> 00:19:11,680
+second neuron نتكلم
+
+225
+00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:28,460
+على ايش first neuron ناخد
+
+226
+00:19:28,460 --> 00:19:34,440
+مثالناخد العصب التاسع Glossopharyngeal nerve ناخد
+
+227
+00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:42,500
+العصب ايش؟ التاسع العصب التاسع له first neuron
+
+228
+00:19:42,500 --> 00:19:49,840
+اسمه
+
+229
+00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:59,210
+inferiorسليفري نوكلياس وين موجودة Located in
+
+230
+00:19:59,210 --> 00:20:02,790
+Medulla Oblongata يعني في ال brainstem في ال
+
+231
+00:20:02,790 --> 00:20:11,590
+brainstem تمام هذه
+
+232
+00:20:11,590 --> 00:20:21,550
+اسمها first neuron first neuron بدا تسلم second
+
+233
+00:20:21,550 --> 00:20:22,010
+neuron
+
+234
+00:20:26,540 --> 00:20:30,880
+بتسلم مين ال second neuron ال second neuron هي
+
+235
+00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:40,100
+عبارة عن اوتك جانجلية اوتك جانجلية هذه تعتبر بارا
+
+236
+00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:45,780
+سيمباتاتك جانجلية بارا سيمباتاتك جانجلية او
+
+237
+00:20:45,780 --> 00:20:53,780
+جانجليون تمام جانجليون okay هذه تعتبر ايه second
+
+238
+00:20:57,250 --> 00:21:01,170
+نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون
+
+239
+00:21:01,170 --> 00:21:02,990
+نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون
+
+240
+00:21:02,990 --> 00:21:07,370
+نيرون نيرون
+
+241
+00:21:07,370 --> 00:21:15,910
+نيرون نيرون نيرون
+
+242
+00:21:15,910 --> 00:21:17,010
+نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون
+
+243
+00:21:17,010 --> 00:21:17,430
+نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون
+
+244
+00:21:17,430 --> 00:21:22,290
+نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرون نيرونهو
+
+245
+00:21:22,290 --> 00:21:26,610
+إما العصب السابع والتاسع والعاشر احنا أخدنا مثال
+
+246
+00:21:26,610 --> 00:21:32,510
+العصب مين؟ العصب التاسع اللي هو Glossopharyngeal
+
+247
+00:21:32,510 --> 00:21:37,410
+nerve أو
+
+248
+00:21:37,410 --> 00:21:42,890
+Intramedial-lateral nuclei الموجودة في lateral
+
+249
+00:21:42,890 --> 00:21:51,040
+horn cells من T1 لL2 هذه sympatheticو S2 S3 S4
+
+250
+00:21:51,040 --> 00:21:54,540
+الموجودة في الانترو هورن سيلز باراسين بتاتيك هذول
+
+251
+00:21:54,540 --> 00:21:59,780
+يعتبروا ايش؟ First Order Neurons و الموجودين في
+
+252
+00:21:59,780 --> 00:22:06,300
+الـC و S اما Brain Stem و اما Spinal Cord تمام The
+
+253
+00:22:06,300 --> 00:22:11,580
+axon of these cells يعني ال axon او ال nerve بتاع
+
+254
+00:22:11,580 --> 00:22:16,800
+هذول ال First Order Neurons carry stimuli بأخد
+
+255
+00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:23,280
+stimuliمن ال first order نيرون و بيسلموا لل second
+
+256
+00:22:23,280 --> 00:22:30,380
+order نيرون للجنجلية هذا ال fibers هذا ال fibers
+
+257
+00:22:30,380 --> 00:22:34,780
+او
+
+258
+00:22:34,780 --> 00:22:44,300
+ال axon بنسمي preganglionic
+
+259
+00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:55,140
+fibers ليه سمناه preganglionic fibers لأنه حامل
+
+260
+00:22:55,140 --> 00:22:58,740
+الإشارة وبدي سلم للجنجليون يبقى ان هو ما قبل
+
+261
+00:22:58,740 --> 00:23:06,520
+الجنجليون preganglionic وبيكون myelinated أبيض أو
+
+262
+00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:11,260
+white أبيض
+
+263
+00:23:11,260 --> 00:23:15,770
+ليه أبيض لأنه فيه myelin sheathهنا على سبيل المثال
+
+264
+00:23:15,770 --> 00:23:18,750
+اسمه Glossopharyngeal nerve اسمه ايه؟
+
+265
+00:23:18,750 --> 00:23:26,410
+Glossopharyngeal nerve يبقى
+
+266
+00:23:26,410 --> 00:23:31,770
+slide هذا واضح نطبقه هنا ان ال first order neuron
+
+267
+00:23:31,770 --> 00:23:37,210
+هو inferior salivary nucleus وان موجودة في ال
+
+268
+00:23:37,210 --> 00:23:41,740
+brain اسم في الميدالة Oblongataبتسلم الإشارة لـ
+
+269
+00:23:41,740 --> 00:23:44,640
+Second Order Neuron، من هو الـ Second Order
+
+270
+00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:47,620
+Neuron؟ Otic Ganglion موجود في الـ Peripheral
+
+271
+00:23:47,620 --> 00:23:51,720
+Nervous System طيب ال fibers أو ال axon من ال
+
+272
+00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:55,580
+First Order Neuron اللي راح تسلم ال Second Order
+
+273
+00:23:55,580 --> 00:24:02,940
+Neuron، إيش اسمها؟ اسمهابريجانجليونيك فايبرز او
+
+274
+00:24:02,940 --> 00:24:10,180
+white nerve و بتكون ميلينيتد نجي لل second order
+
+275
+00:24:10,180 --> 00:24:14,400
+نيرون ال second order نيرون راح يكون اما
+
+276
+00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:18,780
+sympathetic جانجليةوإما بارا sympathetic ganglia
+
+277
+00:24:18,780 --> 00:24:24,200
+اللي بيحصل فيها synapse وبتحول ل pre ganglionic
+
+278
+00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:30,380
+fibers لإي ل post ganglionic fibers يبقى second
+
+279
+00:24:30,380 --> 00:24:33,820
+order نيرون راح يكون sympathetic أو بارا
+
+280
+00:24:33,820 --> 00:24:39,220
+sympathetic ganglia وال fibers تبعتهم راح تكون
+
+281
+00:24:39,220 --> 00:24:45,840
+اسمها ايها post
+
+282
+00:24:52,680 --> 00:25:01,760
+Ganglionic fibers بتكون إيش؟ Gray أو non
+
+283
+00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:07,060
+-myelinated هذا
+
+284
+00:25:07,060 --> 00:25:11,100
+إيش بده يسلم؟ لمين بده يسلم هذه الإشارة على ال
+
+285
+00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:11,340
+boss؟
+
+286
+00:25:16,930 --> 00:25:23,370
+للـ target organ target organ هنا ال target organ
+
+287
+00:25:23,370 --> 00:25:31,990
+راح يكون بروتد اجلاند بروتد اجلاند احنا اخدنا مثال
+
+288
+00:25:31,990 --> 00:25:36,180
+العصب التاسع يبقى كمان مرةالـ First Order Neuron
+
+289
+00:25:36,180 --> 00:25:39,440
+موجود في الـ CNS Inferior Salivary Nucleus راح
+
+290
+00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:41,620
+يسلم الـ Second Order Neuron اللي هي
+
+291
+00:25:41,620 --> 00:25:45,080
+Parasympathetic جانجليان عصب مثلا لإنه بشرح العصب
+
+292
+00:25:45,080 --> 00:25:48,060
+التاسع بارا سيمباتيك راح يكون fibers او ت
+
+293
+00:25:48,060 --> 00:25:52,780
+الجانجليون ال fibers اللي ما قبل الجانجليون اسمه
+
+294
+00:25:52,780 --> 00:25:57,790
+pre-ganglionicهي axon of the first neuron و بتكون
+
+295
+00:25:57,790 --> 00:26:02,070
+myelinated ال axon اللي هي بتسلم ال target organ
+
+296
+00:26:02,070 --> 00:26:05,750
+اللي هي axon of second order neuron بنسميهم
+
+297
+00:26:05,750 --> 00:26:09,230
+postganglionic fibers و بيكونوا gray أو non
+
+298
+00:26:09,230 --> 00:26:12,970
+myelinated مين ال target organ؟ parotid gland
+
+299
+00:26:12,970 --> 00:26:19,170
+فهمتوهم؟ يعني بيبقى parotid gland target organايش
+
+300
+00:26:19,170 --> 00:26:22,890
+أنواع الـ Autonomic Ganglia؟ الـ Autonomic Ganglia
+
+301
+00:26:22,890 --> 00:26:26,730
+نوعين فيه sympathetic و فيه باره sympathetic
+
+302
+00:26:26,730 --> 00:26:33,030
+sympathetic تنجسم لجسمين باره الورتبرا الجانجلية
+
+303
+00:26:33,030 --> 00:26:37,290
+أو sympathetic جانجلية بيكونون شيء اسمه
+
+304
+00:26:37,290 --> 00:26:41,910
+sympathetic chainوكل جنجلية الجنجلة بتكون في
+
+305
+00:26:41,910 --> 00:26:45,810
+أبضومنا الـ cavity بعيدة شوية اسمها celiac
+
+306
+00:26:45,810 --> 00:26:49,390
+superior mesenteric و inferior mesenteric مش مطلوب
+
+307
+00:26:49,390 --> 00:26:52,850
+منكوا الأسماء أهم شي تعرفوا أن فيه سمبتات الجنجلية
+
+308
+00:26:52,850 --> 00:26:57,110
+و في بارا سمبتات الجنجلية البارا سمبتات الجنجلية
+
+309
+00:26:57,110 --> 00:27:02,930
+بتكون قريبة لل walls of the viscera قريبة لوين؟ لل
+
+310
+00:27:02,930 --> 00:27:08,030
+organ في ملاحظة انه
+
+311
+00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:15,670
+بري جانجليونيك فايبر هان ميلينيتد او white او ايه
+
+312
+00:27:15,670 --> 00:27:21,550
+white بوست جانجليونيك فايبر نان ميلينيتد او ايه
+
+313
+00:27:21,550 --> 00:27:26,370
+gray طيب الجانجلية sympathetic جريبة على ال
+
+314
+00:27:26,370 --> 00:27:31,270
+vertebral column في الحالة هذه بري جانجليونيك
+
+315
+00:27:31,270 --> 00:27:37,460
+فايبر بتاعة sympathetic nervous system shortوالـ
+
+316
+00:27:37,460 --> 00:27:42,200
+postganglionic long العكسة هي الجانجلية البارة
+
+317
+00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:44,600
+sympathetic تكون جريبة على ال target organ and ال
+
+318
+00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:48,440
+organ في ال wall of the organرح يكون برا
+
+319
+00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:52,780
+sympathetic preganglionic long لاحظوا أنا رسمتهم
+
+320
+00:27:52,780 --> 00:27:57,960
+long وال postganglionic رح تكون short يبقى كمان
+
+321
+00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:02,920
+مرة preganglionic fibers sympathetic رح تكون short
+
+322
+00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:07,020
+postganglionic long العكس صحيح برا sympathetic برا
+
+323
+00:28:07,020 --> 00:28:11,220
+sympathetic preganglionic long postganglionic رح
+
+324
+00:28:11,220 --> 00:28:16,790
+تكون short من ناحية الميالين شفتبريجانجليونيك لـ
+
+325
+00:28:16,790 --> 00:28:19,130
+sympathetic والبارا sympathetic nervous system
+
+326
+00:28:19,130 --> 00:28:23,570
+ميلينياتي أو white both ganglionic fibers
+
+327
+00:28:23,570 --> 00:28:27,270
+sympathetic وبارا sympathetic رح يكونوا إيه إيجريه
+
+328
+00:28:27,270 --> 00:28:32,330
+بتكلم الآن على ال transmission أو transmitters of
+
+329
+00:28:32,330 --> 00:28:36,890
+the autonomic nervous system بريجانجليونيك
+
+330
+00:28:36,890 --> 00:28:41,100
+transmittersكانت sympathetic nervous system او
+
+331
+00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:44,320
+parasympathetic nervous system راح يكون أستيطاعي
+
+332
+00:28:44,320 --> 00:28:48,620
+القليل postganglionic transmitters
+
+333
+00:28:52,280 --> 00:28:54,860
+بارا سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين بارا سيمباتيك
+
+334
+00:28:54,860 --> 00:28:56,820
+أسيتالكولين بارا سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين بارا
+
+335
+00:28:56,820 --> 00:28:59,060
+سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين بارا سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين
+
+336
+00:28:59,060 --> 00:29:01,860
+بارا سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين بارا سيمباتيك
+
+337
+00:29:01,860 --> 00:29:01,960
+أسيتالكولين بارا سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين بارا
+
+338
+00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:04,720
+سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين بارا سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين
+
+339
+00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:11,780
+بارا سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين بارا سيمباتيك
+
+340
+00:29:11,780 --> 00:29:18,180
+أسيتالكولين بارا سيمباتيك أسيتالكولين بارا
+
+341
+00:29:18,180 --> 00:29:21,590
+سيمباتيك أسيتالكولينParasympathetic Acetylcholine
+
+342
+00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:24,610
+يعني بنطلع بنتيجة ان ال Parasympathetic nervous
+
+343
+00:29:24,610 --> 00:29:27,870
+system Preganglionic أو Postganglionic
+
+344
+00:29:27,870 --> 00:29:31,410
+Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Sympathetic
+
+345
+00:29:31,410 --> 00:29:34,490
+nervous system Preganglionic Acetylcholine
+
+346
+00:29:34,490 --> 00:29:38,610
+Postganglionic Epinephrine Norepinephrine وفي بعض
+
+347
+00:29:38,610 --> 00:29:44,670
+الأماكن Acetylcholine مثل ايه Sweet gland باضحانة
+
+348
+00:29:44,670 --> 00:29:50,430
+هي ال sympathetic nervous systemPreganglionic
+
+349
+00:29:50,430 --> 00:29:54,790
+Acetylcholine و البقرة sympathetic Preganglionic
+
+350
+00:29:54,790 --> 00:29:58,110
+Acetylcholine Postganglionic البقرة sympathetic
+
+351
+00:29:58,110 --> 00:30:03,130
+Acetylcholine اي ال sympathetic nervous system
+
+352
+00:30:03,130 --> 00:30:08,530
+Acetylcholine او نوربينفرين و بنفرين و في بعض
+
+353
+00:30:08,530 --> 00:30:11,710
+الأماكن بيكون Acetylcholine لسويتي جلاند لما
+
+354
+00:30:11,710 --> 00:30:17,240
+اتكلمنا يا جماعةعلى الـ preganglionic و ال
+
+355
+00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:19,700
+postganglionic fibers قولنا preganglionic
+
+356
+00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:24,080
+Parasympathetic بيكونوا long و postganglionic
+
+357
+00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:26,900
+short في ال sympathetic nervous system قولنا
+
+358
+00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:30,660
+preganglionic بيكونوا short و postganglionic
+
+359
+00:30:30,660 --> 00:30:34,300
+بيكونوا long مع ذا في exception في sympathetic
+
+360
+00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:38,220
+nervous system adrenal gland في ال adrenal gland
+
+361
+00:30:38,220 --> 00:30:43,230
+هذه adrenal gland ال preganglionicبيكونوا A long و
+
+362
+00:30:43,230 --> 00:30:46,230
+الـ postganglionic A short يبقى ال exception في ال
+
+363
+00:30:46,230 --> 00:30:49,370
+sympathetic nervous system هي مين؟ Adrenal gland
+
+364
+00:30:49,370 --> 00:30:52,930
+Adrenal gland بيكونوا preganglionic long و
+
+365
+00:30:52,930 --> 00:30:58,970
+postganglionic A short هيك
+
+366
+00:30:58,970 --> 00:31:02,930
+بيكون خلصت الموضوع ال neurotransmitters هلأ how
+
+367
+00:31:02,930 --> 00:31:06,890
+the visceral structure supplied by the autonomic
+
+368
+00:31:06,890 --> 00:31:13,310
+fibersمعظم الأسلحة العضلية لديها اتجارات عضلية
+
+369
+00:31:13,310 --> 00:31:17,110
+تتجارب اتجارات
+
+370
+00:31:17,110 --> 00:31:19,070
+عضلية تتجارب اتجارة عضلية تتجارب اتجارة عضلية
+
+371
+00:31:19,070 --> 00:31:23,870
+تتجارب اتجارة عضلية تتجارب اتجارة عضلية تتجارب
+
+372
+00:31:23,870 --> 00:31:27,750
+اتجارة عضلية تتجارب اتجارة عضلية تتجارب اتجارة
+
+373
+00:31:27,750 --> 00:31:28,750
+عضلية تتجارب اتجارة عضلية تتجارب اتجارة عضلية
+
+374
+00:31:28,750 --> 00:31:28,750
+تتجارب اتجارة عضلية تتجارب اتجارة عضلية تتجارب
+
+375
+00:31:28,750 --> 00:31:34,640
+اتجارة عضلية تتجارب اتجارب اتجارب اتراحت ايه تزود
+
+376
+00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:38,080
+و تسريع نبض القلب عشان هيك في ال stress لو احنا
+
+377
+00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:42,320
+كنا ماشيين و فجأة صار قصف او ماشيين في الليل مش من
+
+378
+00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:45,960
+تبهين نبح عليكوا كلب ايش بيصير معاكم تسمعوا ال
+
+379
+00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:48,980
+heart beat نبض القلب سريع من ال stress من ال
+
+380
+00:31:48,980 --> 00:31:52,600
+sympathetic nervous systemالعكس صحيح البارا
+
+381
+00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:56,660
+sympathetic nervous system لما نيجي ننام و نتغدى و
+
+382
+00:31:56,660 --> 00:32:00,120
+نقعد على الكنبة نرتاح بتلاقي تشتغل البارا
+
+383
+00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:02,540
+sympathetic في الحالة دى لو فحصنا ال heart rate
+
+384
+00:32:02,540 --> 00:32:07,480
+تبعنا بيكون جل شوية بقل ال heart rate ناتج عن طريق
+
+385
+00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:11,410
+البارا sympathetic nervous systemEach of
+
+386
+00:32:11,410 --> 00:32:14,270
+sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system
+
+387
+00:32:14,270 --> 00:32:19,630
+formed of two neurons قلنا اول نيرون بيكون موجود
+
+388
+00:32:19,630 --> 00:32:22,650
+في ال central neural system اما في ال brainstem او
+
+389
+00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:28,640
+spinal cord والaxon تبعهبيكون preganglionic بيكون
+
+390
+00:32:28,640 --> 00:32:33,700
+ايه؟ كمان مرة قولنا ال preganglionic او ال first
+
+391
+00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:38,920
+نيرون له اكزون الاكزون بتاع ال first نيرون بيكون
+
+392
+00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:44,980
+preganglionic بيكون white بيكون ايه؟ white ايش
+
+393
+00:32:44,980 --> 00:32:49,880
+white؟ يعني أبيض لأنه بيكون myelinated myelinated
+
+394
+00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:56,420
+مكسو بمادة الميلين لكنالـ Second Order Neuron
+
+395
+00:32:56,420 --> 00:32:59,160
+موجود في الـ Peripheral Nervous System إما
+
+396
+00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:03,920
+سينباتات الجنجلية و إما بارا سينباتات الجنجلية
+
+397
+00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:10,020
+والـ Axon تبعهابيكون postganglionic ما بعد
+
+398
+00:33:10,020 --> 00:33:13,780
+الجانجليون هو راح سلم مين؟ هو راح سلمنا ال target
+
+399
+00:33:13,780 --> 00:33:18,220
+organ وبيكون grey ولا white؟ بيكون grey nerve،
+
+400
+00:33:18,220 --> 00:33:23,520
+grey ramus وبيكون nonmyelinated عشان nonmyelinated
+
+401
+00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:30,100
+مافيش فيه myelin sheath، بنسميه إيه؟ grey نتكلم
+
+402
+00:33:30,100 --> 00:33:35,170
+ا��آن على parasympathetic nervous systemاتفاقنا
+
+403
+00:33:35,170 --> 00:33:38,470
+البارا sympathetic nervous system اسمها
+
+404
+00:33:38,470 --> 00:33:43,090
+craniosacral nervous system بتتكون من كام جزء من
+
+405
+00:33:43,090 --> 00:33:49,400
+جزئين cranial part and sacral partالان في الجزء
+
+406
+00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:53,920
+الأول من المحاضرة راح أكمل شرح الـ cranial part of
+
+407
+00:33:53,920 --> 00:33:58,280
+parasympathetic nervous system ال cranial part هو
+
+408
+00:33:58,280 --> 00:34:01,600
+ال nuclei بتاعة العصب الثالث oculomotor nerve
+
+409
+00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:05,380
+السابع اللي هو facial nerve التاسع ال
+
+410
+00:34:05,380 --> 00:34:10,210
+glosopharyngeal nerve وعاشر اللي هو Vegas nerveزي
+
+411
+00:34:10,210 --> 00:34:13,310
+ما انتم ملاحظين هذول الـ cranial nerves فيهم
+
+412
+00:34:13,310 --> 00:34:17,350
+fibers ال fibers جاية من ال brainstem من ال first
+
+413
+00:34:17,350 --> 00:34:20,910
+order neuron و بيسلملنا target organ بتلاحظوا ال
+
+414
+00:34:20,910 --> 00:34:26,150
+preganglionic fibers ايش long و ال both ganglionic
+
+415
+00:34:26,150 --> 00:34:33,450
+fibers short لانها جريبة ل target organ في
+
+416
+00:34:33,450 --> 00:34:38,830
+هنا بارة sympathetic ganglia في ال headفي الهد فور
+
+417
+00:34:38,830 --> 00:34:46,330
+جنجليا سيلاري جنجليا سفينو بلاتين أو تيريجو بلاتين
+
+418
+00:34:46,330 --> 00:34:53,610
+جنجليا submandibular جنجليون و اوتك جنجليون و اوتك
+
+419
+00:34:53,610 --> 00:34:58,790
+جنجليون راح نشرحهم مع ال نيرز هاي عندي سيلاري
+
+420
+00:34:58,790 --> 00:35:04,130
+جنجليونبعدها سفينو بلاتاين او التيريجو بلاتاين
+
+421
+00:35:04,130 --> 00:35:08,670
+اكبر واحدة في اوتج جانجليون انا شرحتها مع العصب مع
+
+422
+00:35:08,670 --> 00:35:13,050
+العصب التاسل مع الجلوس الفانجيال وفيها اللي هي
+
+423
+00:35:13,050 --> 00:35:18,490
+واضحا اكتر اللي هي submandibular ganglion
+
+424
+00:35:18,490 --> 00:35:25,350
+submandibular ganglion ناخد
+
+425
+00:35:25,350 --> 00:35:29,730
+ال cranial nerves ال cranial nerves ال cranial
+
+426
+00:35:29,730 --> 00:35:34,930
+nervesالـ oculomotor nerve نطبقها نفس الـ
+
+427
+00:35:34,930 --> 00:35:37,710
+oculomotor nerve هاي ال oculomotor nerve العصب
+
+428
+00:35:37,710 --> 00:35:44,990
+ايش؟ الثالث العصب الثالث الو first order neuron
+
+429
+00:35:44,990 --> 00:35:48,790
+الو
+
+430
+00:35:48,790 --> 00:35:53,610
+ايش؟ first order neuron مين هو ال first order
+
+431
+00:35:53,610 --> 00:36:00,930
+neuron؟ نوكلياس اسمها Edinger Westphalنوكلياس
+
+432
+00:36:00,930 --> 00:36:06,470
+موجودة وين في ال mid brain موجودة وين في ال mid
+
+433
+00:36:06,470 --> 00:36:10,710
+brain يبقى ال first order نيرون a danger ويسفل
+
+434
+00:36:10,710 --> 00:36:15,970
+نوكلياس in mid brain طيب ال second order نيرون
+
+435
+00:36:15,970 --> 00:36:22,170
+تبعها second
+
+436
+00:36:22,170 --> 00:36:27,030
+order نيرون اللي هي رح تكون
+
+437
+00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:36,280
+Ganglion Cellary Ganglion الـ preganglionic fibers
+
+438
+00:36:36,280 --> 00:36:42,660
+preganglionic fibers راح يكون oculomotor nerve
+
+439
+00:36:42,660 --> 00:36:49,220
+oculomotor nerve oculomotor nerve اللي هو يعتبر
+
+440
+00:36:49,220 --> 00:36:55,660
+ايه preganglionic fibers
+
+441
+00:36:58,370 --> 00:37:01,710
+رح يسلم ال second order اللي هي ال celery ganglion
+
+442
+00:37:01,710 --> 00:37:05,710
+اللي هي برصم بطاقة ال ganglion ال celery ganglion
+
+443
+00:37:05,710 --> 00:37:16,590
+رح تعطينا fibers non myelinated أو post ganglionic
+
+444
+00:37:16,590 --> 00:37:22,950
+post ganglionic fibers هذه
+
+445
+00:37:22,950 --> 00:37:28,600
+رح تسخدنا ال target organTarget organ راح يكون مين
+
+446
+00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:33,680
+هم ال target organ Constrictor أو sphincter بيوبل
+
+447
+00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:39,180
+مصل وسيلري مصل سيلري مصل لها علاقة بعملية
+
+448
+00:37:39,180 --> 00:37:44,160
+accommodation of I لما نجرب اي object near the
+
+449
+00:37:44,160 --> 00:37:47,980
+eyes والconstrictor بيوبل مصل راح تعمل
+
+450
+00:37:47,980 --> 00:37:52,060
+construction للبيوبل وصغر للبيوبل هذي تعتبر ايش
+
+451
+00:37:52,060 --> 00:37:53,460
+target organ
+
+452
+00:37:56,670 --> 00:38:01,370
+هي عندى celery ganglion الفايبر بتجي من الادينجر
+
+453
+00:38:01,370 --> 00:38:04,730
+واسفل النكليز عن طريق ال اوكلان موتور نيرف وبتغدى
+
+454
+00:38:04,730 --> 00:38:10,290
+constructor pupil muscle وcelery muscle اتكلم على
+
+455
+00:38:10,290 --> 00:38:17,650
+facial nerve facial nerve facial
+
+456
+00:38:17,650 --> 00:38:24,430
+nerve ال first order neuron
+
+457
+00:38:29,360 --> 00:38:35,580
+اسمها Superior Salivary Nucleus موجودة في الـ Pons
+
+458
+00:38:35,580 --> 00:38:42,140
+في الـ Pons هذه الـ first order نيرون طيب ال
+
+459
+00:38:42,140 --> 00:38:45,700
+facial nerve intermediates رح ينقسم لاتنين فرعين
+
+460
+00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:52,620
+رح ينقسم لفرعين هذا
+
+461
+00:38:52,620 --> 00:39:00,460
+facial nerve رح يعطيناgreater superficial petrosal
+
+462
+00:39:00,460 --> 00:39:04,600
+nerve جي أسبان أخدناه في ال facial nerve ورح يضينا
+
+463
+00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:10,620
+كوردة تنبني نيرف كوردة تنبني نيرف يبقى جي أسبان و
+
+464
+00:39:10,620 --> 00:39:15,180
+كوردة تنبني نيرف يعتبروا preganglionic fibers رح
+
+465
+00:39:15,180 --> 00:39:18,060
+يسلموا إشارة للجانجليون اللي هي second order
+
+466
+00:39:18,060 --> 00:39:23,660
+neuron second order neuron الجانجليون هذه إما تكون
+
+467
+00:39:23,660 --> 00:39:29,910
+ترجعبالتين جانجليون أو لاسم ثاني سفينو بلتين
+
+468
+00:39:29,910 --> 00:39:36,230
+جانجليون أو لصب مانديبولر جانجليون صب مانديبولر
+
+469
+00:39:36,230 --> 00:39:39,170
+جانجليون يبقى ال second order نيرون راح يكون له
+
+470
+00:39:39,170 --> 00:39:45,210
+two neurons ترجوا بلتين جانجليون وصب مانديبولر
+
+471
+00:39:45,210 --> 00:39:52,800
+جانجليون ال postganglionic fibers shortترجوا
+
+472
+00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:56,880
+بلاتين جانجليون راح يغدونا ال target organs مين هم
+
+473
+00:39:56,880 --> 00:40:03,540
+ال target organs راح يكون لنا lacrimal بلاتين
+
+474
+00:40:03,540 --> 00:40:10,260
+و nasopharyngeal
+
+475
+00:40:10,260 --> 00:40:14,860
+glands طيب
+
+476
+00:40:14,860 --> 00:40:19,680
+ال submandibular جانجليون راح تغدي glands
+
+477
+00:40:25,720 --> 00:40:31,640
+submandibular salivary glands
+
+478
+00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:45,040
+و sublingual salivary gland هي كأنا شرحتلكوا ال
+
+479
+00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:50,940
+facial nerveهي عندي هنا واضحة اللي هي
+
+480
+00:40:50,940 --> 00:40:55,620
+submandibular ganglion بتغدى ال submandibular
+
+481
+00:40:55,620 --> 00:40:58,680
+salivary gland و sublingual salivary gland هنا
+
+482
+00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:01,580
+واضحة عندي sphenopalatine ganglion او
+
+483
+00:41:01,580 --> 00:41:04,580
+tergopalatine ganglion اللى بتغدى الدمع عشان هيك
+
+484
+00:41:04,580 --> 00:41:07,380
+لو جصينا بصل دخلنا المطبخ و جصينا البصل ايش بيصير
+
+485
+00:41:07,380 --> 00:41:11,480
+معنا؟ بيصير ندمع و ننفق و حالتنا بتكون شلش تعبانين
+
+486
+00:41:11,480 --> 00:41:14,800
+على الآخر من موضوع البصل ده كان بصل أصلي مش مزيف
+
+487
+00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:19,480
+تمام؟في الحالة هذه من اشتغل؟ اشتغل عندنا تيروجو
+
+488
+00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:23,220
+بلاتاين جانجليون اللي غضبت لنا اللاكريمال جلاند،
+
+489
+00:41:23,220 --> 00:41:28,600
+الغدد تبع الدمع والبلاتاين والنيزوفارنجيا الجلاند،
+
+490
+00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:29,960
+هذه اللاكريمال جلاند
+
+491
+00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:37,380
+glossopharyngeal nerve انا شرحته في مثال في بداية
+
+492
+00:41:37,380 --> 00:41:41,320
+المحاضرة ال first order neuron inferior salivary
+
+493
+00:41:41,320 --> 00:41:43,900
+nucleus موجودة في الميدالة أو بلانجاتا ال
+
+494
+00:41:43,900 --> 00:41:47,180
+preganglionic fibers هو glossopharyngeal nerve
+
+495
+00:41:47,180 --> 00:41:51,920
+second order neuron otic ganglion ال target organ
+
+496
+00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:55,770
+بيغدو الbarotid gland انا شرحه في بداية المحاضرةهي
+
+497
+00:41:55,770 --> 00:42:01,990
+عندى اوتيك اوتيك جانجليون متجهان هى
+
+498
+00:42:01,990 --> 00:42:04,250
+Glossopharyngeal nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve
+
+499
+00:42:04,250 --> 00:42:07,890
+يعتبر preganglionic بيجينا من ال first order نيرون
+
+500
+00:42:07,890 --> 00:42:10,250
+بيكون فى الميدالة أوبلانجات اسمه Enfero salivary
+
+501
+00:42:10,250 --> 00:42:13,930
+nucleus بيعمل relay فى ال اوتيك جانجليون والاوتيك
+
+502
+00:42:13,930 --> 00:42:17,290
+جانجليون بتعطينا postganglionic fibers لل target
+
+503
+00:42:17,290 --> 00:42:19,830
+organ اللى هو parotid gland
+
+504
+00:42:22,870 --> 00:42:28,310
+النيرون الأول هو دورسل موتور نوكلياس of Vegas
+
+505
+00:42:28,310 --> 00:42:33,130
+nerve. It is the most important parasympathetic
+
+506
+00:42:33,130 --> 00:42:38,250
+nucleus in the bodysecond order neuron ماني عشرات
+
+507
+00:42:38,250 --> 00:42:43,510
+عشرات ماني جانجيليا in different organs في ال
+
+508
+00:42:43,510 --> 00:42:46,830
+thorax لل respiratory system و ال heart و ال
+
+509
+00:42:46,830 --> 00:42:51,870
+abdomen target organ heart respiratory system
+
+510
+00:42:51,870 --> 00:42:58,450
+large part of GIT يا جماعة ال Vegas nerve بيقدي ال
+
+511
+00:42:58,450 --> 00:43:02,250
+heart respiratory system بيقدي جهاز هضمي من وين؟
+
+512
+00:43:03,020 --> 00:43:08,520
+Isovagus المريء ال stomach المعدة الدودينم ال 12
+
+513
+00:43:08,520 --> 00:43:12,460
+small intestine الأمعاء الغليظة بيغضب منها
+
+514
+00:43:12,460 --> 00:43:19,080
+ascending colon و write to third of transverse
+
+515
+00:43:19,080 --> 00:43:22,920
+colon هلأ ال left one third left one third of
+
+516
+00:43:22,920 --> 00:43:25,360
+transverse colon descending colon rectum بياخدوا
+
+517
+00:43:25,360 --> 00:43:28,860
+من ال circle part of parasympathetic nervous
+
+518
+00:43:28,860 --> 00:43:34,550
+systemبكفي الآن في الجزء الأول من المحاضرة راح
+
+519
+00:43:34,550 --> 00:43:37,390
+نكمل في الجزء الثاني a sacral part of
+
+520
+00:43:37,390 --> 00:43:40,150
+parasympathetic nervous system و sympathetic
+
+521
+00:43:40,150 --> 00:43:41,090
+nervous system
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/oSABVZmdXrQ.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1246 @@
+1
+00:00:05,210 --> 00:00:08,010
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,010 --> 00:00:12,650
+وبركاته نكمل الجزء الثاني من محاضرة الأسبوع الرابع
+
+3
+00:00:12,650 --> 00:00:16,990
+اتكلمنا في الجزء الأول على the brain stem physiology
+
+4
+00:00:16,990 --> 00:00:20,510
+of the brain stem anatomy and physiology and
+
+5
+00:00:20,510 --> 00:00:24,170
+internal structures of the medulla oblongata الجزء
+
+6
+00:00:24,170 --> 00:00:27,130
+الثاني راح نكمل نتكلم عن the anatomy and physiology of
+
+7
+00:00:27,130 --> 00:00:34,290
+the pons and midbrain. The pons is the middle part
+
+8
+00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:38,850
+of the brain stem which is located between the
+
+9
+00:00:38,850 --> 00:00:45,450
+medulla oblongata and midbrain. The pons 
+
+10
+00:00:45,450 --> 00:00:49,230
+extends from the medulla oblongata below. بيحدد ال
+
+11
+00:00:49,230 --> 00:00:54,350
+pons من تحت اللي هو medulla oblongata to the midbrain
+
+12
+00:00:54,350 --> 00:01:00,580
+above. وبيحدد ال pons من أعلى the midbrain and located
+
+13
+000:01:00,580 --> 00:01:06,400
+in front of the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle.
+
+14
+00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:12,500
+وموجود أمام ال fourth ventricle و ال cerebellum
+
+15
+00:01:12,500 --> 00:01:21,480
+هيا انها واضح the pons هذا
+
+16
+00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:25,760
+ال pons جسر ما بين Medulla و Oblongata
+
+17
+00:01:29,570 --> 00:01:36,570
+و midbrain. بيحدوا من أعلى the midbrain من أسفل ميضلق
+
+18
+00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:40,950
+بلنجاته من الخلف the fourth ventricle و the cerebellum
+
+19
+00:01:40,950 --> 00:01:45,350
+fourth ventricle and cerebellum. هذا ال locations و
+
+20
+00:01:45,350 --> 00:01:52,230
+ال extensions بتاعة the pons external
+
+21
+00:01:52,230 --> 00:01:55,090
+features of the pons. لما نتكلم عن ال external
+
+22
+00:01:55,090 --> 00:02:00,210
+features of the pons, the anterior cervix of the
+
+23
+00:02:00,210 --> 00:02:05,370
+pons موجود في ال anterior cervix. The basilar groove
+
+24
+00:02:05,370 --> 00:02:12,510
+في ال basilar groove بيمر اللي هو the basilar artery
+
+25
+00:02:12,510 --> 00:02:17,490
+اتذكرولي اتنين اتنين اربعة اربعة هدول ال cranial
+
+26
+00:02:17,490 --> 00:02:19,230
+nerves. الأول اتنين بيكونوا في ال cerebral
+
+27
+00:02:19,230 --> 00:02:22,270
+hemisphere. اللي بعدهم بيكونوا في ال middle brain
+
+28
+00:02:22,270 --> 00:02:26,360
+والاربعة اللي بعدهم في ال pons واللي بعدهم يظل
+
+29
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:30,100
+أبلانجاتة في بعض ال exceptions بنتكلم في كل عصب
+
+30
+00:02:30,100 --> 00:02:34,200
+لوحده. يجان في انا basilar groove بيمور فيه
+
+31
+00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:37,620
+the basilar artery. ومين اللي بيكونوا موجودين في ال
+
+32
+00:02:37,620 --> 00:02:41,200
+pons؟ بيخرجوا من ال pons العصب الراب الخامس the trigeminal
+
+33
+00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:45,880
+من ال the abducent nerve العصب السادس the facial
+
+34
+00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:50,680
+nerve العصب السابع و the vestibulocochlear nerve العصب
+
+35
+00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:56,120
+الثامن. هدول أربعة بيخرجوا من وين؟ من ال pons هي
+
+36
+00:02:56,120 --> 00:03:00,280
+واضحة عندي anterior surface و anterolateral
+
+37
+00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:05,620
+surface of the pons. هنا بيكون فيها the basilar groove
+
+38
+00:03:05,620 --> 00:03:10,060
+هم بيمر فيها the basilar artery. بخرج من ال
+
+39
+00:03:10,060 --> 00:03:13,980
+anterolateral surface اللي هو الترايجي من ال nerve
+
+40
+00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:18,620
+الـ the trigeminal nerve له large root sensory and
+
+41
+00:03:18,620 --> 00:03:24,200
+small root motor، the abducent nerve بين الـ the pons
+
+42
+00:03:24,200 --> 00:03:27,380
+والميدال اللي قبلين جاتها، the facial nerve له two
+
+43
+00:03:27,380 --> 00:03:32,220
+roots. large root motor and small root sensory and
+
+44
+00:03:32,220 --> 00:03:37,380
+parasympathetic و the vestibulocochlear nerve العصب
+
+45
+00:03:37,380 --> 00:03:44,690
+إيش العصب الثامن؟ هذا هو ال external features of the
+
+46
+00:03:44,690 --> 00:03:53,370
+anterolateral surface of the pons. وعضة عندي هنا
+
+47
+00:03:53,370 --> 00:03:59,350
+the trigeminal nerve, the abducent nerve, the facial nerve and
+
+48
+00:03:59,350 --> 00:04:03,750
+the vestibular cochlear nerve. وهذه اللي هي the basilar
+
+49
+00:04:03,750 --> 00:04:07,490
+groove أو بنسميها the groove of the basilar artery
+
+50
+00:04:07,490 --> 00:04:13,790
+لأنه بيمر فيها the basilar artery. ا��آن اتكلم على
+
+51
+00:04:13,790 --> 00:04:18,170
+the posterior surface of the pons. the posterior surface of
+
+52
+00:04:18,170 --> 00:04:21,110
+the pons. لما نتكلم عن the posterior surface of the
+
+53
+00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:28,260
+pons في عندنا the median longitudinal sulcus موجود في
+
+54
+00:04:28,260 --> 00:04:34,660
+ال middle line. في a medial eminence في the facial
+
+55
+00:04:34,660 --> 00:04:40,600
+colliculus وفي the vestibular trigon. The vestibular trigon
+
+56
+00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:44,720
+and the facial colliculus بتعطينا the facial nucleus. هاي ال
+
+57
+00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:50,280
+posterior surface of the pons هنا في أنها تكون
+
+58
+00:04:50,280 --> 00:04:55,790
+posterior median  infarction. واضح في هنا الـ The facial
+
+59
+00:04:55,790 --> 00:05:00,850
+colliculus و الـ The medial eminence. كل هذا موجود بمجرد
+
+60
+00:05:00,850 --> 00:05:04,990
+كمان الـ The vestibular trigon هو اللي في ال
+
+61
+00:05:04,990 --> 00:05:08,670
+posterior service of the pons مش واضح هنا بس في
+
+62
+00:05:08,670 --> 00:05:18,770
+الصورة هاي عندي اكمله هان. هذه الصورة أوضح هنا
+
+63
+00:05:18,770 --> 00:05:25,900
+في ايه posterior median infarction في facial colliculus في ال
+
+64
+00:05:25,900 --> 00:05:32,200
+medial eminence وفي اللي هو تكملة the vestibular trigon لأنه
+
+65
+00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:37,600
+في جزء في medulla oblongata و جزء في ال pons كمان
+
+66
+00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:41,980
+إضافي لل slide. في the posterior surface of the pons
+
+67
+00:05:41,980 --> 00:05:48,880
+في the vestibular trigon اللي داخلها بيكون موجود ال
+
+68
+00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:54,290
+vestibular nuclei of the vestibular nerve. الآن
+
+69
+00:05:54,290 --> 00:05:59,910
+اتكلم على the internal structures of the pons. لما
+
+70
+00:05:59,910 --> 00:06:02,230
+نتكلم على ال external .. ال internal structure of
+
+71
+00:06:02,230 --> 00:06:06,930
+the pons. نتكلم احنا على nuclei and fibers located
+
+72
+00:06:06,930 --> 00:06:13,490
+inside of the pons. موجود the transverse fibers هذول ال
+
+73
+00:06:13,490 --> 00:06:18,350
+transverse fibers بيكونون اللي هم the pontocerebellar
+
+74
+00:06:18,350 --> 00:06:24,320
+fibers اللي أصلا مجيين من the middle cerebellar. أثنين
+
+75
+00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:28,700
+الـ the longitudinal fibers هدول اللي لهم علاقة بال
+
+76
+00:06:28,700 --> 00:06:34,500
+projection fibers. من ضمنهم the corticospinal tract أو
+
+77
+00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:38,020
+بنسميه the pyramidal tract ومنهم جزئية اسمها
+
+78
+00:06:38,020 --> 00:06:44,260
+the corticopontine fibers. في الـ pons موجودين nuclei
+
+79
+00:06:44,260 --> 00:06:47,640
+الـ the trigeminal nerve. من النوكليايل اللي بتاعة ال
+
+80
+00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:52,410
+trigeminal nerve. موجودة من the sensory nucleus من
+
+81
+00:06:52,410 --> 00:06:59,970
+the sensory nucleus for a for a touch sensation. من
+
+82
+00:06:59,970 --> 00:07:06,570
+the sensory nucleus
+
+83
+00:07:06,570 --> 00:07:15,310
+وجزء من the descending spinal nucleus of the trigeminal
+
+84
+00:07:15,310 --> 00:07:20,400
+nerve. هدول nuclei يعتبروا the sensory nuclei، the sensory
+
+85
+00:07:20,400 --> 00:07:24,880
+إيه؟ nuclei لأن ال the descending spinal nucleus بتمر
+
+86
+00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:28,800
+في ال pons ثم في الميضالة أو بلنجاتها و هي بتنزل
+
+87
+00:07:28,800 --> 00:07:32,700
+لل upper part of the spinal cord، هيك بتكون جزء موجود
+
+88
+00:07:32,700 --> 00:07:36,180
+في ال pons. جزء موجود في the medulla oblongata وجزء
+
+89
+00:07:36,180 --> 00:07:40,420
+موجود من C1 ل C4 segment of the spinal cord. هذي
+
+90
+00:07:40,420 --> 00:07:43,900
+the descending spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve for
+
+91
+00:07:43,900 --> 00:07:48,740
+pain and temperature sensation.
+
+92
+00:07:48,740 --> 00:07:55,560
+في the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve كمان موجودة
+
+93
+00:07:55,560 --> 00:08:01,480
+في الـ pons. في nucleus motor لـ the abducent nerve
+
+94
+00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:08,420
+موجودة في الـ pons. في nucleus لـ the facial nerve motor
+
+95
+00:08:08,420 --> 00:08:15,160
+nucleus. ventral and dorsal. اللي ال ventral بتكون
+
+96
+00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:19,280
+مسئولة عن ايه؟ عن ال
+
+97
+00:08:22,770 --> 00:08:27,930
+lower half of the face. والدورسل مسئول عن ال upper
+
+98
+00:08:27,930 --> 00:08:31,150
+half of the face. يعني الدورسل the motor nucleus of the
+
+99
+00:08:31,150 --> 00:08:35,390
+facial nerve مسئول عن الجزء العلوي من الوجه عضلاته
+
+100
+00:08:35,390 --> 00:08:39,390
+و ال ventral nucleus of the facial مسئول عن الجزء
+
+101
+00:08:39,390 --> 00:08:42,710
+السفلي من الوجه و عضلات الوجه من ناحية the motor
+
+102
+00:08:42,710 --> 00:08:49,590
+function. موجودة the nucleus of the vestibular nerve ال
+
+103
+00:08:49,590 --> 00:08:53,930
+vestibular nuclei. جزء منهم موجود في ال pons و جزء
+
+104
+00:08:53,930 --> 00:08:57,550
+منهم موجود في medulla oblongata
+
+105
+00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:06,660
+عندنا في ال pons واضح هي عندى the trigeminal motor
+
+106
+00:09:06,660 --> 00:09:11,400
+nucleus. في عندى the abducent nucleus. في ال the facial
+
+107
+00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:16,260
+nucleus اللي هم the motor زائد كمان اللي هي في ال
+
+108
+00:09:16,260 --> 00:09:19,800
+facial من ناحية ال the facial nerve. في the superior
+
+109
+00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:26,750
+salivary nucleus. The superior salivary nucleus تعتبر
+
+110
+00:09:26,750 --> 00:09:33,570
+parasympathetic nucleus. تعطي أسلحة لأسلحة السلمية
+
+111
+00:09:33,570 --> 00:09:36,790
+السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+112
+00:09:36,790 --> 00:09:38,230
+السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+113
+00:09:38,230 --> 00:09:43,250
+السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+114
+00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:49,780
+أنا عشان أذكر هذه ال nucleus وظيفتها أجيب رأس بصل
+
+115
+00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:53,880
+و أقطعه و أشوف إيش بيصير فينا، بيصير الدم و بيصير
+
+116
+00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:57,940
+الأنف تبعنا ايه؟ secretion من الأنف و هكذا
+
+117
+00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:04,400
+هي اللي عندنا the descending spinal nucleus of
+
+118
+00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,740
+the trigeminal nerve for pain and temperature
+
+119
+00:10:06,740 --> 00:10:10,700
+sensation أو بنسميها the principal trigeminal nucleus
+
+120
+00:10:10,700 --> 00:10:14,980
+جزء منها موجود في الـ pons. جزء موجود منها في
+
+121
+00:10:14,980 --> 00:10:18,560
+الميدالة أو بلانغاتا وجزء بنزلوين لل upper
+
+122
+00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:22,780
+segments of the spinal cord. غير هيك موجود the cochlear
+
+123
+00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:27,800
+nuclei مادخلتهم في slide و the vestibular nuclei
+
+124
+00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:33,290
+موجودين. هذا كله اللي هو يعتبر the internal structures
+
+125
+00:10:33,290 --> 00:10:40,330
+of the pons. انتجل الآن لجزء الأخير من المحاضرة
+
+126
+00:10:40,330 --> 00:10:46,750
+اللي هو the midbrain. الدماغ الأوسط. it is the upper
+
+127
+00:10:46,750 --> 00:10:51,870
+part of the brainstem. يبقى انه the upper part of the brainstem
+
+128
+00:10:51,870 --> 00:10:58,520
+وين موجود؟ located between the pons. Below بيحده من
+
+129
+00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:03,480
+تحت ال pons و من أعلى the diencephalon. The diencephalon
+
+130
+00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:07,720
+يبقى نلاقي the midbrain بيكون محصور بين من و مين؟ بين
+
+131
+00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:13,040
+ال pons من تحت و the diencephalon من فوق. من الخلف
+
+132
+00:11:13,040 --> 00:11:17,840
+مرتبط مع ال cerebellum عن طريق the superior cerebellar
+
+133
+00:11:17,840 --> 00:11:22,210
+peduncles. يبقى ان ال connection بتاعته it connects
+
+134
+00:11:22,210 --> 00:11:26,630
+the pons and the cerebellum to the subthalamus. يبقى ان هو
+
+135
+00:11:26,630 --> 00:11:31,590
+بيربط ال pons و ال cerebellum مع ال subthalamus مع
+
+136
+00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:35,670
+ال cerebral hemisphere. هو مش بيربطهم بس هو بيربط كل
+
+137
+00:11:35,670 --> 00:11:39,830
+الجهاز العصب المركزي من تحت ال the midbrain بال
+
+138
+00:11:39,830 --> 00:11:44,440
+cerebrum. لأن كل ال fibers جا من the spinal cord و من
+
+139
+00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,360
+ال cerebellum و من medulla oblongata و pons راح تمر
+
+140
+00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:53,600
+عبر ال midbrain عشان تصل إلى ال cerebrum. هاي هو
+
+141
+00:11:53,600 --> 00:12:01,220
+اللي هو the midbrain. هذه جزئية اسمها ايه؟ the midbrain. هذا
+
+142
+00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:06,980
+اللي بربط كل الجهاز العصبي المركزي أسفل مع الدماغ
+
+143
+00:12:06,980 --> 00:12:11,180
+أو مع المخ من أعلى. يكون هذا مهم جدا اللي هو ال the mid
+
+144
+00:12:11,180 --> 00:12:15,780
+brain اللي هو الدماغ الأوسط اللي حلقة ربط ووصل ما
+
+145
+00:12:15,780 --> 00:12:19,200
+بين الجهاز العصبي المركزي السفلي اللي هو the brain
+
+146
+00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:23,480
+stem, the cerebellum and the spinal cord with the cerebral
+
+147
+00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:24,380
+hemisphere.
+
+148
+00:12:30,260 --> 00:12:35,680
+the external features of the midbrain. لما نتكلم عن ال
+
+149
+00:12:35,680 --> 00:12:39,140
+external features of the midbrain في ال anterior
+
+150
+00:12:39,140 --> 00:12:45,180
+surface of the midbrain بيكون عندي two cerebellar
+
+151
+00:12:45,180 --> 00:12:51,860
+peduncles و ايه كمان؟ و the oculomotor nerve.
+
+152
+00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:59,440
+في الـ anterior surface of the midbrain موجود two
+
+153
+00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,700
+cerebral peduncles و the oculomotor nerve اللي هو
+
+154
+00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:08,080
+emerging from the medial side of the cerebral
+
+155
+00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:11,320
+peduncles. بيحدد ال cerebral peduncles من الداخل
+
+156
+00:13:13,730 --> 00:13:17,510
+الـ anterior surface of the midbrain. موجود عندنا
+
+157
+00:13:17,510 --> 00:13:21,070
+the cerebral peduncles اللي بيسموهم crus cerebri
+
+158
+00:13:21,070 --> 00:13:26,970
+وموجود ايش the oculomotor nerve ولاحظوا ال the oculomotor nerve
+
+159
+00:13:26,970 --> 00:13:31,590
+بخرج medial أو internal من ال the cerebral peduncles.
+
+160
+00:13:31,590 --> 00:13:36,290
+هذا هو اللي موجود في ال external features بتاع ال
+
+161
+00:13:36,290 --> 00:13:41,270
+anterior surface of the midbrain. ماحد يقول الـ
+
+162
+00:13:41,270 --> 00:13:44,090
+the trochlear nerve بيجي من الـ anterior surface لأ
+
+163
+00:13:44,090 --> 00:13:46,990
+انتوا لاحظوا ال the trochlear nerve هو جاي من ال
+
+164
+00:13:46,990 --> 00:13:51,350
+posterior surface و بلف إلى الأمام. بلف لف من الخلف
+
+165
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:56,950
+للأمام. نتكلم
+
+166
+00:13:56,950 --> 00:14:03,860
+على the posterior surface of the midbrain. في ال posterior
+
+167
+00:14:03,860 --> 00:14:08,920
+surface في the midbrain في هنا four colliculi. في هنا
+
+168
+00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:14,420
+ايه؟ four colliculi. في two superior colliculi right
+
+169
+00:14:14,420 --> 00:14:20,220
+and left و two inferior colliculi right and left.
+
+170
+00:14:20,220 --> 00:14:26,000
+what's the function of the superior colliculi؟ ال main
+
+171
+00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:31,080
+function ل ال superior colliculi is visual function.
+
+172
+00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:35,020
+اللي علاقة بالنظر، اللي علاقة بيه بالنظر. طب إيش ال
+
+173
+00:14:35,020 --> 00:14:39,880
+function بتاعة ال inferior colliculi؟ the auditory or
+
+174
+00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:42,820
+hearing. اللي علاقة بال hearing أو ال auditory
+
+175
+00:14:42,820 --> 00:14:45,640
+function. يعني ال inferior colliculi اللي علاقة
+
+176
+00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:56,530
+بالسمع. و ال superior و ال inferior و ال superior
+
+177
+00:14:56,530 --> 00:14:57,110
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+178
+00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:57,150
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+179
+00:14:57,150 --> 00:14:57,190
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+180
+00:14:57,190 --> 00:14:57,270
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+181
+00:14:57,270 --> 00:14:57,310
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+182
+00:14:57,310 --> 00:14:57,450
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+183
+00:14:57,450 --> 00:14:57,550
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+184
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,790
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+185
+00:14:57,790 --> 00:14:58,530
+
+201
+00:16:21,180 --> 00:16:26,540
+المرتبطة مع inferior calculus الآن بتكلم على
+
+202
+00:16:26,540 --> 00:16:31,720
+internal structures of midbrain internal 
+
+203
+00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:37,540
+structures of midbrain لو جينا .. أخذنا transverse
+
+204
+00:16:37,540 --> 00:16:43,750
+section للميدبرين، بنجد في الـ midbrain بيمر قناة
+
+205
+00:16:43,750 --> 00:16:50,010
+اسمها silvius أو cerebral aqueduct بيبقى في ال
+
+206
+00:16:50,010 --> 00:16:55,490
+midbrain موجود silvius أو cerebral aqueduct هذه ال
+
+207
+00:16:55,490 --> 00:16:59,590
+silvius أو الـ cerebral aqueduct راح تقسم لنا ال
+
+208
+00:16:59,590 --> 00:17:04,310
+midbrain لـ two part راح تقسم الـ midbrain لـ ايه؟
+
+209
+00:17:04,310 --> 00:17:11,150
+two part،  بتكلم اللي هو يعتبر posterior part و two
+
+210
+00:17:11,150 --> 00:17:14,610
+cerebral peduncles اللي هو الـ anterior part لو 
+
+211
+00:17:14,610 --> 00:17:18,790
+سألتكوا سؤال، مين فيهم large و مين فيهم small، الـ
+
+212
+00:17:18,790 --> 00:17:23,130
+posterior part راح يكون small و الـ anterior part
+
+213
+00:17:23,130 --> 00:17:27,240
+راح يكون large، يبقى الـ posterior part اللي ��و
+
+214
+00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:31,160
+التكتم يعتبر small part و الـ two cerebral peduncles 
+
+215
+00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:41,520
+يعتبروا a large part of midbrain، أول
+
+216
+00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:47,680
+شيء، نرسمهم، هيأخدنا صورة أو نجيب صورة هنوضح 
+
+217
+00:17:49,250 --> 00:17:54,710
+Okay، لاحظوا هنا، هي القناة اللي هي اسمها Silvius
+
+218
+00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:59,990
+Aqueduct أو Cerebral Aqueduct، هذه القناة بتوصل ما
+
+219
+00:17:59,990 --> 00:18:07,250
+بين third ventricle، ventricle
+
+220
+00:18:07,250 --> 00:18:14,530
+مع مين؟ مع الـ fourth ventricle، مع fourth،  يقول هذه
+
+221
+00:18:14,530 --> 00:18:19,210
+القناة اللي هي cellulose aqueduct تربط ما بين الـ
+
+222
+00:18:19,210 --> 00:18:22,550
+third ventricle مع ايه؟ الـ fourth ventricle و ايه
+
+223
+00:18:22,550 --> 00:18:30,010
+بتعمل في الـ midbrain؟ تقسم الـ midbrain لجزئين، قسمت
+
+224
+00:18:30,010 --> 00:18:34,450
+الـ midbrain لجزئين اللي هو الجزء الخلفي اسمه
+
+225
+00:18:36,330 --> 00:18:41,130
+tectum، و cerebral peduncles ..cerebral peduncles، يبقى 
+
+226
+00:18:41,130 --> 00:18:46,410
+قسّمنا الـ midbrain لـ جزئين، تكلم اللي هو posterior
+
+227
+00:18:46,410 --> 00:18:53,650
+و cerebral peduncles اللي هم ايه؟ anterior، هذا هو الـ
+
+228
+00:18:53,650 --> 00:19:00,870
+silvius aqueduct، تمام شوف
+
+229
+00:19:00,870 --> 00:19:02,770
+على transverse cut ناخده
+
+230
+00:19:05,860 --> 00:19:12,660
+هي Transversal cut، هاي أخذنا الـ Silvias Aqueduct
+
+231
+00:19:12,660 --> 00:19:16,620
+راح تقسم ايه؟
+
+232
+00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:24,200
+Cerebral أو الـ midbrain لجزئين، Tectum
+
+233
+00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:30,500
+ايه؟ Tectum و Cerebral Peduncles، يبقى الجزئين
+
+234
+00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:36,290
+الجزء الأول Tectum posterior part و الجزء الثاني
+
+235
+00:19:36,290 --> 00:19:42,470
+cerebral peduncles اللي هو يعتبر ايش؟ anterior part
+
+236
+00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:46,370
+مين فيهم large و مين فيهم small؟ Tectum يعتبر small
+
+237
+00:19:46,370 --> 00:19:52,950
+و cerebral peduncles يعتبر large، هيك اعتقد مفهوم
+
+238
+00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,810
+كيف قسمنا الـ midbrain لجزئين؟ لـ anterior part و
+
+239
+00:19:56,810 --> 00:19:57,790
+posterior part
+
+240
+00:20:03,420 --> 00:20:10,560
+الآن ناخد كل جزء و نشرحه، نبدأ بـ .. بتكتم of
+
+241
+00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:17,120
+midbrain، تكتم of midbrain it is a smaller part of
+
+242
+00:20:17,120 --> 00:20:21,320
+midbrain، يبقى تكتم of midbrain يعتبر smaller
+
+243
+00:20:21,320 --> 00:20:26,760
+dorsal part of midbrain which is located posterior
+
+244
+00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:33,170
+or behind لمين؟ لـ silvius أو cerebral، و بتكون من
+
+245
+00:20:33,170 --> 00:20:38,870
+جزئين، two superior colliculi for vision و two
+
+246
+00:20:38,870 --> 00:20:42,390
+inferior colliculi for hearing، و خلصنا، سهل و مافي
+
+247
+00:20:42,390 --> 00:20:47,250
+مشاكل، هي هنا الـ take down وهنا بيكون و هنا اللي هو
+
+248
+00:20:47,250 --> 00:20:51,950
+الـ cut أخده على level inferior colliculi، لو أخدنا
+
+249
+00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:54,950
+مقطع أعلى، راح يكون على level بتاع superior
+
+250
+00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:59,430
+colliculi، ننتقل الآن لجزء الثاني من الـ mid brain
+
+251
+00:21:00,310 --> 00:21:05,010
+الجزء الأمامي اسمه cerebral peduncles of midbrain
+
+252
+00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:12,710
+it is largest part أو larger ventral part which is
+
+253
+00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:17,330
+located in front or anterior to the sylvia's
+
+254
+00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:20,870
+aqueduct أو cerebral aqueduct، و بتكون من تلات
+
+255
+00:21:20,870 --> 00:21:24,930
+أجزاء، بتكون من كام جزء؟ من تلات أجزاء، أول جزء اسمه
+
+256
+00:21:24,930 --> 00:21:31,570
+crus cerebri، ثاني جزء اسمها substantia nigra
+
+257
+00:21:31,570 --> 00:21:34,070
+المادة السوداء، تالت جزء اسمه
+
+258
+00:21:45,980 --> 00:21:52,680
+الجزء الأول اسمه crus cerebri، الجزء الثاني اسمه
+
+259
+00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:57,700
+substantia nigra، الجزء الثالث اسمه tegmentum of
+
+260
+00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:02,980
+midbrain، Okay، إيش موجود في الـ Crus Cerebri؟
+
+261
+00:22:02,980 --> 00:22:07,360
+بيمر في الـ projection fibers، Corticospinal tract،
+
+262
+00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:11,380
+Corticonuclear tract، مسئولة عن إيش؟ الـ substantia
+
+263
+00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:15,020
+nigra، هي عبارة عن  طبقة ��ن الخلايا العصبية اللي علاقة
+
+264
+00:22:15,020 --> 00:22:20,020
+بالـ extrapyramidal central nervous system، بتعملنا
+
+265
+00:22:20,020 --> 00:22:25,300
+production لدوبامين، لو حدث نقص فيها، و حدث نقص و
+
+266
+00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:30,380
+degeneration في الـ substance nigra وبعدها قل الـ
+
+267
+00:22:30,380 --> 00:22:35,660
+production of dopamine بينتج عنها مرض اسمه shaking
+
+268
+00:22:35,660 --> 00:22:40,860
+palsy أو Parkinson disease، مرض شلل الرعاش، والمرض
+
+269
+00:22:40,860 --> 00:22:44,280
+كيف بيسير يمشي؟ يمشي نزهق، هذا المشي بيصير عنده
+
+270
+00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:48,960
+bradykinesia, oligokinsia,mentation tremor، هذا
+
+271
+00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,700
+المشي له علاقة بمرض الشلل الرعاش، مرض ايش؟ شلل
+
+272
+00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:58,780
+الرعاش، Tegmentum of midbrain، التجمينتم of midbrain
+
+273
+00:22:58,780 --> 00:23:03,260
+بيكون داخله الـ nuclei بتاعة الـ oculomotor nerve
+
+274
+00:23:03,260 --> 00:23:08,340
+بتاعة الـ trochlear nerve، العصب الثالث والرابع، فيها
+
+275
+00:23:08,340 --> 00:23:12,260
+ascending tract بتاعة الـ sensation، الـ reticular
+
+276
+00:23:12,260 --> 00:23:15,860
+formation اللي هي موجودة عبارة عن nuclei موجودين
+
+277
+00:23:15,860 --> 00:23:18,860
+في الـ brain stem اللي هم علاقة بالـ regulation of
+
+278
+00:23:18,860 --> 00:23:22,340
+consciousness level، هو درجة الوعي و النوم و هكذا
+
+279
+00:23:23,310 --> 00:23:31,390
+ونرجع كمان مرة، نرسمهم مع بعض، هنا رسمنا الـ midbrain
+
+280
+00:23:31,390 --> 00:23:39,650
+إلى الجزء الأول اللي هو ايه؟ تكتم، هذا واحد، وقلنا
+
+281
+00:23:39,650 --> 00:23:45,190
+تكتم فيه superior و inferior colliculi، أخذنا الجزء
+
+282
+00:23:45,190 --> 00:23:50,630
+الثاني هذا 
+
+283
+00:23:50,630 --> 00:23:51,110
+اتنين
+
+284
+00:23:56,110 --> 00:24:02,730
+cerebral peduncles، خلصنا هاي، جسم ده هذا الانتريو و
+
+285
+00:24:02,730 --> 00:24:06,910
+هذا الـ cerebral peduncles و هذا الـ tectum، هنا
+
+286
+00:24:06,910 --> 00:24:13,930
+نقسم الـ cerebral peduncles لثلاث أجزاء، أول جزء راح
+
+287
+00:24:13,930 --> 00:24:18,310
+يكون crus 
+
+288
+00:24:21,220 --> 00:24:28,240
+crus cerebri، الجزء الثاني tegmentum
+
+289
+00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:37,940
+tegmentum، نقول مباشرة tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum
+
+290
+00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:46,040
+tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum
+
+291
+00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:47,380
+tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum
+
+292
+00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:56,280
+tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum، يبقى هذه جزء الأول A B C، هذه
+
+293
+00:24:56,280 --> 00:25:03,060
+تقسيمة ايش؟ اللي هو الـ posterior، تقسيمة الـ anterior
+
+294
+00:25:03,060 --> 00:25:08,440
+part of the midbrain، لـ tegmentum، crus cerebri و 
+
+295
+00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:13,860
+substantia nigra هي كما احنا حددنا لكوا، و قسمنا الـ
+
+296
+00:25:13,860 --> 00:25:18,320
+midbrain من ناحية الـ internal structures و
+
+297
+00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:23,080
+الأجزاء الموجودة في internal structures of
+
+298
+00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:30,360
+midbrain، الآن نتكلم على الـ structures of the
+
+299
+00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:32,940
+midbrain من ناحية الـ internal structures، أكيد رح
+
+300
+00:25:32,940 --> 00:25:36,080
+يكون فيه oculomotor nucleus و trochlear nucleus
+
+301
+00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:40,720
+موجودين في الـ tegmentum of midbrain، red nucleus اللي
+
+302
+00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:44,220
+علاقة بالإكسترابيراميدل nervous system، mesencephalic
+
+303
+00:25:44,220 --> 00:25:48,840
+nucleus of the trigeminal nerve، اللي علاقة بالـ deep
+
+304
+00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:51,360
+sensation، قولنا احنا في exception، هي المفروض تكون
+
+305
+00:25:51,360 --> 00:25:53,800
+في الـ pons لكنها لم تجد في الـ pons، اجت في الـ
+
+306
+00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,160
+midbrain، واسمها mesencephalic nucleus of
+
+307
+00:25:57,160 --> 00:26:00,720
+trigeminal nerve for deep sensation، inferior
+
+308
+00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,980
+colliculi موجودة هي و الـ superior colliculi موجودين
+
+309
+00:26:04,980 --> 00:26:09,380
+في تكتم of midbrain، الـ superior اللي علاقة في الـ
+
+310
+00:26:09,380 --> 00:26:12,820
+vision و inferior اللي علاقة بالـ hearing، substantia
+
+311
+00:26:12,820 --> 00:26:16,780
+nigra، هذي extrapyramidal center for production of
+
+312
+00:26:16,780 --> 00:26:20,820
+dopamine، و لو حدث deficiency في الدوبامين بينتج
+
+313
+00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:25,600
+مرض اسمه Parkinson disease أو shaking palsy، شلل
+
+314
+00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,870
+الرعاش، أنا فوق بيكون في اللي هو superior
+
+315
+00:26:29,870 --> 00:26:32,450
+colliculi، تحتها بيكون inferior colliculi، في
+
+316
+00:26:32,450 --> 00:26:37,310
+الـ tegmentum، في الـ oculomotor nerve nucleus اللي هي
+
+317
+00:26:37,310 --> 00:26:40,530
+في انها motor nucleus، و في edinger westphal nucleus
+
+318
+00:26:40,530 --> 00:26:43,650
+هذه بـ parasympathetic، كلهم هدول الـ oculomotor nerve
+
+319
+00:26:43,650 --> 00:26:47,290
+في، موجودة، بتكون mesencephalic nucleus، في
+
+320
+00:26:47,290 --> 00:26:51,600
+substantia nigra، بتكون في الـ cerebral peduncles، و
+
+321
+00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:56,060
+هكذا، هيك هي بيكون احنا شرحنا هي، عندي واضح الـ
+
+322
+00:26:56,060 --> 00:26:59,420
+trochlear nucleus، هي mesencephalic nucleus، بتكون
+
+323
+00:26:59,420 --> 00:27:04,120
+موجودة في الـ tegmentum، جريبة بين tegmentum of
+
+324
+00:27:04,120 --> 00:27:07,860
+midbrain and tectum، بينهم بتكون موجودة، هيك بيكون
+
+325
+00:27:07,860 --> 00:27:11,740
+أنا شرحتلكم اللي هو الـ brainstem و وصلنا لآخر
+
+326
+00:27:11,740 --> 00:27:15,020
+slide في محاضرة anatomy and physiology of the
+
+327
+00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:18,220
+brainstem، يعطيكم ألف عافية و دومتم بخير

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/oSABVZmdXrQ_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1308 @@
+1
+00:00:05,210 --> 00:00:08,010
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,010 --> 00:00:12,650
+وبركاته نكمل الجزء الثاني من محاضرة الأسبوع الرابع
+
+3
+00:00:12,650 --> 00:00:16,990
+اتكلمنا في الجزء الأول على brain stem physiology
+
+4
+00:00:16,990 --> 00:00:20,510
+of the brain stem anatomy and physiology and
+
+5
+00:00:20,510 --> 00:00:24,170
+internal structures of the medulla oblongata الجزء
+
+6
+00:00:24,170 --> 00:00:27,130
+الثاني راح نكمل نتكلم عن anatomy and physiology of
+
+7
+00:00:27,130 --> 00:00:34,290
+the palms and midbrainالـ Pons is the middle part
+
+8
+00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:38,850
+of the brain stem which is located between the
+
+9
+00:00:38,850 --> 00:00:45,450
+medulla oblongata and midbrain Pons
+
+10
+00:00:45,450 --> 00:00:49,230
+extends from the medulla oblongata below بيحدد ال
+
+11
+00:00:49,230 --> 00:00:54,350
+Pons من تحت اللي هو medulla oblongata to midbrain
+
+12
+00:00:54,350 --> 00:01:00,580
+above وبيحدد ال Pons من أعلى midbrainand located
+
+13
+00:01:00,580 --> 00:01:06,400
+in front of the cerebellum and fourth ventricle
+
+14
+00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:12,500
+وموجود أمام ال fourth ventricle و ال cerebellum
+
+15
+00:01:12,500 --> 00:01:21,480
+هيا انها واضح Pons هذا
+
+16
+00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:25,760
+ال Pons جسر ما بين Medulla و Oblongata
+
+17
+00:01:29,570 --> 00:01:36,570
+و midbrain بيحدوا من أعلى midbrain من أسفل ميضلق
+
+18
+00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:40,950
+بلنجاته من الخلف fourth ventricle و cerebellum
+
+19
+00:01:40,950 --> 00:01:45,350
+fourth ventricle and cerebellum هذا ال locations و
+
+20
+00:01:45,350 --> 00:01:52,230
+ال extensions بتاعة pons external
+
+21
+00:01:52,230 --> 00:01:55,090
+features of the pons لما نتكلم عن ال external
+
+22
+00:01:55,090 --> 00:02:00,210
+features of the ponsthe anterior cervix of the
+
+23
+00:02:00,210 --> 00:02:05,370
+pons موجود في ال anterior cervix Basilary groove
+
+24
+00:02:05,370 --> 00:02:12,510
+في ال Basilary groove بيمر اللي هو Basilar artery
+
+25
+00:02:12,510 --> 00:02:17,490
+اتذكرولي اتنين اتنين اربعة اربعة هدول ال cranial
+
+26
+00:02:17,490 --> 00:02:19,230
+nerves الأول اتنين بيكونوا في ال cerebral
+
+27
+00:02:19,230 --> 00:02:22,270
+hemisphere اللي بعدهم بيكونوا في ال middle brain
+
+28
+00:02:22,270 --> 00:02:26,360
+والاربعة اللي بعدهم في ال ponsواللي بعدهم يظل
+
+29
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:30,100
+أبلانجاتة في بعض ال exceptions بنتكلم في كل عصب
+
+30
+00:02:30,100 --> 00:02:34,200
+لوحده يجان في انا Basilary groove بيمور فيه
+
+31
+00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:37,620
+Basilary artery ومين اللي بيكونوا موجودين في ال
+
+32
+00:02:37,620 --> 00:02:41,200
+Pons بيخرجوا من ال Pons العصب الراب الخامس التراجي
+
+33
+00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:45,880
+من ال nerve abdocent nerve العصب السادس facial
+
+34
+00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:50,680
+nerve العصب السابع و vestibulocochlear nerve العصب
+
+35
+00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:56,120
+الثامن هدول أربعة بيخرجوا من وين من ال Ponsهي
+
+36
+00:02:56,120 --> 00:03:00,280
+واضحة عندي anterior service و anterolateral
+
+37
+00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:05,620
+service of the pons هنا بيكون فيها basilary groove
+
+38
+00:03:05,620 --> 00:03:10,060
+هم بيمر فيها basilar artery بخرج من ال
+
+39
+00:03:10,060 --> 00:03:13,980
+anterolateral service اللي هو الترايجي من ال nerve
+
+40
+00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:18,620
+الـ trigeminal nerve له large root sensory and
+
+41
+00:03:18,620 --> 00:03:24,200
+small root motor، abducent nerve بين الـ pons
+
+42
+00:03:24,200 --> 00:03:27,380
+والميدال اللي قبلين جاتها، facial nerve له two
+
+43
+00:03:27,380 --> 00:03:32,220
+root large root motor and small root sensory and
+
+44
+00:03:32,220 --> 00:03:37,380
+parasympathetic و vestibulocochlear nerve العصب
+
+45
+00:03:37,380 --> 00:03:44,690
+إيشالعصب الثامن هذا هو ال external features of the
+
+46
+00:03:44,690 --> 00:03:53,370
+anterolateral surface of the palms وعضة عندي هنا
+
+47
+00:03:53,370 --> 00:03:59,350
+trigeminal nerveabdominal nerve, fascial nerve and
+
+48
+00:03:59,350 --> 00:04:03,750
+vestibular cochlear nerve وهذه اللي هي Basilar
+
+49
+00:04:03,750 --> 00:04:07,490
+groove او بنسميها groove of the basilar artery
+
+50
+00:04:07,490 --> 00:04:13,790
+لأنه بيمر فيها Basilar artery الآن اتكلم على
+
+51
+00:04:13,790 --> 00:04:18,170
+posterior service of the pons posterior service of
+
+52
+00:04:18,170 --> 00:04:21,110
+the pons لما نتكلم عن posterior service of the
+
+53
+00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:28,260
+pons في عندنا median longitudinal sulcusموجود في
+
+54
+00:04:28,260 --> 00:04:34,660
+ال middle line في a medial imminance في facial
+
+55
+00:04:34,660 --> 00:04:40,600
+calculus وفي vestibular trigon vestibular trigon
+
+56
+00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:44,720
+facial calculus بتعطينا facial nucleus هاي ال
+
+57
+00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:50,280
+posterior service of the pons هنا في أنها تكون
+
+58
+00:04:50,280 --> 00:04:55,790
+posterior median فشارواضح في هنا الـ Facial
+
+59
+00:04:55,790 --> 00:05:00,850
+Calculus و الـ Medial Eminence كل هذا موجود بمجرد
+
+60
+00:05:00,850 --> 00:05:04,990
+كمان الـ Vestibular الـ Trigon هو اللي في ال
+
+61
+00:05:04,990 --> 00:05:08,670
+بستيرو الـ Service of the Pons مش واضح هنا بس في
+
+62
+00:05:08,670 --> 00:05:18,770
+الصورة هاي عندي اكمله هان هذه الصورة أوضح هنا
+
+63
+00:05:18,770 --> 00:05:25,900
+في ايه بستير ميديا انفشارفي شالكاليكولاس في ال
+
+64
+00:05:25,900 --> 00:05:32,200
+امينانس وفي اللي هو تكملة vestibular trigon لأنه
+
+65
+00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:37,600
+في جزء في ميدالة أو بلانجاتا و جزء في ال pons كمان
+
+66
+00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:41,980
+إضافي لل slide في ال posterior surface of the pons
+
+67
+00:05:41,980 --> 00:05:48,880
+في vestibular a trigon اللي داخلها بيكون موجود ال
+
+68
+00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:54,290
+vestibular nuclei of the vestibular nerveالان
+
+69
+00:05:54,290 --> 00:05:59,910
+اتكلم على internal structures of the pons لما
+
+70
+00:05:59,910 --> 00:06:02,230
+نتكلم على ال external .. ال internal structure of
+
+71
+00:06:02,230 --> 00:06:06,930
+the pons نتكلم احنا على نكلياية and fibers located
+
+72
+00:06:06,930 --> 00:06:13,490
+inside of the pons موجود transverse fibers هذول ال
+
+73
+00:06:13,490 --> 00:06:18,350
+transverse fibers بيكونون اللي هم pontocerebellar
+
+74
+00:06:18,350 --> 00:06:24,320
+fibers اللي أصلا مجيين من middle cerebellarأثنين
+
+75
+00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:28,700
+الـ longitudinal fibers هدول اللي لهم علاقة بال
+
+76
+00:06:28,700 --> 00:06:34,500
+projection fibers من ضمنهم corticospinal tract أو
+
+77
+00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:38,020
+بنسميه pyramidal tract ومنهم جزئية اسمها
+
+78
+00:06:38,020 --> 00:06:44,260
+corticopontine fibers في الـpons موجودين نوكليايل
+
+79
+00:06:44,260 --> 00:06:47,640
+الـ trigeminal nerve من النوكليايل اللي بتاعة ال
+
+80
+00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:52,410
+trigeminal nerveموجودة من sensory nucleus من
+
+81
+00:06:52,410 --> 00:06:59,970
+sensory nucleus for a for a touch sensation من
+
+82
+00:06:59,970 --> 00:07:06,570
+sensory nucleus
+
+83
+00:07:06,570 --> 00:07:15,310
+وجزء من descending spinal nucleus of trigeminal
+
+84
+00:07:15,310 --> 00:07:20,400
+nerveهدول نوكلياي يعتبروا sensory nuclei، sensory
+
+85
+00:07:20,400 --> 00:07:24,880
+إيه؟ نوكلياي لأن ال descending spinal nucleus بتمر
+
+86
+00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:28,800
+في ال pons ثم في الميضالة أو بلنجاتها و هي بتنزل
+
+87
+00:07:28,800 --> 00:07:32,700
+لل upper part of spinal cord، هيك بتكون جزء موجود
+
+88
+00:07:32,700 --> 00:07:36,180
+في ال ponsجزء موجود في Medulla Oblongata وجزء
+
+89
+00:07:36,180 --> 00:07:40,420
+موجود من C1 ل C4 segment of spinal cord هذي
+
+90
+00:07:40,420 --> 00:07:43,900
+descending spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve for
+
+91
+00:07:43,900 --> 00:07:48,740
+pain and temperature sensation
+
+92
+00:07:48,740 --> 00:07:55,560
+في motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve كمان موجودة
+
+93
+00:07:55,560 --> 00:08:01,480
+في الـ Pons في نوكلياس motor لـ Abdominal nerve
+
+94
+00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:08,420
+موجودة في الـ Ponsفي نكلياي لـ facial nerve motor
+
+95
+00:08:08,420 --> 00:08:15,160
+nucleus ventral and dorsal اللي ال ventral بتكون
+
+96
+00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:19,280
+مسئولة عن ايه؟ عن ال
+
+97
+00:08:22,770 --> 00:08:27,930
+lower half of the face والدورسل مسئول عن ال upper
+
+98
+00:08:27,930 --> 00:08:31,150
+half of the face يعني الدورسل motor nucleus of the
+
+99
+00:08:31,150 --> 00:08:35,390
+facial nerve مسئول عن الجزء العلوي من الوجه عضلاته
+
+100
+00:08:35,390 --> 00:08:39,390
+و ال ventral nucleus of facial مسئول عن الجزء
+
+101
+00:08:39,390 --> 00:08:42,710
+السفلي من الوجه و عضلات الوجه من ناحية motor
+
+102
+00:08:42,710 --> 00:08:49,590
+functionموجودة nucleus of vestibular nerve ال
+
+103
+00:08:49,590 --> 00:08:53,930
+vestibular نوكلياي جزء منهم موجود في ال pons و جزء
+
+104
+00:08:53,930 --> 00:08:57,550
+منهم موجود في ميدالا أو بلانجاتا
+
+105
+00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:06,660
+عندنا في ال bonds واضح هي عندى trigeminal motor
+
+106
+00:09:06,660 --> 00:09:11,400
+nucleus في عندى abdomen nucleus في ال facial
+
+107
+00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:16,260
+nucleus اللي هم motor زائد كمان اللي هي في ال
+
+108
+00:09:16,260 --> 00:09:19,800
+facial من ناحية ال facial nerve في superior
+
+109
+00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:26,750
+salivary nucleusSuperior Salivary Nucleus تعتبر
+
+110
+00:09:26,750 --> 00:09:33,570
+بارا سيمباثاتيك نوكلياس تعطي أسلحة لأسلحة السلمية
+
+111
+00:09:33,570 --> 00:09:36,790
+السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+112
+00:09:36,790 --> 00:09:38,230
+السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+113
+00:09:38,230 --> 00:09:43,250
+السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+114
+00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:49,780
+أنا عشان أذكر هذه ال nucleus وظيفتها أجيب رأس بصل
+
+115
+00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:53,880
+و أقطعه و أشوف إيش بيصير فينا، بيصير الدم و بيصير
+
+116
+00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:57,940
+الأنف تبعنا ايه؟ secretion من الأنف و هكذا
+
+117
+00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:04,400
+هي اللي عندنا descending spinal nucleus of
+
+118
+00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,740
+trigeminal nerve for pain and temperature
+
+119
+00:10:06,740 --> 00:10:10,700
+sensation او بنسميها principal trigeminal nucleus
+
+120
+00:10:10,700 --> 00:10:14,980
+جزء منها موجود في الـ palms جزء موجود منها في
+
+121
+00:10:14,980 --> 00:10:18,560
+الميدالة أو بلانغاتا وجزء بنزلوين لل upper
+
+122
+00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:22,780
+segments of spinal cord غير هيك موجود cochlear
+
+123
+00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:27,800
+nuclei مادخلتهم في slide و vestibular nuclei
+
+124
+00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:33,290
+موجودينهذا كله اللي هو يعتبر a internal structures
+
+125
+00:10:33,290 --> 00:10:40,330
+of the pons انتجل الآن لجزء الأخير من المحاضرة
+
+126
+00:10:40,330 --> 00:10:46,750
+اللي هو a midbrain الدماغ الأوسط it is the upper
+
+127
+00:10:46,750 --> 00:10:51,870
+part of brainstem يبقى انه upper part of brainstem
+
+128
+00:10:51,870 --> 00:10:58,520
+وين موجود located between the ponsBelow بيحده من
+
+129
+00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:03,480
+تحت ال Pons و من أعلى Diencephalon Diencephalon
+
+130
+00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:07,720
+يبقى نلاقي Med Brain بيكون محصور بين من و مين بين
+
+131
+00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:13,040
+ال Pons من تحت و Diencephalon من فوق من الخلف
+
+132
+00:11:13,040 --> 00:11:17,840
+مرتبط مع ال cerebellum عن طريق superior cerebellar
+
+133
+00:11:17,840 --> 00:11:22,210
+pedunclesيبقى ان ال connection بتاعته it connects
+
+134
+00:11:22,210 --> 00:11:26,630
+pons and cerebellum to subthalamic يبقى ان هو
+
+135
+00:11:26,630 --> 00:11:31,590
+بيربط ال pons و ال cerebellum مع ال subthalamus مع
+
+136
+00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:35,670
+ال cerebral الهيمسفير هو مش بيربطهم بس هو بيربط كل
+
+137
+00:11:35,670 --> 00:11:39,830
+الجهاز العصب المركزي من تحت ال middle brain بال
+
+138
+00:11:39,830 --> 00:11:44,440
+cerebrumلأن كل ال fibers جا من spinal cord و من
+
+139
+00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,360
+الcerebellum و من مضالة بلنجاتا و bones راح تمر
+
+140
+00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:53,600
+عبر ال midbrain عشان تصل إلى ال cerebrum هاي هو
+
+141
+00:11:53,600 --> 00:12:01,220
+اللي هو midbrain هذه جزئية اسمها ايه ميد برينهذا
+
+142
+00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:06,980
+اللي بربط كل الجهاز العصبي المركزي أسفل مع الدماغ
+
+143
+00:12:06,980 --> 00:12:11,180
+أو مع المخ من أعلى يكون هذا مهم جدا اللي هو ال mid
+
+144
+00:12:11,180 --> 00:12:15,780
+brain اللي هو الدماغ الأوسط اللي حلقت ربط ووصل ما
+
+145
+00:12:15,780 --> 00:12:19,200
+بين الجهاز العصبي المركزي السفلي اللي هو brain
+
+146
+00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:23,480
+stem, cerebellum and spinal cord with a cerebral
+
+147
+00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:24,380
+hemisphere
+
+148
+00:12:30,260 --> 00:12:35,680
+external features of midbrain لما نتكلم عن ال
+
+149
+00:12:35,680 --> 00:12:39,140
+external features of midbrain في ال anterior
+
+150
+00:12:39,140 --> 00:12:45,180
+service of midbrain بيكون عندي two cerebellar
+
+151
+00:12:45,180 --> 00:12:51,860
+peduncles و ايه كمان و oculomotor nerve
+
+152
+00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:59,440
+في الـ anterior cervix of midbrain موجود two
+
+153
+00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,700
+cerebral peduncles وequal motor nerve اللي هو
+
+154
+00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:08,080
+emerging from the medial side of cerebral
+
+155
+00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:11,320
+peduncles بيحدد ال cerebral peduncles من الداخل
+
+156
+00:13:13,730 --> 00:13:17,510
+الـ anterior service of midbrain موجود عندنا
+
+157
+00:13:17,510 --> 00:13:21,070
+cerebral peduncles اللي بيسموهم cross cerebrae
+
+158
+00:13:21,070 --> 00:13:26,970
+وموجود ايش اوكلاموتر نيرب ولاحظوا الاوكلاموتر نيرب
+
+159
+00:13:26,970 --> 00:13:31,590
+بخرج medial او internal من الcerebral peduncles
+
+160
+00:13:31,590 --> 00:13:36,290
+هذا هو اللي موجود في ال external features بتاع ال
+
+161
+00:13:36,290 --> 00:13:41,270
+anterior service ofMidbrain ماحد يقول الـ
+
+162
+00:13:41,270 --> 00:13:44,090
+trochlear nerve بيجي من الـ anterior service لأ
+
+163
+00:13:44,090 --> 00:13:46,990
+انتوا لاحظوا ال trochlear nerve هو جاي من ال
+
+164
+00:13:46,990 --> 00:13:51,350
+posterior service و بلف إلى الأمام بلف لف من الخلف
+
+165
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:56,950
+للأمام نتكلم
+
+166
+00:13:56,950 --> 00:14:03,860
+علىPosterior service of midbrain في ال posterior
+
+167
+00:14:03,860 --> 00:14:08,920
+service في midbrain في هنا four caliculi في هنا
+
+168
+00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:14,420
+ايه؟ four caliculi في two superior caliculi right
+
+169
+00:14:14,420 --> 00:14:20,220
+and left و two inferior caliculi right and left
+
+170
+00:14:20,220 --> 00:14:26,000
+what's the function of superior calculus؟ال main
+
+171
+00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:31,080
+function ل ال superior calculus is visual function
+
+172
+00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:35,020
+اللي علاقة بالنظر، اللي علاقة بيه بالنظر طب إيش ال
+
+173
+00:14:35,020 --> 00:14:39,880
+function بتاعة ال inferior calculus ال auditory or
+
+174
+00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:42,820
+hearing اللي علاقة بال hearing أو ال auditory
+
+175
+00:14:42,820 --> 00:14:45,640
+function يعني ال inferior calculus اللي علاقة
+
+176
+00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:56,530
+بالسمعو ال superior و ال inferior و ال superior
+
+177
+00:14:56,530 --> 00:14:57,110
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+178
+00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:57,150
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+179
+00:14:57,150 --> 00:14:57,190
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+180
+00:14:57,190 --> 00:14:57,270
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+181
+00:14:57,270 --> 00:14:57,310
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+182
+00:14:57,310 --> 00:14:57,450
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+183
+00:14:57,450 --> 00:14:57,550
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+184
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,790
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+185
+00:14:57,790 --> 00:14:58,530
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+186
+00:14:58,530 --> 00:15:09,930
+و ال superior و
+
+187
+00:15:09,930 --> 00:15:17,670
+الوموجود بيكون Trochlear nerve العصب الرابع هاي
+
+188
+00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:22,650
+عندي اللي هو inferior
+
+189
+00:15:22,650 --> 00:15:30,310
+calculus بتكون مرتبطة مع media الجينيكوليت body
+
+190
+00:15:30,310 --> 00:15:34,640
+بتاعة ال metathalamusوهي superior calculus اللي هي
+
+191
+00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:38,120
+علاقة بال lateral geniculate body for vision
+
+192
+00:15:38,120 --> 00:15:44,640
+وواضحاً اللي هو Trochlearnier بخرج من بصيره
+
+193
+00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:49,820
+service وبيلف للأمام بصيره service وبيلف للأمام
+
+194
+00:15:49,820 --> 00:15:53,490
+هذا Trochlearnierمن الـ posterior service of
+
+195
+00:15:53,490 --> 00:15:57,490
+midbrain السهلين for colloquiali ثنين superior
+
+196
+00:15:57,490 --> 00:16:01,830
+ثنين inferior و Trochlear nerve اللي هو بيخرج من
+
+197
+00:16:01,830 --> 00:16:09,970
+ال posterior service of midbrain هاي عندي ال optic
+
+198
+00:16:09,970 --> 00:16:13,410
+tract مرتبط مع ال lateral geniculate body ال
+
+199
+00:16:13,410 --> 00:16:18,540
+lateral geniculate bodyهي المرتبطة مع ال .. مع ال
+
+200
+00:16:18,540 --> 00:16:21,180
+superior calculus هي ال media الجينيكوليطي
+
+201
+00:16:21,180 --> 00:16:26,540
+المرتبطة مع inferior calculus الآن بتكلم على
+
+202
+00:16:26,540 --> 00:16:31,720
+internal structures of midbrain internal
+
+203
+00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:37,540
+structures of midbrain لو جينا .. اخدنا transverse
+
+204
+00:16:37,540 --> 00:16:43,750
+section للميد برينبنجد في ال midbrain بيمر قناة
+
+205
+00:16:43,750 --> 00:16:50,010
+اسمها silvius او cerebral aqueduct بيبقى في ال
+
+206
+00:16:50,010 --> 00:16:55,490
+midbrain موجود silvius او cerebral aqueduct هذه ال
+
+207
+00:16:55,490 --> 00:16:59,590
+silvius او ال cerebral aqueduct راح تقسم لنا ال
+
+208
+00:16:59,590 --> 00:17:04,310
+midbrain ل two part راح تقسم ال midbrain ل ايه؟
+
+209
+00:17:04,310 --> 00:17:11,150
+two partتكتم اللي هو يعتبر posterior part و two
+
+210
+00:17:11,150 --> 00:17:14,610
+cerebral peduncles اللي هو ال anterior part لو
+
+211
+00:17:14,610 --> 00:17:18,790
+سألتكوا سؤال مين فيهم large و مين فيهم small ال
+
+212
+00:17:18,790 --> 00:17:23,130
+posterior part راح يكون small و ال anterior part
+
+213
+00:17:23,130 --> 00:17:27,240
+راح يكون largeيبقى الـ posterior part اللي هو
+
+214
+00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:31,160
+التكتم يعتبر small part و ال two cerebral bronches
+
+215
+00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:41,520
+يعتبروا a large part of midbrain اول
+
+216
+00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:47,680
+شي نجسمهم هياخدنا صورة او نجيب صورة هنأوضح
+
+217
+00:17:49,250 --> 00:17:54,710
+Okay، لاحظوا هنا، هي القناة اللي هي اسمها Silvius
+
+218
+00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:59,990
+Aqueduct أو Cerebral Aqueduct، هذه القناة بتوصل ما
+
+219
+00:17:59,990 --> 00:18:07,250
+بين third ventricle، ventricle
+
+220
+00:18:07,250 --> 00:18:14,530
+مع مين؟ مع ال fourth ventricle، مع fourthيقول هذه
+
+221
+00:18:14,530 --> 00:18:19,210
+القناة اللي هي cellulose aqueduct تربط ما بين ال
+
+222
+00:18:19,210 --> 00:18:22,550
+third ventricle مع ايه ال fourth ventricle و ايه
+
+223
+00:18:22,550 --> 00:18:30,010
+بتعمل في ال midbrain تقسم ال midbrain لجزئين قسمت
+
+224
+00:18:30,010 --> 00:18:34,450
+ال midbrain لجزئين اللي هو الجزء الخلفي اسمه
+
+225
+00:18:36,330 --> 00:18:41,130
+وهذا cerebral peduncles ..cerebral peduncles يبقى
+
+226
+00:18:41,130 --> 00:18:46,410
+جسمتنا ال a من إبريلا جزئين تكتم اللي هو posterior
+
+227
+00:18:46,410 --> 00:18:53,650
+وcerebral peduncles اللي هم ايه anterior هذا هو ال
+
+228
+00:18:53,650 --> 00:19:00,870
+silvius aqueduct تمام شوف
+
+229
+00:19:00,870 --> 00:19:02,770
+على transverse cut ناخده
+
+230
+00:19:05,860 --> 00:19:12,660
+هي Transversal cut هاي أخدنا ال Silvias Aqueduct
+
+231
+00:19:12,660 --> 00:19:16,620
+راح تقسم ايه?
+
+232
+00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:24,200
+Cerebral او ال midbrain لجزئين Tectum
+
+233
+00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:30,500
+ايه؟ Tectum و Cerebral Peduncles يبقى الجزئين
+
+234
+00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:36,290
+الجزء الأولTectum posterior part و الجزء الثاني
+
+235
+00:19:36,290 --> 00:19:42,470
+cerebral peduncles اللي هو يعتبر ايش anterior part
+
+236
+00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:46,370
+مين فيهم large و مين فيهم small تectum يعتبر small
+
+237
+00:19:46,370 --> 00:19:52,950
+و cerebral peduncles يعتبر large هيك اعتقد مفهوم
+
+238
+00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,810
+كيف جسمنا ال midbrain لجزئين ل anterior part و
+
+239
+00:19:56,810 --> 00:19:57,790
+posterior part
+
+240
+00:20:03,420 --> 00:20:10,560
+الان ناخد كل جزء و نشرحه نبدأ ب .. بتكتم of
+
+241
+00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:17,120
+midbrain تكتم of midbrain it is a smaller part of
+
+242
+00:20:17,120 --> 00:20:21,320
+midbrain يبقى تكتم of midbrain يعتبر smaller
+
+243
+00:20:21,320 --> 00:20:26,760
+dorsal part of midbrain which is located posterior
+
+244
+00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:33,170
+or behind لمين؟ لـsilvius او cerebralو بتكون من
+
+245
+00:20:33,170 --> 00:20:38,870
+جزئين two superior calculi for vision و two
+
+246
+00:20:38,870 --> 00:20:42,390
+inferior calculi for hearing و خلصنا سهل و مافي
+
+247
+00:20:42,390 --> 00:20:47,250
+مشاكل هي هنا ال take down وهنا بيكون و هنا اللي هو
+
+248
+00:20:47,250 --> 00:20:51,950
+ال cut أخده على level inferior calculus لو أخدنا
+
+249
+00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:54,950
+مقطع أعلى راح يكون على level بتاع superior
+
+250
+00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:59,430
+calculus ننتقل الآن لجزء الثاني من ال mid brain
+
+251
+00:21:00,310 --> 00:21:05,010
+الجزء الأمامي اسمه cerebral peduncles of midbrain
+
+252
+00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:12,710
+it is largest part او larger ventral part which is
+
+253
+00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:17,330
+located in front or anterior to the sylvia's
+
+254
+00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:20,870
+aqueduct او cerebral aqueduct و بتكون من تلات
+
+255
+00:21:20,870 --> 00:21:24,930
+أجزاء بتكون من كام جزء؟ من تلات أجزاء أول جزء اسمه
+
+256
+00:21:24,930 --> 00:21:31,570
+cross cerebralتانية جزء اسمها substantia negra
+
+257
+00:21:31,570 --> 00:21:34,070
+المادة السوداء تالت جزء اسمه
+
+258
+00:21:45,980 --> 00:21:52,680
+الجزء الأول اسمه cross cerebrae الجزء الثاني اسمه
+
+259
+00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:57,700
+substantia nigra الجزء الثالث اسمه pigmentum of
+
+260
+00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:02,980
+midbrainOkay، إيش موجود في الـ Cross Reparate؟
+
+261
+00:22:02,980 --> 00:22:07,360
+بيمر في ال projection fibers Corticospinal tract،
+
+262
+00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:11,380
+Corticonuclear tract مسئولة عن إيش السبستانشيا
+
+263
+00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:15,020
+نيجرا، هي عبارة عن ثقلة من أوغري مطر اللي علاقة
+
+264
+00:22:15,020 --> 00:22:20,020
+بال extrapyramidal central nervous system تعملنا
+
+265
+00:22:20,020 --> 00:22:25,300
+production لدوبامين، لو حدث نقص فيها، و حدث نقص و
+
+266
+00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:30,380
+degenerationفي ال substance negra وبعدها قل ال
+
+267
+00:22:30,380 --> 00:22:35,660
+production of dopamine بينتج عنها مرض اسمه shaking
+
+268
+00:22:35,660 --> 00:22:40,860
+palsy or parkinson disease مرض شلل الرعاش والمرض
+
+269
+00:22:40,860 --> 00:22:44,280
+كيف بيسير يمشي يمشي نزهق هذا المشي بيصير عنده
+
+270
+00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:48,960
+bloody kinase, oligokinase,mentation tremor هذا
+
+271
+00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,700
+المشي له علاقة بمرض الشلل الرعاش مرض ايش؟ شلل
+
+272
+00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:58,780
+الرعاشTegmentum of midbrain التجمينتوم of midbrain
+
+273
+00:22:58,780 --> 00:23:03,260
+بيكون داخله ال نوكلياي بتاعة ال oculomotor nerve
+
+274
+00:23:03,260 --> 00:23:08,340
+بتاعة ال trochlear nerve العصب الثالث والرابع فيها
+
+275
+00:23:08,340 --> 00:23:12,260
+ascending tract بتاعة ال sensation ال reticular
+
+276
+00:23:12,260 --> 00:23:15,860
+formation اللي هي موجودة عبارة عن نوكلياي موجودين
+
+277
+00:23:15,860 --> 00:23:18,860
+في ال brain stem اللي هم علاقة بال regulation of
+
+278
+00:23:18,860 --> 00:23:22,340
+consciousness level هو درجة الوعي و النوم و هكذا
+
+279
+00:23:23,310 --> 00:23:31,390
+وبجهن كمان مرة نجسمهم مع بعض هنا جسمنا ال midbrain
+
+280
+00:23:31,390 --> 00:23:39,650
+إلى الجزء الأول اللي هو ايه تكتم هذا واحد وقلنا
+
+281
+00:23:39,650 --> 00:23:45,190
+تكتم فيه superior و inferior calicular أخدنا الجزء
+
+282
+00:23:45,190 --> 00:23:50,630
+الثاني هذا
+
+283
+00:23:50,630 --> 00:23:51,110
+اتنين
+
+284
+00:23:56,110 --> 00:24:02,730
+cerebral peduncles خلصنا هاي جسم ده هذا الانتريو و
+
+285
+00:24:02,730 --> 00:24:06,910
+هذا البرامج السيريبرال و هذا البرامج البوستير هنا
+
+286
+00:24:06,910 --> 00:24:13,930
+نجسم الcerebral peduncles لثلاث أجزاء أول جزء راح
+
+287
+00:24:13,930 --> 00:24:18,310
+يكون cross
+
+288
+00:24:21,220 --> 00:24:28,240
+cross cerebrae الجزء الثاني تجمنتم
+
+289
+00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:37,940
+تجمنتم تكتب مباشرة تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+290
+00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:46,040
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+291
+00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:47,380
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+292
+00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:56,280
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تيبقى هذه جزء الأول A B C هذه
+
+293
+00:24:56,280 --> 00:25:03,060
+تقسيمة ايش اللي هو ال posterior تقسيمة ال anterior
+
+294
+00:25:03,060 --> 00:25:08,440
+part of the midbrain لتجمينتهم cross reprise و
+
+295
+00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:13,860
+substantia nigra هي كما احنا حددنا لكوا و جسمنا ال
+
+296
+00:25:13,860 --> 00:25:18,320
+midbrain من ناحية ال internalالـ structures و
+
+297
+00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:23,080
+الأجزاء الموجودة في internal structures of
+
+298
+00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:30,360
+midbrain الان نتكلم على ال structures of the
+
+299
+00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:32,940
+midbrain من ناحية ال internal structures أكيد رح
+
+300
+00:25:32,940 --> 00:25:36,080
+يكون فيه أكولاموتر نوكلياس و تروكليار نوكلياس
+
+301
+00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:40,720
+موجودين في التجمينتم of midbrain ريد نوكلياس اللي
+
+302
+00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:44,220
+علاقة بالإكسترابيراميدل نيربالسيستم ميزنسيفاليك
+
+303
+00:25:44,220 --> 00:25:48,840
+نوكلياس of the trigeminal nerveاللي علاقة بال deep
+
+304
+00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:51,360
+sensation قولنا احنا في exception هي المفروضة تكون
+
+305
+00:25:51,360 --> 00:25:53,800
+في ال bones لكنها لم تجت في ال bones اجت في ال
+
+306
+00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,160
+midbrain واسمها mesencephalic nucleus of
+
+307
+00:25:57,160 --> 00:26:00,720
+trigeminal nerve for deep sensation inferior
+
+308
+00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,980
+calculus موجودة هي و ال superior calculus موجودين
+
+309
+00:26:04,980 --> 00:26:09,380
+في تكتم of midbrain السوبريور اللي علاقة في ال
+
+310
+00:26:09,380 --> 00:26:12,820
+vision و inferior اللي علاقة بال hearingsubstantia
+
+311
+00:26:12,820 --> 00:26:16,780
+nigra هذي extrapyramidal center for production of
+
+312
+00:26:16,780 --> 00:26:20,820
+dopamine و لو حدث deficiency في الدوبامين بينتج
+
+313
+00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:25,600
+مرض اسمه parkinson disease او shaking palsy شلال
+
+314
+00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,870
+الرعاش انا فوق بيكون في الاللي هو superior
+
+315
+00:26:29,870 --> 00:26:32,450
+calculus تحتها بيكون inferior calculus في
+
+316
+00:26:32,450 --> 00:26:37,310
+التجمينتم في ال oculomotor nerve نوكلياس اللي هي
+
+317
+00:26:37,310 --> 00:26:40,530
+في انها motor نوكلياس و في danger و إستفال نوكلياس
+
+318
+00:26:40,530 --> 00:26:43,650
+هذه بورا sympathetic كلهم هدول ال oculomotor nerve
+
+319
+00:26:43,650 --> 00:26:47,290
+في موجودة بتكون mesencephalic nucleus في
+
+320
+00:26:47,290 --> 00:26:51,600
+substantia nigra بتكون في ال cerebral pedunclesو
+
+321
+00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:56,060
+هكذا هيك هي بيكون احنا شرحنا هي عندي واضح ال
+
+322
+00:26:56,060 --> 00:26:59,420
+trochlear nucleus هي mesencephalic nucleus بتكون
+
+323
+00:26:59,420 --> 00:27:04,120
+موجودة في ال tegmentum جريبة بين tegmentum of
+
+324
+00:27:04,120 --> 00:27:07,860
+midbrain and tectum بينهم بتكون موجودة هيك بيكون
+
+325
+00:27:07,860 --> 00:27:11,740
+انا شرحتلكم اللي هو ال brainstem و وصلنا لآخر
+
+326
+00:27:11,740 --> 00:27:15,020
+slide في محاضرة anatomy and physiology of the
+
+327
+00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:18,220
+brainstem يعطيكم ألف عافية و دومتم بخير
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/oSABVZmdXrQ_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1368 @@
+1
+00:00:05,210 --> 00:00:08,010
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,010 --> 00:00:12,650
+وبركاته نكمل الجزء الثاني من محاضرة الأسبوع الرابع
+
+3
+00:00:12,650 --> 00:00:16,990
+اتكلمنا في الجزء الأول على brain stem physiology
+
+4
+00:00:16,990 --> 00:00:20,510
+of the brain stem anatomy and physiology and
+
+5
+00:00:20,510 --> 00:00:24,170
+internal structures of the medulla oblongata الجزء
+
+6
+00:00:24,170 --> 00:00:27,130
+الثاني راح نكمل نتكلم عن anatomy and physiology of
+
+7
+00:00:27,130 --> 00:00:34,290
+the palms and midbrainالـ Pons is the middle part
+
+8
+00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:38,850
+of the brain stem which is located between the
+
+9
+00:00:38,850 --> 00:00:45,450
+medulla oblongata and midbrain Pons
+
+10
+00:00:45,450 --> 00:00:49,230
+extends from the medulla oblongata below بيحدد ال
+
+11
+00:00:49,230 --> 00:00:54,350
+Pons من تحت اللي هو medulla oblongata to midbrain
+
+12
+00:00:54,350 --> 00:01:00,580
+above وبيحدد ال Pons من أعلى midbrainand located
+
+13
+00:01:00,580 --> 00:01:06,400
+in front of the cerebellum and fourth ventricle
+
+14
+00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:12,500
+وموجود أمام ال fourth ventricle و ال cerebellum
+
+15
+00:01:12,500 --> 00:01:21,480
+هيا انها واضح Pons هذا
+
+16
+00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:25,760
+ال Pons جسر ما بين Medulla و Oblongata
+
+17
+00:01:29,570 --> 00:01:36,570
+و midbrain بيحدوا من أعلى midbrain من أسفل ميضلق
+
+18
+00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:40,950
+بلنجاته من الخلف fourth ventricle و cerebellum
+
+19
+00:01:40,950 --> 00:01:45,350
+fourth ventricle and cerebellum هذا ال locations و
+
+20
+00:01:45,350 --> 00:01:52,230
+ال extensions بتاعة pons external
+
+21
+00:01:52,230 --> 00:01:55,090
+features of the pons لما نتكلم عن ال external
+
+22
+00:01:55,090 --> 00:02:00,210
+features of the ponsthe anterior cervix of the
+
+23
+00:02:00,210 --> 00:02:05,370
+pons موجود في ال anterior cervix Basilary groove
+
+24
+00:02:05,370 --> 00:02:12,510
+في ال Basilary groove بيمر اللي هو Basilar artery
+
+25
+00:02:12,510 --> 00:02:17,490
+اتذكرولي اتنين اتنين اربعة اربعة هدول ال cranial
+
+26
+00:02:17,490 --> 00:02:19,230
+nerves الأول اتنين بيكونوا في ال cerebral
+
+27
+00:02:19,230 --> 00:02:22,270
+hemisphere اللي بعدهم بيكونوا في ال middle brain
+
+28
+00:02:22,270 --> 00:02:26,360
+والاربعة اللي بعدهم في ال ponsواللي بعدهم يظل
+
+29
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:30,100
+أبلانجاتة في بعض ال exceptions بنتكلم في كل عصب
+
+30
+00:02:30,100 --> 00:02:34,200
+لوحده يجان في انا Basilary groove بيمور فيه
+
+31
+00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:37,620
+Basilary artery ومين اللي بيكونوا موجودين في ال
+
+32
+00:02:37,620 --> 00:02:41,200
+Pons بيخرجوا من ال Pons العصب الراب الخامس التراجي
+
+33
+00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:45,880
+من ال nerve abdocent nerve العصب السادس facial
+
+34
+00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:50,680
+nerve العصب السابع و vestibulocochlear nerve العصب
+
+35
+00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:56,120
+الثامن هدول أربعة بيخرجوا من وين من ال Ponsهي
+
+36
+00:02:56,120 --> 00:03:00,280
+واضحة عندي anterior service و anterolateral
+
+37
+00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:05,620
+service of the pons هنا بيكون فيها basilary groove
+
+38
+00:03:05,620 --> 00:03:10,060
+هم بيمر فيها basilar artery بخرج من ال
+
+39
+00:03:10,060 --> 00:03:13,980
+anterolateral service اللي هو الترايجي من ال nerve
+
+40
+00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:18,620
+الـ trigeminal nerve له large root sensory and
+
+41
+00:03:18,620 --> 00:03:24,200
+small root motor، abducent nerve بين الـ pons
+
+42
+00:03:24,200 --> 00:03:27,380
+والميدال اللي قبلين جاتها، facial nerve له two
+
+43
+00:03:27,380 --> 00:03:32,220
+root large root motor and small root sensory and
+
+44
+00:03:32,220 --> 00:03:37,380
+parasympathetic و vestibulocochlear nerve العصب
+
+45
+00:03:37,380 --> 00:03:44,690
+إيشالعصب الثامن هذا هو ال external features of the
+
+46
+00:03:44,690 --> 00:03:53,370
+anterolateral surface of the palms وعضة عندي هنا
+
+47
+00:03:53,370 --> 00:03:59,350
+trigeminal nerveabdominal nerve, fascial nerve and
+
+48
+00:03:59,350 --> 00:04:03,750
+vestibular cochlear nerve وهذه اللي هي Basilar
+
+49
+00:04:03,750 --> 00:04:07,490
+groove او بنسميها groove of the basilar artery
+
+50
+00:04:07,490 --> 00:04:13,790
+لأنه بيمر فيها Basilar artery الآن اتكلم على
+
+51
+00:04:13,790 --> 00:04:18,170
+posterior service of the pons posterior service of
+
+52
+00:04:18,170 --> 00:04:21,110
+the pons لما نتكلم عن posterior service of the
+
+53
+00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:28,260
+pons في عندنا median longitudinal sulcusموجود في
+
+54
+00:04:28,260 --> 00:04:34,660
+ال middle line في a medial imminance في facial
+
+55
+00:04:34,660 --> 00:04:40,600
+calculus وفي vestibular trigon vestibular trigon
+
+56
+00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:44,720
+facial calculus بتعطينا facial nucleus هاي ال
+
+57
+00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:50,280
+posterior service of the pons هنا في أنها تكون
+
+58
+00:04:50,280 --> 00:04:55,790
+posterior median فشارواضح في هنا الـ Facial
+
+59
+00:04:55,790 --> 00:05:00,850
+Calculus و الـ Medial Eminence كل هذا موجود بمجرد
+
+60
+00:05:00,850 --> 00:05:04,990
+كمان الـ Vestibular الـ Trigon هو اللي في ال
+
+61
+00:05:04,990 --> 00:05:08,670
+بستيرو الـ Service of the Pons مش واضح هنا بس في
+
+62
+00:05:08,670 --> 00:05:18,770
+الصورة هاي عندي اكمله هان هذه الصورة أوضح هنا
+
+63
+00:05:18,770 --> 00:05:25,900
+في ايه بستير ميديا انفشارفي شالكاليكولاس في ال
+
+64
+00:05:25,900 --> 00:05:32,200
+امينانس وفي اللي هو تكملة vestibular trigon لأنه
+
+65
+00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:37,600
+في جزء في ميدالة أو بلانجاتا و جزء في ال pons كمان
+
+66
+00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:41,980
+إضافي لل slide في ال posterior surface of the pons
+
+67
+00:05:41,980 --> 00:05:48,880
+في vestibular a trigon اللي داخلها بيكون موجود ال
+
+68
+00:05:48,880 --> 00:05:54,290
+vestibular nuclei of the vestibular nerveالان
+
+69
+00:05:54,290 --> 00:05:59,910
+اتكلم على internal structures of the pons لما
+
+70
+00:05:59,910 --> 00:06:02,230
+نتكلم على ال external .. ال internal structure of
+
+71
+00:06:02,230 --> 00:06:06,930
+the pons نتكلم احنا على نكلياية and fibers located
+
+72
+00:06:06,930 --> 00:06:13,490
+inside of the pons موجود transverse fibers هذول ال
+
+73
+00:06:13,490 --> 00:06:18,350
+transverse fibers بيكونون اللي هم pontocerebellar
+
+74
+00:06:18,350 --> 00:06:24,320
+fibers اللي أصلا مجيين من middle cerebellarأثنين
+
+75
+00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:28,700
+الـ longitudinal fibers هدول اللي لهم علاقة بال
+
+76
+00:06:28,700 --> 00:06:34,500
+projection fibers من ضمنهم corticospinal tract أو
+
+77
+00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:38,020
+بنسميه pyramidal tract ومنهم جزئية اسمها
+
+78
+00:06:38,020 --> 00:06:44,260
+corticopontine fibers في الـpons موجودين نوكليايل
+
+79
+00:06:44,260 --> 00:06:47,640
+الـ trigeminal nerve من النوكليايل اللي بتاعة ال
+
+80
+00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:52,410
+trigeminal nerveموجودة من sensory nucleus من
+
+81
+00:06:52,410 --> 00:06:59,970
+sensory nucleus for a for a touch sensation من
+
+82
+00:06:59,970 --> 00:07:06,570
+sensory nucleus
+
+83
+00:07:06,570 --> 00:07:15,310
+وجزء من descending spinal nucleus of trigeminal
+
+84
+00:07:15,310 --> 00:07:20,400
+nerveهدول نوكلياي يعتبروا sensory nuclei، sensory
+
+85
+00:07:20,400 --> 00:07:24,880
+إيه؟ نوكلياي لأن ال descending spinal nucleus بتمر
+
+86
+00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:28,800
+في ال pons ثم في الميضالة أو بلنجاتها و هي بتنزل
+
+87
+00:07:28,800 --> 00:07:32,700
+لل upper part of spinal cord، هيك بتكون جزء موجود
+
+88
+00:07:32,700 --> 00:07:36,180
+في ال ponsجزء موجود في Medulla Oblongata وجزء
+
+89
+00:07:36,180 --> 00:07:40,420
+موجود من C1 ل C4 segment of spinal cord هذي
+
+90
+00:07:40,420 --> 00:07:43,900
+descending spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve for
+
+91
+00:07:43,900 --> 00:07:48,740
+pain and temperature sensation
+
+92
+00:07:48,740 --> 00:07:55,560
+في motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve كمان موجودة
+
+93
+00:07:55,560 --> 00:08:01,480
+في الـ Pons في نوكلياس motor لـ Abdominal nerve
+
+94
+00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:08,420
+موجودة في الـ Ponsفي نكلياي لـ facial nerve motor
+
+95
+00:08:08,420 --> 00:08:15,160
+nucleus ventral and dorsal اللي ال ventral بتكون
+
+96
+00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:19,280
+مسئولة عن ايه؟ عن ال
+
+97
+00:08:22,770 --> 00:08:27,930
+lower half of the face والدورسل مسئول عن ال upper
+
+98
+00:08:27,930 --> 00:08:31,150
+half of the face يعني الدورسل motor nucleus of the
+
+99
+00:08:31,150 --> 00:08:35,390
+facial nerve مسئول عن الجزء العلوي من الوجه عضلاته
+
+100
+00:08:35,390 --> 00:08:39,390
+و ال ventral nucleus of facial مسئول عن الجزء
+
+101
+00:08:39,390 --> 00:08:42,710
+السفلي من الوجه و عضلات الوجه من ناحية motor
+
+102
+00:08:42,710 --> 00:08:49,590
+functionموجودة nucleus of vestibular nerve ال
+
+103
+00:08:49,590 --> 00:08:53,930
+vestibular نوكلياي جزء منهم موجود في ال pons و جزء
+
+104
+00:08:53,930 --> 00:08:57,550
+منهم موجود في ميدالا أو بلانجاتا
+
+105
+00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:06,660
+عندنا في ال bonds واضح هي عندى trigeminal motor
+
+106
+00:09:06,660 --> 00:09:11,400
+nucleus في عندى abdomen nucleus في ال facial
+
+107
+00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:16,260
+nucleus اللي هم motor زائد كمان اللي هي في ال
+
+108
+00:09:16,260 --> 00:09:19,800
+facial من ناحية ال facial nerve في superior
+
+109
+00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:26,750
+salivary nucleusSuperior Salivary Nucleus تعتبر
+
+110
+00:09:26,750 --> 00:09:33,570
+بارا سيمباثاتيك نوكلياس تعطي أسلحة لأسلحة السلمية
+
+111
+00:09:33,570 --> 00:09:36,790
+السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+112
+00:09:36,790 --> 00:09:38,230
+السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+113
+00:09:38,230 --> 00:09:43,250
+السلمية السلمية السلمية
+
+114
+00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:49,780
+أنا عشان أذكر هذه ال nucleus وظيفتها أجيب رأس بصل
+
+115
+00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:53,880
+و أقطعه و أشوف إيش بيصير فينا، بيصير الدم و بيصير
+
+116
+00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:57,940
+الأنف تبعنا ايه؟ secretion من الأنف و هكذا
+
+117
+00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:04,400
+هي اللي عندنا descending spinal nucleus of
+
+118
+00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,740
+trigeminal nerve for pain and temperature
+
+119
+00:10:06,740 --> 00:10:10,700
+sensation او بنسميها principal trigeminal nucleus
+
+120
+00:10:10,700 --> 00:10:14,980
+جزء منها موجود في الـ palms جزء موجود منها في
+
+121
+00:10:14,980 --> 00:10:18,560
+الميدالة أو بلانغاتا وجزء بنزلوين لل upper
+
+122
+00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:22,780
+segments of spinal cord غير هيك موجود cochlear
+
+123
+00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:27,800
+nuclei مادخلتهم في slide و vestibular nuclei
+
+124
+00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:33,290
+موجودينهذا كله اللي هو يعتبر a internal structures
+
+125
+00:10:33,290 --> 00:10:40,330
+of the pons انتجل الآن لجزء الأخير من المحاضرة
+
+126
+00:10:40,330 --> 00:10:46,750
+اللي هو a midbrain الدماغ الأوسط it is the upper
+
+127
+00:10:46,750 --> 00:10:51,870
+part of brainstem يبقى انه upper part of brainstem
+
+128
+00:10:51,870 --> 00:10:58,520
+وين موجود located between the ponsBelow بيحده من
+
+129
+00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:03,480
+تحت ال Pons و من أعلى Diencephalon Diencephalon
+
+130
+00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:07,720
+يبقى نلاقي Med Brain بيكون محصور بين من و مين بين
+
+131
+00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:13,040
+ال Pons من تحت و Diencephalon من فوق من الخلف
+
+132
+00:11:13,040 --> 00:11:17,840
+مرتبط مع ال cerebellum عن طريق superior cerebellar
+
+133
+00:11:17,840 --> 00:11:22,210
+pedunclesيبقى ان ال connection بتاعته it connects
+
+134
+00:11:22,210 --> 00:11:26,630
+pons and cerebellum to subthalamic يبقى ان هو
+
+135
+00:11:26,630 --> 00:11:31,590
+بيربط ال pons و ال cerebellum مع ال subthalamus مع
+
+136
+00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:35,670
+ال cerebral الهيمسفير هو مش بيربطهم بس هو بيربط كل
+
+137
+00:11:35,670 --> 00:11:39,830
+الجهاز العصب المركزي من تحت ال middle brain بال
+
+138
+00:11:39,830 --> 00:11:44,440
+cerebrumلأن كل ال fibers جا من spinal cord و من
+
+139
+00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,360
+الcerebellum و من مضالة بلنجاتا و bones راح تمر
+
+140
+00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:53,600
+عبر ال midbrain عشان تصل إلى ال cerebrum هاي هو
+
+141
+00:11:53,600 --> 00:12:01,220
+اللي هو midbrain هذه جزئية اسمها ايه ميد برينهذا
+
+142
+00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:06,980
+اللي بربط كل الجهاز العصبي المركزي أسفل مع الدماغ
+
+143
+00:12:06,980 --> 00:12:11,180
+أو مع المخ من أعلى يكون هذا مهم جدا اللي هو ال mid
+
+144
+00:12:11,180 --> 00:12:15,780
+brain اللي هو الدماغ الأوسط اللي حلقت ربط ووصل ما
+
+145
+00:12:15,780 --> 00:12:19,200
+بين الجهاز العصبي المركزي السفلي اللي هو brain
+
+146
+00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:23,480
+stem, cerebellum and spinal cord with a cerebral
+
+147
+00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:24,380
+hemisphere
+
+148
+00:12:30,260 --> 00:12:35,680
+external features of midbrain لما نتكلم عن ال
+
+149
+00:12:35,680 --> 00:12:39,140
+external features of midbrain في ال anterior
+
+150
+00:12:39,140 --> 00:12:45,180
+service of midbrain بيكون عندي two cerebellar
+
+151
+00:12:45,180 --> 00:12:51,860
+peduncles و ايه كمان و oculomotor nerve
+
+152
+00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:59,440
+في الـ anterior cervix of midbrain موجود two
+
+153
+00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,700
+cerebral peduncles وequal motor nerve اللي هو
+
+154
+00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:08,080
+emerging from the medial side of cerebral
+
+155
+00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:11,320
+peduncles بيحدد ال cerebral peduncles من الداخل
+
+156
+00:13:13,730 --> 00:13:17,510
+الـ anterior service of midbrain موجود عندنا
+
+157
+00:13:17,510 --> 00:13:21,070
+cerebral peduncles اللي بيسموهم cross cerebrae
+
+158
+00:13:21,070 --> 00:13:26,970
+وموجود ايش اوكلاموتر نيرب ولاحظوا الاوكلاموتر نيرب
+
+159
+00:13:26,970 --> 00:13:31,590
+بخرج medial او internal من الcerebral peduncles
+
+160
+00:13:31,590 --> 00:13:36,290
+هذا هو اللي موجود في ال external features بتاع ال
+
+161
+00:13:36,290 --> 00:13:41,270
+anterior service ofMidbrain ماحد يقول الـ
+
+162
+00:13:41,270 --> 00:13:44,090
+trochlear nerve بيجي من الـ anterior service لأ
+
+163
+00:13:44,090 --> 00:13:46,990
+انتوا لاحظوا ال trochlear nerve هو جاي من ال
+
+164
+00:13:46,990 --> 00:13:51,350
+posterior service و بلف إلى الأمام بلف لف من الخلف
+
+165
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:56,950
+للأمام نتكلم
+
+166
+00:13:56,950 --> 00:14:03,860
+علىPosterior service of midbrain في ال posterior
+
+167
+00:14:03,860 --> 00:14:08,920
+service في midbrain في هنا four caliculi في هنا
+
+168
+00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:14,420
+ايه؟ four caliculi في two superior caliculi right
+
+169
+00:14:14,420 --> 00:14:20,220
+and left و two inferior caliculi right and left
+
+170
+00:14:20,220 --> 00:14:26,000
+what's the function of superior calculus؟ال main
+
+171
+00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:31,080
+function ل ال superior calculus is visual function
+
+172
+00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:35,020
+اللي علاقة بالنظر، اللي علاقة بيه بالنظر طب إيش ال
+
+173
+00:14:35,020 --> 00:14:39,880
+function بتاعة ال inferior calculus ال auditory or
+
+174
+00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:42,820
+hearing اللي علاقة بال hearing أو ال auditory
+
+175
+00:14:42,820 --> 00:14:45,640
+function يعني ال inferior calculus اللي علاقة
+
+176
+00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:56,530
+بالسمعو ال superior و ال inferior و ال superior
+
+177
+00:14:56,530 --> 00:14:57,110
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+178
+00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:57,150
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+179
+00:14:57,150 --> 00:14:57,190
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+180
+00:14:57,190 --> 00:14:57,270
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+181
+00:14:57,270 --> 00:14:57,270
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+182
+00:14:57,270 --> 00:14:57,310
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+183
+00:14:57,310 --> 00:14:57,310
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+184
+00:14:57,310 --> 00:14:57,310
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+185
+00:14:57,310 --> 00:14:57,450
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+186
+00:14:57,450 --> 00:14:57,450
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+187
+00:14:57,450 --> 00:14:57,450
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+188
+00:14:57,450 --> 00:14:57,550
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+189
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,550
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+190
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,550
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+191
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,550
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+192
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,550
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+193
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,550
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+194
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,550
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+195
+00:14:57,550 --> 00:14:57,790
+و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال
+
+196
+00:14:57,790 --> 00:14:58,530
+superior و ال superior و ال superior و ال superior
+
+197
+00:14:58,530 --> 00:15:09,930
+و ال superior و
+
+198
+00:15:09,930 --> 00:15:17,670
+الوموجود بيكون Trochlear nerve العصب الرابع هاي
+
+199
+00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:22,650
+عندي اللي هو inferior
+
+200
+00:15:22,650 --> 00:15:30,310
+calculus بتكون مرتبطة مع media الجينيكوليت body
+
+201
+00:15:30,310 --> 00:15:34,640
+بتاعة ال metathalamusوهي superior calculus اللي هي
+
+202
+00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:38,120
+علاقة بال lateral geniculate body for vision
+
+203
+00:15:38,120 --> 00:15:44,640
+وواضحاً اللي ��و Trochlearnier بخرج من بصيره
+
+204
+00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:49,820
+service وبيلف للأمام بصيره service وبيلف للأمام
+
+205
+00:15:49,820 --> 00:15:53,490
+هذا Trochlearnierمن الـ posterior service of
+
+206
+00:15:53,490 --> 00:15:57,490
+midbrain السهلين for colloquiali ثنين superior
+
+207
+00:15:57,490 --> 00:16:01,830
+ثنين inferior و Trochlear nerve اللي هو بيخرج من
+
+208
+00:16:01,830 --> 00:16:09,970
+ال posterior service of midbrain هاي عندي ال optic
+
+209
+00:16:09,970 --> 00:16:13,410
+tract مرتبط مع ال lateral geniculate body ال
+
+210
+00:16:13,410 --> 00:16:18,540
+lateral geniculate bodyهي المرتبطة مع ال .. مع ال
+
+211
+00:16:18,540 --> 00:16:21,180
+superior calculus هي ال media الجينيكوليطي
+
+212
+00:16:21,180 --> 00:16:26,540
+المرتبطة مع inferior calculus الآن بتكلم على
+
+213
+00:16:26,540 --> 00:16:31,720
+internal structures of midbrain internal
+
+214
+00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:37,540
+structures of midbrain لو جينا .. اخدنا transverse
+
+215
+00:16:37,540 --> 00:16:43,750
+section للميد برينبنجد في ال midbrain بيمر قناة
+
+216
+00:16:43,750 --> 00:16:50,010
+اسمها silvius او cerebral aqueduct بيبقى في ال
+
+217
+00:16:50,010 --> 00:16:55,490
+midbrain موجود silvius او cerebral aqueduct هذه ال
+
+218
+00:16:55,490 --> 00:16:59,590
+silvius او ال cerebral aqueduct راح تقسم لنا ال
+
+219
+00:16:59,590 --> 00:17:04,310
+midbrain ل two part راح تقسم ال midbrain ل ايه؟
+
+220
+00:17:04,310 --> 00:17:11,150
+two partتكتم اللي هو يعتبر posterior part و two
+
+221
+00:17:11,150 --> 00:17:14,610
+cerebral peduncles اللي هو ال anterior part لو
+
+222
+00:17:14,610 --> 00:17:18,790
+سألتكوا سؤال مين فيهم large و مين فيهم small ال
+
+223
+00:17:18,790 --> 00:17:23,130
+posterior part راح يكون small و ال anterior part
+
+224
+00:17:23,130 --> 00:17:27,240
+راح يكون largeيبقى الـ posterior part اللي هو
+
+225
+00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:31,160
+التكتم يعتبر small part و ال two cerebral bronches
+
+226
+00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:41,520
+يعتبروا a large part of midbrain اول
+
+227
+00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:47,680
+شي نجسمهم هياخدنا صورة او نجيب صورة هنأوضح
+
+228
+00:17:49,250 --> 00:17:54,710
+Okay، لاحظوا هنا، هي القناة اللي هي اسمها Silvius
+
+229
+00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:59,990
+Aqueduct أو Cerebral Aqueduct، هذه القناة بتوصل ما
+
+230
+00:17:59,990 --> 00:18:07,250
+بين third ventricle، ventricle
+
+231
+00:18:07,250 --> 00:18:14,530
+مع مين؟ مع ال fourth ventricle، مع fourthيقول هذه
+
+232
+00:18:14,530 --> 00:18:19,210
+القناة اللي هي cellulose aqueduct تربط ما بين ال
+
+233
+00:18:19,210 --> 00:18:22,550
+third ventricle مع ايه ال fourth ventricle و ايه
+
+234
+00:18:22,550 --> 00:18:30,010
+بتعمل في ال midbrain تقسم ال midbrain لجزئين قسمت
+
+235
+00:18:30,010 --> 00:18:34,450
+ال midbrain لجزئين اللي هو الجزء الخلفي اسمه
+
+236
+00:18:36,330 --> 00:18:41,130
+وهذا cerebral peduncles ..cerebral peduncles يبقى
+
+237
+00:18:41,130 --> 00:18:46,410
+جسمتنا ال a من إبريلا جزئين تكتم اللي هو posterior
+
+238
+00:18:46,410 --> 00:18:53,650
+وcerebral peduncles اللي هم ايه anterior هذا هو ال
+
+239
+00:18:53,650 --> 00:19:00,870
+silvius aqueduct تمام شوف
+
+240
+00:19:00,870 --> 00:19:02,770
+على transverse cut ناخده
+
+241
+00:19:05,860 --> 00:19:12,660
+هي Transversal cut هاي أخدنا ال Silvias Aqueduct
+
+242
+00:19:12,660 --> 00:19:16,620
+راح تقسم ايه?
+
+243
+00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:24,200
+Cerebral او ال midbrain لجزئين Tectum
+
+244
+00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:30,500
+ايه؟ Tectum و Cerebral Peduncles يبقى الجزئين
+
+245
+00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:36,290
+الجزء الأولTectum posterior part و الجزء الثاني
+
+246
+00:19:36,290 --> 00:19:42,470
+cerebral peduncles اللي هو يعتبر ايش anterior part
+
+247
+00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:46,370
+مين فيهم large و مين فيهم small تectum يعتبر small
+
+248
+00:19:46,370 --> 00:19:52,950
+و cerebral peduncles يعتبر large هيك اعتقد مفهوم
+
+249
+00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,810
+كيف جسمنا ال midbrain لجزئين ل anterior part و
+
+250
+00:19:56,810 --> 00:19:57,790
+posterior part
+
+251
+00:20:03,420 --> 00:20:10,560
+الان ناخد كل جزء و نشرحه نبدأ ب .. بتكتم of
+
+252
+00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:17,120
+midbrain تكتم of midbrain it is a smaller part of
+
+253
+00:20:17,120 --> 00:20:21,320
+midbrain يبقى تكتم of midbrain يعتبر smaller
+
+254
+00:20:21,320 --> 00:20:26,760
+dorsal part of midbrain which is located posterior
+
+255
+00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:33,170
+or behind لمين؟ لـsilvius او cerebralو بتكون من
+
+256
+00:20:33,170 --> 00:20:38,870
+جزئين two superior calculi for vision و two
+
+257
+00:20:38,870 --> 00:20:42,390
+inferior calculi for hearing و خلصنا سهل و مافي
+
+258
+00:20:42,390 --> 00:20:47,250
+مشاكل هي هنا ال take down وهنا بيكون و هنا اللي هو
+
+259
+00:20:47,250 --> 00:20:51,950
+ال cut أخده على level inferior calculus لو أخدنا
+
+260
+00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:54,950
+مقطع أعلى راح يكون على level بتاع superior
+
+261
+00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:59,430
+calculus ننتقل الآن لجزء الثاني من ال mid brain
+
+262
+00:21:00,310 --> 00:21:05,010
+الجزء الأمامي اسمه cerebral peduncles of midbrain
+
+263
+00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:12,710
+it is largest part او larger ventral part which is
+
+264
+00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:17,330
+located in front or anterior to the sylvia's
+
+265
+00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:20,870
+aqueduct او cerebral aqueduct و بتكون من تلات
+
+266
+00:21:20,870 --> 00:21:24,930
+أجزاء بتكون من كام جزء؟ من تلات أجزاء أول جزء اسمه
+
+267
+00:21:24,930 --> 00:21:31,570
+cross cerebralتانية جزء اسمها substantia negra
+
+268
+00:21:31,570 --> 00:21:34,070
+المادة السوداء تالت جزء اسمه
+
+269
+00:21:45,980 --> 00:21:52,680
+الجزء الأول اسمه cross cerebrae الجزء الثاني اسمه
+
+270
+00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:57,700
+substantia nigra الجزء الثالث اسمه pigmentum of
+
+271
+00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:02,980
+midbrainOkay، إيش موجود في الـ Cross Reparate؟
+
+272
+00:22:02,980 --> 00:22:07,360
+بيمر في ال projection fibers Corticospinal tract،
+
+273
+00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:11,380
+Corticonuclear tract مسئولة عن إيش السبستانشيا
+
+274
+00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:15,020
+نيجرا، هي عبارة عن ثقلة من أوغري مطر اللي علاقة
+
+275
+00:22:15,020 --> 00:22:20,020
+بال extrapyramidal central nervous system تعملنا
+
+276
+00:22:20,020 --> 00:22:25,300
+production لدوبامين، لو حدث نقص فيها، و حدث نقص و
+
+277
+00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:30,380
+degenerationفي ال substance negra وبعدها قل ال
+
+278
+00:22:30,380 --> 00:22:35,660
+production of dopamine بينتج عنها مرض اسمه shaking
+
+279
+00:22:35,660 --> 00:22:40,860
+palsy or parkinson disease مرض شلل الرعاش والمرض
+
+280
+00:22:40,860 --> 00:22:44,280
+كيف بيسير يمشي يمشي نزهق هذا المشي بيصير عنده
+
+281
+00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:48,960
+bloody kinase, oligokinase,mentation tremor هذا
+
+282
+00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,700
+المشي له علاقة بمرض الشلل الرعاش مرض ايش؟ شلل
+
+283
+00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:58,780
+الرعاشTegmentum of midbrain التجمينتوم of midbrain
+
+284
+00:22:58,780 --> 00:23:03,260
+بيكون داخله ال نوكلياي بتاعة ال oculomotor nerve
+
+285
+00:23:03,260 --> 00:23:08,340
+بتاعة ال trochlear nerve العصب الثالث والرابع فيها
+
+286
+00:23:08,340 --> 00:23:12,260
+ascending tract بتاعة ال sensation ال reticular
+
+287
+00:23:12,260 --> 00:23:15,860
+formation اللي هي موجودة عبارة عن نوكلياي موجودين
+
+288
+00:23:15,860 --> 00:23:18,860
+في ال brain stem اللي هم علاقة بال regulation of
+
+289
+00:23:18,860 --> 00:23:22,340
+consciousness level هو درجة الوعي و النوم و هكذا
+
+290
+00:23:23,310 --> 00:23:31,390
+وبجهن كمان مرة نجسمهم مع بعض هنا جسمنا ال midbrain
+
+291
+00:23:31,390 --> 00:23:39,650
+إلى الجزء الأول اللي هو ايه تكتم هذا واحد وقلنا
+
+292
+00:23:39,650 --> 00:23:45,190
+تكتم فيه superior و inferior calicular أخدنا الجزء
+
+293
+00:23:45,190 --> 00:23:50,630
+الثاني هذا
+
+294
+00:23:50,630 --> 00:23:51,110
+اتنين
+
+295
+00:23:56,110 --> 00:24:02,730
+cerebral peduncles خلصنا هاي جسم ده هذا الانتريو و
+
+296
+00:24:02,730 --> 00:24:06,910
+هذا البرامج السيريبرال و هذا البرامج البوستير هنا
+
+297
+00:24:06,910 --> 00:24:13,930
+نجسم الcerebral peduncles لثلاث أجزاء أول جزء راح
+
+298
+00:24:13,930 --> 00:24:18,310
+يكون cross
+
+299
+00:24:21,220 --> 00:24:28,240
+cross cerebrae الجزء الثاني تجمنتم
+
+300
+00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:37,940
+تجمنتم تكتب مباشرة تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+301
+00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:46,040
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+302
+00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:47,380
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+303
+00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:47,380
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+304
+00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:47,380
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+305
+00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:47,380
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+306
+00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:47,380
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم
+
+307
+00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:56,280
+تجمنتم تجمنتم تجمنتم تيبقى هذه جزء الأول A B C هذه
+
+308
+00:24:56,280 --> 00:25:03,060
+تقسيمة ايش اللي هو ال posterior تقسيمة ال anterior
+
+309
+00:25:03,060 --> 00:25:08,440
+part of the midbrain لتجمينتهم cross reprise و
+
+310
+00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:13,860
+substantia nigra هي كما احنا حددنا لكوا و جسمنا ال
+
+311
+00:25:13,860 --> 00:25:18,320
+midbrain من ناحية ال internalالـ structures و
+
+312
+00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:23,080
+الأجزاء الموجودة في internal structures of
+
+313
+00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:30,360
+midbrain الان نتكلم على ال structures of the
+
+314
+00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:32,940
+midbrain من ناحية ال internal structures أكيد رح
+
+315
+00:25:32,940 --> 00:25:36,080
+يكون فيه أكولاموتر نوكلياس و تروكليار نوكلياس
+
+316
+00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:40,720
+موجودين في التجمينتم of midbrain ريد نوكلياس اللي
+
+317
+00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:44,220
+علاقة بالإكسترابيراميدل نيربالسيستم ميزنسيفاليك
+
+318
+00:25:44,220 --> 00:25:48,840
+نوكلياس of the trigeminal nerveاللي علاقة بال deep
+
+319
+00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:51,360
+sensation قولنا احنا في exception هي المفروضة تكون
+
+320
+00:25:51,360 --> 00:25:53,800
+في ال bones لكنها لم تجت في ال bones اجت في ال
+
+321
+00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,160
+midbrain واسمها mesencephalic nucleus of
+
+322
+00:25:57,160 --> 00:26:00,720
+trigeminal nerve for deep sensation inferior
+
+323
+00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,980
+calculus موجودة هي و ال superior calculus موجودين
+
+324
+00:26:04,980 --> 00:26:09,380
+في تكتم of midbrain السوبريور اللي علاقة في ال
+
+325
+00:26:09,380 --> 00:26:12,820
+vision و inferior اللي علاقة بال hearingsubstantia
+
+326
+00:26:12,820 --> 00:26:16,780
+nigra هذي extrapyramidal center for production of
+
+327
+00:26:16,780 --> 00:26:20,820
+dopamine و لو حدث deficiency في الدوبامين بينتج
+
+328
+00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:25,600
+مرض اسمه parkinson disease او shaking palsy شلال
+
+329
+00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,870
+الرعاش انا فوق بيكون في الاللي هو superior
+
+330
+00:26:29,870 --> 00:26:32,450
+calculus تحتها بيكون inferior calculus في
+
+331
+00:26:32,450 --> 00:26:37,310
+التجمينتم في ال oculomotor nerve نوكلياس اللي هي
+
+332
+00:26:37,310 --> 00:26:40,530
+في انها motor نوكلياس و في danger و إستفال نوكلياس
+
+333
+00:26:40,530 --> 00:26:43,650
+هذه بورا sympathetic كلهم هدول ال oculomotor nerve
+
+334
+00:26:43,650 --> 00:26:47,290
+في موجودة بتكون mesencephalic nucleus في
+
+335
+00:26:47,290 --> 00:26:51,600
+substantia nigra بتكون في ال cerebral pedunclesو
+
+336
+00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:56,060
+هكذا هيك هي بيكون احنا شرحنا هي عندي واضح ال
+
+337
+00:26:56,060 --> 00:26:59,420
+trochlear nucleus هي mesencephalic nucleus بتكون
+
+338
+00:26:59,420 --> 00:27:04,120
+موجودة في ال tegmentum جريبة بين tegmentum of
+
+339
+00:27:04,120 --> 00:27:07,860
+midbrain and tectum بينهم بتكون موجودة هيك بيكون
+
+340
+00:27:07,860 --> 00:27:11,740
+انا شرحتلكم اللي هو ال brainstem و وصلنا لآخر
+
+341
+00:27:11,740 --> 00:27:15,020
+slide في محاضرة anatomy and physiology of the
+
+342
+00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:18,220
+brainstem يعطيكم ألف عافية و دومتم بخير
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/qQXAgnMjHuA_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1528 @@
+1
+00:00:04,990 --> 00:00:07,750
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:07,750 --> 00:00:12,890
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع السابع راح تكون على anatomy
+
+3
+00:00:12,890 --> 00:00:17,770
+of the spinal cord anatomy of the spinal cord is
+
+4
+00:00:17,770 --> 00:00:23,430
+very important spinal cord يعتبر extra cranial
+
+5
+00:00:23,430 --> 00:00:31,130
+part of central nervous system the spinal cord is
+
+6
+00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:35,730
+extracranial part of the central nervous system
+
+7
+00:00:35,730 --> 00:00:41,810
+enclosed inside the vertebral column ويكون موجود
+
+8
+00:00:41,810 --> 00:00:45,910
+داخل ال spinal canal في ال vertebral column
+
+9
+00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:51,950
+anatomy of the spinal cord تكلم عن anatomy of
+
+10
+00:00:51,950 --> 00:00:57,710
+spinal cord shape من ناحية ال shape compressed
+
+11
+00:00:58,770 --> 00:01:02,450
+cylindrical column يعتبر compressed cylindrical
+
+12
+00:01:02,450 --> 00:01:07,350
+column number of neurons in human spinal cord
+
+13
+00:01:07,350 --> 00:01:10,990
+بيكون حوالي تلتاشر مليون و خمسمية الف neurons
+
+14
+00:01:10,990 --> 00:01:17,630
+length of human spinal cord طول spinal cord متوسط
+
+15
+00:01:17,630 --> 00:01:20,390
+عند ال male خمسة و أربعين سانتي و عند ال female
+
+16
+00:01:20,390 --> 00:01:25,600
+تلاتة و أربعين سانتي weightof human spinal cord
+
+17
+00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:30,000
+وزن ال spinal cord خمسة و تلاتين جرام شوفوا خمسة و
+
+18
+00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:34,540
+تلاتين جرام وزن من تمانين كيلو جرام متوسط او سبعين
+
+19
+00:01:34,540 --> 00:01:38,160
+كيلو جرام متوسط لراجل او الست ستين كيلو جرام okay
+
+20
+00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:42,380
+خمسة و تلاتين جرام وزن spinal cord لكن لو ماكان
+
+21
+00:01:42,380 --> 00:01:46,560
+spinal cord كان احنا او الناس عندهم شلة الرباعي
+
+22
+00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:50,580
+شلة الرباعي خمسة و تلاتين جرام بتحكم في حركة
+
+23
+00:01:50,580 --> 00:01:55,980
+الإنسان كلهاdiameter about one centimeter يعني
+
+24
+00:01:55,980 --> 00:01:59,640
+حوالي واحد سنتين تقريبا ال diameter بتاعه location
+
+25
+00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:04,080
+it is located in the spinal canal او vertebral
+
+26
+00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:07,700
+canal بيكون موجود ال spinal cord و beginning
+
+27
+00:02:07,700 --> 00:02:10,260
+beginning بتاعة ال spinal cord من وين بيبدأ ال
+
+28
+00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:13,840
+spinal cord بيبدأ من level of foramen magnum او
+
+29
+00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:18,440
+يعتبر هو continuation of medulla oblongata يعتبر
+
+30
+00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:20,960
+continuation of medulla oblongata
+
+31
+00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:31,420
+هي عندي بداية spinal cord ببدأ على level four of
+
+32
+00:02:31,420 --> 00:02:37,220
+the magnum و بنزل في main في spinal canal او في ال
+
+33
+00:02:37,220 --> 00:02:38,100
+vertebral canal
+
+34
+00:02:44,850 --> 00:02:47,470
+termination of the spinal cord مهم ال termination
+
+35
+00:02:47,470 --> 00:02:50,610
+of the spinal cord مهم قيلنا كأخصيين أعصاب أو أي
+
+36
+00:02:50,610 --> 00:02:55,010
+أخصي أو طبيب عشان موضوع lumbar puncture لما نياخد
+
+37
+00:02:55,010 --> 00:02:59,950
+عينة CSF من spinal canal termination of the spinal
+
+38
+00:02:59,950 --> 00:03:06,830
+cord depends at the age of patient لو أخدنا جنين
+
+39
+00:03:06,830 --> 00:03:11,690
+ستكان عنده عملية اجهاض abortion ويشرحنا الجنين
+
+40
+00:03:11,690 --> 00:03:16,150
+بنجد ان ال spinal cord في ال third month of
+
+41
+00:03:16,150 --> 00:03:21,310
+intrauterine life fills the whole spinal canal
+
+42
+00:03:21,310 --> 00:03:24,730
+بيكون ال spinal cord معبي كل spinal canal عند
+
+43
+00:03:24,730 --> 00:03:31,690
+الجنين لو كان عمره ثلاث أشهر أثناء الحمل at birth
+
+44
+00:03:31,690 --> 00:03:37,660
+عند الولادةبصل ال spinal cord ل level of L3
+
+45
+00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:45,580
+vertebra يعني عند ولادة بيكون واصل تقريبا ل L3
+
+46
+00:03:45,580 --> 00:03:51,360
+vertebraطيب في ال adult عند ال adult راح يكون عند
+
+47
+00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:57,100
+ال adult ل lower border of ألوان lower border of
+
+48
+00:03:57,100 --> 00:04:00,140
+ألوان ألوان يعني مقصود فيها lumber ايه segment
+
+49
+00:04:00,140 --> 00:04:04,500
+lumber لو أخدنا شرّاحنا جنين بيكون spinal cord
+
+50
+00:04:04,500 --> 00:04:08,510
+معبّي كل spinal canalعند الولادة بيكون ال spinal
+
+51
+00:04:08,510 --> 00:04:13,530
+cord على مستوى الفقرة الثالثة على lower border of
+
+52
+00:04:13,530 --> 00:04:19,070
+lumbar 3 vertebra ال adult عندنا بيكون على مستوى
+
+53
+00:04:19,070 --> 00:04:24,270
+lower border of first lumbar vertebra هذا مهم جدا
+
+54
+00:04:24,270 --> 00:04:28,200
+لو انا بدعمل lumber puncture لإنسان adultممكن
+
+55
+00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:31,080
+اعمله lumber puncture على مستوى L4 L5 وممكن اعمله
+
+56
+00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:34,620
+على مستوى L3 L4 صوروا انا في field ماقدرتش افوت
+
+57
+00:04:34,620 --> 00:04:39,100
+بين الفقرات اللي هي L4 L5 بطلع على مستوى اعلى و
+
+58
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:43,040
+بعمل lumber puncture و باخد عينة من L3 L4 لكن عند
+
+59
+00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:46,700
+الأطفال لو حديثي الولادة Contra indication ليه؟لأن
+
+60
+00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:50,200
+ال spinal cord وصل لل lower border of L3 vertebra
+
+61
+00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:54,960
+في حال ان انا عملت lumbar puncture على مستوى L3 L4
+
+62
+00:04:54,960 --> 00:05:00,200
+ممكن اعمل injury ل spinal cord و يدخل المريض في
+
+63
+00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:05,440
+paraplegia او في sphincter dysfunction urine and
+
+64
+00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:12,180
+stool incontinence و هكذا هاي اندي لو في ال intro
+
+65
+00:05:12,180 --> 00:05:19,320
+uterine life يكون ال spinal cordمعبينا كل ايه ال
+
+66
+00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:25,680
+spinal canal الجنين كبر حديثي ولادة صار كبر ال
+
+67
+00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:28,000
+vertebral colon بس ماقدر يكبر معاه ال spinal cord
+
+68
+00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:34,660
+بنفس السرعة ال spinal cord وصلنا لإيه مستوى ال
+
+69
+00:05:34,660 --> 00:05:42,110
+lower border of L3 لكن فيالـ Adult عند الكبار
+
+70
+00:05:42,110 --> 00:05:49,770
+بيكون ال spinal cord على مستوى اللي هي ال lower
+
+71
+00:05:49,770 --> 00:05:54,030
+border of L1 بيكون ال spinal cord على أي مستوى؟
+
+72
+00:05:54,030 --> 00:05:59,910
+على مستوى lower border of lumbar first vertebra
+
+73
+00:06:09,290 --> 00:06:12,470
+What's the functions of spinal cord؟ ايش ال
+
+74
+00:06:12,470 --> 00:06:16,160
+functions بتاع spinal cord؟The first function is
+
+75
+00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:20,740
+conduction function conduction function يعني عملية
+
+76
+00:06:20,740 --> 00:06:27,020
+توصيل توصيل من وين؟ from the brain and to the
+
+77
+00:06:27,020 --> 00:06:30,280
+brain يعني إلى الدماغ ممكن أوصل للدماغ ال fibers
+
+78
+00:06:30,280 --> 00:06:34,720
+أو من الدماغ يعني أبقى عبارة عن ascending tract ال
+
+79
+00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:37,580
+tract المشغول ع ال sensation وع الإحساس هذه بتوصل
+
+80
+00:06:37,580 --> 00:06:42,630
+إشارة من spinal cord to the brain للدماغالعكسة هي
+
+81
+00:06:42,630 --> 00:06:45,990
+descending tracks المسئولة عن الحركة المسئولة عن
+
+82
+00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:49,690
+ال motor function هذه وظيفتها conduct motor
+
+83
+00:06:49,690 --> 00:06:54,810
+impulses from the brain to the spinal cord يعني من
+
+84
+00:06:54,810 --> 00:06:58,370
+ال brain لإيه spinal cord يبقى أول وظيفة لل spinal
+
+85
+00:06:58,370 --> 00:07:03,490
+cord هي إيهconduction function for ascending and
+
+86
+00:07:03,490 --> 00:07:08,850
+descending tracks او for sensory and motor tracks
+
+87
+00:07:08,850 --> 00:07:14,150
+the second function is reflex center ال spinal
+
+88
+00:07:14,150 --> 00:07:19,890
+cord يعتبر ايه موجود فيه اللي هو reflex center لال
+
+89
+00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:23,690
+spinal reflex يعتبر integrative area ايش
+
+90
+00:07:23,690 --> 00:07:28,190
+integrative area يعني فيها ال reflex center بتاعة
+
+91
+00:07:28,190 --> 00:07:33,550
+ال spinal reflexesلاحظوا هاي reflex اسمه knee jerk
+
+92
+00:07:33,550 --> 00:07:43,230
+واضح كيف؟ احنا بالهمر ضربنا على ال tendons بتاعة
+
+93
+00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:51,790
+ال quadriceps muscle راحت الإشارة ب sensory fibers
+
+94
+00:07:51,790 --> 00:07:56,470
+بتاعة ال femoral nerve على اللي هي posterior root
+
+95
+00:07:56,470 --> 00:08:02,570
+of spinal cordدقرة الإشارة للـ posterior horn
+
+96
+00:08:02,570 --> 00:08:08,850
+cells من الـ posterior horn cells بتروح لحاجة
+
+97
+00:08:08,850 --> 00:08:12,390
+اسمها Inter neurons هذه وظيفتها integrative
+
+98
+00:08:12,390 --> 00:08:17,250
+function للـ reflex center و بترجع الإشارة بال
+
+99
+00:08:17,250 --> 00:08:22,070
+motor fibers أول شي عن طريق الـ anterior root of
+
+100
+00:08:22,070 --> 00:08:26,950
+spinal nerveبعد ذلك بتروح لل motor fibers بتاعة ال
+
+101
+00:08:26,950 --> 00:08:31,570
+femoral nerve و بتغدينها quadriceps muscle بيصير
+
+102
+00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:35,830
+contraction في ال .. اللي هي quadriceps muscle و
+
+103
+00:08:35,830 --> 00:08:37,730
+ال quadriceps muscle اللي عارفين ان انتوا بتعمله
+
+104
+00:08:37,730 --> 00:08:42,950
+extension لل knee و هذا كله اسمه knee jerk knee
+
+105
+00:08:42,950 --> 00:08:49,650
+jerk او knee reflex تمام
+
+106
+00:08:49,650 --> 00:08:53,170
+راح نشرحه في محاضرات ال motor system ان شاء الله
+
+107
+00:08:54,820 --> 00:09:01,220
+الان الـ spinal cord له وظيفة اسمها reflex center
+
+108
+00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:05,840
+الـ meninges of the spinal cord احنا شرحنا ال
+
+109
+00:09:05,840 --> 00:09:11,180
+meninges في محاضرة ال brain ال spinal cord is
+
+110
+00:09:11,180 --> 00:09:16,080
+covered by three membranes او three meninges من
+
+111
+00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:20,280
+الداخل للخارج
+
+112
+00:09:21,950 --> 00:09:26,450
+أركنويد مطر وديورا مطر بيه مطر الأم الحنونة
+
+113
+00:09:26,450 --> 00:09:30,330
+أركنويد مطر الأم العنكبوتية وديورا مطر الأم
+
+114
+00:09:30,330 --> 00:09:33,990
+الجافية واتفجنا إن الديورا مطر في ال brain إلها ال
+
+115
+00:09:33,990 --> 00:09:37,230
+two layers عشان تكونولنا لديورة ال venous sinuses
+
+116
+00:09:37,230 --> 00:09:42,410
+أما في ال spinal cord تتكون من one layer one layer
+
+117
+00:09:42,410 --> 00:09:47,690
+بيه مطرclosely adherent واتفجنا انه ام حنونة
+
+118
+00:09:47,690 --> 00:09:50,990
+ملتصقة التصاق كامل بتكون في spinal cord في ال
+
+119
+00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:55,990
+brain كمان ends تنتهي وين لو جاء سؤال وين ال
+
+120
+00:09:55,990 --> 00:09:59,050
+termination بتاعة ال biomatter و حط نقطة الدكتور
+
+121
+00:09:59,050 --> 00:10:03,590
+السؤال مش مظبوط لازم يحدد عمر الإنسان كم عمره لو
+
+122
+00:10:03,590 --> 00:10:10,710
+قلنا لل newborn او لل adult يعني باختصار biomatter
+
+123
+00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:17,880
+ends atthe level of spinal cord termination يعني
+
+124
+00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:22,900
+الـ Pia mater تنتهي مع انتهاء لـ spinal cord إذا
+
+125
+00:10:22,900 --> 00:10:27,140
+أتكلمنا عن newborn راح تنتهي على ال lower border
+
+126
+00:10:27,140 --> 00:10:33,200
+of ال three vertebra لو أتكلمنا على adult راح
+
+127
+00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:40,360
+تنتهي على ال lower border of first lumbar vertebra
+
+128
+00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:44,680
+عند ال adultبعد هيك continuous as filium terminal
+
+129
+00:10:44,680 --> 00:10:48,260
+بتعطينا في الأخير حاجة اسمها زي filium terminal زي
+
+130
+00:10:48,260 --> 00:10:50,720
+إيه؟ زي ال ligament صغير filium terminal في
+
+131
+00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,760
+النهاية و هو ده ال film filium terminal إيش
+
+132
+00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:57,780
+بيصيرله؟ بيعمل attachment ل ال back of the coccyx
+
+133
+00:10:57,780 --> 00:11:02,460
+عشان إيه؟ يعملنا fixation ل ال spinal cord و يعمل
+
+134
+00:11:02,460 --> 00:11:11,190
+عملية تثبيت ل spinal cord ال arachnoidit is the
+
+135
+00:11:11,190 --> 00:11:14,570
+inner service of diuramatar بتكون بتحد ال
+
+136
+00:11:14,570 --> 00:11:18,010
+diuramatar من الداخل او ممكن اقول it is the outer
+
+137
+00:11:18,010 --> 00:11:21,410
+service of بيامتر صح يعني ممكن تكون outer service
+
+138
+00:11:21,410 --> 00:11:24,350
+لل بيامتر او inner service لل diuramatar يعني
+
+139
+00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:30,110
+arachnoid located هي عندي diuramatar
+
+140
+00:11:30,110 --> 00:11:33,230
+بعدها
+
+141
+00:11:33,230 --> 00:11:41,690
+بتيجي arachnoid بعدها بتيجي مينDiameter و بيجينا
+
+142
+00:11:41,690 --> 00:11:48,230
+ايه تي شو تعلس بوين ال chord او ايه ال brain it
+
+143
+00:11:48,230 --> 00:11:55,240
+ends atThe second sacral vertebra يعني
+
+144
+00:11:55,240 --> 00:12:00,040
+الـDurometer او الاركنويدمتر تنتهي على اي level
+
+145
+00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:07,040
+على level S2 كان newborn او كان ادام تنتهي اوين
+
+146
+00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:14,840
+على S2 segment او S2 level ثمانى Durometer يبقى ان
+
+147
+00:12:14,840 --> 00:12:19,040
+هذا عندى دورومتر وهي
+
+148
+00:12:21,420 --> 00:12:26,520
+أراكنويد مطر في النصف بيجي وبعدهم
+
+149
+00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:36,120
+بيجي بيا مطر تمام ديورو مطر نفس الشيء مثل أراكنويد
+
+150
+00:12:36,120 --> 00:12:43,700
+ends at the level of sacral 2 attached على ال
+
+151
+00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:47,580
+margins of the formal magnumتتحد تعمل adherent مع
+
+152
+00:12:47,580 --> 00:12:51,860
+الفورامل ماجنم على ال intervertebral فورامل وعلى
+
+153
+00:12:51,860 --> 00:12:55,860
+ال body of second and third cervical vertebra عشان
+
+154
+00:12:55,860 --> 00:12:59,820
+يعملوا fixation لموضوع ال spinal cord وثبات لل
+
+155
+00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:09,180
+spinal cord منين جهة ال spaces of spinal cord في
+
+156
+00:13:09,180 --> 00:13:12,080
+هنا عندي بيكون
+
+157
+00:13:15,330 --> 00:13:20,710
+اللي هو الـ vertebra هذي
+
+158
+00:13:20,710 --> 00:13:28,210
+شعر ال vertebra في منين جال ال spaces أول شي في
+
+159
+00:13:28,210 --> 00:13:34,750
+epidural space هاي أول شي epidural space هذا ال
+
+160
+00:13:34,750 --> 00:13:42,530
+epidural space epidural أو extradural spacelocated
+
+161
+00:13:42,530 --> 00:13:47,110
+between diurameter and vertebra بيكون بين ال
+
+162
+00:13:47,110 --> 00:13:51,850
+diurameter و ال vertebra و إيش داخله بيكون semi
+
+163
+00:13:51,850 --> 00:13:57,950
+-liquid fat زائد internal vertebral venous plexus
+
+164
+00:13:57,950 --> 00:14:06,350
+subdiural space هاي subdiural space هذا
+
+165
+00:14:06,350 --> 00:14:08,010
+اسمه إيه sub
+
+166
+00:14:11,270 --> 00:14:20,590
+subdural space between
+
+167
+00:14:20,590 --> 00:14:27,070
+durameter and arachnoid ويداخله
+
+168
+00:14:27,070 --> 00:14:31,770
+بيكون serous fluid بتعمل عملية labrication انا بلف
+
+169
+00:14:31,770 --> 00:14:35,330
+في يمين وشمال flexion extension بتعمل عملية
+
+170
+00:14:35,330 --> 00:14:41,700
+labrication ل ال meningesSubarachnoid space هاي
+
+171
+00:14:41,700 --> 00:14:48,940
+عندي subarachnoid space بلون أحمر subarachnoid
+
+172
+00:14:48,940 --> 00:14:49,480
+space
+
+173
+00:14:52,190 --> 00:14:57,230
+هيها subarachnoid أكتر واحد بيكون أوسع واحد space
+
+174
+00:14:57,230 --> 00:15:00,650
+هذا ال subarachnoid space بيكون داخله
+
+175
+00:15:00,650 --> 00:15:08,070
+cerebrospinal fluid داخله ال CSF قلنا spinal blood
+
+176
+00:15:08,070 --> 00:15:12,830
+vessels و ال root of spinal nerves وين بيكون موجود
+
+177
+00:15:12,830 --> 00:15:17,070
+هذا ال subarachnoid space between arachnoid and
+
+178
+00:15:17,070 --> 00:15:22,420
+pia mater تحت ال arachnoid و فوق ال pia materهي
+
+179
+00:15:22,420 --> 00:15:30,380
+اننا نرسمهم هان هى
+
+180
+00:15:30,380 --> 00:15:41,040
+هذه نخد نوحد الألوان Dioramata بعدهم
+
+181
+00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:43,140
+Arachnoid
+
+182
+00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:56,790
+و في الآخر بتكون اللي هي pia mater بتكون ملتصقة
+
+183
+00:15:56,790 --> 00:16:00,290
+لتصاب كامل ب way spinal cord
+
+184
+00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:11,120
+واتفجنا ان الاركنويد و الديورامتر بينتهوا على
+
+185
+00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:14,760
+level sacral 2 و البيامتر بترتهي على اتهاء ال
+
+186
+00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:19,200
+spinal cord اذا كان adult على lower border of L1
+
+187
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:25,220
+كان ال newborn على lower border of L3 هذه
+
+188
+00:16:25,220 --> 00:16:43,540
+الديورامتر هنا اركنويد هنابيامتر بيامتر بيامتر
+
+189
+00:16:43,540 --> 00:16:46,580
+بيامتر
+
+190
+00:16:46,580 --> 00:16:51,840
+بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر
+
+191
+00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:54,800
+بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر
+
+192
+00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:59,260
+بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر
+
+193
+00:17:03,260 --> 00:17:07,720
+Clinical Relations Lumbar puncture important بنعمل
+
+194
+00:17:07,720 --> 00:17:11,260
+Lumbar puncture في ال subarachnoid space وبناخد
+
+195
+00:17:11,260 --> 00:17:16,140
+sample of CSF بنعمل Lumbar puncture بين L4 L5
+
+196
+00:17:16,140 --> 00:17:19,920
+ومسموح ليعمل بين L3 L4 عند ال adult أما عند
+
+197
+00:17:19,920 --> 00:17:25,130
+الأطفال newbornبعملهم على مستوى الفور الفايف ال
+
+198
+00:17:25,130 --> 00:17:30,230
+vertibra no injury to cauda equina ومابنعملش
+
+199
+00:17:30,230 --> 00:17:32,850
+injury للكاودا ايكوينا اللى راح اشرحها ان شاء الله
+
+200
+00:17:32,850 --> 00:17:38,470
+بعد كام slide لو طلعنا على ال external structure
+
+201
+00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:41,670
+of the spinal cord external structure of spinal
+
+202
+00:17:41,670 --> 00:17:46,690
+cord بنلاحظ فينا anterior median فيشها
+
+203
+00:17:49,490 --> 00:17:54,110
+و posterior median fissure هذولة ال external
+
+204
+00:17:54,110 --> 00:17:58,190
+feature of spinal cord وعلى الجناب في posterior
+
+205
+00:17:58,190 --> 00:18:06,380
+lateral و anterior lateral هاي هم هنا واضحينسلساية
+
+206
+00:18:06,380 --> 00:18:10,380
+هذا كله من ناحية ال external features يقول ال
+
+207
+00:18:10,380 --> 00:18:13,940
+external features في anterior median وفي posterior
+
+208
+00:18:13,940 --> 00:18:18,980
+median وفي anterior lateral و posterior lateral
+
+209
+00:18:18,980 --> 00:18:24,140
+سلساية segment of spinal cord ايش مقصود بال
+
+210
+00:18:24,140 --> 00:18:30,080
+segment ايش مقصود بال segment of spinal cord هاي
+
+211
+00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:36,560
+عندي posterior horn, anterior hornخرج من هنا بصير
+
+212
+00:18:36,560 --> 00:18:41,920
+روت وهنا أنتير روت كوّنولنا ايه spinal nerve بصير
+
+213
+00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:47,660
+روت جانجليون هذا
+
+214
+00:18:47,660 --> 00:18:51,900
+اعتبر segment هذا اعتبر ايه segment مقطع مقطع خرج
+
+215
+00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:55,540
+منه زوج اعصاب واحد على ال left واحد على ال right
+
+216
+00:18:55,540 --> 00:19:02,360
+هذا مقطع بنسميه segment of spinal cord segment of
+
+217
+00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:09,100
+Spinal cord Spinal cord segment فيها واحد وثلاثين
+
+218
+00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:13,460
+segment ثمانية cervical انتبهوا متذكرين دراسته ال
+
+219
+00:19:13,460 --> 00:19:17,620
+general anatomy كان في seven vertebra cervical
+
+220
+00:19:17,620 --> 00:19:21,400
+seven cervical vertebra لكن في segment of spinal
+
+221
+00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:25,160
+cord في eight cervical segments لأن في أول واحد
+
+222
+00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:30,760
+يكون أعلى أو بخرج من فوق ال C1 vertebraفي 12
+
+223
+00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:37,260
+thoracic او dorsal في 5 lumbar و 5 sacral و 1
+
+224
+00:19:37,260 --> 00:19:43,720
+coccygeal segment لكن ال vertebra لاحظوا ال
+
+225
+00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:47,440
+cervical vertebra ال 7 cervical vertebra بيكونوا
+
+226
+00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:57,110
+12 thoracic و 5 lumbarننتقل لموضوع اسمه Epiconus
+
+227
+00:19:57,110 --> 00:20:05,310
+Epiconus واخر بنسميه Conus Medullaris وكوده
+
+228
+00:20:05,310 --> 00:20:13,610
+إيكوينه هياندي spinal cord spinal
+
+229
+00:20:13,610 --> 00:20:18,730
+cord هنا بنتهي على أي level على level الوان ذرتبرا
+
+230
+00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:26,310
+على firstVertebra على الأسفل Border of ألوان
+
+231
+00:20:26,310 --> 00:20:31,050
+Vertebra هاي ألوان Vertebra انتهى ال spinal cord
+
+232
+00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:44,190
+انتهى إيه ال spinal cord الجزء النهائي منه اللي
+
+233
+00:20:44,190 --> 00:20:56,890
+هو S3 S4S5 هذا بنسميه ايش Conus Medullaris يبقى ان
+
+234
+00:20:56,890 --> 00:21:02,170
+ال Conus Medullaris هو terminal part of spinal
+
+235
+00:21:02,170 --> 00:21:08,250
+cord او هو lower terminal part of spinal cord
+
+236
+00:21:08,250 --> 00:21:13,530
+بتكون من كام segments؟ من ثلاثة من ايه؟ من Sacral
+
+237
+00:21:13,530 --> 00:21:20,890
+3circle 4 وcircle 5 segment of spinal cord طب ايه
+
+238
+00:21:20,890 --> 00:21:29,850
+بيه conus هو ما قبل ال conus medullaris بتكون
+
+239
+00:21:29,850 --> 00:21:37,310
+من ايه من S2 S1 L5
+
+240
+00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:44,710
+الفور سيجمنت تمام بتكون من ايه من الفور الفايف
+
+241
+00:21:44,710 --> 00:21:50,110
+سيجمنت و S1 S2 يبقى ابي كونس هذا يعتبر ايه ابي
+
+242
+00:21:50,110 --> 00:21:50,590
+كونس
+
+243
+00:21:54,830 --> 00:22:00,370
+ابي كونس هو ما قبل الكونس ميدولارس ما قبل كونس
+
+244
+00:22:00,370 --> 00:22:05,270
+ميدولارس بتكون من الالفة الفة و الاس و ات و ات و
+
+245
+00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:06,510
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+246
+00:22:06,510 --> 00:22:08,010
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+247
+00:22:08,010 --> 00:22:08,270
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+248
+00:22:08,270 --> 00:22:08,830
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+249
+00:22:08,830 --> 00:22:09,790
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات وconus
+
+250
+00:22:09,790 --> 00:22:14,070
+medullaris هو terminal part of spinal cord بتكون
+
+251
+00:22:14,070 --> 00:22:18,410
+من S3, S4, S5 segment of spinal cord لو أجى سؤال
+
+252
+00:22:18,410 --> 00:22:21,690
+مين هو ال terminal part of spinal cord هو conus
+
+253
+00:22:21,690 --> 00:22:24,510
+medullaris ��ن إيش بتكون من conus medullaris؟ S3,
+
+254
+00:22:24,630 --> 00:22:32,270
+S4, S5 segment طيب كودة إيكوينة الكودة
+
+255
+00:22:32,270 --> 00:22:33,870
+إيكوينة قلنا
+
+256
+00:22:36,160 --> 00:22:46,800
+الـ L1 رح ينزل و يطلع لنا من تحت L1 تمام T12 رح
+
+257
+00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:52,700
+ينزل و يطلع من T12 هذا ال route طيب من ناحية ال L3
+
+258
+00:22:52,700 --> 00:23:04,500
+L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 نفس الشيء هنا
+
+259
+00:23:07,380 --> 00:23:11,700
+راح كل واحد .. كل root ينزل و يطلع من وين؟ من الـ
+
+260
+00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:15,880
+Intervertebral Forming بتاعه هذه ال roots .. هذه
+
+261
+00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:21,020
+ال collection of roots بنسميهم كودا إيكوينة
+
+262
+00:23:21,020 --> 00:23:25,600
+بنسميهم كودا إيكوينة هلأ لو كان ال spinal cord
+
+263
+00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:30,380
+بينتهي ع مستوى انتهاء ال vertebral column ماكانش
+
+264
+00:23:30,380 --> 00:23:34,340
+هنا الشيء اسمه كودا إيكوينة لكن لأن ال spinal cord
+
+265
+00:23:36,180 --> 00:23:41,570
+أكثرمن ال vertebral column خرج ال route تبعهم لكن
+
+266
+00:23:41,570 --> 00:23:44,430
+دار ال route ماخرجوش ال route هذه المخرجات بتنزل
+
+267
+00:23:44,430 --> 00:23:48,650
+وبتخرج كل route بخرج منين؟ من مستوى ال vertebra
+
+268
+00:23:48,650 --> 00:23:53,610
+بتاعته هذه ال routes مثل دي للحصان مثل دي للحصان
+
+269
+00:23:53,610 --> 00:23:58,190
+ايش بنسميهم؟ بنسميهم cauda equina ايش بنسميهم؟
+
+270
+00:23:58,190 --> 00:24:02,670
+cauda equina يعني ال cauda equina هي تاب على مين؟
+
+271
+00:24:02,670 --> 00:24:08,100
+ل peripheral nervous system peripheralnervous
+
+272
+00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:11,020
+system هي الـ root طب الkonus medullaris central
+
+273
+00:24:11,020 --> 00:24:14,420
+nervous system ابي konus central nervous system
+
+274
+00:24:14,420 --> 00:24:19,300
+يبقى ايه ال konus medullaris والابي konus هم جزء
+
+275
+00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:23,040
+من spinal cord هم جزء من وين؟ من spinal cord طب
+
+276
+00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:29,080
+الكودة equina لأ هي عبارة عن spinal root هي عبارة
+
+277
+00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:33,860
+عن spinal root nerve هي peripheral nervous system
+
+278
+00:24:33,860 --> 00:24:39,220
+إيش هي الكودة equina؟it is located below the lower
+
+279
+00:24:39,220 --> 00:24:43,100
+border of the first lumbar vertebra ليش قلنا lower
+
+280
+00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:47,780
+border of a first lumbar vertebra بعد انتهاء ال
+
+281
+00:24:47,780 --> 00:24:55,380
+spinal cord the spinal canal is filled by a
+
+282
+00:24:55,380 --> 00:25:01,890
+collection of lumbosacral rootswhich descends in
+
+283
+00:25:01,890 --> 00:25:07,090
+this space to their corresponding intervertebral
+
+284
+00:25:07,090 --> 00:25:11,850
+canal او فرمن كل nerve بيضلوا نازل في ال spinal
+
+285
+00:25:11,850 --> 00:25:15,390
+canal لما يصل لحد الفرمن بتاعه اللي هو
+
+286
+00:25:15,390 --> 00:25:18,790
+intervertebral فرمن بيغادر يعني لو قلنا L4 بيخرج
+
+287
+00:25:18,790 --> 00:25:22,450
+من تحت L4 L5 بيخرج من تحت L5 و هم موجودين في ال
+
+288
+00:25:22,450 --> 00:25:26,670
+spinal canal مع بعض هدول بنسميهم ايه كاودا اكوينا
+
+289
+00:25:26,670 --> 00:25:29,490
+كاودا اكوينا مثل ذيل الحصان بيكونوا
+
+290
+00:25:42,540 --> 00:25:50,870
+هذه هي نهاية الـ spinal cordاللي ما قبله اللي هي
+
+291
+00:25:50,870 --> 00:25:54,950
+L4, L5, S1, S2 segment اسمها AP Conus هذه ال route
+
+292
+00:25:54,950 --> 00:25:58,010
+اللي في ال spinal canal بعد انتهاء ال spinal cord
+
+293
+00:25:58,010 --> 00:26:03,510
+هذه ال routes اسمها ايه؟ كاو دا إيكواينا وهذا ال
+
+294
+00:26:03,510 --> 00:26:07,630
+فيلم ترمينال اللي قلتلكم ان البيامطر بنزل وبيعمل
+
+295
+00:26:07,630 --> 00:26:11,840
+attached ل ال coccyx ال back of the coccyxهذا هو
+
+296
+00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:17,620
+فيليوم ترمينال عشان يعملنا عملية fixation لسبينال
+
+297
+00:26:17,620 --> 00:26:21,300
+كورد تثبات لسبينال كورد هذه ال roots اللي بعد
+
+298
+00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:27,520
+انتهاء السبينال كورد اسمهم كاودا ايكوينا الان
+
+299
+00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:32,080
+ننتقل ل relationship between spinal cord segment
+
+300
+00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:38,710
+and vertebra لو كان طول سبينال كوردنفس طول الـ
+
+301
+00:26:38,710 --> 00:26:41,230
+vertebral column ماكانش حاجة اسمها relationship
+
+302
+00:26:41,230 --> 00:26:45,230
+كان كل root بخرج على نفس المستوى و خلصنا لكن انتوا
+
+303
+00:26:45,230 --> 00:26:50,130
+عارفين ال spinal cord أقصر من مين من ال vertebral
+
+304
+00:26:50,130 --> 00:26:55,010
+column و ال vertebra نفسها أول شي بتكون ال
+
+305
+00:26:55,010 --> 00:26:57,790
+cervical أصغر بعدين ال thickness بيزيد بيزيد أكبر
+
+306
+00:26:57,790 --> 00:27:01,010
+لما ننزل ل lower thoracic و first lumbar بيكون
+
+307
+00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:06,130
+أكبر ال vertebra لذلك لو أخدنا ال segment من C1 C4
+
+308
+00:27:06,130 --> 00:27:14,050
+segmentبقابله الهو C1 C4 Vertibra لو سألتكوا سؤال
+
+309
+00:27:14,050 --> 00:27:21,070
+تقريبا وين موجود ال C1 segment مقابل C1 Vertibra
+
+310
+00:27:21,070 --> 00:27:24,990
+لو سألتكوا سؤال وين موجود تقريبا هذا جدول تقريبي
+
+311
+00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:30,910
+الهو C3 segment موجود مقابل C3 Vertibra لو سألتكوا
+
+312
+00:27:30,910 --> 00:27:35,150
+سؤال وين موجود C4 segment موجود مقابل C4 Vertibra
+
+313
+00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:40,620
+C5 لـ C8 segment بطرح واحد بطرح واحد إذا بدأ
+
+314
+00:27:40,620 --> 00:27:46,780
+السؤال بال segment يعني لو سألتك سؤال C6 segment
+
+315
+00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:56,680
+C6 segment بطرح واحد يقابل C5 vertebra لكن لو بدنا
+
+316
+00:27:56,680 --> 00:28:03,040
+السؤال بال vertebra و قولنا C5 vertebra بجمع واحد
+
+317
+00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:09,100
+بزود واحد تقريبا بقابل C5 vertebra C6سيجمنت هذا
+
+318
+00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:12,580
+جدول توضيحي توضيحي ماحدش يقولي بكرا دكتور انت
+
+319
+00:28:12,580 --> 00:28:17,160
+قولتنا C4 ع C4 هاي C5 لو نجسنا واحد ع C4 يعني هي
+
+320
+00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:20,620
+هذا قولنا توضيحي عشان يوضح تقريبا وين موجود ال
+
+321
+00:28:20,620 --> 00:28:27,080
+segment لو انزلنا لتحت T1 ل T6 segment of spinal
+
+322
+00:28:27,080 --> 00:28:34,200
+cord بطرح اتنين يعني لو جينا قولنا segment T5
+
+323
+00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:41,300
+على أي مستوى الورتبرا بطرح منهم ايه اتنين يكون
+
+324
+00:28:41,300 --> 00:28:47,280
+عوين على مستوى T3 وورتبرا T3 وورتبرا لو نزلنا لتحت
+
+325
+00:28:47,280 --> 00:28:51,440
+T7 لقال اتنين بطرح تلاتة بدي يكبروا الورتبرا اكتر
+
+326
+00:28:51,440 --> 00:29:00,280
+لو سألتكوا سؤال T9 وورتبرا على اي مستوى بطرح منها
+
+327
+00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:06,910
+ثلاثة فقول تقريبا راح يكون على مستوى T6العكس صحيح
+
+328
+00:29:06,910 --> 00:29:11,550
+لو بدأت انا بالورتبرة بجمع بعمل اضافة وعشان خاطري
+
+329
+00:29:11,550 --> 00:29:16,410
+تحفظوا ان ال three و ال four segment تقريبا على
+
+330
+00:29:16,410 --> 00:29:22,730
+مستوى thoracic 12 و ال five segment و ال sacral
+
+331
+00:29:22,730 --> 00:29:27,590
+segment كلهم بيكونوا على مستوى ال one vertebra هذي
+
+332
+00:29:27,590 --> 00:29:31,910
+slide عشان يبيننا ال relationship between spinal
+
+333
+00:29:31,910 --> 00:29:36,120
+cord segment وورتبرةهذا لا يعني ان كل segment
+
+334
+00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:41,920
+موجود مقابل ال vertebra بتاعته مقابل ايه ال
+
+335
+00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:46,780
+vertebra بتاعته لان اتفجنا ان ال spinal cord هو
+
+336
+00:29:46,780 --> 00:29:54,100
+اكثر من مين من ال vertebral colon لاحظوا هنا ان ال
+
+337
+00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:57,420
+root بيخرجه اول شي بيخرجه من فوق ال vertebra بعد
+
+338
+00:29:57,420 --> 00:30:01,000
+هي انتهى عند ال spinal cordهذه ال conus medullaris
+
+339
+00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:04,440
+انتهى بعد ذلك ال roots بنزلوا كل root بخرج من تحت
+
+340
+00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:07,600
+البرتبرهان بتاعته هذه العملية بسميها هذه ال roots
+
+341
+00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:12,540
+بسميهم ال roots هذه cauda equina او cauda equina
+
+342
+00:30:12,540 --> 00:30:17,980
+تمام هم عبارة عن spinal peripheral roots after
+
+343
+00:30:17,980 --> 00:30:25,440
+termination of the spinal cord the
+
+344
+00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:33,370
+roots of spinal cordEach segment have four roots
+
+345
+00:30:33,370 --> 00:30:40,290
+في عندي two posterior and two anterior هي عندي
+
+346
+00:30:40,290 --> 00:30:43,570
+left
+
+347
+00:30:43,570 --> 00:30:50,830
+posterior root posterior spinal root و right
+
+348
+00:30:50,830 --> 00:30:59,290
+posterior spinal root okay leftAnterior Spinal
+
+349
+00:30:59,290 --> 00:31:07,070
+Root وRight Anterior Spinal Root البستيريور أو الـ
+
+350
+00:31:07,070 --> 00:31:11,370
+Dorsal Root عبارة عن Sensory بيكونوا جايبين الـ
+
+351
+00:31:11,370 --> 00:31:18,350
+Sensory Sensation للـ Spinal Cord وفيهم
+
+352
+00:31:18,350 --> 00:31:24,650
+حاجة اسمها Posterior Root Ganglion Posterior Root
+
+353
+00:31:28,040 --> 00:31:33,860
+Ganglion بصير رود غانقليون هذه
+
+354
+00:31:33,860 --> 00:31:35,400
+right وهذه left
+
+355
+00:31:40,210 --> 00:31:43,710
+Okay يبقى وظيفة ال posterior أو الدورصة ال route
+
+356
+00:31:43,710 --> 00:31:47,490
+sensory تمام وظيفته ايه؟ sensory ايه اللي هو
+
+357
+00:31:47,490 --> 00:31:50,390
+posterior route ganglion؟ طب ال anterior او ال
+
+358
+00:31:50,390 --> 00:31:54,190
+ventral route وظيفتهم motor and autonomic motor
+
+359
+00:31:54,190 --> 00:31:56,850
+and autonomic هذول بيكونوا ايه؟ مطلقين الإشارة
+
+360
+00:31:56,850 --> 00:32:01,170
+هذول يعتبروا descending او efferent مخرجين الإشارة
+
+361
+00:32:01,170 --> 00:32:06,510
+من ال spinal cordالاتنين اللي هم الـ posterior و
+
+362
+00:32:06,510 --> 00:32:11,590
+الـ anterior بتتحدوا مع بعض و بيكونون ايه spinal
+
+363
+00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:17,770
+nerve و في عندي 31 pairs of spinal nerves right
+
+364
+00:32:17,770 --> 00:32:23,310
+and left each spinal nerve emerges from the
+
+365
+00:32:23,310 --> 00:32:28,290
+intervertebral foramen هي عندي
+
+366
+00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:37,910
+هذا هو ال sensation عن طريق ال posterior root او
+
+367
+00:32:37,910 --> 00:32:41,090
+dorsal root انا فيه بيكون عندى posterior root
+
+368
+00:32:41,090 --> 00:32:50,830
+ganglion unipolar نوعها نيرون تمام وفي motor اللي
+
+369
+00:32:50,830 --> 00:32:54,070
+هو ال anterior بيكون motor اوتوناميك راح اتكلم
+
+370
+00:32:54,070 --> 00:33:00,630
+عنهم بيكون ماخدين اشارة descending efferent للخارج
+
+371
+00:33:00,630 --> 00:33:01,550
+من ال spinal cord
+
+372
+00:33:05,710 --> 00:33:10,510
+هذول اتنين مع بعض بيتجمعوا و بيكونونا شي اسمه
+
+373
+00:33:10,510 --> 00:33:25,190
+spinal nerve بيخرج من intervertebral foramen نفس
+
+374
+00:33:25,190 --> 00:33:31,010
+الشي هان هذا هو ال posterior ليش قلنا هذا هو ال
+
+375
+00:33:31,010 --> 00:33:33,770
+posterior لان في بوستيرورد جانجليون وهذا ال
+
+376
+00:33:33,770 --> 00:33:34,210
+anterior
+
+377
+00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:42,340
+بيكونولنا الهو انت spinal nerve بيخرج من ال
+
+378
+00:33:42,340 --> 00:33:49,020
+intervertebral foramen بيكفي في الجزء الأول من
+
+379
+00:33:49,020 --> 00:33:52,640
+المحاضرة spinal cord نجح لحد ال exit of spinal
+
+380
+00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:55,780
+nerve root في الجزء الثاني من محاضرة spinal cord
+
+381
+00:33:55,780 --> 00:33:59,380
+راح أكمل المحاضرة و أبدأها من ال exit of spinal
+
+382
+00:33:59,380 --> 00:34:00,100
+nerve root
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/qQXAgnMjHuA_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1532 @@
+1
+00:00:04,990 --> 00:00:07,750
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:07,750 --> 00:00:12,890
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع السابع راح تكون على anatomy
+
+3
+00:00:12,890 --> 00:00:17,770
+of the spinal cord anatomy of the spinal cord is
+
+4
+00:00:17,770 --> 00:00:23,430
+very important spinal cord يعتبر extra cranial
+
+5
+00:00:23,430 --> 00:00:31,130
+part of central nervous system the spinal cord is
+
+6
+00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:35,730
+extracranial part of the central nervous system
+
+7
+00:00:35,730 --> 00:00:41,810
+enclosed inside the vertebral column ويكون موجود
+
+8
+00:00:41,810 --> 00:00:45,910
+داخل ال spinal canal في ال vertebral column
+
+9
+00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:51,950
+anatomy of the spinal cord تكلم عن anatomy of
+
+10
+00:00:51,950 --> 00:00:57,710
+spinal cord shape من ناحية ال shape compressed
+
+11
+00:00:58,770 --> 00:01:02,450
+cylindrical column يعتبر compressed cylindrical
+
+12
+00:01:02,450 --> 00:01:07,350
+column number of neurons in human spinal cord
+
+13
+00:01:07,350 --> 00:01:10,990
+بيكون حوالي تلتاشر مليون و خمسمية الف neurons
+
+14
+00:01:10,990 --> 00:01:17,630
+length of human spinal cord طول spinal cord متوسط
+
+15
+00:01:17,630 --> 00:01:20,390
+عند ال male خمسة و أربعين سانتي و عند ال female
+
+16
+00:01:20,390 --> 00:01:25,600
+تلاتة و أربعين سانتي weightof human spinal cord
+
+17
+00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:30,000
+وزن ال spinal cord خمسة و تلاتين جرام شوفوا خمسة و
+
+18
+00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:34,540
+تلاتين جرام وزن من تمانين كيلو جرام متوسط او سبعين
+
+19
+00:01:34,540 --> 00:01:38,160
+كيلو جرام متوسط لراجل او الست ستين كيلو جرام okay
+
+20
+00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:42,380
+خمسة و تلاتين جرام وزن spinal cord لكن لو ماكان
+
+21
+00:01:42,380 --> 00:01:46,560
+spinal cord كان احنا او الناس عندهم شلة الرباعي
+
+22
+00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:50,580
+شلة الرباعي خمسة و تلاتين جرام بتحكم في حركة
+
+23
+00:01:50,580 --> 00:01:55,980
+الإنسان كلهاdiameter about one centimeter يعني
+
+24
+00:01:55,980 --> 00:01:59,640
+حوالي واحد سنتين تقريبا ال diameter بتاعه location
+
+25
+00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:04,080
+it is located in the spinal canal او vertebral
+
+26
+00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:07,700
+canal بيكون موجود ال spinal cord و beginning
+
+27
+00:02:07,700 --> 00:02:10,260
+beginning بتاعة ال spinal cord من وين بيبدأ ال
+
+28
+00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:13,840
+spinal cord بيبدأ من level of foramen magnum او
+
+29
+00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:18,440
+يعتبر هو continuation of medulla oblongata يعتبر
+
+30
+00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:20,960
+continuation of medulla oblongata
+
+31
+00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:31,420
+هي عندي بداية spinal cord ببدأ على level four of
+
+32
+00:02:31,420 --> 00:02:37,220
+the magnum و بنزل في main في spinal canal او في ال
+
+33
+00:02:37,220 --> 00:02:38,100
+vertebral canal
+
+34
+00:02:44,850 --> 00:02:47,470
+termination of the spinal cord مهم ال termination
+
+35
+00:02:47,470 --> 00:02:50,610
+of the spinal cord مهم قيلنا كأخصيين أعصاب أو أي
+
+36
+00:02:50,610 --> 00:02:55,010
+أخصي أو طبيب عشان موضوع lumbar puncture لما نياخد
+
+37
+00:02:55,010 --> 00:02:59,950
+عينة CSF من spinal canal termination of the spinal
+
+38
+00:02:59,950 --> 00:03:06,830
+cord depends at the age of patient لو أخدنا جنين
+
+39
+00:03:06,830 --> 00:03:11,690
+ستكان عنده عملية اجهاض abortion ويشرحنا الجنين
+
+40
+00:03:11,690 --> 00:03:16,150
+بنجد ان ال spinal cord في ال third month of
+
+41
+00:03:16,150 --> 00:03:21,310
+intrauterine life fills the whole spinal canal
+
+42
+00:03:21,310 --> 00:03:24,730
+بيكون ال spinal cord معبي كل spinal canal عند
+
+43
+00:03:24,730 --> 00:03:31,690
+الجنين لو كان عمره ثلاث أشهر أثناء الحمل at birth
+
+44
+00:03:31,690 --> 00:03:37,660
+عند الولادةبصل ال spinal cord ل level of L3
+
+45
+00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:45,580
+vertebra يعني عند ولادة بيكون واصل تقريبا ل L3
+
+46
+00:03:45,580 --> 00:03:51,360
+vertebraطيب في ال adult عند ال adult راح يكون عند
+
+47
+00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:57,100
+ال adult ل lower border of ألوان lower border of
+
+48
+00:03:57,100 --> 00:04:00,140
+ألوان ألوان يعني مقصود فيها lumber ايه segment
+
+49
+00:04:00,140 --> 00:04:04,500
+lumber لو أخدنا شرّاحنا جنين بيكون spinal cord
+
+50
+00:04:04,500 --> 00:04:08,510
+معبّي كل spinal canalعند الولادة بيكون ال spinal
+
+51
+00:04:08,510 --> 00:04:13,530
+cord على مستوى الفقرة الثالثة على lower border of
+
+52
+00:04:13,530 --> 00:04:19,070
+lumbar 3 vertebra ال adult عندنا بيكون على مستوى
+
+53
+00:04:19,070 --> 00:04:24,270
+lower border of first lumbar vertebra هذا مهم جدا
+
+54
+00:04:24,270 --> 00:04:28,200
+لو انا بدعمل lumber puncture لإنسان adultممكن
+
+55
+00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:31,080
+اعمله lumber puncture على مستوى L4 L5 وممكن اعمله
+
+56
+00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:34,620
+على مستوى L3 L4 صوروا انا في field ماقدرتش افوت
+
+57
+00:04:34,620 --> 00:04:39,100
+بين الفقرات اللي هي L4 L5 بطلع على مستوى اعلى و
+
+58
+00:04:39,100 --> 00:04:43,040
+بعمل lumber puncture و باخد عينة من L3 L4 لكن عند
+
+59
+00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:46,700
+الأطفال لو حديثي الولادة Contra indication ليه؟لأن
+
+60
+00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:50,200
+ال spinal cord وصل لل lower border of L3 vertebra
+
+61
+00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:54,960
+في حال ان انا عملت lumbar puncture على مستوى L3 L4
+
+62
+00:04:54,960 --> 00:05:00,200
+ممكن اعمل injury ل spinal cord و يدخل المريض في
+
+63
+00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:05,440
+paraplegia او في sphincter dysfunction urine and
+
+64
+00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:12,180
+stool incontinence و هكذا هاي اندي لو في ال intro
+
+65
+00:05:12,180 --> 00:05:19,320
+uterine life يكون ال spinal cordمعبينا كل ايه ال
+
+66
+00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:25,680
+spinal canal الجنين كبر حديثي ولادة صار كبر ال
+
+67
+00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:28,000
+vertebral colon بس ماقدر يكبر معاه ال spinal cord
+
+68
+00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:34,660
+بنفس السرعة ال spinal cord وصلنا لإيه مستوى ال
+
+69
+00:05:34,660 --> 00:05:42,110
+lower border of L3 لكن فيالـ Adult عند الكبار
+
+70
+00:05:42,110 --> 00:05:49,770
+بيكون ال spinal cord على مستوى اللي هي ال lower
+
+71
+00:05:49,770 --> 00:05:54,030
+border of L1 بيكون ال spinal cord على أي مستوى؟
+
+72
+00:05:54,030 --> 00:05:59,910
+على مستوى lower border of lumbar first vertebra
+
+73
+00:06:09,290 --> 00:06:12,470
+What's the functions of spinal cord؟ ايش ال
+
+74
+00:06:12,470 --> 00:06:16,160
+functions بتاع spinal cord؟The first function is
+
+75
+00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:20,740
+conduction function conduction function يعني عملية
+
+76
+00:06:20,740 --> 00:06:27,020
+توصيل توصيل من وين؟ from the brain and to the
+
+77
+00:06:27,020 --> 00:06:30,280
+brain يعني إلى الدماغ ممكن أوصل للدماغ ال fibers
+
+78
+00:06:30,280 --> 00:06:34,720
+أو من الدماغ يعني أبقى عبارة عن ascending tract ال
+
+79
+00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:37,580
+tract المشغول ع ال sensation وع الإحساس هذه بتوصل
+
+80
+00:06:37,580 --> 00:06:42,630
+إشارة من spinal cord to the brain للدماغالعكسة هي
+
+81
+00:06:42,630 --> 00:06:45,990
+descending tracks المسئولة عن الحركة المسئولة عن
+
+82
+00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:49,690
+ال motor function هذه وظيفتها conduct motor
+
+83
+00:06:49,690 --> 00:06:54,810
+impulses from the brain to the spinal cord يعني من
+
+84
+00:06:54,810 --> 00:06:58,370
+ال brain لإيه spinal cord يبقى أول وظيفة لل spinal
+
+85
+00:06:58,370 --> 00:07:03,490
+cord هي إيهconduction function for ascending and
+
+86
+00:07:03,490 --> 00:07:08,850
+descending tracks او for sensory and motor tracks
+
+87
+00:07:08,850 --> 00:07:14,150
+the second function is reflex center ال spinal
+
+88
+00:07:14,150 --> 00:07:19,890
+cord يعتبر ايه موجود فيه اللي هو reflex center لال
+
+89
+00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:23,690
+spinal reflex يعتبر integrative area ايش
+
+90
+00:07:23,690 --> 00:07:28,190
+integrative area يعني فيها ال reflex center بتاعة
+
+91
+00:07:28,190 --> 00:07:33,550
+ال spinal reflexesلاحظوا هاي reflex اسمه knee jerk
+
+92
+00:07:33,550 --> 00:07:43,230
+واضح كيف؟ احنا بالهمر ضربنا على ال tendons بتاعة
+
+93
+00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:51,790
+ال quadriceps muscle راحت الإشارة ب sensory fibers
+
+94
+00:07:51,790 --> 00:07:56,470
+بتاعة ال femoral nerve على اللي هي posterior root
+
+95
+00:07:56,470 --> 00:08:02,570
+of spinal cordدقرة الإشارة للـ posterior horn
+
+96
+00:08:02,570 --> 00:08:08,850
+cells من الـ posterior horn cells بتروح لحاجة
+
+97
+00:08:08,850 --> 00:08:12,390
+اسمها Inter neurons هذه وظيفتها integrative
+
+98
+00:08:12,390 --> 00:08:17,250
+function للـ reflex center و بترجع الإشارة بال
+
+99
+00:08:17,250 --> 00:08:22,070
+motor fibers أول شي عن طريق الـ anterior root of
+
+100
+00:08:22,070 --> 00:08:26,950
+spinal nerveبعد ذلك بتروح لل motor fibers بتاعة ال
+
+101
+00:08:26,950 --> 00:08:31,570
+femoral nerve و بتغدينها quadriceps muscle بيصير
+
+102
+00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:35,830
+contraction في ال .. اللي هي quadriceps muscle و
+
+103
+00:08:35,830 --> 00:08:37,730
+ال quadriceps muscle اللي عارفين ان انتوا بتعمله
+
+104
+00:08:37,730 --> 00:08:42,950
+extension لل knee و هذا كله اسمه knee jerk knee
+
+105
+00:08:42,950 --> 00:08:49,650
+jerk او knee reflex تمام
+
+106
+00:08:49,650 --> 00:08:53,170
+راح نشرحه في محاضرات ال motor system ان شاء الله
+
+107
+00:08:54,820 --> 00:09:01,220
+الان الـ spinal cord له وظيفة اسمها reflex center
+
+108
+00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:05,840
+الـ meninges of the spinal cord احنا شرحنا ال
+
+109
+00:09:05,840 --> 00:09:11,180
+meninges في محاضرة ال brain ال spinal cord is
+
+110
+00:09:11,180 --> 00:09:16,080
+covered by three membranes او three meninges من
+
+111
+00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:20,280
+الداخل للخارج
+
+112
+00:09:21,950 --> 00:09:26,450
+أركنويد مطر وديورا مطر بيه مطر الأم الحنونة
+
+113
+00:09:26,450 --> 00:09:30,330
+أركنويد مطر الأم العنكبوتية وديورا مطر الأم
+
+114
+00:09:30,330 --> 00:09:33,990
+الجافية واتفجنا إن الديورا مطر في ال brain إلها ال
+
+115
+00:09:33,990 --> 00:09:37,230
+two layers عشان تكونولنا لديورة ال venous sinuses
+
+116
+00:09:37,230 --> 00:09:42,410
+أما في ال spinal cord تتكون من one layer one layer
+
+117
+00:09:42,410 --> 00:09:47,690
+بيه مطرclosely adherent واتفجنا انه ام حنونة
+
+118
+00:09:47,690 --> 00:09:50,990
+ملتصقة التصاق كامل بتكون في spinal cord في ال
+
+119
+00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:55,990
+brain كمان ends تنتهي وين لو جاء سؤال وين ال
+
+120
+00:09:55,990 --> 00:09:59,050
+termination بتاعة ال biomatter و حط نقطة الدكتور
+
+121
+00:09:59,050 --> 00:10:03,590
+السؤال مش مظبوط لازم يحدد عمر الإنسان كم عمره لو
+
+122
+00:10:03,590 --> 00:10:10,710
+قلنا لل newborn او لل adult يعني باختصار biomatter
+
+123
+00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:17,880
+ends atthe level of spinal cord termination يعني
+
+124
+00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:22,900
+الـ Pia mater تنتهي مع انتهاء لـ spinal cord إذا
+
+125
+00:10:22,900 --> 00:10:27,140
+أتكلمنا عن newborn راح تنتهي على ال lower border
+
+126
+00:10:27,140 --> 00:10:33,200
+of ال three vertebra لو أتكلمنا على adult راح
+
+127
+00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:40,360
+تنتهي على ال lower border of first lumbar vertebra
+
+128
+00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:44,680
+عند ال adultبعد هيك continuous as filium terminal
+
+129
+00:10:44,680 --> 00:10:48,260
+بتعطينا في الأخير حاجة اسمها زي filium terminal زي
+
+130
+00:10:48,260 --> 00:10:50,720
+إيه؟ زي ال ligament صغير filium terminal في
+
+131
+00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,760
+النهاية و هو ده ال film filium terminal إيش
+
+132
+00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:57,780
+بيصيرله؟ بيعمل attachment ل ال back of the coccyx
+
+133
+00:10:57,780 --> 00:11:02,460
+عشان إيه؟ يعملنا fixation ل ال spinal cord و يعمل
+
+134
+00:11:02,460 --> 00:11:11,190
+عملية تثبيت ل spinal cord ال arachnoidit is the
+
+135
+00:11:11,190 --> 00:11:14,570
+inner service of diuramatar بتكون بتحد ال
+
+136
+00:11:14,570 --> 00:11:18,010
+diuramatar من الداخل او ممكن اقول it is the outer
+
+137
+00:11:18,010 --> 00:11:21,410
+service of بيامتر صح يعني ممكن تكون outer service
+
+138
+00:11:21,410 --> 00:11:24,350
+لل بيامتر او inner service لل diuramatar يعني
+
+139
+00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:30,110
+arachnoid located هي عندي diuramatar
+
+140
+00:11:30,110 --> 00:11:33,230
+بعدها
+
+141
+00:11:33,230 --> 00:11:41,690
+بتيجي arachnoid بعدها بتيجي مينDiameter و بيجينا
+
+142
+00:11:41,690 --> 00:11:48,230
+ايه تي شو تعلس بوين ال chord او ايه ال brain it
+
+143
+00:11:48,230 --> 00:11:55,240
+ends atThe second sacral vertebra يعني
+
+144
+00:11:55,240 --> 00:12:00,040
+الـDurometer او الاركنويدمتر تنتهي على اي level
+
+145
+00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:07,040
+على level S2 كان newborn او كان ادام تنتهي اوين
+
+146
+00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:14,840
+على S2 segment او S2 level ثمانى Durometer يبقى ان
+
+147
+00:12:14,840 --> 00:12:19,040
+هذا عندى دورومتر وهي
+
+148
+00:12:21,420 --> 00:12:26,520
+أراكنويد مطر في النصف بيجي وبعدهم
+
+149
+00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:36,120
+بيجي بيا مطر تمام ديورو مطر نفس الشيء مثل أراكنويد
+
+150
+00:12:36,120 --> 00:12:43,700
+ends at the level of sacral 2 attached على ال
+
+151
+00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:47,580
+margins of the formal magnumتتحد تعمل adherent مع
+
+152
+00:12:47,580 --> 00:12:51,860
+الفورامل ماجنم على ال intervertebral فورامل وعلى
+
+153
+00:12:51,860 --> 00:12:55,860
+ال body of second and third cervical vertebra عشان
+
+154
+00:12:55,860 --> 00:12:59,820
+يعملوا fixation لموضوع ال spinal cord وثبات لل
+
+155
+00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:09,180
+spinal cord منين جهة ال spaces of spinal cord في
+
+156
+00:13:09,180 --> 00:13:12,080
+هنا عندي بيكون
+
+157
+00:13:15,330 --> 00:13:20,710
+اللي هو الـ vertebra هذي
+
+158
+00:13:20,710 --> 00:13:28,210
+شعر ال vertebra في منين جال ال spaces أول شي في
+
+159
+00:13:28,210 --> 00:13:34,750
+epidural space هاي أول شي epidural space هذا ال
+
+160
+00:13:34,750 --> 00:13:42,530
+epidural space epidural أو extradural spacelocated
+
+161
+00:13:42,530 --> 00:13:47,110
+between diurameter and vertebra بيكون بين ال
+
+162
+00:13:47,110 --> 00:13:51,850
+diurameter و ال vertebra و إيش داخله بيكون semi
+
+163
+00:13:51,850 --> 00:13:57,950
+-liquid fat زائد internal vertebral venous plexus
+
+164
+00:13:57,950 --> 00:14:06,350
+subdiural space هاي subdiural space هذا
+
+165
+00:14:06,350 --> 00:14:08,010
+اسمه إيه sub
+
+166
+00:14:11,270 --> 00:14:20,590
+subdural space between
+
+167
+00:14:20,590 --> 00:14:27,070
+durameter and arachnoid ويداخله
+
+168
+00:14:27,070 --> 00:14:31,770
+بيكون serous fluid بتعمل عملية labrication انا بلف
+
+169
+00:14:31,770 --> 00:14:35,330
+في يمين وشمال flexion extension بتعمل عملية
+
+170
+00:14:35,330 --> 00:14:41,700
+labrication ل ال meningesSubarachnoid space هاي
+
+171
+00:14:41,700 --> 00:14:48,940
+عندي subarachnoid space بلون أحمر subarachnoid
+
+172
+00:14:48,940 --> 00:14:49,480
+space
+
+173
+00:14:52,190 --> 00:14:57,230
+هيها subarachnoid أكتر واحد بيكون أوسع واحد space
+
+174
+00:14:57,230 --> 00:15:00,650
+هذا ال subarachnoid space بيكون داخله
+
+175
+00:15:00,650 --> 00:15:08,070
+cerebrospinal fluid داخله ال CSF قلنا spinal blood
+
+176
+00:15:08,070 --> 00:15:12,830
+vessels و ال root of spinal nerves وين بيكون موجود
+
+177
+00:15:12,830 --> 00:15:17,070
+هذا ال subarachnoid space between arachnoid and
+
+178
+00:15:17,070 --> 00:15:22,420
+pia mater تحت ال arachnoid و فوق ال pia materهي
+
+179
+00:15:22,420 --> 00:15:30,380
+اننا نرسمهم هان هى
+
+180
+00:15:30,380 --> 00:15:41,040
+هذه نخد نوحد الألوان Dioramata بعدهم
+
+181
+00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:43,140
+Arachnoid
+
+182
+00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:56,790
+و في الآخر بتكون اللي هي pia mater بتكون ملتصقة
+
+183
+00:15:56,790 --> 00:16:00,290
+لتصاب كامل ب way spinal cord
+
+184
+00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:11,120
+واتفجنا ان الاركنويد و الديورامتر بينتهوا على
+
+185
+00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:14,760
+level sacral 2 و البيامتر بترتهي على اتهاء ال
+
+186
+00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:19,200
+spinal cord اذا كان adult على lower border of L1
+
+187
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:25,220
+كان ال newborn على lower border of L3 هذه
+
+188
+00:16:25,220 --> 00:16:43,540
+الديورامتر هنا اركنويد هنابيامتر بيامتر بيامتر
+
+189
+00:16:43,540 --> 00:16:46,580
+بيامتر
+
+190
+00:16:46,580 --> 00:16:51,840
+بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر
+
+191
+00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:54,800
+بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر
+
+192
+00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:59,260
+بيامتر بيامتر بيامتر
+
+193
+00:17:03,260 --> 00:17:07,720
+Clinical Relations Lumbar puncture important بنعمل
+
+194
+00:17:07,720 --> 00:17:11,260
+Lumbar puncture في ال subarachnoid space وبناخد
+
+195
+00:17:11,260 --> 00:17:16,140
+sample of CSF بنعمل Lumbar puncture بين L4 L5
+
+196
+00:17:16,140 --> 00:17:19,920
+ومسموح ليعمل بين L3 L4 عند ال adult أما عند
+
+197
+00:17:19,920 --> 00:17:25,130
+الأطفال newbornبعملهم على مستوى الفور الفايف ال
+
+198
+00:17:25,130 --> 00:17:30,230
+vertibra no injury to cauda equina ومابنعملش
+
+199
+00:17:30,230 --> 00:17:32,850
+injury للكاودا ايكوينا اللى راح اشرحها ان شاء الله
+
+200
+00:17:32,850 --> 00:17:38,470
+بعد كام slide لو طلعنا على ال external structure
+
+201
+00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:41,670
+of the spinal cord external structure of spinal
+
+202
+00:17:41,670 --> 00:17:46,690
+cord بنلاحظ فينا anterior median فيشها
+
+203
+00:17:49,490 --> 00:17:54,110
+و posterior median fissure هذولة ال external
+
+204
+00:17:54,110 --> 00:17:58,190
+feature of spinal cord وعلى الجناب في posterior
+
+205
+00:17:58,190 --> 00:18:06,380
+lateral و anterior lateral هاي هم هنا واضحينسلساية
+
+206
+00:18:06,380 --> 00:18:10,380
+هذا كله من ناحية ال external features يقول ال
+
+207
+00:18:10,380 --> 00:18:13,940
+external features في anterior median وفي posterior
+
+208
+00:18:13,940 --> 00:18:18,980
+median وفي anterior lateral و posterior lateral
+
+209
+00:18:18,980 --> 00:18:24,140
+سلساية segment of spinal cord ايش مقصود بال
+
+210
+00:18:24,140 --> 00:18:30,080
+segment ايش مقصود بال segment of spinal cord هاي
+
+211
+00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:36,560
+عندي posterior horn, anterior hornخرج من هنا بصير
+
+212
+00:18:36,560 --> 00:18:41,920
+روت وهنا أنتير روت كوّنولنا ايه spinal nerve بصير
+
+213
+00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:47,660
+روت جانجليون هذا
+
+214
+00:18:47,660 --> 00:18:51,900
+اعتبر segment هذا اعتبر ايه segment مقطع مقطع خرج
+
+215
+00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:55,540
+منه زوج اعصاب واحد على ال left واحد على ال right
+
+216
+00:18:55,540 --> 00:19:02,360
+هذا مقطع بنسميه segment of spinal cord segment of
+
+217
+00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:09,100
+Spinal cord Spinal cord segment فيها واحد وثلاثين
+
+218
+00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:13,460
+segment ثمانية cervical انتبهوا متذكرين دراسته ال
+
+219
+00:19:13,460 --> 00:19:17,620
+general anatomy كان في seven vertebra cervical
+
+220
+00:19:17,620 --> 00:19:21,400
+seven cervical vertebra لكن في segment of spinal
+
+221
+00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:25,160
+cord في eight cervical segments لأن في أول واحد
+
+222
+00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:30,760
+يكون أعلى أو بخرج من فوق ال C1 vertebraفي 12
+
+223
+00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:37,260
+thoracic او dorsal في 5 lumbar و 5 sacral و 1
+
+224
+00:19:37,260 --> 00:19:43,720
+coccygeal segment لكن ال vertebra لاحظوا ال
+
+225
+00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:47,440
+cervical vertebra ال 7 cervical vertebra بيكونوا
+
+226
+00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:57,110
+12 thoracic و 5 lumbarننتقل لموضوع اسمه Epiconus
+
+227
+00:19:57,110 --> 00:20:05,310
+Epiconus واخر بنسميه Conus Medullaris وكوده
+
+228
+00:20:05,310 --> 00:20:13,610
+إيكوينه هياندي spinal cord spinal
+
+229
+00:20:13,610 --> 00:20:18,730
+cord هنا بنتهي على أي level على level الوان ذرتبرا
+
+230
+00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:26,310
+على firstVertebra على الأسفل Border of ألوان
+
+231
+00:20:26,310 --> 00:20:31,050
+Vertebra هاي ألوان Vertebra انتهى ال spinal cord
+
+232
+00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:44,190
+انتهى إيه ال spinal cord الجزء النهائي منه اللي
+
+233
+00:20:44,190 --> 00:20:56,890
+هو S3 S4S5 هذا بنسميه ايش Conus Medullaris يبقى ان
+
+234
+00:20:56,890 --> 00:21:02,170
+ال Conus Medullaris هو terminal part of spinal
+
+235
+00:21:02,170 --> 00:21:08,250
+cord او هو lower terminal part of spinal cord
+
+236
+00:21:08,250 --> 00:21:13,530
+بتكون من كام segments؟ من ثلاثة من ايه؟ من Sacral
+
+237
+00:21:13,530 --> 00:21:20,890
+3circle 4 وcircle 5 segment of spinal cord طب ايه
+
+238
+00:21:20,890 --> 00:21:29,850
+بيه conus هو ما قبل ال conus medullaris بتكون
+
+239
+00:21:29,850 --> 00:21:37,310
+من ايه من S2 S1 L5
+
+240
+00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:44,710
+الفور سيجمنت تمام بتكون من ايه من الفور الفايف
+
+241
+00:21:44,710 --> 00:21:50,110
+سيجمنت و S1 S2 يبقى ابي كونس هذا يعتبر ايه ابي
+
+242
+00:21:50,110 --> 00:21:50,590
+كونس
+
+243
+00:21:54,830 --> 00:22:00,370
+ابي كونس هو ما قبل الكونس ميدولارس ما قبل كونس
+
+244
+00:22:00,370 --> 00:22:05,270
+ميدولارس بتكون من الالفة الفة و الاس و ات و ات و
+
+245
+00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:06,510
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+246
+00:22:06,510 --> 00:22:08,010
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+247
+00:22:08,010 --> 00:22:08,270
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+248
+00:22:08,270 --> 00:22:08,830
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+249
+00:22:08,830 --> 00:22:08,830
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و
+
+250
+00:22:08,830 --> 00:22:09,790
+ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات و ات وconus
+
+251
+00:22:09,790 --> 00:22:14,070
+medullaris هو terminal part of spinal cord بتكون
+
+252
+00:22:14,070 --> 00:22:18,410
+من S3, S4, S5 segment of spinal cord لو أجى سؤال
+
+253
+00:22:18,410 --> 00:22:21,690
+مين هو ال terminal part of spinal cord هو conus
+
+254
+00:22:21,690 --> 00:22:24,510
+medullaris من إيش بتكون من conus medullaris؟ S3,
+
+255
+00:22:24,630 --> 00:22:32,270
+S4, S5 segment طيب كودة إيكوينة الكودة
+
+256
+00:22:32,270 --> 00:22:33,870
+إيكوينة قلنا
+
+257
+00:22:36,160 --> 00:22:46,800
+الـ L1 رح ينزل و يطلع لنا من تحت L1 تمام T12 رح
+
+258
+00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:52,700
+ينزل و يطلع من T12 هذا ال route طيب من ناحية ال L3
+
+259
+00:22:52,700 --> 00:23:04,500
+L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 نفس الشيء هنا
+
+260
+00:23:07,380 --> 00:23:11,700
+راح كل واحد .. كل root ينزل و يطلع من وين؟ من الـ
+
+261
+00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:15,880
+Intervertebral Forming بتاعه هذه ال roots .. هذه
+
+262
+00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:21,020
+ال collection of roots بنسميهم كودا إيكوينة
+
+263
+00:23:21,020 --> 00:23:25,600
+بنسميهم كودا إيكوينة هلأ لو كان ال spinal cord
+
+264
+00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:30,380
+بينتهي ع مستوى انتهاء ال vertebral column ماكانش
+
+265
+00:23:30,380 --> 00:23:34,340
+هنا الشيء اسمه كودا إيكوينة لكن لأن ال spinal cord
+
+266
+00:23:36,180 --> 00:23:41,570
+أكثرمن ال vertebral column خرج ال route تبعهم لكن
+
+267
+00:23:41,570 --> 00:23:44,430
+دار ال route ماخرجوش ال route هذه المخرجات بتنزل
+
+268
+00:23:44,430 --> 00:23:48,650
+وبتخرج كل route بخرج منين؟ من مستوى ال vertebra
+
+269
+00:23:48,650 --> 00:23:53,610
+بتاعته هذه ال routes مثل دي للحصان مثل دي للحصان
+
+270
+00:23:53,610 --> 00:23:58,190
+ايش بنسميهم؟ بنسميهم cauda equina ايش بنسميهم؟
+
+271
+00:23:58,190 --> 00:24:02,670
+cauda equina يعني ال cauda equina هي تاب على مين؟
+
+272
+00:24:02,670 --> 00:24:08,100
+ل peripheral nervous system peripheralnervous
+
+273
+00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:11,020
+system هي الـ root طب الkonus medullaris central
+
+274
+00:24:11,020 --> 00:24:14,420
+nervous system ابي konus central nervous system
+
+275
+00:24:14,420 --> 00:24:19,300
+يبقى ايه ال konus medullaris والابي konus هم جزء
+
+276
+00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:23,040
+من spinal cord هم جزء من وين؟ من spinal cord طب
+
+277
+00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:29,080
+الكودة equina لأ هي عبارة عن spinal root هي عبارة
+
+278
+00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:33,860
+عن spinal root nerve هي peripheral nervous system
+
+279
+00:24:33,860 --> 00:24:39,220
+إيش هي الكودة equina؟it is located below the lower
+
+280
+00:24:39,220 --> 00:24:43,100
+border of the first lumbar vertebra ليش قلنا lower
+
+281
+00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:47,780
+border of a first lumbar vertebra بعد انتهاء ال
+
+282
+00:24:47,780 --> 00:24:55,380
+spinal cord the spinal canal is filled by a
+
+283
+00:24:55,380 --> 00:25:01,890
+collection of lumbosacral rootswhich descends in
+
+284
+00:25:01,890 --> 00:25:07,090
+this space to their corresponding intervertebral
+
+285
+00:25:07,090 --> 00:25:11,850
+canal او فرمن كل nerve بيضلوا نازل في ال spinal
+
+286
+00:25:11,850 --> 00:25:15,390
+canal لما يصل لحد الفرمن بتاعه اللي هو
+
+287
+00:25:15,390 --> 00:25:18,790
+intervertebral فرمن بيغادر يعني لو قلنا L4 بيخرج
+
+288
+00:25:18,790 --> 00:25:22,450
+من تحت L4 L5 بيخرج من تحت L5 و هم موجودين في ال
+
+289
+00:25:22,450 --> 00:25:26,670
+spinal canal مع بعض هدول بنسميهم ايه كاودا اكوينا
+
+290
+00:25:26,670 --> 00:25:29,490
+كاودا اكوينا مثل ذيل الحصان بيكونوا
+
+291
+00:25:42,540 --> 00:25:50,870
+هذه هي نهاية الـ spinal cordاللي ما قبله اللي هي
+
+292
+00:25:50,870 --> 00:25:54,950
+L4, L5, S1, S2 segment اسمها AP Conus هذه ال route
+
+293
+00:25:54,950 --> 00:25:58,010
+اللي في ال spinal canal بعد انتهاء ال spinal cord
+
+294
+00:25:58,010 --> 00:26:03,510
+هذه ال routes اسمها ايه؟ كاو دا إيكواينا وهذا ال
+
+295
+00:26:03,510 --> 00:26:07,630
+فيلم ترمينال اللي قلتلكم ان البيامطر بنزل وبيعمل
+
+296
+00:26:07,630 --> 00:26:11,840
+attached ل ال coccyx ال back of the coccyxهذا هو
+
+297
+00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:17,620
+فيليوم ترمينال عشان يعملنا عملية fixation لسبينال
+
+298
+00:26:17,620 --> 00:26:21,300
+كورد تثبات لسبينال كورد هذه ال roots اللي بعد
+
+299
+00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:27,520
+انتهاء السبينال كورد اسمهم كاودا ايكوينا الان
+
+300
+00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:32,080
+ننتقل ل relationship between spinal cord segment
+
+301
+00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:38,710
+and vertebra لو كان طول سب��نال كوردنفس طول الـ
+
+302
+00:26:38,710 --> 00:26:41,230
+vertebral column ماكانش حاجة اسمها relationship
+
+303
+00:26:41,230 --> 00:26:45,230
+كان كل root بخرج على نفس المستوى و خلصنا لكن انتوا
+
+304
+00:26:45,230 --> 00:26:50,130
+عارفين ال spinal cord أقصر من مين من ال vertebral
+
+305
+00:26:50,130 --> 00:26:55,010
+column و ال vertebra نفسها أول شي بتكون ال
+
+306
+00:26:55,010 --> 00:26:57,790
+cervical أصغر بعدين ال thickness بيزيد بيزيد أكبر
+
+307
+00:26:57,790 --> 00:27:01,010
+لما ننزل ل lower thoracic و first lumbar بيكون
+
+308
+00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:06,130
+أكبر ال vertebra لذلك لو أخدنا ال segment من C1 C4
+
+309
+00:27:06,130 --> 00:27:14,050
+segmentبقابله الهو C1 C4 Vertibra لو سألتكوا سؤال
+
+310
+00:27:14,050 --> 00:27:21,070
+تقريبا وين موجود ال C1 segment مقابل C1 Vertibra
+
+311
+00:27:21,070 --> 00:27:24,990
+لو سألتكوا سؤال وين موجود تقريبا هذا جدول تقريبي
+
+312
+00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:30,910
+الهو C3 segment موجود مقابل C3 Vertibra لو سألتكوا
+
+313
+00:27:30,910 --> 00:27:35,150
+سؤال وين موجود C4 segment موجود مقابل C4 Vertibra
+
+314
+00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:40,620
+C5 لـ C8 segment بطرح واحد بطرح واحد إذا بدأ
+
+315
+00:27:40,620 --> 00:27:46,780
+السؤال بال segment يعني لو سألتك سؤال C6 segment
+
+316
+00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:56,680
+C6 segment بطرح واحد يقابل C5 vertebra لكن لو بدنا
+
+317
+00:27:56,680 --> 00:28:03,040
+السؤال بال vertebra و قولنا C5 vertebra بجمع واحد
+
+318
+00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:09,100
+بزود واحد تقريبا بقابل C5 vertebra C6سيجمنت هذا
+
+319
+00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:12,580
+جدول توضيحي توضيحي ماحدش يقولي بكرا دكتور انت
+
+320
+00:28:12,580 --> 00:28:17,160
+قولتنا C4 ع C4 هاي C5 لو نجسنا واحد ع C4 يعني هي
+
+321
+00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:20,620
+هذا قولنا توضيحي عشان يوضح تقريبا وين موجود ال
+
+322
+00:28:20,620 --> 00:28:27,080
+segment لو انزلنا لتحت T1 ل T6 segment of spinal
+
+323
+00:28:27,080 --> 00:28:34,200
+cord بطرح اتنين يعني لو جينا قولنا segment T5
+
+324
+00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:41,300
+على أي مستوى الورتبرا بطرح منهم ايه اتنين يكون
+
+325
+00:28:41,300 --> 00:28:47,280
+عوين على مستوى T3 وورتبرا T3 وورتبرا لو نزلنا لتحت
+
+326
+00:28:47,280 --> 00:28:51,440
+T7 لقال اتنين بطرح تلاتة بدي يكبروا الورتبرا اكتر
+
+327
+00:28:51,440 --> 00:29:00,280
+لو سألتكوا سؤال T9 وورتبرا على اي مستوى بطرح منها
+
+328
+00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:06,910
+ثلاثة فقول تقريبا راح يكون على مستوى T6العكس صحيح
+
+329
+00:29:06,910 --> 00:29:11,550
+لو بدأت انا بالورتبرة بجمع بعمل اضافة وعشان خاطري
+
+330
+00:29:11,550 --> 00:29:16,410
+تحفظوا ان ال three و ال four segment تقريبا على
+
+331
+00:29:16,410 --> 00:29:22,730
+مستوى thoracic 12 و ال five segment و ال sacral
+
+332
+00:29:22,730 --> 00:29:27,590
+segment كلهم بيكونوا على مستوى ال one vertebra هذي
+
+333
+00:29:27,590 --> 00:29:31,910
+slide عشان يبيننا ال relationship between spinal
+
+334
+00:29:31,910 --> 00:29:36,120
+cord segment وورتبرةهذا لا يعني ان كل segment
+
+335
+00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:41,920
+موجود مقابل ال vertebra بتاعته مقابل ايه ال
+
+336
+00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:46,780
+vertebra بتاعته لان اتفجنا ان ال spinal cord هو
+
+337
+00:29:46,780 --> 00:29:54,100
+اكثر من مين من ال vertebral colon لاحظوا هنا ان ال
+
+338
+00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:57,420
+root بيخرجه اول شي بيخرجه من فوق ال vertebra بعد
+
+339
+00:29:57,420 --> 00:30:01,000
+هي انتهى عند ال spinal cordهذه ال conus medullaris
+
+340
+00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:04,440
+انتهى بعد ذلك ال roots بنزلوا كل root بخرج من تحت
+
+341
+00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:07,600
+البرتبرهان بتاعته هذه العملية بسميها هذه ال roots
+
+342
+00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:12,540
+بسميهم ال roots هذه cauda equina او cauda equina
+
+343
+00:30:12,540 --> 00:30:17,980
+تمام هم عبارة عن spinal peripheral roots after
+
+344
+00:30:17,980 --> 00:30:25,440
+termination of the spinal cord the
+
+345
+00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:33,370
+roots of spinal cordEach segment have four roots
+
+346
+00:30:33,370 --> 00:30:40,290
+في عندي two posterior and two anterior هي عندي
+
+347
+00:30:40,290 --> 00:30:43,570
+left
+
+348
+00:30:43,570 --> 00:30:50,830
+posterior root posterior spinal root و right
+
+349
+00:30:50,830 --> 00:30:59,290
+posterior spinal root okay leftAnterior Spinal
+
+350
+00:30:59,290 --> 00:31:07,070
+Root وRight Anterior Spinal Root البستيريور أو الـ
+
+351
+00:31:07,070 --> 00:31:11,370
+Dorsal Root عبارة عن Sensory بيكونوا جايبين الـ
+
+352
+00:31:11,370 --> 00:31:18,350
+Sensory Sensation للـ Spinal Cord وفيهم
+
+353
+00:31:18,350 --> 00:31:24,650
+حاجة اسمها Posterior Root Ganglion Posterior Root
+
+354
+00:31:28,040 --> 00:31:33,860
+Ganglion بصير رود غانقليون هذه
+
+355
+00:31:33,860 --> 00:31:35,400
+right وهذه left
+
+356
+00:31:40,210 --> 00:31:43,710
+Okay يبقى وظيفة ال posterior أو الدورصة ال route
+
+357
+00:31:43,710 --> 00:31:47,490
+sensory تمام وظيفته ايه؟ sensory ايه اللي هو
+
+358
+00:31:47,490 --> 00:31:50,390
+posterior route ganglion؟ طب ال anterior او ال
+
+359
+00:31:50,390 --> 00:31:54,190
+ventral route وظيفتهم motor and autonomic motor
+
+360
+00:31:54,190 --> 00:31:56,850
+and autonomic هذول بيكونوا ايه؟ مطلقين الإشارة
+
+361
+00:31:56,850 --> 00:32:01,170
+هذول يعتبروا descending او efferent مخرجين الإشارة
+
+362
+00:32:01,170 --> 00:32:06,510
+من ال spinal cordالاتنين اللي هم الـ posterior و
+
+363
+00:32:06,510 --> 00:32:11,590
+الـ anterior بتتحدوا مع بعض و بيكونون ايه spinal
+
+364
+00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:17,770
+nerve و في عندي 31 pairs of spinal nerves right
+
+365
+00:32:17,770 --> 00:32:23,310
+and left each spinal nerve emerges from the
+
+366
+00:32:23,310 --> 00:32:28,290
+intervertebral foramen هي عندي
+
+367
+00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:37,910
+هذا هو ال sensation عن طريق ال posterior root او
+
+368
+00:32:37,910 --> 00:32:41,090
+dorsal root انا فيه بيكون عندى posterior root
+
+369
+00:32:41,090 --> 00:32:50,830
+ganglion unipolar نوعها نيرون تمام وفي motor اللي
+
+370
+00:32:50,830 --> 00:32:54,070
+هو ال anterior بيكون motor اوتوناميك راح اتكلم
+
+371
+00:32:54,070 --> 00:33:00,630
+عنهم بيكون ماخدين اشارة descending efferent للخارج
+
+372
+00:33:00,630 --> 00:33:01,550
+من ال spinal cord
+
+373
+00:33:05,710 --> 00:33:10,510
+هذول اتنين مع بعض بيتجمعوا و بيكونونا شي اسمه
+
+374
+00:33:10,510 --> 00:33:25,190
+spinal nerve بيخرج من intervertebral foramen نفس
+
+375
+00:33:25,190 --> 00:33:31,010
+الشي هان هذا هو ال posterior ليش قلنا هذا هو ال
+
+376
+00:33:31,010 --> 00:33:33,770
+posterior لان في بوستيرورد جانجليون وهذا ال
+
+377
+00:33:33,770 --> 00:33:34,210
+anterior
+
+378
+00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:42,340
+بيكونولنا الهو انت spinal nerve بيخرج من ال
+
+379
+00:33:42,340 --> 00:33:49,020
+intervertebral foramen بيكفي في الجزء الأول من
+
+380
+00:33:49,020 --> 00:33:52,640
+المحاضرة spinal cord نجح لحد ال exit of spinal
+
+381
+00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:55,780
+nerve root في الجزء الثاني من محاضرة spinal cord
+
+382
+00:33:55,780 --> 00:33:59,380
+راح أكمل المحاضرة و أبدأها من ال exit of spinal
+
+383
+00:33:59,380 --> 00:34:00,100
+nerve root
+

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/wNuEwMwQHK8.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2029 @@
+1
+00:00:05,420 --> 00:00:08,900
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,900 --> 00:00:13,300
+وبركاته محاضرة الأسبوع الثاني عشر رح تكون على
+
+3
+00:00:13,300 --> 00:00:18,700
+epilepsy and status epilepticus أكيد موضوع ال
+
+4
+00:00:18,700 --> 00:00:22,240
+epilepsy مش جديد عليكم أخذته في طب الأطفال
+
+5
+00:00:22,240 --> 00:00:28,620
+epilepsy and status epilepticus في بعض ال
+
+6
+00:00:28,620 --> 00:00:31,780
+definitions لازم نكون عارفينهم seizure
+
+7
+00:00:33,630 --> 00:00:39,810
+الSeizure هو موضوع واحد برهان
+
+8
+00:00:39,810 --> 00:00:46,590
+ترانزينت دستروبانس من مفهوم العقل بسبب
+
+9
+00:00:46,590 --> 00:00:57,990
+إطلاقات غير عادلة من نيرونات في العقل اللي عادلة ينتج
+
+10
+00:00:57,990 --> 00:01:05,750
+في إطلاقات يعني ال seizure هو
+
+11
+00:01:05,750 --> 00:01:11,250
+عبارة عن نوبة، عبارة عن إيه؟ نوبة ناتج عن إيه؟ عن
+
+12
+00:01:11,250 --> 00:01:16,950
+increased electrical discharge of the brain، ناتج
+
+13
+00:01:16,950 --> 00:01:22,790
+عن زيادة في الشحنات الكهربائية في الدماغ single
+
+14
+00:01:22,790 --> 00:01:31,500
+seizures, نوبة أولى is not epilepsy ما تعتبرهاش
+
+15
+00:01:31,500 --> 00:01:36,640
+سرعة اللي بيُلبس مرض سرعة but indication for
+
+16
+00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:42,680
+investigation مثال مريض دخل الجسم عنده نوع من
+
+17
+00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:48,380
+التشنج أولى هل أقول للمريض روح روح؟ لأ هذا المريض
+
+18
+00:01:48,380 --> 00:01:52,300
+يحتاج admission يحتاج دخول و لازم نعمله investigations
+
+19
+00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:56,000
+ايش investigations? CBC, chemistry ممكن تكون حالة
+
+20
+00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:01,260
+hypoglycemia سكر منخفض ممكن تكون brain tumor بنعمل
+
+21
+00:02:01,260 --> 00:02:05,400
+CT brain, CT أو brain MRI بنعمل
+
+22
+00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:13,140
+electroencephalography, EEG not all seizures imply
+
+23
+00:02:13,140 --> 00:02:17,040
+epilepsy مش كل نوبات التشنج بتدخل في epilepsy في
+
+24
+00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:22,020
+سرعة على سبيل المثال مريض عنده hypoglycemia
+
+25
+00:02:22,020 --> 00:02:25,320
+recurrent hypoglycemia وبيحصل فيه recurrent
+
+26
+00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:30,580
+seizures، هل أعتبره عنده إيه بلبسه؟ لأ،
+
+27
+00:02:30,580 --> 00:02:36,220
+ما يدخل فيه subarachnoid hemorrhage، تشنج، هل أعتبره 
+
+28
+00:02:36,220 --> 00:02:41,420
+عنده إيه بلبسه؟ لأ، هذي بيعتبروهم acute symptomatic
+
+29
+00:02:41,420 --> 00:02:45,480
+seizures ماذا نسميهم؟ Acute Symptomatic
+
+30
+00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:49,980
+Seizures يعني هذا ال seizures يعتبر symptom of
+
+31
+00:02:49,980 --> 00:02:54,320
+the main disease عرض من أعراض المرض الرئيسي إما
+
+32
+00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:59,660
+hypoglycemia وإما subarachnoid hemorrhage ال
+
+33
+00:02:59,660 --> 00:03:02,780
+recurrence rate during the first years 70% ممكن
+
+34
+00:03:02,780 --> 00:03:08,200
+تتكرر النوبة 7 ل 10% من ال populations في حياتهم
+
+35
+00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:10,820
+مروا بنوبة تشنج واحدة
+
+36
+00:03:13,540 --> 00:03:22,040
+طب إيش تعريف الepilepsy؟ is the condition of طبعا
+
+37
+00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:26,940
+condition of recurrent إيش يعني recurrent? two or
+
+38
+00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:32,580
+more اثنين أو أكثر unprovoked يبقى لازم شرطين عشان
+
+39
+00:03:32,580 --> 00:03:36,960
+أقول epilepsy two or more seizures and unprovoked
+
+40
+00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:45,100
+seizures caused by sudden excessive changes in the
+
+41
+00:03:45,100 --> 00:03:48,640
+electrical function of the brain يكون هي عبارة عن
+
+42
+00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:56,140
+a condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures
+
+43
+00:03:56,140 --> 00:04:01,440
+caused by sudden excessive changes in the
+
+44
+00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:05,800
+electrical function of the brain في العالم كله
+
+45
+00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:10,580
+تقريبا 1% من الشعب بيكون عنده Epilepsy يعني
+
+46
+00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:15,300
+موضوع ال Epilepsy مهم جدا كل 100 شخص بينهم واحد
+
+47
+00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:19,540
+Epileptic Epidemiology
+
+48
+00:04:19,540 --> 00:04:26,340
+of Epilepsy في العالم حوالي 50 مليون Epileptic
+
+49
+00:04:26,340 --> 00:04:33,620
+patient يعني عدد مش بسيط 50 مليون وواحد من ثمانية new
+
+50
+00:04:33,620 --> 00:04:39,740
+cases per one thousand population each year in US
+
+51
+00:04:39,740 --> 00:04:46,080
+يعني حوالي متكلم تقريبا على واحد أو zero point
+
+52
+00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:53,540
+eight لكل مئة نسمة حوالي خمس وستين شخص بيحصلوا في
+
+53
+00:04:53,540 --> 00:05:00,160
+النوبة الأولى كل يوم في أمريكا the most common
+
+54
+00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:05,640
+presentation of epilepsy is begin in childhood
+
+55
+00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:12,880
+أكتر شيء موضوع ال epilepsy بيبدأ عند الأطفال و زي
+
+56
+00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:16,960
+ما اتفقنا واحد في المية من ال populations عندهم
+
+57
+00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:22,170
+epilepsy لكن احنا قلنا the most common of epilepsy
+
+58
+00:05:22,170 --> 00:05:25,070
+is in childhood لا يعني أن الكبير ما عنده مش
+
+59
+00:05:25,070 --> 00:05:30,470
+epilepsy ال epilepsy بتحدث في أي سنة all is
+
+60
+00:05:30,470 --> 00:05:35,760
+affected The incidence of epilepsy increased again
+
+61
+00:05:35,760 --> 00:05:40,480
+slightly after age 60 وبعد سن ستين موضوع ال
+
+62
+00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:44,180
+epilepsy ممكن يزيد ويرتفع ليه؟ لأنه بعد سن ستين
+
+63
+00:05:44,180 --> 00:05:48,580
+بيرتفع نسبة ال cerebrovascular disease وبتِرتفع
+
+64
+00:05:48,580 --> 00:05:55,240
+نسبة ال post stroke epilepsy كبار السن brain tumors
+
+65
+00:05:55,240 --> 00:06:01,680
+ثلاثة neurodegenerative disease كل هذا يسبب ارتفاع
+
+66
+00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:09,750
+مرض الصرع في كبار السن في classification تعتبر
+
+67
+00:06:09,750 --> 00:06:14,650
+international classification of epileptic seizures
+
+68
+00:06:14,650 --> 00:06:20,770
+هذه تم إصدارها في نيودلهي في الهند سنة 1981 وإلى
+
+69
+00:06:20,770 --> 00:06:24,430
+اليوم محترمة نفسها وهي تعتبر و تدرس في
+
+70
+00:06:24,430 --> 00:06:28,470
+الجامعات هذه ال classification بتُجسم ال epilepsy
+
+71
+00:06:28,470 --> 00:06:35,140
+لثلاث مجموعات أول مجموعة Generalized seizures
+
+72
+00:06:35,140 --> 00:06:41,160
+يعني Bilaterally، Symmetrical، and without local
+
+73
+00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:45,780
+onset أول نوع أو أول مجموعة بنسميها generalized,
+
+74
+00:06:46,860 --> 00:06:50,420
+bilateral أو generalized seizures تعتبر يعني
+
+75
+00:06:50,420 --> 00:06:53,760
+bilateral, symmetrical and without focal النوع
+
+76
+00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:58,920
+الثاني أو المجموعة الثانية partial or focal
+
+77
+00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:04,060
+seizures beginning seizure locally or focally or
+
+78
+00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:09,740
+partially والمجموعة الثالثة unclassified seizures
+
+79
+00:07:12,020 --> 00:07:17,860
+برجع لـ الأولى اللي هي تعتبر generalized seizures
+
+80
+00:07:17,860 --> 00:07:25,860
+في أنها أنواع tonic-clonic seizures يعني المريض
+
+81
+00:07:25,860 --> 00:07:30,640
+أول شيء بيعمل hyper extension بعدين clonic phase
+
+82
+00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:36,640
+ال tonic تيجي تشبه ال syncopal attack without
+
+83
+00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:41,710
+convulsion وممكن تيجي tonic and clonic مع بعض هذا
+
+84
+00:07:41,710 --> 00:07:49,670
+النوع بنسميه grand mal generalized major
+
+85
+00:07:49,670 --> 00:07:52,790
+conversion يعني بنسميه grand mal epilepsy أو
+
+86
+00:07:52,790 --> 00:07:57,390
+بنسميه generalized major conversion يعني إيش grand
+
+87
+00:07:57,390 --> 00:08:01,390
+mal يعني بنسميه مرض الصرع الأكبر مرض الصرع
+
+88
+00:08:01,390 --> 00:08:07,190
+الأكبر النوع الثاني absence أو petit mal epilepsy
+
+89
+00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:14,620
+absence يعني إيه؟ تغيب، فصل، بيفصل ثلاثة infantile
+
+90
+00:08:14,620 --> 00:08:17,780
+spasm أو West syndrome
+
+91
+00:08:20,220 --> 00:08:27,580
+النوع الرابع juvenile myoclonic epilepsy تيجي
+
+92
+00:08:27,580 --> 00:08:31,940
+ب نظام rapid jerky movement المريض بيكون قاعد فجأة
+
+93
+00:08:31,940 --> 00:08:36,180
+يُرتعش وصار عنده loss of consciousness ال myoclonus
+
+94
+00:08:36,180 --> 00:08:39,500
+ممكن يكون في physiological كل ما حدث معناه
+
+95
+00:08:39,500 --> 00:08:42,920
+myoclonus نيجي نخدش نروح ننام الجو بارد تلاقي
+
+96
+00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,200
+الواحد ارتعش هذه طبيعية هذه physiological
+
+97
+00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:49,700
+myoclonus خاصة بتكون تحدث أكثر شيء قبل النوم
+
+98
+00:08:52,100 --> 00:08:58,620
+المجموعة الثانية partial or focal seizures هذه ال
+
+99
+00:08:58,620 --> 00:09:02,920
+seizures beginning locally beginning إيه؟ locally
+
+100
+00:09:02,920 --> 00:09:09,040
+تنقسم إلى اثنين مجموعتين simple partial seizures
+
+101
+00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:15,100
+إيش simple partial seizures يعني without impaired
+
+102
+00:09:15,100 --> 00:09:20,010
+consciousness التشنج بيحدث و المريض واعٍ كيف بيكون
+
+103
+00:09:20,010 --> 00:09:25,870
+عنده؟ ممكن يجينا motor convergent يعني يكسونيان
+
+104
+00:09:25,870 --> 00:09:30,230
+type المريض عنده tumor في ال left precentral gyrus
+
+105
+00:09:30,230 --> 00:09:34,070
+ممكن يجيب تشنج في جهة اليمين من يده أو رجله
+
+106
+00:09:34,070 --> 00:09:40,440
+ويتشنج لكن المريض واعٍ ليه؟ لأن ال tumor زود ال
+
+107
+00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:43,500
+function بتاعة ال area هذه زود ال function ال area
+
+108
+00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:47,000
+pre-central مسئولة عن ال motor طبعًا منها حركة زي
+
+109
+00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:51,300
+اليد اليمين هذا بنسميها motor Jacksonian fit ممكن
+
+110
+00:09:51,300 --> 00:09:57,540
+تجيب tumor في sensory area ويسبب لنا focal sensory
+
+111
+00:09:57,540 --> 00:10:02,960
+fit أو Jacksonian sensory fit النوع الثاني اللي هو
+
+112
+00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:07,740
+complex partial seizures هذا بيجي with impaired
+
+113
+00:10:07,740 --> 00:10:13,360
+level of consciousness من ضمنهم هذا النوع temporal
+
+114
+00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:19,420
+lobe epilepsy المجموعة الثالثة unclassified
+
+115
+00:10:19,420 --> 00:10:23,750
+seizures مثل Febrile Seizure هذا بيجي عند الأطفال
+
+116
+00:10:23,750 --> 00:10:29,390
+بنسميه تشنج حراري هذا التشنج الحراري لا يحتاج علاج
+
+117
+00:10:29,390 --> 00:10:33,130
+من ناحية ال epilepsy لا يعتبر epilepsy بنسميه
+
+118
+00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:37,950
+Febrile Seizure والعلاج بتاعه نعالج السبب ال
+
+119
+00:10:37,950 --> 00:10:41,750
+fever نعالج نعطي antibiotic إذا احتاج المريض نعطي
+
+120
+00:10:41,750 --> 00:10:45,790
+antibiotic إن خفضت درجة الحرارة وما ارتفعت حرارته هذا
+
+121
+00:10:45,790 --> 00:10:49,430
+الFebrile Seizure بعد مرور خمس سنوات الطفل صار عمره
+
+122
+00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:55,430
+ست سنوات لحاله بتتلاشى وبتنتهي فيه reflex
+
+123
+00:10:55,430 --> 00:11:00,370
+epilepsy لها علاقة يعني في ناس ممكن تلاقي يجيله
+
+124
+00:11:00,370 --> 00:11:04,450
+تشنج من ال TV من التلفزيون من سماعة ال music من
+
+125
+00:11:04,450 --> 00:11:08,710
+كذا و كذا هذا بيسميه reflex epilepsy الآن نتكلم
+
+126
+00:11:08,710 --> 00:11:13,830
+على what's the ideology of epilepsy أسباب ال
+
+127
+00:11:13,830 --> 00:11:20,370
+epilepsy سبعين في المية من موضوع ال epilepsy ناتج عن
+
+128
+00:11:20,370 --> 00:11:25,070
+idiopathic cause خاصة عند الأطفال خاصة عند الأطفال
+
+129
+00:11:25,070 --> 00:11:27,970
+سبعين في المية بيكون idiopathic ثلاثين في المية
+
+130
+00:11:27,970 --> 00:11:32,810
+بيكون symptomatic ناتج عن abnormal development of
+
+131
+00:11:32,810 --> 00:11:37,770
+the brain mental retardation, stroke
+
+132
+00:11:38,740 --> 00:11:43,320
+التراما و الرضوض CNS infection, abscess
+
+133
+00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:47,680
+encephalitis, brain tumors, degenerative disease
+
+134
+00:11:47,680 --> 00:11:49,980
+كل هذه الأسباب ال alcohol, neurosurgical
+
+135
+00:11:49,980 --> 00:11:54,540
+operations كل هذه الأسباب تعتبر symptomatic cause
+
+136
+00:11:54,540 --> 00:12:02,030
+وتسببها secondary بنسبة ال provoked seizures
+
+137
+00:12:02,030 --> 00:12:06,110
+العوامل اللي بتحفز التشنجات وبننصح هدول المرضى
+
+138
+00:12:06,110 --> 00:12:10,870
+يبتعدوا عنهم اللي هو photosensitivity بننصحهم
+
+139
+00:12:10,870 --> 00:12:14,130
+ما يضلهمش يطلعوا على التلفزيون وعلى شاشات
+
+140
+00:12:14,130 --> 00:12:19,030
+الكمبيوتر وعلى الجوالات hyperventilation ما يعيقوش
+
+141
+00:12:19,030 --> 00:12:21,910
+ويْركضوا كثير ويجروا ويصير عندهم عملية
+
+142
+00:12:21,910 --> 00:12:27,510
+hyperventilation تؤدي إلى سوء to washing ال sleep
+
+143
+00:12:27,510 --> 00:12:33,750
+deprivation السهر ... السهر ممنوع لأن قلة النوم في
+
+144
+00:12:33,750 --> 00:12:37,610
+الليل بيزود ال electrical brain discharge وهذه
+
+145
+00:12:37,610 --> 00:12:43,130
+بتعمل تحفيز لعملية التشنجات ال TV و ال computer
+
+146
+00:12:43,130 --> 00:12:47,490
+uncommon cause music, reading, hot bath, very rare
+
+147
+00:12:47,490 --> 00:12:51,130
+ما مرّش عليها هنا ح��لات اللي ملاقيها بال music أو ال
+
+148
+00:12:51,130 --> 00:12:53,750
+reading أو ال hot bath لكن في ال literature مكتوب
+
+149
+00:12:53,750 --> 00:13:02,300
+عنهم لاحظوا إيش الاختلاف بين الأطفال وال adult عند
+
+150
+00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:06,520
+الأطفال نلاقي the main cause congenital, congenital
+
+151
+00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:13,940
+cause idiopathic, developmental لكن بعد سن الخامسة و
+
+152
+00:13:13,940 --> 00:13:18,760
+الستين بتِرتفع لاحظوا بعد سهربصار ارتفع الـ
+
+153
+00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:22,400
+cerebrovascular disease, stroke ضربات الدماغية
+
+154
+00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:26,620
+ارتفعت غير هيك بيرتفع عندهم brain tumors, brain
+
+155
+00:13:26,620 --> 00:13:31,360
+tumors و degenerative disease عشان هيك قلنا بعد سن
+
+156
+00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:41,220
+الستين بيحدث slightly increase of epilepsy post
+
+157
+00:13:41,220 --> 00:13:46,640
+stroke epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease بيؤدي إلى
+
+158
+00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:54,300
+epilepsy لاحظوا 5-10% من حالات ischemic stroke بعد
+
+159
+00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:56,980
+فترة من الزمن بيحدث معهم إيه بلبسه نسميه post
+
+160
+00:13:56,980 --> 00:14:04,500
+stroke epilepsy 15-20% من الحالات بعد primary
+
+161
+00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:07,640
+intracranial hemorrhage نفس الشيء بيحدث معاهم إيه
+
+162
+00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:15,460
+بلبسه 25-30% من الحالات بعد subarachnoid بيحدث
+
+163
+00:14:15,460 --> 00:14:19,660
+معاهم إيه بلبسه طيب، مين أخطر لموضوع الepilepsy، إذا
+
+164
+00:14:19,660 --> 00:14:22,840
+كانت الhematoma أو ال ischemic stroke في ال brain
+
+165
+00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:26,620
+nuclei deep ولا في ال cortex؟ لأ، الأخطر إذا
+
+166
+00:14:26,620 --> 00:14:30,200
+كانت في ال cortex، ليه؟ لأن ال neurons وال grammar
+
+167
+00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:36,300
+اللي موجود أكثر في قشرة الدماغ، في ال cortex وهم
+
+168
+00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:39,960
+ال neurons هم المسؤولين عن increase ال
+
+169
+00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:44,880
+paroxysmal activity of the brain incidence of
+
+170
+00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:50,900
+seizures due to different type of tumors لاحظوا
+
+171
+00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:55,180
+oligodendroglioma لو أتينا أخذنا مائة مريض عندهم
+
+172
+00:14:55,180 --> 00:14:59,660
+ورم في الدماغ نوع oligodendroglioma اثنين وتسعون
+
+173
+00:14:59,660 --> 00:15:03,980
+في المية منهم بيكون عندهم epilepsy astrocytoma
+
+174
+00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:10,480
+سبعين في المية مننجيومه 67% مع أن مننجيومه benign
+
+175
+00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:14,320
+tumor benign tumor إلى أنه نسبة ال epilepsy فيهم
+
+176
+00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:20,540
+عالية 67% ليه؟ لأن مننجيومه located في ال
+
+177
+00:15:20,540 --> 00:15:23,460
+convexity of cerebral hemisphere هي جاية من
+
+178
+00:15:23,460 --> 00:15:27,140
+المننجيز أول ما تعمل irritation and compression
+
+179
+00:15:27,140 --> 00:15:31,140
+راح تعمل على ال cortex of cerebral hemisphere وراح
+
+180
+00:15:31,140 --> 00:15:35,740
+تزود ال brain discharge أو neural brain discharge
+
+181
+00:15:36,610 --> 00:15:41,290
+Metastatic tumor 47% ليه ال metastatic tumor 47%؟
+
+182
+00:15:41,290 --> 00:15:44,270
+لأن المرضى اللي بيحدث معهم انتشار في الدماغ الورم
+
+183
+00:15:44,270 --> 00:15:48,150
+اللي انتشر في الدماغ 47% جنّة العمر بيأدي إلى
+
+184
+00:15:48,150 --> 00:15:52,170
+متوسط حياتهم ثمانية شهور ما بيعيشوا تمام لحد ثمانية
+
+185
+00:15:52,170 --> 00:15:55,290
+شهور بيكونوا died المرضى هذول بيتوفوا خلال ثمانية
+
+186
+00:15:55,290 --> 00:16:03,370
+شهور Malignant glioma 37% Pituitary gland adenoma
+
+187
+00:16:03,370 --> 00:16:04,21
+
+201
+00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:14,120
+arise from any disease of the brain يعني الموضوع 
+
+202
+00:17:14,120 --> 00:17:19,640
+الـ partial epilepsy أكتر شيء بيكون ناتج عن ايه؟
+
+203
+00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:26,820
+عن focal brain damage stroke, abscess, tumor, cyst
+
+204
+00:17:26,820 --> 00:17:33,850
+و هكذا the presence of partial seizure إذا كان عند
+
+205
+00:17:33,850 --> 00:17:37,010
+المريض في partial seizure أنا بديقوله على ايه؟ على
+
+206
+00:17:37,010 --> 00:17:41,310
+وجود focal cerebral pathology أن المريض عنده ايه؟
+
+207
+00:17:41,310 --> 00:17:45,490
+focal cerebral pathology لذلك بحتاجه neuro imaging
+
+208
+00:17:45,490 --> 00:17:51,670
+CT and MRI أو MRI نفسي لأن اتكلم على tonic chronic
+
+209
+00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,670
+seizures موضوع tonic-clonic seizures حاولوا تنزلوا 
+
+210
+00:17:57,670 --> 00:18:01,470
+فيديو من النت اسمه tonic-clonic convulsion أو
+
+211
+00:18:01,470 --> 00:18:06,170
+seizures و بتلاحظوا كيف المرضى بيتشنجوا أثناء نوبة ال
+
+212
+00:18:06,170 --> 00:18:11,530
+tonic-clonic بمجرد ال grand mal بيلبسه في ثلاث
+
+213
+00:18:11,530 --> 00:18:16,590
+مراحل pre-ictal stage اللي هي aura ictal stage
+
+214
+00:18:16,590 --> 00:18:20,710
+اللي هي نوبة التشنج post-ictal stage ما بعد النوبة
+
+215
+00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:26,360
+pre-ictal stage it is a warning sign for the
+
+216
+00:18:26,360 --> 00:18:31,340
+coming attack هذه إشارة تحذير من قدوم النوبة، أن
+
+217
+00:18:31,340 --> 00:18:36,900
+النوبة تبدأ عند المريض، لا يعني أن كل المرضى يكون
+
+218
+00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:40,200
+عندهم أورا، بعض المرضى ممكن تكون عندهم fatigue,
+
+219
+00:18:40,820 --> 00:18:44,640
+depression, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
+
+220
+00:18:45,140 --> 00:18:49,490
+blurring of vision هذا كل مريض ممكن تكون الأورا
+
+221
+00:18:49,490 --> 00:18:54,170
+بتختلف عن المريض الآخر حسب وين موجود عنده الـ .. الـ
+
+222
+00:18:54,170 --> 00:18:59,730
+.. ال epileptic focus في ال brain stage two أكثر
+
+223
+00:18:59,730 --> 00:19:05,110
+stage هي هنا أصلحها شوية not more than five minutes
+
+224
+00:19:05,110 --> 00:19:09,570
+loss of consciousness بتكون أكثر stage بيحدث عندهم
+
+225
+00:19:09,570 --> 00:19:13,570
+sudden loss of consciousness sudden loss of
+
+226
+00:19:13,570 --> 00:19:17,670
+consciousness بعد ذلك الـ ten seconds المريض بيكون
+
+227
+00:19:17,670 --> 00:19:23,310
+في hyper extension بنسميها tonic stage the body
+
+228
+00:19:23,310 --> 00:19:27,950
+becomes rigid بيكون rigid extended limbs الأليمز
+
+229
+00:19:27,950 --> 00:19:36,940
+بيكون عندهم شد ممكن تسمع عندهم صوت شخير أو صرخة
+
+230
+00:19:36,940 --> 00:19:41,420
+due to spasm of vocal cord المريض بسقط على الأرض
+
+231
+00:19:41,420 --> 00:19:46,860
+قعد rolling upward يعني بيجي البولة فوق و بيكون
+
+232
+00:19:46,860 --> 00:19:51,280
+عنده cyanotic phase ممكن يحدث throating من الـ mouth
+
+233
+00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:56,340
+زبد urine incontinence عدم تحكم في الـ bowl و
+
+234
+00:19:56,340 --> 00:20:01,560
+tongue bitting هذه كلها علامات اللي علاقة بالـ
+
+235
+00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:06,120
+tonic phase بعدها بدخل لمدة دقيقتين تلات دقائق في
+
+236
+00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:10,900
+clonic phase generalized convulsion بتستمر عملية
+
+237
+00:20:10,900 --> 00:20:14,940
+الـ throating وبيحدث معهم rhythmic jerking of
+
+238
+00:20:14,940 --> 00:20:18,340
+muscle contraction and relaxation بتشكل هذا بيكون
+
+239
+00:20:18,340 --> 00:20:23,140
+المريض بيتشنج هذه اللي هي الـ rhythmic jerky movement
+
+240
+00:20:23,140 --> 00:20:30,800
+المريض بعدها بدخل في حالة sleep و لا post status
+
+241
+00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:37,160
+بيسميه post-ictal stage طب إذا استمرت النوبة تتشمج
+
+242
+00:20:37,160 --> 00:20:41,180
+أكثر من خمس دقائق إذا استمرت أكثر من خمس دقائق
+
+243
+00:20:41,180 --> 00:20:44,940
+بتعامل مع ايه مع status epilepticus status
+
+244
+00:20:44,940 --> 00:20:51,700
+epilepticus بعد النوبة post-ictal stage المريض بيحدث
+
+245
+00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:57,120
+معاه generalized fatigue، هزال، تعب، إرهاق، مرهق من
+
+246
+00:20:57,120 --> 00:21:01,220
+كثر ما حدث معاه، contraction للـ muscles، sleep،
+
+247
+00:21:01,220 --> 00:21:05,620
+بينام، sleepiness، coma، aphasia، Todd's
+
+248
+00:21:05,620 --> 00:21:08,980
+paralysis، لكن موضوع هذا neurological deficit اللي
+
+249
+00:21:08,980 --> 00:21:12,620
+بيحدث aphasia أو Todd's paralysis بتكون مدتها
+
+250
+00:21:12,620 --> 00:21:18,330
+ساعات أقل من 24 ساعة then a resolved symptoms بعد
+
+251
+00:21:18,330 --> 00:21:21,590
+هيك المريض ممكن يشكو من headache, dizziness,
+
+252
+00:21:21,710 --> 00:21:25,050
+vomiting due to increased intracranial pressure,
+
+253
+00:21:25,730 --> 00:21:29,430
+confusion لذلك الطبيب أو الأخ الصايم ممكن في
+
+254
+00:21:29,430 --> 00:21:32,890
+الاستقبال ممنوع يروح المريض لوحده و لازم ينتظر
+
+255
+00:21:32,890 --> 00:21:37,430
+المريض ليه؟ لأن المريض بيكون confused after a
+
+256
+00:21:37,430 --> 00:21:43,550
+convulsion نتكلم
+
+257
+00:21:43,550 --> 00:21:49,610
+كلمتين على epilepsy أو absence هذا الـ absence يعتبر
+
+258
+00:21:49,610 --> 00:21:56,450
+generalized non-convulsive seizures أكثر
+
+259
+00:21:56,450 --> 00:22:01,190
+شيء بيجي عند الأطفال في سن أربع اتناشر سنة الـ
+
+260
+00:22:01,190 --> 00:22:05,070
+family history بيكون عندهم positive في أربعين
+
+261
+00:22:05,070 --> 00:22:10,640
+فلمية ماذا يحدث في السيجارات؟ Multiple brief
+
+262
+00:22:10,640 --> 00:22:14,400
+starting episode with behavior arrest يعني أنا
+
+263
+00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:18,560
+بتكلم معاكم أو الطفل بيتكلم معاكم فجأة بتلاقي فصل
+
+264
+00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:26,280
+بعدين برجع للحديث few seconds أكثر شيء بيزيد هذه
+
+265
+00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:29,380
+الحالة مع الـ hyperventilation لما الطفل بيرقد و
+
+266
+00:22:29,380 --> 00:22:32,740
+بيجري كثير ممكن يحدث معاه hyperventilation تبدأ
+
+267
+00:22:32,740 --> 00:22:41,110
+الحالة عنده the absence يحدث كثير من الوقت في اليوم
+
+268
+00:22:41,110 --> 00:22:47,810
+خلال طرق من 5 إلى 15 ثانية هما مرتبطين بـ
+
+269
+00:22:47,810 --> 00:22:51,870
+generalized three hertz spike and slow wave
+
+270
+00:22:51,870 --> 00:22:57,510
+discharge on EEG يعني المريض هذا على الـ EEG بيكون
+
+271
+00:22:57,510 --> 00:23:03,210
+عندهم three hertz spike and slow wave discharge ورح
+
+272
+00:23:03,210 --> 00:23:08,220
+نشوفهم على تخت الدماغ لازم نعمل Differential
+
+273
+00:23:08,220 --> 00:23:13,280
+diagnosis لحالات الابليبسي Syncope .. Syncope الـ
+
+274
+00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:18,860
+attack Cardiac Syncope Vasovagal Micturation
+
+275
+00:23:18,860 --> 00:23:22,660
+Orthostatic Hypotension ايش الـ Micturation
+
+276
+00:23:22,660 --> 00:23:26,400
+Syncope؟ خاصة البحث في عند الميل لما يصحى من النوم
+
+277
+00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:31,700
+ويروح يعمل urination عملية تبول خاصة إذا بيعملها
+
+278
+00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:35,660
+في standing position و هو واقف في حالة أدم يدخل
+
+279
+00:23:35,660 --> 00:23:39,700
+فيه hypertension و يكون عنده loss of consciousness
+
+280
+00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:44,000
+Transient ischemic attack اتكلمنا عنها في محاضرة
+
+281
+00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:48,540
+cerebral vascular disease panic attack اللي علاقة
+
+282
+00:23:48,540 --> 00:23:55,460
+بالـ psychological problem من نوع رعب وخوف Sleep
+
+283
+00:23:55,460 --> 00:23:58,680
+disorders في حاجة اسمها Narcolepsy هذه
+
+284
+00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:02,220
+الناركوليبسي بيحدث معاهم كتابليكسيا في نهار المريض
+
+285
+00:24:02,220 --> 00:24:06,940
+بيحده ينام يجيوا عليه ضيوف لازم ينام بيكون عنده مصل
+
+286
+00:24:06,940 --> 00:24:12,020
+هيبوتونيا و في الليل بدخل في sleep paralysis من شل
+
+287
+00:24:12,020 --> 00:24:14,320
+و sleep hallucination بعد ده بيفوت في النوم
+
+288
+00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:18,240
+مابتذكرش بيصحى الصبح بيقول زوجتي أنا حدث معايا في
+
+289
+00:24:18,240 --> 00:24:21,440
+الليل أنه انشلت حسيت حالي طب بتقوللي ليش ماكلمتني؟
+
+290
+00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:25,090
+بيقولها أنا ماقدرش اتكلم وشفت أشياء وأشخاص هذه
+
+291
+00:24:25,090 --> 00:24:31,270
+اسمها Narcolepsy في Non-Epileptic Restless Leg
+
+292
+00:24:31,270 --> 00:24:34,290
+Syndrome Restless Leg Syndrome هذول المرضى لما
+
+293
+00:24:34,290 --> 00:24:37,170
+يجيوا يناموا بيحدث معهم باراستيزيا في الـ legs
+
+294
+00:24:37,170 --> 00:24:41,470
+بتلاقيهم دلوقتي بيتحركوا وخلل و باراستيزيا و لازم
+
+295
+00:24:41,470 --> 00:24:44,910
+يجموا يتحركوا ويمشوا عشان تقل الحركة هذه بنسميها
+
+296
+00:24:44,910 --> 00:24:50,330
+Restless Leg Syndrome Non-Epileptic Seizures من
+
+297
+00:24:50,330 --> 00:24:54,070
+ضمنها pseudo seizures أو hysterical seizures
+
+298
+00:24:55,320 --> 00:25:01,820
+hypoglycemia نتج عن ايه؟ هبوط وانخفاض في نسبة
+
+299
+00:25:01,820 --> 00:25:06,160
+السكر في الدم فيوكروما سايتوما هي عبارة عن الـ
+
+300
+00:25:06,160 --> 00:25:09,580
+tumor في الـ adrenal gland و subarachnoid
+
+301
+00:25:09,580 --> 00:25:16,960
+hemorrhage هو نزيف تحت الأم العنكبوتية EEG in
+
+302
+00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:17,500
+epilepsy
+
+303
+00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:25,960
+الـ Normal EEG between attack in ictal period
+
+304
+00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:30,860
+doesn't in any way exclude epilepsy يعني لو خططنا
+
+305
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:34,740
+للمريض بين النوبات وكان تخطيطه نظيف لا يعني أنه
+
+306
+00:25:34,740 --> 00:25:38,560
+ماعندوش epilepsy إحنا بنجيب قاعدة بنقول تخطيط
+
+307
+00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:45,500
+الدماغ يثبت ولا ينفي ينفي ولا يثبت يعني يثبت ولا
+
+308
+00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:51,850
+ينفي ينفي ولا يثبت كيف؟ يعني مريض عنده صداع ومش
+
+309
+00:25:51,850 --> 00:25:54,590
+نايم كثير ورح نعمله تخطيط ما بيتشنجش المريض هذا
+
+310
+00:25:54,590 --> 00:25:57,430
+لا جينا فيه increase في براكسيزم الـ brain activity
+
+311
+00:25:57,430 --> 00:26:00,110
+لا جينا ذئب في شحنات الكهرباء هل هذا مريض
+
+312
+00:26:00,110 --> 00:26:06,090
+epilepsy؟ لأ هذا تخطيط ينفي ولا يثبت العكس صحيح
+
+313
+00:26:06,090 --> 00:26:10,910
+مريض epileptic و بيتشنج و معروف known case of
+
+314
+00:26:10,910 --> 00:26:14,250
+epilepsy بين أنه بقى حدث معاه اللي إحنا عملنا
+
+315
+00:26:14,250 --> 00:26:17,830
+تخطيط له لقينا تخطيطه نظيف هل يعني أن هذا مريض
+
+316
+00:26:17,830 --> 00:26:22,930
+ماعندوش epilepsy لأ هذا تخطيطه يثبت ولا ينفي okay
+
+317
+00:26:22,930 --> 00:26:27,870
+many people with epilepsy have normal interictal
+
+318
+00:26:27,870 --> 00:26:33,250
+EEG اتفقنا EEG should be performed within 24 hours
+
+319
+00:26:33,250 --> 00:26:37,690
+of the seizures في حال أن الـ EEG routine كان normal
+
+320
+00:26:37,690 --> 00:26:42,410
+ممكن نعمل للمرضى sleep deprivation أو نعمل شيء
+
+321
+00:26:42,410 --> 00:26:46,210
+اسمه video EEG monitoring يعني المريض نصوّره 
+
+322
+00:26:46,210 --> 00:26:51,000
+بالفيديو ونعمله تحطية الدماء الـ abnormal inter
+
+323
+00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:56,120
+-ictal EEG الـ EEG بيكون abnormal في 80% من الـ
+
+324
+00:26:56,120 --> 00:27:00,560
+absence 60% من الـ generalized و 40% من الـ complex
+
+325
+00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:05,660
+partial 2-3% من الـ normal populations عندهم
+
+326
+00:27:05,660 --> 00:27:11,220
+epileptic form activity على الـ EEG هنا عندنا تخت
+
+327
+00:27:11,220 --> 00:27:17,020
+الدماغ لاحظوا فيه spike .. spike يعني هذا الحاد ده
+
+328
+00:27:17,020 --> 00:27:20,860
+الـ wave الحاد هذا .. هذا بيسميه spike الصغير و هذا
+
+329
+00:27:20,860 --> 00:27:24,960
+slow wave و هذه ثانية واحدة إذا أجدنا عند المريض
+
+330
+00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:29,060
+spike slow wave .. spike slow wave .. spike slow
+
+331
+00:27:29,060 --> 00:27:32,940
+wave .. ثلاثة في الثانية الواحدة بقول والله العظيم
+
+332
+00:27:32,940 --> 00:27:36,360
+المريض عنده absence هذا بيتمال epilepsy .. بيتمال
+
+333
+00:27:36,360 --> 00:27:38,900
+epilepsy طيب
+
+334
+00:27:40,350 --> 00:27:44,110
+هنا الأعداد الفردية هذه بتدل أنها left cerebral
+
+335
+00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:50,690
+hemisphere و هذه right cerebral hemisphere الزوجي
+
+336
+00:27:50,690 --> 00:27:58,930
+الزوجي right و الفردي left ووجدنا فيه spikes في كلهم
+
+337
+00:27:58,930 --> 00:28:01,830
+في الـ left و في الـ right بقول هذا المرضى عنده
+
+338
+00:28:01,830 --> 00:28:05,710
+generalized epilepsy عنده generalized epilepsy
+
+339
+00:28:06,870 --> 00:28:10,050
+يجيني المريض آخر لكن أكثر شي عنده الـ spikes هدول
+
+340
+00:28:10,050 --> 00:28:18,630
+حدّين في F7 F7 يعني اللي هو F7 frontal lift frontal
+
+341
+00:28:18,630 --> 00:28:23,890
+و T3 T3 lift temporal بقول المريض عنده partial ايه
+
+342
+00:28:23,890 --> 00:28:27,450
+بنبسه والـ focus أكثر شي موجود وين في lift
+
+343
+00:28:27,450 --> 00:28:33,370
+frontotemporal area lift frontotemporal area هذه
+
+344
+00:28:33,370 --> 00:28:38,710
+hypsarrhythmia تيجي عند المرضى اللي عندهم West
+
+345
+00:28:38,710 --> 00:28:41,010
+syndrome أو infantile spasm
+
+346
+00:28:45,570 --> 00:28:50,050
+هذه نوع بالتشنج صرعي
+
+347
+00:28:50,050 --> 00:28:53,550
+اللي علاقة بالصرع أو الـ epilepsy أو نوع بالتشنج
+
+348
+00:28:53,550 --> 00:28:57,550
+نفسي نوع بالتشنج نفسي بنسميها pseudo seizures يعني
+
+349
+00:28:57,550 --> 00:29:02,130
+ايش pseudo seizures يعني تشنج كاذب تشنج كاذب نتج
+
+350
+00:29:02,130 --> 00:29:08,370
+الآن إلى الـ pseudo seizures pseudo seizures ايش
+
+351
+00:29:08,370 --> 00:29:12,010
+pseudo seizures يعني نوع بالتشنج كاذب نوع بالتشنج
+
+352
+00:29:12,010 --> 00:29:16,820
+كاذبعني psychogenic seizures sure، non أو نطقي
+
+353
+00:29:16,820 --> 00:29:21,800
+بالابتك سيجار the fit usually occurs in the
+
+354
+00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:25,560
+presence of other people to gain their sympathy
+
+355
+00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:33,440
+يعني إنه بيتشنج، بتحدث مع وجود الأقارب الأهل زوج
+
+356
+00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:40,480
+زوجة والد والدة و هكذا لجلب عطفهم إلى المريض الـ
+
+357
+00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:43,640
+patient alert with generalized convulsion المريض
+
+358
+00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:47,000
+بيتشنج وهو واعي يعني لو سألنا أي سؤال بقولك أنا
+
+359
+00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:52,280
+كنت واعي ومش ناسي ولا حدث وبيمثلّك كيف بتشنج يعني
+
+360
+00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:57,040
+المريض كان واعي Eyes often closed during attack و
+
+361
+00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:00,880
+المريض بيكون مغمض عينه وبيعمل blinking بيعمل برمش
+
+362
+00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:05,860
+عينه It never occurs during sleep و النوم عمرها
+
+363
+00:30:05,860 --> 00:30:10,080
+مابتبدأ ومابتحدث عنده أثناء النوم The patient
+
+364
+00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:14,380
+never hurts himself المريض عمره ما بيأذي نفسه أثناء
+
+365
+00:30:14,380 --> 00:30:18,900
+التشنج ما بيعضش لسانه ما بيجعش ما بيصيرش عنده أي قسور
+
+366
+00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:22,900
+أي dislocation في الـ shoulders Autonomic signs
+
+367
+00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:26,400
+during attack uncommon ومرضى الابليبسي ممكن تلاقي
+
+368
+00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:31,380
+ضغط ويرتفع عنده cyanosis عندها tachycardia هنا في
+
+369
+00:30:31,380 --> 00:30:35,220
+الـ .. في الـ .. في الـ pseudo seizures بيكونوا
+
+370
+00:30:35,220 --> 00:30:39,760
+normal urine incontinence never occur مريض
+
+371
+00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:42,580
+الابليبسي ممكن يحدث معاه stool و urine
+
+372
+00:30:42,580 --> 00:30:46,500
+incontinence due to hypoxia لكن في الـ pseudo
+
+373
+00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:50,520
+seizures بيكون without a stool or urine
+
+374
+00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:55,900
+incontinence EEG is normal and anti-epileptic drugs
+
+375
+00:30:55,900 --> 00:31:00,460
+are contraindicated يعني تخطيط الدماغ بيكون طبيعي
+
+376
+00:31:00,460 --> 00:31:08,200
+و نعالجهم ونعطيهم أقراص أو أقار لمنع تشنجات ممنوع
+
+377
+00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:14,990
+normal prolactin level after attack في حالات الـ
+
+378
+00:31:14,990 --> 00:31:19,710
+epilepsy لو فحصنا نسبة الـ prolactin بيحدث في
+
+379
+00:31:19,710 --> 00:31:24,870
+ارتفاع خلال عشرين دقيقة بيصير increase لـ prolactin
+
+380
+00:31:24,870 --> 00:31:29,050
+level خلال عشرين دقيقة بعد النوبة في 80% من
+
+381
+00:31:29,050 --> 00:31:32,43
+
+401
+00:32:52,150 --> 00:32:54,670
+النوم أنا بعمل exclusion للـpsychogenic مش ممكن
+
+402
+00:32:54,670 --> 00:32:58,810
+يكون هذا psychogenic وهو نايم ثلاثة الإنسان وهو
+
+403
+00:32:58,810 --> 00:33:03,170
+نايم بيكون عنده electrical brain discharge lowكونه
+
+404
+00:33:03,170 --> 00:33:07,950
+تشنج وهو نايم ممكن يحدث عندهم recurrence للتشنج
+
+405
+00:33:13,460 --> 00:33:17,700
+start with one first line drug نبدأ بأول drug ب
+
+406
+00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:21,720
+first line يكون start with low dose نعطي جرعة 
+
+407
+00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:25,640
+بسيطة ما نعطي جرعة عالية gradually increase dose
+
+408
+00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:30,440
+of drugs نزود جرعة العلاج تدريجيا لحد ما أصل لل
+
+409
+00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:35,940
+control of seizures وأعمل level للـdrugs أو يحدث
+
+410
+00:33:35,940 --> 00:33:39,910
+عندنا side effect من الـdrugs طب في حال أن العلاج
+
+411
+00:33:39,910 --> 00:33:43,590
+الأول ما ظبط مع المريض بغيره لعلاج ثاني طب ما ظبطش 
+
+412
+00:33:43,590 --> 00:33:47,630
+ثاني بغيره لعلاج ثالث بعدها ممكن أعمل combination
+
+413
+00:33:47,630 --> 00:33:52,790
+أعطي إيه أكثر من العلاج أعطي أكثر من العلاج لكن
+
+414
+00:33:52,790 --> 00:33:58,570
+ما يزيدوا عن three drugs ما يزيدش عن إيه three drugs
+
+415
+00:33:58,570 --> 00:34:04,050
+و the goal of therapy should be complete seizure
+
+416
+00:34:04,050 --> 00:34:09,600
+control with singly drugs and without side effect
+
+417
+00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:14,660
+هذه أدوية أكيد مرت عليكم في ال pharmacy مارح أنا
+
+418
+00:34:14,660 --> 00:34:20,580
+أركز عنكم أنتم مش راح تعالجوا مرضى أطفال بس مش
+
+419
+00:34:20,580 --> 00:34:24,660
+مجالكم بس أنا كنت حاطط لكم لهم في slide ممكن تكون 
+
+420
+00:34:24,660 --> 00:34:29,980
+مرت عليكم الأسماء هذه في مساق الأدوية
+
+421
+00:34:31,730 --> 00:34:36,010
+طب أنتم في البيت.. في البيت جارتكم عندها إيه
+
+422
+00:34:36,010 --> 00:34:39,870
+بلبسها؟ أو أنتم ت.. ت.. أثناء جلسة علاج طبيعي 
+
+423
+00:34:39,870 --> 00:34:46,110
+حدث نوبة؟ أو بتكونوا ت.. تنصحوا أهل المريض إيش
+
+424
+00:34:46,110 --> 00:34:52,130
+يعمله في الحالات هذه؟ أول شيء لازم أبعد المريض عن
+
+425
+00:34:52,130 --> 00:34:55,730
+الأماكن الخاطرة أقوله ممنوع لك السباحة لأن لو حدثت 
+
+426
+00:34:55,730 --> 00:34:59,840
+نوبة أثناء السباحة ممكن يغرق المريض يبعد عن
+
+427
+00:34:59,840 --> 00:35:04,120
+الأماكن العالية المرتفعة يبعد عن الأماكن الخطرة لو
+
+428
+00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:08,520
+حد اتشنج ممكن يقضي نفسه فيها avoid precipitating
+
+429
+00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:12,620
+factors نبعد عن العوامل اللي ممكن يزود النوبة مثل
+
+430
+00:35:12,620 --> 00:35:17,580
+TV كمبيوتر جوالات اللي بيطلعوا سهرانين جوالات sleep
+
+431
+00:35:17,580 --> 00:35:22,660
+deprivation كل هذا يجنب مريض الـepilepsy في بلاد 
+
+432
+00:35:22,660 --> 00:35:26,040
+الأوروبامن صحهم يبردوا عن الـالكحول ممنوع
+
+433
+00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:29,800
+الـالكحول يشربوا الـketogenic diet هذه الـ
+
+434
+00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:33,960
+ketogenic diet بتكون high في الـfat و low في الـ
+
+435
+00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:38,020
+carbohydrate بتقولك بتقلل الـparoxysmal brain اتش
+
+436
+00:35:38,020 --> 00:35:41,540
+عارف أنتم 
+
+437
+00:35:41,540 --> 00:35:48,180
+شغالين جالسين علاج طبيعي وحدث تشنج لمريض أو مريضة ما
+
+438
+00:35:48,180 --> 00:35:53,710
+العمل والطبيب ما كانش قريب عندكم بسرعة move person
+
+439
+00:35:53,710 --> 00:36:00,090
+away from danger أبعد المريض عن مكان الخطر ensure
+
+440
+00:36:00,090 --> 00:36:02,970
+airway is clear أتأكد أنه الـairway عنده clear
+
+441
+00:36:02,970 --> 00:36:07,290
+don't insert anything in mouth ما تحطش أي شيء في
+
+442
+00:36:07,290 --> 00:36:11,230
+الفم يقولك عشان ما يعضش لسانه طب هو ممكن يحط..
+
+443
+00:36:11,230 --> 00:36:13,310
+ما يعجبه يكسر إيش أسنانه والفك
+
+444
+00:36:17,190 --> 00:36:20,950
+إذا التشنج استمر أكثر من ثلاث دقائق، بسرعة اتصل
+
+445
+00:36:20,950 --> 00:36:24,990
+على الأسعاف وأبعت المريض لوين للمستشفى، إذا كان
+
+446
+00:36:24,990 --> 00:36:28,290
+هذا first seizure نوبة أولى، ضروري أروح المستشفى،
+
+447
+00:36:28,290 --> 00:36:32,290
+إذا هو known case of epilepsy، ممكن بعد ذلك يراجع
+
+448
+00:36:32,290 --> 00:36:37,150
+لعيادة خارجية Person may be drowsy, confused for
+
+449
+00:36:37,150 --> 00:36:41,350
+some minutes, thirty, sixty minutes and should not
+
+450
+00:36:41,350 --> 00:36:45,190
+leave alone until fully recovered يعني المريض أتى
+
+451
+00:36:45,190 --> 00:36:49,650
+عندكم على عيادة طبيعي أو على المركز ممنوع بعد
+
+452
+00:36:49,650 --> 00:36:52,570
+التشنج مباشرة يخلي المريض يهيادر الجسم لأن المريض 
+
+453
+00:36:52,570 --> 00:36:55,970
+بيكون confused انتظر عليه ساعة ساعتين عبر ما يرجع
+
+454
+00:36:55,970 --> 00:37:02,540
+ويصحصح ميا ميا في الاستقبال في الـemergency ensure
+
+455
+00:37:02,540 --> 00:37:06,680
+airway is clear، give oxygen to avoid cerebral
+
+456
+00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:11,520
+hypoxia، most seizures last only a minutes and in
+
+457
+00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:17,480
+spontaneously، إذا استمر التشنج، بنعطيه لهم اللي
+
+458
+00:37:17,480 --> 00:37:23,020
+هو diazepam، إما rectal وإما IV بتاخد الـblood
+
+459
+00:37:23,020 --> 00:37:28,400
+للفحص الـCBC و كيميستري ضروري أن أعمل exclusion
+
+460
+00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:34,420
+لـhypoglycemia if convulsion continues more than
+
+461
+00:37:34,420 --> 00:37:39,240
+five minutes managed as status epilepticus إيش هو
+
+462
+00:37:39,240 --> 00:37:43,100
+status epilepticus نتكلم عنه كلمتين status
+
+463
+00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:48,870
+epilepticus is state of continuous seizures يقول هو
+
+464
+00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:53,250
+عبارة عن continuous seizures more than five minutes
+
+465
+00:37:53,250 --> 00:37:57,850
+duration without return of normal neurologic
+
+466
+00:37:57,850 --> 00:38:02,570
+function between attack يعني هو عبارة عن تشنج
+
+467
+00:38:02,570 --> 00:38:07,710
+مستمر مع فقدان الوعي لأكثر من خمس دقائق اللي
+
+468
+00:38:07,710 --> 00:38:11,940
+بتعامل معاه status epilepticus الصحيحة السيبليبتيكس
+
+469
+00:38:11,940 --> 00:38:19,140
+لها  مُرتالية من 10 لـ 15% لماذا بتوفوا المرضى بعد
+
+470
+00:38:19,140 --> 00:38:21,340
+الصحيحة السيبليبتيكس؟ ممكن يحدث معهم cardio
+
+471
+00:38:21,340 --> 00:38:26,940
+respiratory arrest يتوقف القلب والتنفس اثنان ممكن 
+
+472
+00:38:26,940 --> 00:38:31,080
+يحدث معهم irreversible brain damage ويظلهم في كومة
+
+473
+00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:36,930
+due to brain hypoxia أو anoxia تمام؟ وأنتم 
+
+474
+00:38:36,930 --> 00:38:41,810
+تتعاملوا معاهم في الحالة هذه as a comatose patient
+
+475
+00:38:41,810 --> 00:38:47,350
+هو في بعض الحالات ممكن تدخلوا في رابدوميولايزس من 
+
+476
+00:38:47,350 --> 00:38:51,830
+موضوع التشنج و الـmuscle contraction ممكن تتحلل
+
+477
+00:38:51,830 --> 00:38:55,270
+العضلات ويصير أن هي حاجة اسمها رابدوميولايزس هذه
+
+478
+00:38:55,270 --> 00:39:01,360
+تدخل المريض في acute,renal,facial,caloric حدأنواع
+
+479
+00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:05,400
+الـstatus major status هذا نتج عن generalized
+
+480
+00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:10,640
+tonic-clonic minor status اللي هو absence status
+
+481
+00:39:10,640 --> 00:39:14,820
+هذا الـstatus بنسميه الأول major convulsive status
+
+482
+00:39:14,820 --> 00:39:18,700
+والنوع الثاني الـminor status بنسميه non
+
+483
+00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:26,330
+-convulsive status وفي partial أو focal motor أو
+
+484
+00:39:26,330 --> 00:39:29,970
+sensory status حسب أنواع الـepilepsy إذا كانت الـ
+
+485
+00:39:29,970 --> 00:39:33,130
+epilepsy partial بيؤدي إلى partial status إذا كان
+
+486
+00:39:33,130 --> 00:39:37,910
+absence بنسمي absence status أو minor status إذا
+
+487
+00:39:37,910 --> 00:39:43,290
+كان major grand mal بنسمي major status management
+
+488
+00:39:43,290 --> 00:39:51,510
+of status من سفر لخمس دقائق immediate medical care
+
+489
+00:39:51,510 --> 00:39:54,740
+اللي أنا اتكلمت عنهم في الـslide اللي قبلها من ستة
+
+490
+00:39:54,740 --> 00:39:59,600
+لعشر دقائق بنعطى المرضى ثيامين وجلوكوز ليش
+
+491
+00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:02,440
+بيحطوا ثيامين وجلوكوز في أوروبا؟ أنا ما بنعطيش
+
+492
+00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:05,140
+بس في أوروبا بيعطوا ليه؟ في أمريكا وفي العالم كله
+
+493
+00:40:05,140 --> 00:40:08,100
+لأنه عندهم كحول شرب كحول المرضى هدول ممكن يكون
+
+494
+00:40:08,100 --> 00:40:11,860
+داخلين في حاجة اسمها Wernicke encephalopathy أو
+
+495
+00:40:11,860 --> 00:40:15,520
+alcoholic encephalopathy وعلاجها ضروري نبدأ باش
+
+496
+00:40:15,520 --> 00:40:20,240
+بالثيامين وجلوكوز وبنعطي ديازبام معاها هتكلم
+
+497
+00:40:20,240 --> 00:40:24,820
+على جرعات لأنهم شغلكم واللي ورا ديازبام أو الـلورزابام 
+
+498
+00:40:24,820 --> 00:40:30,000
+نتذكر الـside effect من الـديازبام أو اللورزابام أنه
+
+499
+00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,760
+ممكن يعملوا respiratory depression, hypotension
+
+500
+00:40:32,760 --> 00:40:36,020
+and cardiac dysrhythmia وفي الحالة هذه الطبيب لازم
+
+501
+00:40:36,020 --> 00:40:40,810
+يعطي الـديازبام أو اللورزابام slowly من عشر لعشرين
+
+502
+00:40:40,810 --> 00:40:45,170
+دقيقة المريض ما اتحسن اتشنج بنقي فينتوين جرعة 
+
+503
+00:40:45,170 --> 00:40:50,370
+عالية loading dose أو فوسفينتوين ما اتحسنتش من
+
+504
+00:40:50,370 --> 00:40:56,110
+عشرين لثلاثين دقيقة جرعة إضافية من فينتوين و بنطلب
+
+505
+00:40:56,110 --> 00:40:59,930
+عناية أخصائي عناية مركزة عشان عملية الـintubation
+
+506
+00:40:59,930 --> 00:41:04,610
+بنحط المريض على جهاز تنفس صناعي وبنعمل continuous
+
+507
+00:41:04,610 --> 00:41:08,190
+blood pressure و cardiac monitoring أنا كطبيب ممكن 
+
+508
+00:41:08,190 --> 00:41:11,870
+ممنوع أحط الفينوتاين أو الفوسفينوتاين في محلول
+
+509
+00:41:11,870 --> 00:41:15,870
+الجلوكوز لازم أحطه في محلول normal saline عشان بيحدث 
+
+510
+00:41:15,870 --> 00:41:20,900
+له crystallization بيرسب مع الجلوكوز سمّ التشنج
+
+511
+00:41:20,900 --> 00:41:24,220
+أكثر من 30 دقيقة أنا ببقى بضع كورس يخلص شغل و
+
+512
+00:41:24,220 --> 00:41:26,920
+أخصائي العناية المركزة في الحالات بيكون أعمل
+
+513
+00:41:26,920 --> 00:41:29,600
+intubation للمريض أحط المريض على جهاز التنفس
+
+514
+00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:32,800
+الصناعي بينا نعطيه general anesthesia تخدير كامل
+
+515
+00:41:32,800 --> 00:41:36,700
+عشان يسيطر على التشنج بينا نعطيه phenobarbital أو
+
+516
+00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:42,460
+midazolam أو propofol وهي كانت سيطرنا على التشنج
+
+517
+00:41:42,460 --> 00:41:47,580
+طيب مريض epilepsy متى أوقف العلاج بتاعه؟ متى أوقف
+
+518
+00:41:47,580 --> 00:41:53,920
+العلاج؟ 70 لـ 80% من مرضى الـepilepsy ممكن يسيطر على
+
+519
+00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:59,320
+التشنج وفي حال كان عنده سيطرة على التشنج مدة سنتين
+
+520
+00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:03,640
+لثلاث سنوات ما تشنج بعد سنتين لثلاث سنوات ما تشنج
+
+521
+00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:09,280
+بعمله EEG، الـEEG نظيف، normal، بعمل withdrawal
+
+522
+00:42:09,280 --> 00:42:14,740
+للـAnti-epileptic drugs بنزل الجرعة تدريجيا، مدة
+
+523
+00:42:14,740 --> 00:42:18,320
+ست شهور، ست شهور وأنا بقى بعمل withdrawal from
+
+524
+00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:22,760
+Anti-epileptic drugs لكن ننتبه ونفهم أهل المريض
+
+525
+00:42:22,760 --> 00:42:26,920
+أن المرض ممكن recurrence بعد ما نوقف العلاج أو 
+
+526
+00:42:26,920 --> 00:42:30,900
+أثناء تخفيف جرعة العلاج ثلاثين تقريباً ثلاثة و
+
+527
+00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:33,700
+ثلاثين في المئة من الحالات الأضالة خمسة وعشرين في 
+
+528
+00:42:33,700 --> 00:42:37,260
+المئة من الـchildren ممكن يصير لهم recurrence و
+
+529
+00:42:37,260 --> 00:42:42,920
+يرجع نوبة التشنج لهم في تدخلات جراحية ممكن تتم
+
+530
+00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:46,620
+في حالات الـmedical refractory epilepsy أو في
+
+531
+00:42:46,620 --> 00:42:50,060
+الحالات اللي عندها focal brain damage مثل anterior
+
+532
+00:42:50,060 --> 00:42:53,900
+temporal lobe resection أو الـlesion اكتماليوم
+
+533
+00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:58,440
+بيحدد وين الـpreptogenic structural lesion و
+
+534
+00:42:58,440 --> 00:43:02,860
+بيعملوا لها resection وفي عمليات ثانية اسمها 
+
+535
+00:43:02,860 --> 00:43:07,120
+vagus nerve stimulation بيركبوا مثل الـpacemaker
+
+536
+00:43:07,120 --> 00:43:10,940
+جهاز وبيعملوا رابط له مع الـvagus nerve وبيقلل
+
+537
+00:43:10,940 --> 00:43:15,140
+نوبات التشنج مش لكل الحالات هذه العمليات بنعمله
+
+538
+00:43:15,140 --> 00:43:19,340
+للمرضى اللي عندهم medical refractory epilepsy هيك 
+
+539
+00:43:19,340 --> 00:43:22,560
+بيكون أنا شرحت لكم محاضرة epilepsy and status
+
+540
+00:43:22,560 --> 00:43:25,720
+epilepticus دمتم بخير يعطيكم الف عافية 

PL9fwy3NUQKwYBFfMQ7WkgiguUA_8aXeXd/wNuEwMwQHK8_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2160 @@
+1
+00:00:05,420 --> 00:00:08,900
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+2
+00:00:08,900 --> 00:00:13,300
+وبركاته محاضرة السبوع الثاني عشر رح تكون على
+
+3
+00:00:13,300 --> 00:00:18,700
+epilepsy and status epilepticus أكيد موضوع ال
+
+4
+00:00:18,700 --> 00:00:22,240
+epilepsy مش جديد عليكم أخدته في طب الأطفال
+
+5
+00:00:22,240 --> 00:00:28,620
+epilepsy and status epilepticus في بعض ال
+
+6
+00:00:28,620 --> 00:00:31,780
+definitions لازم نكون عارفينهم seizure
+
+7
+00:00:33,630 --> 00:00:39,810
+السجر هو موضوع واحد برهان
+
+8
+00:00:39,810 --> 00:00:46,590
+ترانزينت دستروبانس من مفهوم العقل بسبب
+
+9
+00:00:46,590 --> 00:00:57,990
+اتجار غير عادل من نيرونات في العقل اللي عادل ينتج
+
+10
+00:00:57,990 --> 00:01:05,750
+في اتجار اتجار اتجار اتجار اتجاريعني ال seizure هو
+
+11
+00:01:05,750 --> 00:01:11,250
+عبارة عن نوبة، عبارة عن إيه؟ نوبة ناتج عن إيه؟ عن
+
+12
+00:01:11,250 --> 00:01:16,950
+increase electrical discharge of the brain، ناتج
+
+13
+00:01:16,950 --> 00:01:22,790
+عن زيادة في الشحنات الكهربائية في الدماغ single
+
+14
+00:01:22,790 --> 00:01:31,500
+seizures, نوبة أولى is not epilepsyما باعتبرهاش
+
+15
+00:01:31,500 --> 00:01:36,640
+سرعة اللي بيلبسي مرض سرعة but indication for
+
+16
+00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:42,680
+investigation مثال مريض دخل الجسم عنده نوع من
+
+17
+00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:48,380
+التشنج أولى هل أقول للمريض روح روح؟ لأ هذا المريض
+
+18
+00:01:48,380 --> 00:01:52,300
+بده admission بده دخول و لازم نعمله investigations
+
+19
+00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:56,000
+ايش investigations? CBC chemistry ممكن تكون حالة
+
+20
+00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:01,260
+hypoglycemiaسكر محلو ممكن تكون brain tumor بنعمل
+
+21
+00:02:01,260 --> 00:02:05,400
+CT brain CT او brain MRI بنعمل
+
+22
+00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:13,140
+electroencephalography EEG not all seizures imply
+
+23
+00:02:13,140 --> 00:02:17,040
+epilepsy مش كل نوبات التشمش بدخلوا في epilepsy في
+
+24
+00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:22,020
+سرعة على سبيل المثال مريض عنده hypoglycemia
+
+25
+00:02:22,020 --> 00:02:25,320
+recurrent hypoglycemiaوبدخل فيه recurrent
+
+26
+00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:30,580
+seizuresures، هل أعتبروا هذا عنده إيه بلبسه؟ لأ،
+
+27
+00:02:30,580 --> 00:02:36,220
+مايدخل فيه subarachnoid همش، وتشنج، هل أعتبروا
+
+28
+00:02:36,220 --> 00:02:41,420
+عنده إيه بلبسه؟ لأ، هذي بيعتبرهم acute symptomatic
+
+29
+00:02:41,420 --> 00:02:45,480
+seizuresuresماذا نسميهم؟ Acute Symptomatic
+
+30
+00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:49,980
+Seizures يعني هذا الـ seizures يُعتبر symptom of
+
+31
+00:02:49,980 --> 00:02:54,320
+the main disease عرض من أعراض المرض الرئيسي إما
+
+32
+00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:59,660
+hypoglycemia وإما subarachnoid هم راشد الـ
+
+33
+00:02:59,660 --> 00:03:02,780
+recurrence rate during the first years 70% ممكن
+
+34
+00:03:02,780 --> 00:03:08,200
+تتكرر نوضة 7 ل 10% من ال populations في حياتهم
+
+35
+00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:10,820
+مروا بنوضة تشنج واحدة
+
+36
+00:03:13,540 --> 00:03:22,040
+طب ايش تعريف الابلبس؟ is the condition of طبعا
+
+37
+00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:26,940
+condition of recurrent ايش يعني recurrent? two or
+
+38
+00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:32,580
+more تنتين او اكتر unprovoked يبقى بلزم شرطين عشان
+
+39
+00:03:32,580 --> 00:03:36,960
+اقول ابلبس two or more seizures and unprovoked
+
+40
+00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:45,100
+seizures caused bysudden excessive changes in the
+
+41
+00:03:45,100 --> 00:03:48,640
+electrical function of the brain يكون هي عبارة عن
+
+42
+00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:56,140
+a condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures
+
+43
+00:03:56,140 --> 00:04:01,440
+caused by sudden excessive changes in the
+
+44
+00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:05,800
+electrical function of the brainفي العالم كله
+
+45
+00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:10,580
+تقريبا 1% من الشعب بيكون عنده Epilepsy يعني
+
+46
+00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:15,300
+الموضوع ال Epilepsy مهم جدا كل 100 شخص بينهم واحد
+
+47
+00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:19,540
+Epileptic Epidemiology
+
+48
+00:04:19,540 --> 00:04:26,340
+of Epilepsy في العالم حوالي 50 مليون Epileptic
+
+49
+00:04:26,340 --> 00:04:33,620
+patient يعني عدد مش بسيط 50 مليونواحدة تمانية new
+
+50
+00:04:33,620 --> 00:04:39,740
+cases per one thousand population each year in US
+
+51
+00:04:39,740 --> 00:04:46,080
+يعني حوالي متكلم تقريبا على واحد أو zero point
+
+52
+00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:53,540
+eight لكل مئة نسمة حوالي خمس ستين شخص بدخلوا في
+
+53
+00:04:53,540 --> 00:05:00,160
+النوبة الأولى كل يوم في أمريكاthe most common
+
+54
+00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:05,640
+presentation of epilepsy is begin in childhood
+
+55
+00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:12,880
+أكتر شيء موضوع ال epilepsy بيبدأ عند الأطفال وزي
+
+56
+00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:16,960
+ما اتفقنا واحد في المية من ال populations عندهم
+
+57
+00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:22,170
+epilepsyلكن احنا قلنا the most common of epilepsy
+
+58
+00:05:22,170 --> 00:05:25,070
+is in childhood لا يعني ان المكبر ماعنده مش
+
+59
+00:05:25,070 --> 00:05:30,470
+epilepsy ال epilepsy بتحدث في أي سنة all is
+
+60
+00:05:30,470 --> 00:05:35,760
+affectedThe incidence of epilepsy increased again
+
+61
+00:05:35,760 --> 00:05:40,480
+slightly after age 60 وبعد سن ستين موضوع ال
+
+62
+00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:44,180
+epilepsy ممكن يزيد ويرتفع ليه؟ لأنه بعد سن ستين
+
+63
+00:05:44,180 --> 00:05:48,580
+بيرتفع نسبة ال cerebrovascular disease وبترتفع
+
+64
+00:05:48,580 --> 00:05:55,240
+نسبة ال post stroke epilepsyكبار السن brain tumors
+
+65
+00:05:55,240 --> 00:06:01,680
+ثلاثة neurodegenerative disease كل هذا يسبب ارتفاع
+
+66
+00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:09,750
+المرض الصارع في كبار السن في classificationتعتبر
+
+67
+00:06:09,750 --> 00:06:14,650
+international classification of epileptic seizures
+
+68
+00:06:14,650 --> 00:06:20,770
+هذه تم إصدارها في النيو ديلفي في الهند سنة 1981 و
+
+69
+00:06:20,770 --> 00:06:24,430
+إلى اليوم محترمة نفسها و هي تعتبر و تدرس في
+
+70
+00:06:24,430 --> 00:06:28,470
+الجامعات هذه ال classification بتجسم ال epilepsy
+
+71
+00:06:28,470 --> 00:06:35,140
+لثلاث مجموعاتأول مجموعة Generalized seizuresures
+
+72
+00:06:35,140 --> 00:06:41,160
+يعني Bilaterally، Symmetrical، and without local
+
+73
+00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:45,780
+onsetأول نوع أو أول مجموعة بنسميها generalized,
+
+74
+00:06:46,860 --> 00:06:50,420
+bilateral أو generalized seizures تعتبر يعني
+
+75
+00:06:50,420 --> 00:06:53,760
+bilateral, symmetrical and without focal النوع
+
+76
+00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:58,920
+الثاني أو المجموعة الثانية partial or focal
+
+77
+00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:04,060
+seizures beginning seizure locally or focally or
+
+78
+00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:09,740
+partially والمجموعة الثالثة unclassified seizures
+
+79
+00:07:12,020 --> 00:07:17,860
+برجع ده الأولى اللى هى تعتبر generalized seizures
+
+80
+00:07:17,860 --> 00:07:25,860
+فى انها أنواع tonic-clonic seizures يعني المريض
+
+81
+00:07:25,860 --> 00:07:30,640
+أول شىء بيعمل hyper extension بعدين clonic phase
+
+82
+00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:36,640
+ال tonic تيجى تشبه ال syncopal attack without
+
+83
+00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:41,710
+convulsionو ممكن تيجي tonic and clonic مع بعض هذا
+
+84
+00:07:41,710 --> 00:07:49,670
+النوع بنسميه grand mal generalized major
+
+85
+00:07:49,670 --> 00:07:52,790
+conversion يعني بنسميه grand mal epilepsy او
+
+86
+00:07:52,790 --> 00:07:57,390
+بنسميه generalized major conversion يعني ايش grand
+
+87
+00:07:57,390 --> 00:08:01,390
+mal يعني بنسميه مرض الصراع الأكبر مرض الصراع
+
+88
+00:08:01,390 --> 00:08:07,190
+الأكبر النوع الثاني absence او pity mal epilepsy
+
+89
+00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:14,620
+absence يعني ايه؟ تغيب، فصل، بفصل ثلاثة infantile
+
+90
+00:08:14,620 --> 00:08:17,780
+spasm أو waste syndrome
+
+91
+00:08:20,220 --> 00:08:27,580
+النوع الرابع juvenile myoclonic epilepsy تيجي
+
+92
+00:08:27,580 --> 00:08:31,940
+نظام rapid jerky movement المريض بيكون قاعد فجأة
+
+93
+00:08:31,940 --> 00:08:36,180
+نجز وصار عنده loss of consciousness ال myoclonus
+
+94
+00:08:36,180 --> 00:08:39,500
+ممكن يكون في physiological كل ما حدث معناه
+
+95
+00:08:39,500 --> 00:08:42,920
+myoclonus نيجي نخدش نروح ننام الجو بارد تلاقي
+
+96
+00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,200
+الواحد ارتعش هذه طبيعية هذه physiological
+
+97
+00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:49,700
+myoclonus خاصة بتكون تحدث أكتر شي قبل النوم
+
+98
+00:08:52,100 --> 00:08:58,620
+المجموعة الثانية partial or focal seizures هذه ال
+
+99
+00:08:58,620 --> 00:09:02,920
+seizures beginning locally beginning ايه؟ locally
+
+100
+00:09:02,920 --> 00:09:09,040
+ت��قسم إلى اتنين مجموعتين simple partial seizures
+
+101
+00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:15,100
+ايش simple partial seizures يعني without impaired
+
+102
+00:09:15,100 --> 00:09:20,010
+consciousness التشانش بحدث و المريض واعيكيف بيكون
+
+103
+00:09:20,010 --> 00:09:25,870
+عنده؟ ممكن يجينا motor convergent يعني يكسونيان
+
+104
+00:09:25,870 --> 00:09:30,230
+type المريض عنده tumor في ال lift precentral gyrus
+
+105
+00:09:30,230 --> 00:09:34,070
+ممكن يجيب تشنج في جهة اليمنى من ايده او اجله
+
+106
+00:09:34,070 --> 00:09:40,440
+ويتشنج لكن المريض لايعيكونليه؟ لأن ال tumor زود ال
+
+107
+00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:43,500
+function بتاعة ال area هذه زود ال function ال area
+
+108
+00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:47,000
+pre-central مسئولة عن ال motor طبعاً منها حركة زي
+
+109
+00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:51,300
+الايرادية هذا بنسميها motor Jacksonian fit ممكن
+
+110
+00:09:51,300 --> 00:09:57,540
+تجيب tumor في sensory area ويسببلنا focal sensory
+
+111
+00:09:57,540 --> 00:10:02,960
+fit او Jacksonian sensory fitالنوع التاني اللي هو
+
+112
+00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:07,740
+complex partial seizures هذا بيجي with impaired
+
+113
+00:10:07,740 --> 00:10:13,360
+level of consciousness من ضمنهم هذا النوع temporal
+
+114
+00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:19,420
+loop epilepsy المجموعة الثالثة unclassified
+
+115
+00:10:19,420 --> 00:10:23,750
+seizuresمثل Febrile Seizure هذا بيجي عند الأطفال
+
+116
+00:10:23,750 --> 00:10:29,390
+بنسميه تشنج حراري هذا التشنج حراري لا يحتاج علاج
+
+117
+00:10:29,390 --> 00:10:33,130
+من ناحية ال epilepsy لا يعتبر epilepsy بنسميه
+
+118
+00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:37,950
+Febrile Seizure و العلاج بتاعه نعالج السبب ال
+
+119
+00:10:37,950 --> 00:10:41,750
+fever نعالج نعطي antibiotic إذا أحتاج المريض نعطي
+
+120
+00:10:41,750 --> 00:10:45,790
+antibiotic إن خسف درجة حرارة وما ترتفع حرارتههذا
+
+121
+00:10:45,790 --> 00:10:49,430
+الفيبرالسيجيون بعد مرور خمس سنوات الطفل صار عمره
+
+122
+00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:55,430
+ست سنوات لحاله بتتلاشى و بتنتهي فيه reflex
+
+123
+00:10:55,430 --> 00:11:00,370
+epilepsy لها علاقة يعني في ناس ممكن تلاقي يجيله
+
+124
+00:11:00,370 --> 00:11:04,450
+تشنج من ال TV من التلفزيون من سماعة ال music من
+
+125
+00:11:04,450 --> 00:11:08,710
+كده و كده هذا بيسميه reflex epilepsy الآن نتكلم
+
+126
+00:11:08,710 --> 00:11:13,830
+على what's the ideology of epilepsy أسباب ال
+
+127
+00:11:13,830 --> 00:11:20,370
+epilepsyسبين في المية من موضوع ال epilepsy ناتج عن
+
+128
+00:11:20,370 --> 00:11:25,070
+idiopathic cause خاصة عند الأطفال خاصة عند الأطفال
+
+129
+00:11:25,070 --> 00:11:27,970
+سبين في المية بيكون idiopathic تلاتين في المية
+
+130
+00:11:27,970 --> 00:11:32,810
+بيكون symptomatic ناتج عن abnormal development of
+
+131
+00:11:32,810 --> 00:11:37,770
+the brain mental retardation stroke
+
+132
+00:11:38,740 --> 00:11:43,320
+التراما و الهيدراما ال CNNS infection , abscess
+
+133
+00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:47,680
+encephalitis, brain tumors, degenerative disease
+
+134
+00:11:47,680 --> 00:11:49,980
+كل هذه الأسباب ال alcohol, neurosurgical
+
+135
+00:11:49,980 --> 00:11:54,540
+operations كل هذه الأسباب تعتبر symptomatic cause
+
+136
+00:11:54,540 --> 00:12:02,030
+و تسببنها secondaryبنبسة ال provoked seizures
+
+137
+00:12:02,030 --> 00:12:06,110
+العوامل اللي بتحفز التشنجات و بننصح هدول المرضى
+
+138
+00:12:06,110 --> 00:12:10,870
+يبتعدوا عنهم اللي هو photosensitivity بننصحهم
+
+139
+00:12:10,870 --> 00:12:14,130
+مايضلهمش يطلعوا على التلفزيون و على شاشات
+
+140
+00:12:14,130 --> 00:12:19,030
+الكمبيوتر و على الجوالات hyperventilation مايعبقوش
+
+141
+00:12:19,030 --> 00:12:21,910
+و يركضوا كتير و يجروا و يصير عندهم عملية
+
+142
+00:12:21,910 --> 00:12:27,510
+hyperventilation تأدي إلى سؤو to washingال sleep
+
+143
+00:12:27,510 --> 00:12:33,750
+deprivation الصهر .. الصهر ممنوع لأن قلة النوم في
+
+144
+00:12:33,750 --> 00:12:37,610
+الليل بيزود ال electrical brain discharge وهذه
+
+145
+00:12:37,610 --> 00:12:43,130
+بتعمل تحفيز لعملية التشنجات ال TV و ال computer
+
+146
+00:12:43,130 --> 00:12:47,490
+uncommon cause music reading hot bath very rare
+
+147
+00:12:47,490 --> 00:12:51,130
+مامرش عليها هنا حالات اللي ملاقة بال music او ال
+
+148
+00:12:51,130 --> 00:12:53,750
+reading او ال hot bath لكن في ال literature بكتوع
+
+149
+00:12:53,750 --> 00:13:02,300
+عنهملاحظوا ايش الاختلاف بين الأطفال و ال adult عند
+
+150
+00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:06,520
+الأطفال نلاقي the main cause congenital congenital
+
+151
+00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:13,940
+cause idiopathic developmental لكن بعد سن الخمس و
+
+152
+00:13:13,940 --> 00:13:18,760
+ستين بترتفع لاحظوا بعد سهربصار ارتفع الـ
+
+153
+00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:22,400
+cerebrovascular disease stroke شرطات الدماغية
+
+154
+00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:26,620
+ارتفعت غير هيك بيرتفع عندهم brain tumors brain
+
+155
+00:13:26,620 --> 00:13:31,360
+tumors و degenerative disease عشان هيك قلنا بعد سن
+
+156
+00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:41,220
+ستين بيحدث slightly increase of epilepsy post
+
+157
+00:13:41,220 --> 00:13:46,640
+stroke epilepsy cerebrovascular disease بيقدي الى
+
+158
+00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:54,300
+epilepsyلاحظوا 5-10% من حالات ischemic stroke بعد
+
+159
+00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:56,980
+فترة من زمن بيحدث معاهم ايه بلبسه بنتسميه boss
+
+160
+00:13:56,980 --> 00:14:04,500
+stroke بلبسه 15-20% من الحالات بعد primary
+
+161
+00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:07,640
+intracranial hemorrhage نفس الشيء بيحدث معاهم ايه
+
+162
+00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:15,460
+بلبسه 25-30% من الحالات بعد صبق الأكنويد بيحدث
+
+163
+00:14:15,460 --> 00:14:19,660
+معاهم ايه بلبسهطيب، مين أخطر لموضوع الابريزيا، إذا
+
+164
+00:14:19,660 --> 00:14:22,840
+كانت الهيماتوما أو الـ ischemic stroke في البيزا
+
+165
+00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:26,620
+النوكلياوي ديب ولا في ال cortex؟ لأ، الأخطر إذا
+
+166
+00:14:26,620 --> 00:14:30,200
+كانت في ال cortex، ليه؟ لأن الـneurons والـgrammar
+
+167
+00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:36,300
+اللي موجود أكتر في قشرة الدماغ، في ال cortexو هم
+
+168
+00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:39,960
+ال neurons هم المسؤولين عن ا increase ال
+
+169
+00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:44,880
+paroxysmal activity of the brain incidence of
+
+170
+00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:50,900
+seizures due to different type of tumors لاحظوا
+
+171
+00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:55,180
+oligodendroglioma لو أتينا أخدنا مائة مريض عندهم
+
+172
+00:14:55,180 --> 00:14:59,660
+ورم في الدماغ نوع oligodendroglioma اتنين وتسعين
+
+173
+00:14:59,660 --> 00:15:03,980
+في المية منهم بيكون عندهم epilepsy astrocytoma
+
+174
+00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:10,480
+سبعين في الميةمننجيومه 67% مع ان مننجيومه بيناين
+
+175
+00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:14,320
+tumor بيناين tumor الى انه نسبة ال epilepsy فيهم
+
+176
+00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:20,540
+عالية 67% ليه؟ لأن مننجيومه located في ال
+
+177
+00:15:20,540 --> 00:15:23,460
+convexity of cerebral hemisphere هي جاية من
+
+178
+00:15:23,460 --> 00:15:27,140
+المننجيز اول ما تعمل irritation and compression
+
+179
+00:15:27,140 --> 00:15:31,140
+راح تعمل على ال cortex of cerebral hemisphere وراح
+
+180
+00:15:31,140 --> 00:15:35,740
+تزود ال brain discharge او neural brain discharge
+
+181
+00:15:36,610 --> 00:15:41,290
+Metastatic tumor 47% ليه الـ metastatic tumor 47%؟
+
+182
+00:15:41,290 --> 00:15:44,270
+لأن المرضى اللى بيحدث معهم انتشار فى الدماغ الورعى
+
+183
+00:15:44,270 --> 00:15:48,150
+اللى انتشر فى الدماغ 47% جنة العمار بيادي الله
+
+184
+00:15:48,150 --> 00:15:52,170
+متوسط حياتهم تمان شهور ما بيعمروا تمام لحد تمان
+
+185
+00:15:52,170 --> 00:15:55,290
+شهور بيكونوا died المرضى هدول بتوفوا خلال تمان
+
+186
+00:15:55,290 --> 00:16:03,370
+شهور Malignant glioma 37% Pituitary gland adenoma
+
+187
+00:16:03,370 --> 00:16:04,210
+9%
+
+188
+00:16:07,170 --> 00:16:11,190
+ناخد الآن مثال
+
+189
+00:16:11,190 --> 00:16:16,390
+ويتكلم على primary generalized epilepsy بس في
+
+190
+00:16:16,390 --> 00:16:19,330
+البداية راح ادخل primary و partial و بعدين ناخد
+
+191
+00:16:19,330 --> 00:16:23,450
+مثال على ال generalized epilepsy primary
+
+192
+00:16:23,450 --> 00:16:26,090
+generalized epilepsy بنسميه idiopathic epilepsy
+
+193
+00:16:26,090 --> 00:16:30,890
+onset is almost always in childhood أكتر شيء بيكون
+
+194
+00:16:30,890 --> 00:16:37,610
+idiopathic no structural abnormality is presentand
+
+195
+00:16:37,610 --> 00:16:42,490
+there is often بيكون عندهم genetic factors genetic
+
+196
+00:16:42,490 --> 00:16:46,130
+factors يعني تكون hereditary في بعض الأحيان لا
+
+197
+00:16:46,130 --> 00:16:50,770
+يعني ان هذا كلام مية في المية في بعض الأحيان
+
+198
+00:16:50,770 --> 00:16:53,730
+المريض بيكون عنده brain tumor وبيحدث معاه
+
+199
+00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:59,710
+generalized epilepsy generalized epilepsy partial
+
+200
+00:16:59,710 --> 00:17:07,500
+epilepsy partial ايه epilepsy partial seizuresmay
+
+201
+00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:14,120
+arise from any disease of the brain يعني الموضوع
+
+202
+00:17:14,120 --> 00:17:19,640
+الـ partial epilepsy أكتر شيء بيكون ناتج عن ايه؟
+
+203
+00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:26,820
+عن focal brain damage stroke, abscess, tumor, cyst
+
+204
+00:17:26,820 --> 00:17:33,850
+و هكذا the presence of partial seizureإذا كان عند
+
+205
+00:17:33,850 --> 00:17:37,010
+المريض في partial seizure انا بديقوله على ايه؟ على
+
+206
+00:17:37,010 --> 00:17:41,310
+وجود focal cerebral pathology ان المريض عنده ايه؟
+
+207
+00:17:41,310 --> 00:17:45,490
+focal cerebral pathology لذلك بحتاجه neuro imaging
+
+208
+00:17:45,490 --> 00:17:51,670
+CT and MRI او MRI نفسي لان اتكلم على tonic chronic
+
+209
+00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,670
+seizuresموضوع tonic-clonic seizures تحاولوا تنزلوا
+
+210
+00:17:57,670 --> 00:18:01,470
+فيديو من النت اسمه tonic-clonic convulsion او
+
+211
+00:18:01,470 --> 00:18:06,170
+seizures و بتلاحظوا كيف المرضي بتشنج اثناء نوبة ال
+
+212
+00:18:06,170 --> 00:18:11,530
+tonic-clonic بمجرد ال grand malé بيلبسه في ثلاث
+
+213
+00:18:11,530 --> 00:18:16,590
+مراحل pre-tectal stage اللي هي aura ectal stage
+
+214
+00:18:16,590 --> 00:18:20,710
+اللي هي نوبة التشنج post-ectal stage ما بعد النوبة
+
+215
+00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:26,360
+pre-ectary stage it is a warning sign for the
+
+216
+00:18:26,360 --> 00:18:31,340
+coming attack هذه إشارة تحذير من قدوم النوبة، إن
+
+217
+00:18:31,340 --> 00:18:36,900
+النوبة تبدأ عند المريض، لا يعني إن كل المرضى يكون
+
+218
+00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:40,200
+عندهم أورا، بعض المرضى ممكن تكون عندهم fatigue,
+
+219
+00:18:40,820 --> 00:18:44,640
+depression, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
+
+220
+00:18:45,140 --> 00:18:49,490
+blurring of visionهذا كل مريض ممكن تكون الأورا
+
+221
+00:18:49,490 --> 00:18:54,170
+بتختلف عن المريض الآخر حسب وين موجود عنده ال .. ال
+
+222
+00:18:54,170 --> 00:18:59,730
+.. ال epileptic focus في ال brain stage two اكتر
+
+223
+00:18:59,730 --> 00:19:05,110
+stageهي هنا أصلحها شوية not more than five minutes
+
+224
+00:19:05,110 --> 00:19:09,570
+loss of consciousness بتكون اكتر stage بيحدث عندهم
+
+225
+00:19:09,570 --> 00:19:13,570
+sudden loss of consciousness sudden loss of
+
+226
+00:19:13,570 --> 00:19:17,670
+consciousness بعد ذلك ال ten seconds المريض بيكون
+
+227
+00:19:17,670 --> 00:19:23,310
+في hyper extension بنسميها tonic stage the body
+
+228
+00:19:23,310 --> 00:19:27,950
+becomes rigid بيكون rigid extended limbs الليمز
+
+229
+00:19:27,950 --> 00:19:36,940
+بيكون عندهم شدينممكن تسمع عندهم صوت شخير او صارخة
+
+230
+00:19:36,940 --> 00:19:41,420
+due to spasm of vocal cord المريض بسقط على الأرض
+
+231
+00:19:41,420 --> 00:19:46,860
+قعد rolling upward يعني بيجي البولة فوق و بيكون
+
+232
+00:19:46,860 --> 00:19:51,280
+عنده cyanotic phaseممكن يحدث throating من ال mouth
+
+233
+00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:56,340
+زبد urine incontinence عدم تحكم في ال bowl و
+
+234
+00:19:56,340 --> 00:20:01,560
+tongue bitting هذه كلها علامات اللي علاقة بال
+
+235
+00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:06,120
+tonic phase بعدها بدخل لمدة دقيقتين تلات دقائق في
+
+236
+00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:10,900
+clonic phase generalized convulsion بتستمر عملية
+
+237
+00:20:10,900 --> 00:20:14,940
+ال throating وبيحدث معهم rhythmic jerking of
+
+238
+00:20:14,940 --> 00:20:18,340
+muscle contraction and relaxation بتشكل هذا بيكون
+
+239
+00:20:18,340 --> 00:20:23,140
+المريض بتشنفهذه اللي هي ال rhythmic jerky movement
+
+240
+00:20:23,140 --> 00:20:30,800
+المريض بعدها بدخل في حالة sleep و لا post status
+
+241
+00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:37,160
+بيسميه post-ectal stage طب إذا استمرت النوبة تتشمج
+
+242
+00:20:37,160 --> 00:20:41,180
+أكتر من خمس دقائق إذا استمرت أكتر من خمس دقائق
+
+243
+00:20:41,180 --> 00:20:44,940
+بتعامل مع ايه مع status epilepticus status
+
+244
+00:20:44,940 --> 00:20:51,700
+epilepticus بعد النوبة post-ectal stageالمريض بحدث
+
+245
+00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:57,120
+معاه generalized fatigue، هزل، تعب، إرهاق، مرهق من
+
+246
+00:20:57,120 --> 00:21:01,220
+كثر ما حدث معاه، contraction لل muscles، sleep،
+
+247
+00:21:01,220 --> 00:21:05,620
+بدونام، sleepiness، coma، aphasia، Todd's
+
+248
+00:21:05,620 --> 00:21:08,980
+paralysis، لكن موضوع هذا neurological deficit اللي
+
+249
+00:21:08,980 --> 00:21:12,620
+بيحدث aphasia أو Todd's paralysis بتكون مدتها
+
+250
+00:21:12,620 --> 00:21:18,330
+ساعات أقل من 24 ساعة then a resolved symptomsبعد
+
+251
+00:21:18,330 --> 00:21:21,590
+هيك المريض ممكن يشكو من headache, dizziness,
+
+252
+00:21:21,710 --> 00:21:25,050
+vomiting due to increased intracranial pressure,
+
+253
+00:21:25,730 --> 00:21:29,430
+confusion لذلك الطبيب أو الأخ الصايم ممكن في
+
+254
+00:21:29,430 --> 00:21:32,890
+الاستقبال ممنوع يروح المريض لوحده و لازم ينتظر
+
+255
+00:21:32,890 --> 00:21:37,430
+المريض ليه؟ لأن المريض بيكون confused after a
+
+256
+00:21:37,430 --> 00:21:43,550
+conversion نتكلم
+
+257
+00:21:43,550 --> 00:21:49,610
+كلمتين على epilepsy أو absenceهذا ال absence يعتبر
+
+258
+00:21:49,610 --> 00:21:56,450
+generalized non-conversive seizures أكثر
+
+259
+00:21:56,450 --> 00:22:01,190
+شيء بيجي عند الأطفال في سن أربع اتناشر سنة ال
+
+260
+00:22:01,190 --> 00:22:05,070
+family history بيكون عندهم positive في أربعين
+
+261
+00:22:05,070 --> 00:22:10,640
+فلميةماذا يحدث في السيجارات؟ Multiple brief
+
+262
+00:22:10,640 --> 00:22:14,400
+starting episode with behavior arrest يعني أنا
+
+263
+00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:18,560
+بتكلم معاكم أو الطفل بتكلم معاكم فجأة بتلاقي فصل
+
+264
+00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:26,280
+بعدين برجع للحديث few seconds أكتر شيء بزيد هذه
+
+265
+00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:29,380
+الحالة مع ال hyperventilation لما الطفل بيرقد و
+
+266
+00:22:29,380 --> 00:22:32,740
+بيجري كثير ممكن يحدث معاه hyperventilation تبدأ
+
+267
+00:22:32,740 --> 00:22:41,110
+الحالة عنده the absenceيحدث كثير من الوقت في اليوم
+
+268
+00:22:41,110 --> 00:22:47,810
+خلال طرق من 5 إلى 15 ثانية هما مرتبطين بـ
+
+269
+00:22:47,810 --> 00:22:51,870
+generalized three hair spike and slow wave
+
+270
+00:22:51,870 --> 00:22:57,510
+discharge on EEG يعني المريض هذا على ال EEG بيكون
+
+271
+00:22:57,510 --> 00:23:03,210
+عندهم three hair spike and slow wave discharge ورح
+
+272
+00:23:03,210 --> 00:23:08,220
+نشوفهم على تخت الدماغ لازم نعملDifferential
+
+273
+00:23:08,220 --> 00:23:13,280
+diagnosis لحالات الابليبسي Syncope .. Syncope ال
+
+274
+00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:18,860
+attack Cardiac Syncope Vasovagal Micturation
+
+275
+00:23:18,860 --> 00:23:22,660
+Orthostatic Hypotension ايش ال Micturation
+
+276
+00:23:22,660 --> 00:23:26,400
+Syncope؟ خاصة البحث في عند الميل لما يصحى من النوم
+
+277
+00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:31,700
+ويروح يعمل urination عملية تبول خاصة إذا بيعملها
+
+278
+00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:35,660
+في standing position و هو واقف في حالة أدم يدخل
+
+279
+00:23:35,660 --> 00:23:39,700
+فيه hypertension و يكون عنده loss of consciousness
+
+280
+00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:44,000
+Trans ischemic attack اتكلمنا عنها في محاضرة
+
+281
+00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:48,540
+cerebral vascular disease panic attack اللي علاقة
+
+282
+00:23:48,540 --> 00:23:55,460
+بال psychological problem من نوع رعب وخوفSleep
+
+283
+00:23:55,460 --> 00:23:58,680
+disorders في حاجة اسمها Narcolepsy هذه
+
+284
+00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:02,220
+الناركوليبسي بيحدث معاهم كتابليكسيا في نهار المريض
+
+285
+00:24:02,220 --> 00:24:06,940
+بده ينام اجيوا عليه ضيوف لازم ينام بيكون عنده مصل
+
+286
+00:24:06,940 --> 00:24:12,020
+هيبوتونيا و في الليل بدخل في sleep paralysis من شل
+
+287
+00:24:12,020 --> 00:24:14,320
+و sleep hallucination بعد ده بيفوت في النوم
+
+288
+00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:18,240
+مابتذكرش بصحى الصبح بيقول زوجتي انا حدث معايا في
+
+289
+00:24:18,240 --> 00:24:21,440
+الليل انه انشلت حسيت حالي طب بتقوللي ليش ماكلمتني؟
+
+290
+00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:25,090
+بيقولها انا ماقدرش اتكلم وشوفت أشياء و أشخاصهذه
+
+291
+00:24:25,090 --> 00:24:31,270
+اسمها Narcolepsy في Non-Epileptic Restless Leg
+
+292
+00:24:31,270 --> 00:24:34,290
+Syndrome Restless Leg Syndrome هذول المرضى لما
+
+293
+00:24:34,290 --> 00:24:37,170
+ييجى يناموا بيحدث من أحن باراستيزيا في ال legs
+
+294
+00:24:37,170 --> 00:24:41,470
+بتلاقيهم دلوقتي بيتحركوا و خلل و باراستيزيا و لازم
+
+295
+00:24:41,470 --> 00:24:44,910
+يجموا يتحركوا و يمشوا عشان تقل الحركة هذه بنسميها
+
+296
+00:24:44,910 --> 00:24:50,330
+Restless Leg Syndrome Non-Epileptic Seizures من
+
+297
+00:24:50,330 --> 00:24:54,070
+ضمنها pseudo seizures أو hysterical seizures
+
+298
+00:24:55,320 --> 00:25:01,820
+hypoglycemia نتج عن إيه؟ حراجان وانخفاض في نسبة
+
+299
+00:25:01,820 --> 00:25:06,160
+السكر في الدم فيوكروما سايتوما هي عبارة عن ال
+
+300
+00:25:06,160 --> 00:25:09,580
+tumor في ال adrenal gland و subarachnoid
+
+301
+00:25:09,580 --> 00:25:16,960
+hemorrhage هو نزيف تحت الأم العنكابوتية EEG in
+
+302
+00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:17,500
+epilepsy
+
+303
+00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:25,960
+الـ Normal EEG between attack in hectal period
+
+304
+00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:30,860
+doesn't in any way exclude epilepsy يعني لو خططنا
+
+305
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:34,740
+للمريض بين النوبات وكان تخطيطه نظيف لايعني انه
+
+306
+00:25:34,740 --> 00:25:38,560
+ماعندهوش epilepsy احنا بنجيب قاعدة بنقول تخطيط
+
+307
+00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:45,500
+الدماغ يثبت ولا ينفي وينفي ولا يثبت يعني يثبت ولا
+
+308
+00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:51,850
+ينفي وينفي ولا يثبتكيف؟ يعني مريض عنده صداع ومش
+
+309
+00:25:51,850 --> 00:25:54,590
+نايم كثير ورح نعمله تخطيط مابتشننش المريض هذا
+
+310
+00:25:54,590 --> 00:25:57,430
+لاجينا فيه increase في براكسيزم ال brain activity
+
+311
+00:25:57,430 --> 00:26:00,110
+لاجينا ذئب في شحنات الكهرباية هل هذا مريض
+
+312
+00:26:00,110 --> 00:26:06,090
+epilepsy؟ لأ هذا تخطيط ينفي ولا يثبت العكس صحيح
+
+313
+00:26:06,090 --> 00:26:10,910
+مريض epilepticو بتشنش و معروف known case of
+
+314
+00:26:10,910 --> 00:26:14,250
+epilepsy بين انه بقى حدث معاه اللي احنا عملنا
+
+315
+00:26:14,250 --> 00:26:17,830
+تخطيط له لقنا تخطيطه نظيف هل يعني ان هذا مريض
+
+316
+00:26:17,830 --> 00:26:22,930
+ماعندوش epilepsy لأ هذا تخطيطه يثبت ولا ينفي okay
+
+317
+00:26:22,930 --> 00:26:27,870
+many people with epilepsy have normal intraectal
+
+318
+00:26:27,870 --> 00:26:33,250
+EEG اتفقنا EEG should be performed within 24 hours
+
+319
+00:26:33,250 --> 00:26:37,690
+of the seizuresفي حال ان ال EEG routine كان normal
+
+320
+00:26:37,690 --> 00:26:42,410
+ممكن نعمل للمرضى sleep deprivation او نعمل شيء
+
+321
+00:26:42,410 --> 00:26:46,210
+اسمه video EEG monitoring يعني المريض نصوره
+
+322
+00:26:46,210 --> 00:26:51,000
+بالفيديو و نعمله تحطيه الدماءالـ abnormal inter
+
+323
+00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:56,120
+-ectal EEG الـ EEG بيكون abnormal في 80% من ال
+
+324
+00:26:56,120 --> 00:27:00,560
+absence 60% من ال generalized و 40% من ال complex
+
+325
+00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:05,660
+partial 2-3% من ال normal populations عندهم
+
+326
+00:27:05,660 --> 00:27:11,220
+epileptic form activity على ال EEG هنا عندنا تخت
+
+327
+00:27:11,220 --> 00:27:17,020
+الدماغلاحظوا فيه spike .. spike يعني هذا الحاد ده
+
+328
+00:27:17,020 --> 00:27:20,860
+ال wave الحاد هذا .. هذا بيسميه spike الصغير و هذا
+
+329
+00:27:20,860 --> 00:27:24,960
+slow wave و هذه ثانية واحدة إذا أجدنا عند المريض
+
+330
+00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:29,060
+spike slow wave .. spike slow wave .. spike slow
+
+331
+00:27:29,060 --> 00:27:32,940
+wave .. ثلاثة في الثانية الواحدة بقول والله العظيم
+
+332
+00:27:32,940 --> 00:27:36,360
+المريض عنده absence هذا بيتمال epilepsy .. بيتمال
+
+333
+00:27:36,360 --> 00:27:38,900
+epilepsy طيب
+
+334
+00:27:40,350 --> 00:27:44,110
+هنا الأعداد الفردية هذه بتدل أنها left cerebral
+
+335
+00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:50,690
+hemisphere وهذه right cerebral hemisphere الزوجي
+
+336
+00:27:50,690 --> 00:27:58,930
+الزوجي right والفردي left وجدنا فيه spikes في كلهم
+
+337
+00:27:58,930 --> 00:28:01,830
+في ال left و في ال right بقول هذا المرضي عنده
+
+338
+00:28:01,830 --> 00:28:05,710
+generalized epilepsy عنده generalized epilepsy
+
+339
+00:28:06,870 --> 00:28:10,050
+يجيني المريض اخر لكن اكت�� شي عنده ال spikes هدول
+
+340
+00:28:10,050 --> 00:28:18,630
+حدين في F7 F7 يعني اللي هو F7 frontal lift frontal
+
+341
+00:28:18,630 --> 00:28:23,890
+و T3 T3 lift temporal بقول المريض عنده بارشال ايه
+
+342
+00:28:23,890 --> 00:28:27,450
+بنبسه و ال focus اكتر شي موجود وين في lift
+
+343
+00:28:27,450 --> 00:28:33,370
+frontotemporal area lift frontotemporal areaهذه
+
+344
+00:28:33,370 --> 00:28:38,710
+hypsarrhythmia تيجي عند المرضى اللي عندهم waste
+
+345
+00:28:38,710 --> 00:28:41,010
+syndrome او infantile spasm
+
+346
+00:28:45,570 --> 00:28:50,050
+هذه نوع بالتشنج صراعي
+
+347
+00:28:50,050 --> 00:28:53,550
+اللى علاقة بالصراع او ال epilepsy او نوع بالتشنج
+
+348
+00:28:53,550 --> 00:28:57,550
+نفسى نوع بالتشنج نفسى بنسميها pseudo seizures يعني
+
+349
+00:28:57,550 --> 00:29:02,130
+ايش pseudo seizures يعني تشنج كاذب تشنج كاذب انتج
+
+350
+00:29:02,130 --> 00:29:08,370
+الان الى ال pseudo seizures pseudo seizures ايش
+
+351
+00:29:08,370 --> 00:29:12,010
+pseudo seizures يعني نوع بالتشنج كاذب نوع بالتشنج
+
+352
+00:29:12,010 --> 00:29:16,820
+كاذبيعني psychogenic seizuresure، non أو نطقي
+
+353
+00:29:16,820 --> 00:29:21,800
+بالابتك سيجار، the fit usually occurs in the
+
+354
+00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:25,560
+presence of other people to gain their sympathy
+
+355
+00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:33,440
+يعني إنه بتتشمج، بتحدثمع وجود الأقارب الأهل زوج
+
+356
+00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:40,480
+زوجة والد والدة و هكذا لجلب عطفهم إلى المريض ال
+
+357
+00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:43,640
+patient alert with generalized convulsion المريض
+
+358
+00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:47,000
+بتشنج و هو واعي يعني لو سؤلنا أي سؤال بقولك أنا
+
+359
+00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:52,280
+كنت واعي و مش ناسي ولا حدث و بيمثلك كيف بتشنج يعني
+
+360
+00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:57,040
+المريض كان واعيEyes often closed during attack و
+
+361
+00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:00,880
+المريض يكون مغمض عنه و بيعمل blinking بيعمل برمش
+
+362
+00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:05,860
+عينية It never occurs during sleep و النوم بعمرها
+
+363
+00:30:05,860 --> 00:30:10,080
+مابتبدأ و مابتحدث عنده أثناء النوم The patient
+
+364
+00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:14,380
+never hurts himself المريض عمره مابيأذي نفسه أثناء
+
+365
+00:30:14,380 --> 00:30:18,900
+التشنج مابيقضش لسانه مابيجعش مابيصيرش عنده اي قسور
+
+366
+00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:22,900
+اي dislocation في ال shouldersAutonomic signs
+
+367
+00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:26,400
+during attack uncommon ومرضى الابليبسي ممكن تلاقي
+
+368
+00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:31,380
+ضغط ورتفع عنده cyanosis عندها trachecardia هنا في
+
+369
+00:30:31,380 --> 00:30:35,220
+ال .. في ال .. في ال pseudo seizures بيكونوا
+
+370
+00:30:35,220 --> 00:30:39,760
+normal urine incontinence never occur مريض
+
+371
+00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:42,580
+الابليبسي ممكن يحدث معاه stool و urine
+
+372
+00:30:42,580 --> 00:30:46,500
+incontinence due to hypoxia لكن في ال pseudo
+
+373
+00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:50,520
+seizures بيكون without a stool or urine
+
+374
+00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:55,900
+incontinenceEEG is normal and anti-epileptic drugs
+
+375
+00:30:55,900 --> 00:31:00,460
+is contraindication يعني تخطيط الدماغ بيكون طبيعي
+
+376
+00:31:00,460 --> 00:31:08,200
+و نعالجهم و نعطيهم أقراص أو أقار لمنع تشنجات ممنوع
+
+377
+00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:14,990
+normal prolactin level after attack في حالات ال
+
+378
+00:31:14,990 --> 00:31:19,710
+epilepsy لو فحصنا نسبة ال prolactin بيحدث في
+
+379
+00:31:19,710 --> 00:31:24,870
+ارتفاع خلال عشرين دقيقة بيصير increase ل prolactin
+
+380
+00:31:24,870 --> 00:31:29,050
+level خلال عشرين دقيقة بعد النوبة في 80% من
+
+381
+00:31:29,050 --> 00:31:32,430
+الحالات لكن في ال pseudo seizures بيكون normal
+
+382
+00:31:32,430 --> 00:31:38,490
+prolactin level طيب احنا قلناfirst attack او first
+
+383
+00:31:38,490 --> 00:31:41,430
+seizure is not epilepsy but indication for
+
+384
+00:31:41,430 --> 00:31:44,910
+investigations لكن في بعض الحالات أنا ببدأهم علاج
+
+385
+00:31:44,910 --> 00:31:49,270
+بعد النوبة الأولى ميما ما هدول؟ هدول يعتبروا high
+
+386
+00:31:49,270 --> 00:31:53,630
+risk for recurrent هدول المعرضين ان الحياة تتكرر
+
+387
+00:31:53,630 --> 00:31:57,130
+معهم ميما ما بيقول المر��ى؟ إذا المريض عنده focal
+
+388
+00:31:57,130 --> 00:31:59,830
+neurological deficit في الحالة هذه، هذه المجموعة
+
+389
+00:31:59,830 --> 00:32:03,630
+من المرضى بتعامل مع ال first seizure as epilepsy و
+
+390
+00:32:03,630 --> 00:32:08,040
+ببدأ علاجإذا المريض عنده focal neurologic deficit
+
+391
+00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:14,240
+عنده mental retardation ال EEG severe epileptic
+
+392
+00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:19,740
+form دي الشعر عنده structural brain lesion عملنا
+
+393
+00:32:19,740 --> 00:32:24,660
+CT وجدنا المريض عنده tumor عنده abscess, cyst و
+
+394
+00:32:24,660 --> 00:32:29,360
+هكذا إذا المريض عنده initial dense seizure يعني
+
+395
+00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:33,000
+ايه high dense seizure يعني انه بشديدة جدا جوية
+
+396
+00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:37,390
+انه بجتهوإذا كان positive family history وإذا حدث
+
+397
+00:32:37,390 --> 00:32:41,330
+seizure during sleep في حالة إنه حدث seizure
+
+398
+00:32:41,330 --> 00:32:44,290
+during sleep أنا بقوم متأكد إن هو هذا Epileptic
+
+399
+00:32:44,290 --> 00:32:48,770
+ليه؟ لإن المريض إذا حدث معاه أثناء النوم ممكن تكون
+
+400
+00:32:48,770 --> 00:32:52,150
+حدث معاه سابقا أثناء النوم، هاي واحد ثانيا أثناء
+
+401
+00:32:52,150 --> 00:32:54,670
+النوم أنا بعمل exclusion للpsychogenic مش ممكن
+
+402
+00:32:54,670 --> 00:32:58,810
+يكون هذه psychogenic وهو نايم تلاتة الإنسان وهو
+
+403
+00:32:58,810 --> 00:33:03,170
+نايم بيكون عنده electrical brain discharge lowكونه
+
+404
+00:33:03,170 --> 00:33:07,950
+تشنج و هو نائم ممكن يحدث عندهم recurrence للتشنج
+
+405
+00:33:13,460 --> 00:33:17,700
+start with one first line drug نبدأ بأول drug ب
+
+406
+00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:21,720
+first line يكون start with low dose نعطي جرعة
+
+407
+00:33:21,720 --> 00:33:25,640
+بسيطة ما نعطيش جرعة عالية gradually increase dose
+
+408
+00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:30,440
+of drugs نزود جهرة العلاج تدريجيا لحد ما أصل لل
+
+409
+00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:35,940
+control of seizures و أعمل level لل drugs أو يحدث
+
+410
+00:33:35,940 --> 00:33:39,910
+عندنا side effect من ال drugsطب في حال ان العلاج
+
+411
+00:33:39,910 --> 00:33:43,590
+الاول ماظبط مع المريض بغيره لعلاج تاني طب ماظبطش
+
+412
+00:33:43,590 --> 00:33:47,630
+تاني بغيره لعلاج تالت بعدها ممكن اعمل combination
+
+413
+00:33:47,630 --> 00:33:52,790
+اعطي ايه اكثر من العلاج اعطي اكثر من العلاج لكن
+
+414
+00:33:52,790 --> 00:33:58,570
+مايزيدوا عن three drugs مايزيدش عن ايه three drugs
+
+415
+00:33:58,570 --> 00:34:04,050
+و the goal of therapy should be complete seizure
+
+416
+00:34:04,050 --> 00:34:09,600
+controlwith singly drugs and without side effect
+
+417
+00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:14,660
+هذه أدوية أكيد مرت عليكم في ال pharmacy مارح انا
+
+418
+00:34:14,660 --> 00:34:20,580
+اركز عنكم انتوا مش راح تعالجوا مرضى ابي لبسي مش
+
+419
+00:34:20,580 --> 00:34:24,660
+مجالكوا بس انا كنت حاططتلكم لهم في slide ممكن تكون
+
+420
+00:34:24,660 --> 00:34:29,980
+مرت عليكم الأسماء هذه في مساق الأدوية
+
+421
+00:34:31,730 --> 00:34:36,010
+طب أنتوا في البيت .. في البيت جارتكم عندها إيه
+
+422
+00:34:36,010 --> 00:34:39,870
+بلبسه؟ أو أنتوا ت .. ت .. أثناء جلسة علاج طبيعي
+
+423
+00:34:39,870 --> 00:34:46,110
+حدث نوبة؟ أو بتكونوا ت .. تنصحوا أهل المريض إيش
+
+424
+00:34:46,110 --> 00:34:52,130
+يعمله في الحالات هذه؟ أول شيء لازم أبعد المريض عن
+
+425
+00:34:52,130 --> 00:34:55,730
+الأماكن الخاطرة أقوله ممنوع لك السباحة لإن لو حدثت
+
+426
+00:34:55,730 --> 00:34:59,840
+نوبة أثناء السباحة ممكن يغرق المريض2 يبعد عن
+
+427
+00:34:59,840 --> 00:35:04,120
+الأماكن العالية المرتفعة يبعد عن الأماكن الخطرة لو
+
+428
+00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:08,520
+حد اتشنج ممكن يقضي نفسه فيها avoid precipitating
+
+429
+00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:12,620
+factors نبعد عن العوامل اللي ممكن يزود النوبة مثل
+
+430
+00:35:12,620 --> 00:35:17,580
+TV كمبيوتر جوالات اللي بيطلهم سهرانيا جوالات sleep
+
+431
+00:35:17,580 --> 00:35:22,660
+deprivation كل هذا يجنب مريض ال epilepsyفي بلاد
+
+432
+00:35:22,660 --> 00:35:26,040
+الأوروبا من صحهم يبردوا عن الالكوهول ممنوع
+
+433
+00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:29,800
+الالكوهول يشربوا ال ketogenic diet هذه ال
+
+434
+00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:33,960
+ketogenic diet بتكون high في ال fat و low في ال
+
+435
+00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:38,020
+carbohydrate بتقولك بتقلل ال paroxysmal brain اتش
+
+436
+00:35:38,020 --> 00:35:41,540
+عارف انتوا
+
+437
+00:35:41,540 --> 00:35:48,180
+شغالين جالس تلاج طبيعي وحدث تشنج لمريض او مريضة ما
+
+438
+00:35:48,180 --> 00:35:53,710
+العمل والطبيب ماكانش جريب عندكمسرعة move person
+
+439
+00:35:53,710 --> 00:36:00,090
+away from danger أبعد المريض عن مكان الخطر ensure
+
+440
+00:36:00,090 --> 00:36:02,970
+airway is clear أتأكد أنه ال airway عنده clear
+
+441
+00:36:02,970 --> 00:36:07,290
+don't insert anything in mouth ماحطش أي شيء في
+
+442
+00:36:07,290 --> 00:36:11,230
+الطم يقولك عشان مانعضش لسانه طب هو ممكن يحط ..
+
+443
+00:36:11,230 --> 00:36:13,310
+مانعجبه يكسر إيش إسنانه و الفك
+
+444
+00:36:17,190 --> 00:36:20,950
+إذا التشنج استمر أكتر من ثلاث دقائق، بسرعة أتصل
+
+445
+00:36:20,950 --> 00:36:24,990
+على الأسعاف وأبعت المريض لوين للمستشفى، إذا كان
+
+446
+00:36:24,990 --> 00:36:28,290
+هذا fear seizure نوبة أولى، ضروري أروح المستشفى،
+
+447
+00:36:28,290 --> 00:36:32,290
+إذا هو known case of epilepsy، ممكن بعد ذلك يراجع
+
+448
+00:36:32,290 --> 00:36:37,150
+لإيادة خارجيةPerson may be drowsy, confused for
+
+449
+00:36:37,150 --> 00:36:41,350
+some minutes, thirty, sixty minutes and should not
+
+450
+00:36:41,350 --> 00:36:45,190
+leave alone until fully recovered يعني المريض أتي
+
+451
+00:36:45,190 --> 00:36:49,650
+عندكم على عيادة طبيعي أو على المركز ممنوع بعد
+
+452
+00:36:49,650 --> 00:36:52,570
+التشنف مباشرة يخلي المريض يهيادر الجسم لأن المريض
+
+453
+00:36:52,570 --> 00:36:55,970
+بيكون confused انتظر عليه ساعة ساعتين عبر ما يرجع
+
+454
+00:36:55,970 --> 00:37:02,540
+و يصحصح ميا ميا في الاستقبال في ال emergencyensure
+
+455
+00:37:02,540 --> 00:37:06,680
+airway is clear، give oxygen to avoid cerebral
+
+456
+00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:11,520
+hypoxia، most seizures last only a minutes and in
+
+457
+00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:17,480
+spontaneously، إذا استمر التشنج، بنعطاه لهم اللي
+
+458
+00:37:17,480 --> 00:37:23,020
+هو a diazepam، إما rectal وإما IVبتاخد ال blood
+
+459
+00:37:23,020 --> 00:37:28,400
+لفحص ال CBC و كيميستري ضروري ان اعمل exclusion
+
+460
+00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:34,420
+لhypoglycemia if convulsion continues more than
+
+461
+00:37:34,420 --> 00:37:39,240
+five minutes managed as status epilepticus ايش هو
+
+462
+00:37:39,240 --> 00:37:43,100
+status epilepticus نتكلم عنه كلمتين status
+
+463
+00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:48,870
+epilepticusis state of continuous seizures يقول هو
+
+464
+00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:53,250
+عبارة عن continuous seizures more than five minute
+
+465
+00:37:53,250 --> 00:37:57,850
+duration without return of normal neurologic
+
+466
+00:37:57,850 --> 00:38:02,570
+function between attack يعني هو عبارة عن تشمش
+
+467
+00:38:02,570 --> 00:38:07,710
+مستمر مع فقدان الوعي لأكتر من خمس دقائق اللي
+
+468
+00:38:07,710 --> 00:38:11,940
+بتعامل معاه status epilepticusالصحيحة السيبليبتيكس
+
+469
+00:38:11,940 --> 00:38:19,140
+لديها مرتالة من 10 ل 15% لماذا بتوفوا المرضى بعد
+
+470
+00:38:19,140 --> 00:38:21,340
+الصحيحة السيبليبتيكس؟ ممكن يحدث معهم cardio
+
+471
+00:38:21,340 --> 00:38:26,940
+respiratory arrest يتوقف القلب والتنفس اثنان ممكن
+
+472
+00:38:26,940 --> 00:38:31,080
+يحدث معهم irreversible brain damage ويظلهم في كومة
+
+473
+00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:36,930
+due to brain hypoxia او anoxiaتمام؟ و انتوا
+
+474
+00:38:36,930 --> 00:38:41,810
+تتعاملوا معاهم في الحالة هذه as a comatose patient
+
+475
+00:38:41,810 --> 00:38:47,350
+هو في بعض الحالات ممكن تدخلوا في رابدوميولايزس من
+
+476
+00:38:47,350 --> 00:38:51,830
+موضوع التشنج و ال muscle contraction ممكن تتحلل
+
+477
+00:38:51,830 --> 00:38:55,270
+العضلات و يصير انها حاجة اسم رابدوميولايزس هذه
+
+478
+00:38:55,270 --> 00:39:01,360
+تدخل المريض في acute,renal,facial,caloric حدأنواع
+
+479
+00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:05,400
+ال status major status هذا نتج عن generalized
+
+480
+00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:10,640
+tonic-clonic minor status اللي هو absence status
+
+481
+00:39:10,640 --> 00:39:14,820
+هذا ال status بنسميه الأول major convulsive status
+
+482
+00:39:14,820 --> 00:39:18,700
+والنوع الثاني ال minor status بنسميه non
+
+483
+00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:26,330
+-convulsive statusو في partial أو focal motor or
+
+484
+00:39:26,330 --> 00:39:29,970
+sensory status حسب أنواع ال epilepsy إذا كانت ال
+
+485
+00:39:29,970 --> 00:39:33,130
+epilepsy partial بيؤدي إلى partial status إذا كان
+
+486
+00:39:33,130 --> 00:39:37,910
+absence بنسمي absence status أو minor status إذا
+
+487
+00:39:37,910 --> 00:39:43,290
+كان major grand mal بنسمي major status management
+
+488
+00:39:43,290 --> 00:39:51,510
+of statusمن سفر لخمس دقائق لاميديات medical care
+
+489
+00:39:51,510 --> 00:39:54,740
+اللي انا اتكلم عنهم في ال slide اللي قبلمن ستة
+
+490
+00:39:54,740 --> 00:39:59,600
+لعشر دقائق بنعطى المرضى ثيامين and جلوكوز ليش
+
+491
+00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:02,440
+بيحطوا ثيامين and جلوكوز في أوروبا؟ أنا مابنعطيش
+
+492
+00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:05,140
+بس في أوروبا بيعطوا ليه؟ في أمريكا وفي العالم كله
+
+493
+00:40:05,140 --> 00:40:08,100
+لأنه عندهم كحول شرب كحول المرضى هدول ممكن يكون
+
+494
+00:40:08,100 --> 00:40:11,860
+داخلين في حاجة اسمها vernix encephalopathy أو
+
+495
+00:40:11,860 --> 00:40:15,520
+alcoholic encephalopathy وعلاجها ضروري نبدأ باش
+
+496
+00:40:15,520 --> 00:40:20,240
+بالثيامين and جلوكوز وبنعطى ضيا زباب معاها هتكلم
+
+497
+00:40:20,240 --> 00:40:24,820
+على جرعات لأنهم الشغلكم واللي ورا زبابأو الورازبام
+
+498
+00:40:24,820 --> 00:40:30,000
+نتذكر ال side effect من الديازبام أو الورازبام أنه
+
+499
+00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,760
+ممكن يعملوا respiratory depression, hypotension
+
+500
+00:40:32,760 --> 00:40:36,020
+and cardiac dysrhythmia وفي الحالة هذا الطبيب لازم
+
+501
+00:40:36,020 --> 00:40:40,810
+يعطي الديازبام أو الورازبام slowlyمن عشر لعشرين
+
+502
+00:40:40,810 --> 00:40:45,170
+دقيقة المريض ما اتحسن اتشنج بنقي فينتوين جرعة
+
+503
+00:40:45,170 --> 00:40:50,370
+عالية loading dose او فوس فينتوين مااتحسنش من
+
+504
+00:40:50,370 --> 00:40:56,110
+عشرين لثلاثين دقيقة جرعة إضافية من فينتوينو بنطلب
+
+505
+00:40:56,110 --> 00:40:59,930
+عصرية أخصية لناية مركزة عشان عملية ال intubation
+
+506
+00:40:59,930 --> 00:41:04,610
+بنحط المريض على جهاز تنفس صناعي و بنعمل continuous
+
+507
+00:41:04,610 --> 00:41:08,190
+blood pressure و cardiac monitoring انا كطبيب ممكن
+
+508
+00:41:08,190 --> 00:41:11,870
+ممنوع احط الفينوتاين او الفوسفينوتاين في محلول
+
+509
+00:41:11,870 --> 00:41:15,870
+الجلوكوز لازم احطه في محلول normal صلاة عشان بحدث
+
+510
+00:41:15,870 --> 00:41:20,900
+له crystallization بترصب مع الجلوكوزسمر التشنج
+
+511
+00:41:20,900 --> 00:41:24,220
+اكتر من 30 دقيقة انا ببقى بضع كورس يخلص شغل و
+
+512
+00:41:24,220 --> 00:41:26,920
+اخصّي الانهاء المركزة في الحالات بيكون اعمل
+
+513
+00:41:26,920 --> 00:41:29,600
+intubation للمريض حط المريض على جهاز التنفس
+
+514
+00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:32,800
+الصناعي بينا نعطيه general anesthesia تخدير كامل
+
+515
+00:41:32,800 --> 00:41:36,700
+عشان يسيطر على التشنج بيناعطه phenobarbital او
+
+516
+00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:42,460
+midazolam او probofol و هي كانت سيطرنا على التشنج
+
+517
+00:41:42,460 --> 00:41:47,580
+طيب مريض epilepsy متى اوقف العلاج بتاعه؟ متى اوقف
+
+518
+00:41:47,580 --> 00:41:53,920
+العلاج؟70 ل 80% من مرضى الepilepsy ممكن يسيطر على
+
+519
+00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:59,320
+التشنج وفي حال كان عنده سيطرة على التشنج مدة سنتين
+
+520
+00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:03,640
+لثلاث سنوات ما تشنج بعد سنتين لثلاث سنوات ما تشنج
+
+521
+00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:09,280
+بعمله EEG، الـ EEG نظيف، normal، بعمل withdrawal
+
+522
+00:42:09,280 --> 00:42:14,740
+للـ Anti-epileptic drugs بنزل الجرعة تدريجيا، مدة
+
+523
+00:42:14,740 --> 00:42:18,320
+ست شهور، ست شهور و أنا بقى بعمل withdrawal from
+
+524
+00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:22,760
+Anti-epileptic drugs لكن ننتبه و نفهم أهل المريض
+
+525
+00:42:22,760 --> 00:42:26,920
+أن المرض ممكن serorecurrence بعد ما نوقف العلاج أو
+
+526
+00:42:26,920 --> 00:42:30,900
+أثناء تخفيف جرعة العلاجثلاثين تقريباً تلاتة و
+
+527
+00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:33,700
+تلاتين في المية من الحالات الأضالة تخمس و عشرين في
+
+528
+00:42:33,700 --> 00:42:37,260
+المية من ال children ممكن يصير لهم recurrence و
+
+529
+00:42:37,260 --> 00:42:42,920
+يترجع نوبة التشنج لإلهمفي تدخلات جراحية ممكن تتم
+
+530
+00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:46,620
+في حالات ال medical refractory epilepsy أو في
+
+531
+00:42:46,620 --> 00:42:50,060
+الحالات اللي عندها focal brain damage مثل anterior
+
+532
+00:42:50,060 --> 00:42:53,900
+temporal lobe resection أو ال lesion اكتماليوم
+
+533
+00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:58,440
+بيحدد وين ال a preptogenic structural lesion و
+
+534
+00:42:58,440 --> 00:43:02,860
+بيعملوا لها a resectionو في عمليات تانية اسمها
+
+535
+00:43:02,860 --> 00:43:07,120
+Vegas nerve simulation بيركبوا مثل ال base maker
+
+536
+00:43:07,120 --> 00:43:10,940
+جهاز و بيعملوا رابط له مع ال Vegas nerve و بيقلل
+
+537
+00:43:10,940 --> 00:43:15,140
+نوبات التشنج مش لكل الحالات هذه العمليات بنعمله
+
+538
+00:43:15,140 --> 00:43:19,340
+للمعرض اللي عندهم medical refractory epilepsy هيك
+
+539
+00:43:19,340 --> 00:43:22,560
+بيكون انا شرحتلكم محاضرة epilepsy and status
+
+540
+00:43:22,560 --> 00:43:25,720
+epilepticus دمتم بخير يعطيكم الف عافية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/-AsaJEAav4s.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,650 --> 00:00:05,010
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,010 --> 00:00:09,890
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لعين لprism aberration أو
+
+3
+00:00:09,890 --> 00:00:15,570
+الزيغ اللي ممكن يحدث ليها لprism أثناء مرور الضوء
+
+4
+00:00:15,570 --> 00:00:19,190
+فيه Chromatic aberration الزيغ اللوني produces
+
+5
+00:00:19,190 --> 00:00:23,270
+colored fringes at the edges of objects viewed
+
+6
+00:00:23,270 --> 00:00:26,630
+through prisms and can be bothersome to patients
+
+7
+00:00:26,630 --> 00:00:32,610
+يعني among the aberrations or the problems that
+
+8
+00:00:32,610 --> 00:00:34,810
+occur in the prism, which they call chromatic
+
+9
+00:00:34,810 --> 00:00:40,050
+aberration, that is, the objects that I look at
+
+10
+00:00:40,050 --> 00:00:42,870
+through the prism, especially when the power of
+
+11
+00:00:42,870 --> 00:00:45,490
+the prism is high, I see around the objects
+
+12
+00:00:45,490 --> 00:00:50,250
+colorful waves sometimes annoying the light
+
+13
+00:00:50,250 --> 00:00:53,980
+sources or the objects that I look at on them
+
+14
+00:00:53,980 --> 00:00:57,140
+through the prism, of course, the patients can be
+
+15
+00:00:57,140 --> 00:00:59,860
+disturbed from this age, so the chromatic
+
+16
+00:00:59,860 --> 00:01:03,080
+aberrations are one of the aberrations that the
+
+17
+00:01:03,080 --> 00:01:07,580
+prism can do with it, and also these aberrations,
+
+18
+00:01:07,660 --> 00:01:10,940
+the chromatic aberrations are more the more the
+
+19
+00:01:10,940 --> 00:01:13,940
+prism power is more, the more the prism power is
+
+20
+00:01:13,940 --> 00:01:17,490
+stronger and moreSo this is number one. Number
+
+21
+00:01:17,490 --> 00:01:20,850
+two, prisms have other aberrations such as
+
+22
+00:01:20,850 --> 00:01:24,950
+asymmetrical magnification. In other words, a
+
+23
+00:01:24,950 --> 00:01:27,870
+patient wearing a prism in front of his eye, and
+
+24
+00:01:27,870 --> 00:01:29,510
+the other eye does not have a prism in front of
+
+25
+00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:32,930
+it, may feel asymmetrical magnification.
+
+26
+00:01:37,150 --> 00:01:40,370
+Or the picture that comes on the network is
+
+27
+00:01:40,370 --> 00:01:44,150
+different from eye to eye because one eye is
+
+28
+00:01:44,150 --> 00:01:46,210
+wearing a prism and the other is not wearing a
+
+29
+00:01:46,210 --> 00:01:48,770
+prism So the chromatic aberration is the first
+
+30
+00:01:48,770 --> 00:01:52,230
+type of the .. of the aberrations, it is annoying
+
+31
+00:01:54,510 --> 00:01:57,430
+sometimes for the patient. The second type of
+
+32
+00:01:57,430 --> 00:02:01,430
+aberration is asymmetrical magnification. The
+
+33
+00:02:01,430 --> 00:02:04,210
+third type is curvature of field. That is, I feel
+
+34
+00:02:04,210 --> 00:02:08,590
+that the field that I look at is bent. All of this
+
+35
+00:02:08,590 --> 00:02:11,310
+is considered one of the annoyances of liberism.
+
+36
+00:02:11,810 --> 00:02:15,270
+Although these aberrations are usually
+
+37
+00:02:15,270 --> 00:02:17,730
+insignificant, most of the time these aberrations
+
+38
+00:02:17,730 --> 00:02:22,490
+are not many.They occasionally produce symptoms
+
+39
+00:02:22,490 --> 00:02:26,050
+even with low power of thalamic prisms أحياناً
+
+40
+00:02:26,050 --> 00:02:29,070
+كتير بتكون مش مزعجة بس في بعض الأحيان بعض المرضى
+
+41
+00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:34,930
+مابيقدرش يتحملها فبالتالي بده حل آخر على سبيل
+
+42
+00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:38,550
+المثال مثلا تخفيف قوة liprism، استعمال liprism
+
+43
+00:02:38,550 --> 00:02:43,330
+أمام العينين أو إيجاد حل آخر غير liprism، غير
+
+44
+00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:48,020
+liprismنيجي لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism
+
+45
+00:02:48,020 --> 00:02:48,440
+نيجي لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism نيجي
+
+46
+00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:49,660
+لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism طبعا ال S
+
+47
+00:02:49,660 --> 00:02:53,820
+silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S
+
+48
+00:02:53,820 --> 00:03:00,540
+silent طبعا
+
+49
+00:03:00,540 --> 00:03:03,020
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+50
+00:03:03,020 --> 00:03:03,280
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+51
+00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:03,380
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+52
+00:03:03,380 --> 00:03:06,580
+ال S silent طبعا ال S
+
+53
+00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:19,320
+and connected side by side it works like a single
+
+54
+00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:23,620
+large prism let's see this issue in the clear
+
+55
+00:03:23,620 --> 00:03:26,100
+drawing let's see this issue in the clear drawing
+
+56
+00:03:26,100 --> 00:03:34,740
+here I have a single large prism large prism its
+
+57
+00:03:34,740 --> 00:03:39,760
+base height is 10 millimeters its thickness is 10
+
+58
+00:03:39,760 --> 00:03:44,110
+millimeters and its length and the length is 40
+
+59
+00:03:44,110 --> 00:03:48,130
+millimeters 40 millimeters this is the apex angle
+
+60
+00:03:48,130 --> 00:03:52,850
+its apex angle has a certain value let's say 20
+
+61
+00:03:52,850 --> 00:03:56,730
+degrees let's say 20 degrees okay now the apex
+
+62
+00:03:56,730 --> 00:04:02,510
+angle is 20 degrees for example if we bring small
+
+63
+00:04:02,510 --> 00:04:07,480
+prisms this is a prism and this is also a prism and
+
+64
+00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:10,140
+this is also a prism the first prism is its apex
+
+65
+00:04:10,140 --> 00:04:13,360
+which indicates it the second prism is its apex
+
+66
+00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:15,340
+which is the same direction of the apex and the
+
+67
+00:04:15,340 --> 00:04:18,800
+same direction of the base if we compare them to
+
+68
+00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:21,620
+the large prism here the base is on the right and
+
+69
+00:04:21,620 --> 00:04:23,360
+the apex is on the left here the same thing the
+
+70
+00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:25,020
+base is on the right and the apex is on the left
+
+71
+00:04:25,020 --> 00:04:26,580
+the base is on the right and the apex is on the
+
+72
+00:04:26,580 --> 00:04:27,420
+left and so on
+
+73
+00:04:30,260 --> 00:04:34,220
+the apical angle of each prism here this is 20
+
+74
+00:04:34,220 --> 00:04:36,120
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+75
+00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:37,840
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+76
+00:04:37,840 --> 00:04:39,280
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+77
+00:04:39,280 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+78
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,540
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+79
+00:04:39,540 --> 00:04:39,840
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+80
+00:04:39,840 --> 00:04:39,860
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+81
+00:04:39,860 --> 00:04:39,880
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+82
+00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:39,940
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+83
+00:04:39,940 --> 00:04:40,580
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+84
+00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:44,920
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+85
+00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:47,840
+degrees and
+
+86
+00:04:53,280 --> 00:04:59,000
+ونفذناهم على شريحة من اللدائن ال plastic أو مادة
+
+87
+00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,380
+معينة يعني شبيه بال plastic زي ال polyvinyl
+
+88
+00:05:02,380 --> 00:05:08,820
+alcohol هدولة ال prismات بيشتغلوا أو بيقوموا مقام
+
+89
+00:05:08,820 --> 00:05:13,170
+ال prism الكبير في العملmeans exactly the force of
+
+90
+00:05:13,170 --> 00:05:15,970
+this small prism is equal to the force of this big
+
+91
+00:05:15,970 --> 00:05:18,610
+prism and this force, but I can't say that their
+
+92
+00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:22,490
+total force is 20 and 20 and 20 and 20, it's like
+
+93
+00:05:22,490 --> 00:05:26,590
+their apex angle is 100 or 200 or 300, no, that's
+
+94
+00:05:26,590 --> 00:05:29,410
+not what I meant, that they stand like a big
+
+95
+00:05:29,410 --> 00:05:34,130
+prism, their apex angle is equal to the apex angle
+
+96
+00:05:34,130 --> 00:05:37,010
+of each of them. Okay, what is the goal of the
+
+97
+00:05:37,010 --> 00:05:40,070
+production of Fresnel Prism? To reduce weight and
+
+98
+00:05:40,070 --> 00:05:43,410
+reduce thicknessIt is clear that here if we want
+
+99
+00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:46,490
+to attach this Librasm to his glasses, there will
+
+100
+00:05:46,490 --> 00:05:49,490
+be an area with it on one side of the glasses
+
+101
+00:05:49,490 --> 00:05:53,430
+which is very thick and on the other side which is
+
+102
+00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:57,310
+very thin As we saw in one of the pictures when we
+
+103
+00:05:57,310 --> 00:06:04,630
+started talking about Librasms The
+
+104
+00:06:04,630 --> 00:06:06,290
+following picture will clarify the matter
+
+105
+00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:16,680
+لأ هي مش .. مش في المساقة ده، في مساقة اللي حوالي،
+
+106
+00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:21,820
+بنجيبها من ال net I
+
+107
+00:06:21,820 --> 00:06:26,480
+prism incorporation
+
+108
+00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:30,740
+into
+
+109
+00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:38,740
+spectacles هيكون
+
+110
+00:06:38,740 --> 00:06:45,190
+عندىهي عدسة ومعها prism من حفة معينة هيكون خميل
+
+111
+00:06:45,190 --> 00:06:49,390
+جدا، حفة تانية الصمك طبيعي، بس الحفة .. أحد الحفف
+
+112
+00:06:49,390 --> 00:06:52,910
+هتكون .. فهذه عشان أتفاد هذه القضية .. عشان أتفاد
+
+113
+00:06:52,910 --> 00:06:57,030
+هذه القضية، بلجأ لمه يسمى peripheral prism، واللي
+
+114
+00:06:57,030 --> 00:07:05,790
+هنشوفه احنا بعد شوية نرجع
+
+115
+00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:12,900
+للصورة بتاعتنا إذاThis is a series of
+
+116
+00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:18,260
+small prisms. Each prism has an apical angle which
+
+117
+00:07:18,260 --> 00:07:21,500
+is equal to the apical angle of the large prism.
+
+118
+00:07:21,660 --> 00:07:28,460
+All these prisms together block this big prism. So
+
+119
+00:07:28,460 --> 00:07:36,330
+that acts as a single large prism.This
+
+120
+00:07:36,330 --> 00:07:50,570
+Leprinoliprism shows that this cell is made from
+
+121
+00:07:50,570 --> 00:07:53,930
+polyvinyl chloride, not polyvinyl alcohol, sorry.
+
+122
+00:07:54,450 --> 00:07:58,370
+Polyvinyl chloride from the polyvinyl chloride
+
+123
+00:07:58,370 --> 00:08:00,950
+substance. Of course, it is a transparent
+
+124
+00:08:00,950 --> 00:08:04,650
+substance, so it can be used in the production of
+
+125
+00:08:04,650 --> 00:08:07,320
+Leprinoliprism.The Fresnel prism is like any
+
+126
+00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:10,280
+normal prism, like any large prism, it has a base
+
+127
+00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:12,800
+and it has an apex, but because it is small, it is
+
+128
+00:08:12,800 --> 00:08:14,800
+not clear where is the base and where is the apex,
+
+129
+00:08:14,900 --> 00:08:18,020
+so we are in manufacturing this Fresnel prism that
+
+130
+00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:19,740
+we will extract from it and stick it in the
+
+131
+00:08:19,740 --> 00:08:23,350
+glasses This is the circular piece. We will
+
+132
+00:08:23,350 --> 00:08:26,910
+partially glue it to the glass. I will have a
+
+133
+00:08:26,910 --> 00:08:31,430
+guide to the base down here and the strength of
+
+134
+00:08:31,430 --> 00:08:34,270
+the prism here is 12 diopter prisms. If I bring
+
+135
+00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:37,150
+the frame of the glass and put it like this
+
+136
+00:08:43,970 --> 00:08:48,110
+this part will have a base down prism if I turn
+
+137
+00:08:48,110 --> 00:08:50,610
+it, this is the highest frame, the highest frame
+
+138
+00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:58,170
+here if I turn it, it will have .. or let's take
+
+139
+00:08:58,170 --> 00:08:59,410
+something that looks more like the frame of the
+
+140
+00:08:59,410 --> 00:09:03,070
+glasses so that it is wider on one side and
+
+141
+00:09:03,070 --> 00:09:04,190
+narrower on the other
+
+142
+00:09:14,530 --> 00:09:22,910
+Let's take this shape To
+
+143
+00:09:22,910 --> 00:09:24,610
+know where is the highest frame and where is the
+
+144
+00:09:24,610 --> 00:09:24,770
+lowest frame
+
+145
+00:09:39,630 --> 00:09:44,230
+So this flat is the highest frame of the glasses
+
+146
+00:09:44,230 --> 00:09:45,910
+and this is the lowest frame of the glasses So if
+
+147
+00:09:45,910 --> 00:09:52,630
+we put this frame in this shape So base down prism
+
+148
+00:09:52,630 --> 00:09:57,970
+So if we flip it
+
+149
+00:09:57,970 --> 00:10:04,190
+like this The
+
+150
+00:10:04,190 --> 00:10:06,710
+highest frame will be at the bottom So this will
+
+151
+00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:13,970
+be the base up prism لو حطينا زي هيك، هيعطيني
+
+152
+00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,850
+effect إما إذا كان هنا ال nose، إذا كان هنا هيكون
+
+153
+00:10:18,850 --> 00:10:22,250
+ال nose، يعني هذه لل right eye، هيكون عندي base in
+
+154
+00:10:22,250 --> 00:10:27,110
+the prism إذا كان جلبته لعكس هيكون base up prism و
+
+155
+00:10:27,110 --> 00:10:30,790
+هذا الكلام في ال dispensing بنعرف أو بنتعرف عليه
+
+156
+00:10:30,790 --> 00:10:35,990
+بشكل أفضل في ال dispensing هتتعرفوا عليه بشكل أفضل
+
+157
+00:10:35,990 --> 00:10:39,650
+طيب إذا أنا ممكن لفرين ال prism ألسقه بالنضارة
+
+158
+00:10:39,650 --> 00:10:44,310
+بشكل base up أو base down أو base in أو base out
+
+159
+00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:48,390
+حسب اتجاه الحوال اللي أنا بدي أصلحه طيب نفرض إنه
+
+160
+00:10:48,390 --> 00:10:53,930
+إيجادني القطعة هذه الدائريةI don't know where is
+
+161
+00:10:53,930 --> 00:10:57,530
+the base. This is the outer part of the frame that
+
+162
+00:10:57,530 --> 00:11:00,970
+tells me where is the base and how strong is the
+
+163
+00:11:00,970 --> 00:11:06,210
+prism. It's not there. The patient brought me a
+
+164
+00:11:06,210 --> 00:11:09,450
+piece or bought a piece that doesn't specify where
+
+165
+00:11:09,450 --> 00:11:11,750
+is the base and where is the apex. So I can
+
+166
+00:11:11,750 --> 00:11:15,610
+identify it with a very simple experiment. I put
+
+167
+00:11:15,610 --> 00:11:20,060
+any target under the prism frame. This is a Fresnel
+
+168
+00:11:20,060 --> 00:11:22,100
+prism, which means prism, so this is a target
+
+169
+00:11:22,100 --> 00:11:25,660
+coming horizontally I put a piece of Fresnel prism
+
+170
+00:11:25,660 --> 00:11:28,900
+Of course it's here, but this is just to clarify
+
+171
+00:11:28,900 --> 00:11:34,040
+the experiment We see that the image or part of
+
+172
+00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:37,500
+the pencil, which is the target that I put, tilts
+
+173
+00:11:37,500 --> 00:11:40,380
+upwards, the image always tilts towards the apex
+
+174
+00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:43,600
+As long as it tilts upwards compared to the rest
+
+175
+00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:46,760
+of the pencil, then the apex is up, then the base
+
+176
+00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:49,810
+is downSo this is the base, and so on, so I can
+
+177
+00:11:49,810 --> 00:11:53,410
+know the direction of the apex from the base by
+
+178
+00:11:53,410 --> 00:11:57,410
+putting any target and look at it This Fresnel
+
+179
+00:11:57,410 --> 00:11:59,550
+prism, how do I want to stick it in the glasses?
+
+180
+00:12:00,370 --> 00:12:03,610
+Let's go to the magnifying glass Of course, I
+
+181
+00:12:03,610 --> 00:12:08,830
+stick it, of course it has a flat edge Flat edge
+
+182
+00:12:08,830 --> 00:12:12,940
+here in the drawing, flat edge here and a
+
+183
+00:12:12,940 --> 00:12:15,560
+protruding edge called the prisma. The protruding
+
+184
+00:12:15,560 --> 00:12:17,080
+edge is what begins to stick to the surface of the
+
+185
+00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:21,950
+rear glass. فى سطح النضارة الخالفى والحفة المتعرجة
+
+186
+00:12:21,950 --> 00:12:25,030
+اللى هى لبرزمات بدها تواجه عين المريض بدها تواجه
+
+187
+00:12:25,030 --> 00:12:30,170
+عين المريض اذا هو يلصق على السطح الخالفى للنضارة
+
+188
+00:12:30,170 --> 00:12:33,930
+اول حاجة بجيب القطعة الدائرية بلصقها على السطح
+
+189
+00:12:33,930 --> 00:12:38,330
+الخالفى و بجلم بسيط هيك احدد طبعا بده احطها باتجاه
+
+190
+00:12:38,330 --> 00:12:41,370
+ال base اللى انا بديها اما base up او base down او
+
+191
+00:12:41,3
+
+223
+00:15:02,320 --> 00:15:05,540
+Tama'am? Here horizontal, Apex either out or in,
+
+224
+00:15:06,060 --> 00:15:10,480
+and here I can use oblique, oblique I use if I
+
+225
+00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:14,380
+have horizontal and vertical diplopia, I make them
+
+226
+00:15:14,380 --> 00:15:17,180
+compensation, meaning compensation or compensation
+
+227
+00:15:17,180 --> 00:15:19,120
+of the angle of rotation, if I have a horizontal
+
+228
+00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:22,190
+rotation and a vertical rotation فبعود عنهم ب
+
+229
+00:15:22,190 --> 00:15:26,510
+Oblique Prism بيسد عن ال Prismين ال Prism
+
+230
+00:15:26,510 --> 00:15:31,030
+Horizontal و ال Prism Vertical و تحديد اتجاه ال
+
+231
+00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:34,630
+base و ميلان ال Prism على المحور الأفقي أو العمودي
+
+232
+00:15:34,630 --> 00:15:38,770
+أخدناه في ال vector addition of Prisms طبعا هنا
+
+233
+00:15:38,770 --> 00:15:43,390
+الرسمة بتوضح ان ال base .. ال base up and in up and
+
+234
+00:15:43,390 --> 00:15:47,250
+in يعني ال apex out and down out and down هنا
+
+235
+00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:51,430
+horizontal prism horizontal prism يعني ال apex إما
+
+236
+00:15:51,430 --> 00:15:54,790
+لجوة و ال base لبرا أو العكس يعني base out أو base
+
+237
+00:15:54,790 --> 00:15:58,770
+in هنا أنا اقطعت هنا من جزء من الصورة عشان نعرف
+
+238
+00:15:58,770 --> 00:16:05,290
+بدون ما حد يقولنا هل ال apex out ولا in هل ال apex
+
+239
+00:16:05,290 --> 00:16:07,110
+out ولا in طبعا
+
+240
+00:16:09,450 --> 00:16:12,290
+If we notice here, we find that the position of
+
+241
+00:16:12,290 --> 00:16:14,490
+the glasses behind the prism is shifted in this
+
+242
+00:16:14,490 --> 00:16:17,690
+direction. In this direction, compared to the part
+
+243
+00:16:17,690 --> 00:16:21,390
+of the arm. If we notice here, it is shifted inward
+
+244
+00:16:21,390 --> 00:16:25,370
+a little compared to what is left of the glasses
+
+245
+00:16:25,370 --> 00:16:27,170
+arm, so it is shifted inward, which means that the
+
+246
+00:16:27,170 --> 00:16:29,850
+apex is inward, and this is based out of the prism.
+
+247
+00:16:29,850 --> 00:16:32,490
+This is based out of the prism, so without anyone
+
+248
+00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:35,010
+telling me that I can know the direction of the
+
+249
+00:16:35,010 --> 00:16:39,790
+base إذا ماقدرتش أعرف، أنا بلبس نفسي النضارة و بشوف
+
+250
+00:16:39,790 --> 00:16:44,630
+لوين زيغا الصورة، الصورة دائما بتنحرف أو بتزوغ
+
+251
+00:16:44,630 --> 00:16:48,430
+باتجاه ال apex بتاعة librism، باتجاه ال apex بتاعة
+
+252
+00:16:48,430 --> 00:16:52,030
+librism، هاي رسمة تمثيلية ل .. او simulation ل
+
+253
+00:16:52,030 --> 00:16:55,630
+librism إنه هذه السلسلة من ال librismات بتصد عن
+
+254
+00:16:55,630 --> 00:16:59,850
+large prism بنفس ال apex angle، بنفس ال apex angle
+
+255
+00:17:01,340 --> 00:17:04,820
+طبعا ال friendly prism is typically used to avoid
+
+256
+00:17:04,820 --> 00:17:08,660
+the weight of some of .. and some to avoid weight
+
+257
+00:17:08,660 --> 00:17:12,960
+عشان اتجنب الوزن الثقيل لل large prism and some of
+
+258
+00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:16,540
+aberrations of conventional prism عشان اتجنب ال
+
+259
+00:17:16,540 --> 00:17:19,590
+aberrations اللي حكينا عنها قبل شوية which is
+
+260
+00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:22,230
+chromatic aberration, asymmetrical field,
+
+261
+00:17:23,590 --> 00:17:27,590
+asymmetrical magnification, curvature of field,
+
+262
+00:17:28,070 --> 00:17:31,590
+and so on. The most popular form of Fresnel prism
+
+263
+00:17:31,590 --> 00:17:32,670
+is a membrane.
+
+264
+00:17:39,140 --> 00:17:44,480
+molded from clear polyvinylachloride مصنوع من مادة
+
+265
+00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:48,960
+الـ polyvinylachloride الشفافة ومعروف إله اسم
+
+266
+00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:52,760
+بيسموه Fresnel Prism أو بيسموه Press-on Prism
+
+267
+00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:59,790
+Press-on Prism يعني بنضغط على السطح الخلفي لIt is
+
+268
+00:17:59,790 --> 00:18:02,530
+applied with water to the back surface on the
+
+269
+00:18:02,530 --> 00:18:06,930
+ordinary spectacle lens على النضارة العادية Press
+
+270
+00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:10,110
+-on prisms are available in a variety of powers.
+
+271
+00:18:10,110 --> 00:18:13,710
+Visual
+
+272
+00:18:13,710 --> 00:18:18,150
+acuity
+
+273
+00:18:18,150 --> 00:18:21,830
+is reduced
+
+274
+00:18:21,830 --> 00:18:24,850
+because of light scattering at the groove edges.
+
+275
+00:18:25,610 --> 00:18:27,870
+Means that the convergence of these grooves
+
+276
+00:18:27,870 --> 00:18:32,730
+between the small prisms makes a scattering of
+
+277
+00:18:32,730 --> 00:18:35,190
+light that is less than the width of the eye.
+
+278
+00:18:35,190 --> 00:18:42,870
+Instead of being 6x6, it can be 6x9 or 6x12 and so
+
+279
+00:18:42,870 --> 00:18:46,170
+on. So, visual acuity is reduced because of light
+
+280
+00:18:46,170 --> 00:18:48,370
+scattering at the groove edges. This is the first
+
+281
+00:18:48,370 --> 00:18:51,250
+flaw which is visual acuity reduction.
+
+282
+00:18:54,050 --> 00:18:56,990
+But the chromatic aberration of the prisms
+
+283
+00:18:56,990 --> 00:19:01,990
+themselves produce the most .. produces most of
+
+284
+00:19:01,990 --> 00:19:05,350
+the visual decrement. The visual acuity be .. be
+
+285
+00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:08,190
+.. be .. be .. be .. be .. be less than if the
+
+286
+00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:10,550
+prisms are not present, if the Fresnel prism is
+
+287
+00:19:10,550 --> 00:19:14,490
+not present because of light scattering and because
+
+288
+00:19:14,490 --> 00:19:16,350
+of chromatic aberration, which is one of the most
+
+289
+00:19:16,350 --> 00:19:19,910
+important factors in vision loss. If someone asks
+
+290
+00:19:19,910 --> 00:19:23,310
+me what is the reason for wearing a press-on prism
+
+291
+00:19:23,310 --> 00:19:26,570
+or friendly prism with his glasses, he will have a
+
+292
+00:19:26,570 --> 00:19:29,310
+reduction in vision for two reasons. The first
+
+293
+00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:31,390
+reason is chromatic aberration, which is the most
+
+294
+00:19:31,390 --> 00:19:32,710
+important factor. The second reason is light
+
+295
+00:19:32,710 --> 00:19:34,250
+scattering.
+
+296
+00:19:51,170 --> 00:19:57,580
+The advantages of these prisms far outweighthe
+
+297
+00:19:57,580 --> 00:20:00,240
+disadvantage. Of course, the advantages of Fresnel
+
+298
+00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:04,240
+Prism are more than its disadvantages and they are
+
+299
+00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:07,500
+widely used in the field of strabismus and
+
+300
+00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:11,480
+orthoptics. Of course, Fresnel Prism is widely
+
+301
+00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,800
+used in the field of circumcision and in the field
+
+302
+00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,360
+of visual exercises related to circumcision which
+
+303
+00:20:17,360 --> 00:20:23,120
+are orthoptic exercises. Because of their ease of
+
+304
+00:20:23,120 --> 00:20:27,240
+use, of application, because they are easy to use,
+
+305
+00:20:27,680 --> 00:20:30,160
+and lower expenses, which are relatively
+
+306
+00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:31,140
+inexpensive.
+
+307
+00:20:33,420 --> 00:20:36,240
+The breasts on the prisms are especially useful
+
+308
+00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,020
+for patients whose strabismus is changing. You
+
+309
+00:20:40,020 --> 00:20:44,280
+might ask, does this person have a squint? وممكن
+
+310
+00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:47,180
+نعمله عملية جراحية بس أحياناً كتير بيكون this
+
+311
+00:20:47,180 --> 00:20:50,020
+point variable يعني أو .. or changing يعني من فترة
+
+312
+00:20:50,020 --> 00:20:54,960
+لفترة بتغير أو ممكن يتحسن يعني يكون بدأ بسبب معين
+
+313
+00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:59,970
+يعني مثلا ..A lot of people who have for example 6
+
+314
+00:20:59,970 --> 00:21:07,650
+nerve palsy, because of a simple reason, or for
+
+315
+00:21:07,650 --> 00:21:09,730
+example he has diabetes and he has a deficiency in
+
+316
+00:21:09,730 --> 00:21:11,970
+the sixth nerve, a lot of them recover
+
+317
+00:21:11,970 --> 00:21:14,390
+immediately. So the deficiency of the sixth nerve
+
+318
+00:21:14,390 --> 00:21:16,470
+weakens the lateral rectus and he will have
+
+319
+00:21:16,470 --> 00:21:20,840
+esotropia. Usually this esotropia is temporary. So,
+
+320
+00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:24,880
+I don't need any surgical intervention and I start
+
+321
+00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:27,240
+recovering. Of course, during the period of
+
+322
+00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:29,960
+esotropia or a defect in the sixth nerve, I can
+
+323
+00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:33,100
+use the Fresnel Prism to get rid of the diplopia
+
+324
+00:21:33,100 --> 00:21:37,520
+until I recover and start every three or four
+
+325
+00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:40,340
+weeks to change it or reduce it in the force of
+
+326
+00:21:40,340 --> 00:21:43,280
+the Prism as long as it starts to recover until I
+
+327
+00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:47,970
+remove it once. So, this case is very useful to
+
+328
+00:21:47,970 --> 00:21:52,110
+frame the presumption in the situation if the
+
+329
+00:21:52,110 --> 00:21:55,630
+strabismus is changing, if the strabismus is
+
+330
+00:21:55,630 --> 00:21:59,630
+changing, which is in the case of change in the
+
+331
+00:21:59,630 --> 00:22:00,890
+case of change in the case of change in the case
+
+332
+00:22:00,890 --> 00:22:00,990
+change in the case of change in the case of change
+
+333
+00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:01,170
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+334
+00:22:01,170 --> 00:22:02,410
+case of change in the case of change in the case
+
+335
+00:22:02,410 --> 00:22:02,990
+of change in the case of change in the case of
+
+336
+00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:03,030
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+337
+00:22:03,030 --> 00:22:03,070
+of change in the case of change in the case of
+
+338
+00:22:03,070 --> 00:22:03,090
+change in the case of change in the case of change
+
+339
+00:22:03,090 --> 00:22:04,130
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+340
+00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:08,450
+case of change in
+
+341
+00:22:08,770 --> 00:22:14,310
+a kidney disease that affected the eye and caused
+
+342
+00:22:14,310 --> 00:22:21,090
+swelling in some parts of the eye. So, this issue
+
+343
+00:22:21,090 --> 00:22:24,270
+is going to be clear. Fresnel lenses are also
+
+344
+00:22:24,270 --> 00:22:27,650
+available with concentric groove construction to
+
+345
+00:22:27,650 --> 00:22:32,330
+approximate spherical lenses. These fresnel lenses
+
+346
+00:22:32,330 --> 00:22:34,610
+look exactly like conventional spherical lenses.
+
+347
+00:22:35,530 --> 00:22:39,510
+But its idea is exactly like the idea of the
+
+348
+00:22:39,510 --> 00:22:44,010
+Fresnel prism and also this is also a way of means
+
+349
+00:22:44,010 --> 00:22:47,630
+that I don't have a big thickness for the lens,
+
+350
+00:22:47,710 --> 00:22:51,710
+for the lens, so Fresnel lenses, Fresnel lenses is
+
+351
+00:22:51,710 --> 00:22:55,530
+the same idea of Fresnel prisms. We stop at this
+
+352
+00:22:55,530 --> 00:22:58,010
+point and God bless you and peace be upon you

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/-Zn4DW4Cgv0_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1708 @@
+1
+00:00:02,630 --> 00:00:05,890
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنستكمل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:05,890 --> 00:00:12,310
+Geometric Optics وتوقفنا عند ال Prismatic Effectof
+
+3
+00:00:12,310 --> 00:00:18,450
+lenses must be
+
+4
+00:00:18,450 --> 00:00:21,730
+anticipated in the design of bifocal lenses to
+
+5
+00:00:21,730 --> 00:00:26,170
+minimize image displacement and image jump. Image
+
+6
+00:00:26,170 --> 00:00:27,710
+displacement and image jump.
+
+7
+00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:42,720
+The bifocal is the center of the addition from the
+
+8
+00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:47,260
+center of the distance segment The center of the
+
+9
+00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:49,760
+near segment and the center of the distance
+
+10
+00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:52,700
+segment when they are close to each other there is
+
+11
+00:00:52,700 --> 00:00:56,140
+no image displacement or image jump while when
+
+12
+00:00:56,140 --> 00:00:59,100
+they are away from each other there can be image
+
+13
+00:00:59,100 --> 00:01:04,240
+displacement or image jump and consequently I have
+
+14
+00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:07,110
+the flat top bifocal most suitable for thisThe
+
+15
+00:01:07,110 --> 00:01:09,690
+subject, especially when we talk about the plus
+
+16
+00:01:09,690 --> 00:01:12,430
+lenses When we talk about the plus lenses, let's
+
+17
+00:01:12,430 --> 00:01:18,850
+continue now also the prismatic effect I mean,
+
+18
+00:01:19,090 --> 00:01:23,490
+what are also its benefits that I can benefit from
+
+19
+00:01:23,490 --> 00:01:25,790
+the prismatic effect of lenses I mean, how do I
+
+20
+00:01:25,790 --> 00:01:29,550
+make the lens of the glasses work not only as a
+
+21
+00:01:29,550 --> 00:01:33,390
+lens, but also work as a prism Work as a prism
+
+22
+00:01:33,650 --> 00:01:37,090
+بيفيدني هدفي إيش؟ إنه العدسة بتاعة النضارة،
+
+23
+00:01:37,090 --> 00:01:40,990
+الإنسان لابس و لابس نضارة، فكيف أخلي العدسة تشتغل
+
+24
+00:01:40,990 --> 00:01:47,290
+كعدسة، كrefractive يعني tool، يعني أداء
+
+25
+00:01:47,290 --> 00:01:51,290
+للrefraction، لتثبيت الأشعة وعمل focus إليها على
+
+26
+00:01:51,290 --> 00:01:56,170
+الشبكة، وكيف إنها تشتغل في نفس الوقت كprism، كيف
+
+27
+00:01:56,170 --> 00:01:59,910
+ده بيتم؟ The clinician can induce prismatic effect
+
+28
+00:02:00,550 --> 00:02:04,890
+in an ordinary spectacle, في نضارة عادية in an
+
+29
+00:02:04,890 --> 00:02:08,870
+ordinary spectacle lens كيف؟ simply ببساطة by de
+
+30
+00:02:08,870 --> 00:02:11,990
+-centering the lens in the frame so that the
+
+31
+00:02:11,990 --> 00:02:15,630
+visual axis in the primary position does not pass
+
+32
+00:02:15,630 --> 00:02:19,870
+through the optical center of the spectacle lens
+
+33
+00:02:19,870 --> 00:02:21,490
+كيف هذا الكلام بيتم؟
+
+34
+00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:26,940
+Here I have the template which is the lens before
+
+35
+00:02:26,940 --> 00:02:29,940
+it is cut and becomes suitable for the frame of
+
+36
+00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:32,460
+the scooter The template is of course larger than
+
+37
+00:02:32,460 --> 00:02:35,300
+its diameter which is the lens for example I want
+
+38
+00:02:35,300 --> 00:02:38,360
+to put here a plus five lens in the frame I will
+
+39
+00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:40,740
+not bring it all and put it I have to cut it I
+
+40
+00:02:40,740 --> 00:02:42,780
+will make it edging Edging and this is in the
+
+41
+00:02:42,780 --> 00:02:45,460
+dispensing that is studied in detail This is the
+
+42
+00:02:45,460 --> 00:02:51,940
+template's center I want to bring this frame Its
+
+43
+00:02:51,940 --> 00:02:55,600
+dimensionsand I cut the cap, I cut the glass or
+
+44
+00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:58,260
+the lens itself, I cut it so that the center is in
+
+45
+00:02:58,260 --> 00:03:01,580
+the middle the center should be in the middle so
+
+46
+00:03:01,580 --> 00:03:06,060
+that the pupil comes exactly in the center exactly
+
+47
+00:03:06,060 --> 00:03:11,720
+in the center and therefore .. exactly .. the
+
+48
+00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:15,660
+center of the .. of the lens should come exactly
+
+49
+00:03:15,660 --> 00:03:17,760
+.. of course this happens when you cut .. sorry
+
+50
+00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:23,600
+هذا الجزء مش لازم، بس هناخد هذا الجزء اللي هو
+
+51
+00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:29,180
+مناسب لل friend، يعني تقطع من الكل و بيكتفي بهذا
+
+52
+00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:36,220
+الجزء طيب، أنا عاد بدي أجوس بشكل بحيث أنه يكون
+
+53
+00:03:36,220 --> 00:03:39,780
+عندي decentration عشان أحصل على prismatic effect،
+
+54
+00:03:39,780 --> 00:03:43,120
+decentration عشان أحصل على prismatic effect طبعا
+
+55
+00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:46,700
+النضارة، العين، عين الإنسان اللي لابس النضارة هضل
+
+56
+00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:53,040
+.. هضل تطلع من منتصف ال frame من منتصف ال frame
+
+57
+00:03:53,040 --> 00:04:00,980
+بينما ال center هنا ال center هنا أزيح عشان يكون
+
+58
+00:04:00,980 --> 00:04:07,040
+الصورة أوضح اذا
+
+59
+00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:12,830
+العين هتضل تتطلع من مص ال frameWhile the center of
+
+60
+00:04:12,830 --> 00:04:15,490
+the lens is fixed in the frame, which is the
+
+61
+00:04:15,490 --> 00:04:18,270
+glasses, the center is coming out temporarily
+
+62
+00:04:18,270 --> 00:04:23,230
+Okay, it can be cut in the following way
+
+63
+00:04:34,890 --> 00:04:38,430
+طبعا لما بيلبس النظارة هيكون العين في نص ال frame
+
+64
+00:04:38,430 --> 00:04:43,750
+هنا ال center بتاع العدسة اللي انجسط لجوا يعني ال
+
+65
+00:04:43,750 --> 00:04:48,710
+center صارله decentration in in decentration او
+
+66
+00:04:48,710 --> 00:04:53,490
+inward decentration طيب مثال اخر ممكن انا اجس
+
+67
+00:04:53,490 --> 00:04:58,910
+الشابلونة بالطريقة التالية دائما
+
+68
+00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:04,500
+و ابدا العين هتضلها في نص ال frameالان ال center
+
+69
+00:05:04,500 --> 00:05:08,800
+وين صار، الان ال center صار في الأسفل، اذا حسب انا
+
+70
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:12,020
+طريقة جثي لها وهذا مشروع في ال dispensing بشكل
+
+71
+00:05:12,020 --> 00:05:15,720
+بشكل ممتاز، طيب ممكن انا اعمل decentralization
+
+72
+00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:18,300
+مركب، يعني ايش decentralization مركب؟ نشوف المنظر
+
+73
+00:05:18,300 --> 00:05:24,440
+هذا، انا هجث الشبلونة بالشكل هذا، برضه العين
+
+74
+00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:31,590
+هتضلها تتطلع في نص ال frameThe eye will come out
+
+75
+00:05:31,590 --> 00:05:33,290
+from the middle of the frame, so it doesn't come
+
+76
+00:05:33,290 --> 00:05:35,390
+out from the center of the lens because the center
+
+77
+00:05:35,390 --> 00:05:40,530
+of the lens has out and up decentration Out and up
+
+78
+00:05:40,530 --> 00:05:45,570
+decentration, it became in the outer corner and
+
+79
+00:05:45,570 --> 00:05:51,570
+the top of this lens So the center of the lens
+
+80
+00:05:51,570 --> 00:05:54,330
+became here Okay, also among the complex things
+
+81
+00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:06,100
+ممكن اجس الشبلونة بالشكل هذا بحيث انه يكون عندى ال
+
+82
+00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:09,540
+.. طبعا الين هتبطلع من نص ال frame هنا ال center
+
+83
+00:06:09,540 --> 00:06:15,120
+وزيح لجوا و للأعلى in and up decentration طب ماليش
+
+84
+00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:19,800
+الهدف من كل هذا الكلام؟ طب ماليش معناه يعني اجس
+
+85
+00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:24,240
+الشبلونة من النص و يكون ال center في النص
+
+86
+00:06:27,850 --> 00:06:32,070
+ويتطلع من خلال الـSyntax، بنقول أحيانا إحنا بنحتاج
+
+87
+00:06:32,070 --> 00:06:35,800
+لprismatic effectWe need the prismatic effect
+
+88
+00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:38,040
+Instead of describing a pair of glasses, they
+
+89
+00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:41,760
+should wear glasses that have refractive error So
+
+90
+00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:44,040
+instead of describing a pair of glasses with a
+
+91
+00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:47,400
+prism in front of them, we want the same lens to
+
+92
+00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:51,100
+work as a lens and as a prism at the same time
+
+93
+00:06:51,100 --> 00:06:54,160
+How? By the law of decentration If we don't do
+
+94
+00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,420
+this, the visual axis or the eye will keep looking
+
+95
+00:06:58,420 --> 00:07:01,220
+through the center It is known that the prismatic
+
+96
+00:07:01,220 --> 00:07:05,320
+effect at the center is zeroإن العدسة في كل
+
+97
+00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:09,660
+نقاطها، في كل أجزائها ممكن تشتغل كprism بالإضافة
+
+98
+00:07:09,660 --> 00:07:14,280
+لكونها عدسة، بس إلا في نقطة واحدة مش ممكن تشتغل
+
+99
+00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:18,540
+كprism، اللي هي في ال center، في ال center،
+
+100
+00:07:18,540 --> 00:07:21,800
+فبالتاليIn the optical center, the pupil can't
+
+101
+00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:26,520
+stay up, so we need to move the optical center to
+
+102
+00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:29,880
+get a prismatic effect in a certain direction So
+
+103
+00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:34,380
+if we want base up, base down, base in, base out,
+
+104
+00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:36,200
+depending on what we want, depending on whether
+
+105
+00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:40,400
+the lens is minus or plus Okay, so sometimes we
+
+106
+00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:45,620
+need to get a prismatic effect from the lensOkay,
+
+107
+00:07:45,940 --> 00:07:49,460
+what's the use of this prismatic effect? What's
+
+108
+00:07:49,460 --> 00:07:53,120
+the use of it? We want to see this simple example
+
+109
+00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:57,640
+that we have And
+
+110
+00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:01,500
+this example explains many things Let's say I have
+
+111
+00:08:01,500 --> 00:08:04,720
+a straight eye, let's draw it
+
+112
+00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:16,100
+هي عين التانية اللي هي واحدة يمين واحدة شمال
+
+113
+00:09:23,250 --> 00:09:26,370
+This eye is straight, this eye is slightly iso,
+
+114
+00:09:26,910 --> 00:09:29,650
+slightly iso, it has a simple circle, it has a
+
+115
+00:09:29,650 --> 00:09:33,190
+refractive error, and as long as there is a simple
+
+116
+00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:37,210
+circle, we say as follows, this is the fovea, we
+
+117
+00:09:37,210 --> 00:09:37,690
+mark it
+
+118
+00:10:18,890 --> 00:10:23,650
+So, I have the fovea here straight on the target,
+
+119
+00:10:23,770 --> 00:10:32,190
+we draw a target This is the
+
+120
+00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:37,050
+object that the two eyes are looking at Now, in
+
+121
+00:10:37,050 --> 00:10:39,970
+order for the person to regain the binocular
+
+122
+00:10:39,970 --> 00:10:43,570
+single vision, like this light circle I can use a
+
+123
+00:10:43,570 --> 00:10:43,850
+simple prism
+
+124
+00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:08,820
+With a simple prism in
+
+125
+00:11:08,820 --> 00:11:12,380
+front of
+
+126
+00:11:12,380 --> 00:11:18,180
+the eye, what will happen to it? Before the prism
+
+127
+00:11:18,180 --> 00:11:22,040
+stops, it will remove the prism, the rays of the
+
+128
+00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:26,800
+object will fall directly on the fovea here
+
+129
+00:11:40,030 --> 00:11:49,670
+alphobia and here it falls it
+
+130
+00:11:49,670 --> 00:11:53,290
+falls from the object to nasal retina to nasal
+
+131
+00:11:53,290 --> 00:11:57,130
+retina because it has esophotopia esotropia okay
+
+132
+00:11:57,130 --> 00:12:03,020
+when I go and add the prism the prismit will move
+
+133
+00:12:03,020 --> 00:12:10,940
+the rays towards it's base instead of falling on
+
+134
+00:12:10,940 --> 00:12:16,160
+the nitrogen here it will move it towards the base
+
+135
+00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:19,360
+and bring it to the fovea it will bring it to the
+
+136
+00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:24,120
+fovea and it will become
+
+137
+00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:29,880
+as if with the help of this prismThe image was
+
+138
+00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:34,360
+dropped on points similar to the network of the
+
+139
+00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:36,620
+two eyes on the fovea and the fovea correspond to
+
+140
+00:12:36,620 --> 00:12:43,040
+the retinal points. As a result, the work of the
+
+141
+00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,240
+two eyes as a team is restored. The binocular
+
+142
+00:12:45,240 --> 00:12:47,100
+single video is restored. So with the help of this
+
+143
+00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:50,960
+prism, provided that it is light. Okay. This
+
+144
+00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:53,700
+person has a refractive error. I want to wear
+
+145
+00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:56,320
+glasses and wear a prism above the glasses in
+
+146
+00:12:56,320 --> 00:12:59,950
+front of one of the two eyes.It can happen to me
+
+147
+00:12:59,950 --> 00:13:04,270
+that I have a problem So instead of wearing
+
+148
+00:13:04,270 --> 00:13:06,110
+glasses and above the glasses in front of the
+
+149
+00:13:06,110 --> 00:13:08,490
+glasses there is a prism It means that I can do
+
+150
+00:13:08,490 --> 00:13:13,670
+decentration in the optical center Decentration in
+
+151
+00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:17,630
+order to get a base out of the prism Or
+
+152
+00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:20,510
+decentration in order to get a base in the prism
+
+153
+00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:25,250
+in the case of exotropia Or to get a base down the
+
+154
+00:13:25,250 --> 00:13:27,210
+prism in the case of hypertropia and so on
+
+155
+00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:34,660
+Leprismatic effect of lenses بأستخدمه عشان أحاول
+
+156
+00:13:34,660 --> 00:13:40,020
+أعدل طبعا مش جماليا وظيفيا واضح أنه جماليا أنه
+
+157
+00:13:40,020 --> 00:13:43,240
+العين لازالت فيها حوال لجوا بس وهي فيها حوال
+
+158
+00:13:43,240 --> 00:13:47,440
+بمساعدة لبرزم وكأنه لبرزم بعوض عن زاوية الحوال
+
+159
+00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:50,820
+ويسقط الصورة على ال corresponding ال fovea من ال
+
+160
+00:13:50,820 --> 00:13:52,080
+corresponding معها
+
+161
+00:13:54,420 --> 00:13:57,540
+The fovea in the left eye that corresponds to it
+
+162
+00:13:57,540 --> 00:14:00,220
+naturally is the fovea in the right eye With the
+
+163
+00:14:00,220 --> 00:14:05,240
+help of this prism, the pictures were dropped on
+
+164
+00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:11,480
+corresponding retinal areas So this gives me a
+
+165
+00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:16,840
+slight angle of rotation Now we come to talk about
+
+166
+00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:24,370
+another issue We say as usualIf I used the prism
+
+167
+00:14:24,370 --> 00:14:29,150
+or .. or I mean .. let's make it short because
+
+168
+00:14:29,150 --> 00:14:32,750
+this is a detail in the topic around it We say,
+
+169
+00:14:32,870 --> 00:14:35,110
+can I use it only in front of the eye around it?
+
+170
+00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:40,400
+No, I can use itأمام العين السليمة أو أمام العين
+
+171
+00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,220
+اللي فيها الحوال أو أقسم قوة ال prism مثلا بالزمني
+
+172
+00:14:43,220 --> 00:14:47,540
+ستة prism ضيوبة أقسمه تلاتة و تلاتة بس ضروري اتجاه
+
+173
+00:14:47,540 --> 00:14:52,300
+ال base يكون صحيح اتجاه ال base صحيح الحوال الأنسي
+
+174
+00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:57,050
+لما العين بتدخل لجوا بده base outBased out,
+
+175
+00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:59,510
+whether in front of two eyes or in front of both
+
+176
+00:14:59,510 --> 00:15:02,350
+eyes And the wild animal needs a base in, and so
+
+177
+00:15:02,350 --> 00:15:06,750
+on Now we want to take an example to see how this
+
+178
+00:15:06,750 --> 00:15:20,270
+case is explained Let's say an example Let's
+
+179
+00:15:20,270 --> 00:15:24,930
+say Child, eight years old
+
+180
+00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:38,920
+with left esotropia measuring
+
+181
+00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:44,960
+5
+
+182
+00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:50,380
+prism diopters his
+
+183
+00:15:50,380 --> 00:15:54,340
+refraction or
+
+184
+00:15:54,340 --> 00:15:57,080
+refractive error is
+
+185
+00:15:59,650 --> 00:16:03,670
+right eye plus
+
+186
+00:16:03,670 --> 00:16:14,050
+one diopter and left eye plus
+
+187
+00:16:14,050 --> 00:16:21,610
+five diopters what
+
+188
+00:16:21,610 --> 00:16:23,950
+amount
+
+189
+00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:35,580
+of spectacle of lens decentration and
+
+190
+00:16:35,580 --> 00:16:44,260
+in what direction should
+
+191
+00:16:44,260 --> 00:16:49,760
+what amount of lens decentration and in what
+
+192
+00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:57,350
+direction should this be doneيعني نيجي نقول
+
+193
+00:16:57,350 --> 00:17:04,510
+كالقاتل عشان
+
+194
+00:17:04,510 --> 00:17:06,110
+نحل، بناقول كالقاتل
+
+195
+00:17:39,230 --> 00:17:46,630
+I have Esotropia here Of
+
+196
+00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:53,490
+course,
+
+197
+00:17:54,030 --> 00:17:56,410
+in the beginning, we must draw these drawings to
+
+198
+00:17:56,410 --> 00:17:59,850
+help us After that, we will not have to draw these
+
+199
+00:17:59,850 --> 00:18:06,170
+drawings permanently This
+
+200
+00:18:06,170 --> 00:18:07,330
+is the right eye, straight
+
+201
+00:18:33,630 --> 00:18:38,230
+the right eye is straight while the left eye has
+
+202
+00:18:38,230 --> 00:18:40,610
+an iso inside or inside as it is clear this is the
+
+203
+00:18:40,610 --> 00:18:43,750
+right eye and this is the left eye okay the right
+
+204
+00:18:43,750 --> 00:18:52,370
+fovea and the left fovea the
+
+205
+00:18:52,370 --> 00:18:57,630
+right fovea is straight it is directly above the
+
+206
+00:18:57,630 --> 00:19:01,050
+target we will mark it with the X symbol or cross
+
+207
+00:19:01,050 --> 00:19:02,570
+and the fovea
+
+208
+00:19:11,630 --> 00:19:16,410
+اليسار جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن
+
+209
+00:19:16,410 --> 00:19:18,810
+العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية
+
+210
+00:19:18,810 --> 00:19:23,730
+لبرا
+
+211
+00:19:23,730 --> 00:19:27,150
+لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه
+
+212
+00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:27,210
+جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا
+
+213
+00:19:27,210 --> 00:19:27,370
+لإن العين جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لبرا لإن العين
+
+214
+00:19:27,370 --> 00:19:30,950
+جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لبرا
+
+215
+00:19:30,950 --> 00:19:34,480
+لإن العين جاية لبرا لإن العOf course, in order to
+
+216
+00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:39,400
+get it, we must put a prism, but I don't want to
+
+217
+00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:42,580
+put a prism, I want the same lens that is the plus
+
+218
+00:19:42,580 --> 00:19:45,700
+five diopter in front of the left eye, I want to
+
+219
+00:19:45,700 --> 00:19:49,840
+remove it in a way that gives me a prism that
+
+220
+00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:53,820
+treats esotropia, that treats parasitism, that
+
+221
+00:19:53,820 --> 00:19:56,120
+treats parasitism, first of all, I want to ask
+
+222
+00:19:56,120 --> 00:19:58,760
+myself a question before I start solving it, this
+
+223
+00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:00,620
+esotropia means that the eye is inside or inside,
+
+224
+00:20:00,820 --> 00:20:04,760
+of courseWhat is the prism that needs to be
+
+225
+00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,880
+treated? So that we can give a very simple
+
+226
+00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:12,600
+information If
+
+227
+00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,480
+we assume that the prism, the top of it, the top
+
+228
+00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,520
+of it, is like an arrow pointing towards the nose
+
+229
+00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:22,540
+And if we assume that this prism is an arrow, or
+
+230
+00:20:22,540 --> 00:20:25,540
+the top of an arrow, it's like pointing towards
+
+231
+00:20:25,540 --> 00:20:31,200
+the inside, towards the nose So, always and never
+
+232
+00:20:33,210 --> 00:20:38,270
+When I use leprosomes to fix a small quantity, on
+
+233
+00:20:38,270 --> 00:20:41,090
+duty of course, not for beauty. For beauty, the
+
+234
+00:20:41,090 --> 00:20:43,330
+eye will stay inside even if he is wearing a
+
+235
+00:20:43,330 --> 00:20:47,930
+leprosome. Okay, when I want to fix a simple
+
+236
+00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:51,070
+circle on duty, I see where the circle is
+
+237
+00:20:51,070 --> 00:20:53,810
+directed, I make the apex towards the direction of
+
+238
+00:20:53,810 --> 00:20:56,450
+the circle. Towards the direction of the circle.
+
+239
+00:20:56,550 --> 00:20:58,270
+Okay, this eye is directed inside, which means
+
+240
+00:20:58,270 --> 00:21:02,640
+towards the apex.No, inside, but we don't call the
+
+241
+00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:04,900
+prism by the name of the apex, we call it by the
+
+242
+00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:07,460
+name of the base, as long as the apex is inside,
+
+243
+00:21:07,660 --> 00:21:13,590
+the base is out, the base is out, so to get ..a
+
+244
+00:21:13,590 --> 00:21:15,450
+functional treatment for this small amount of
+
+245
+00:21:15,450 --> 00:21:19,490
+esotropia must be done without using a prism
+
+246
+00:21:19,490 --> 00:21:22,170
+without using a prism, it will emit a small amount
+
+247
+00:21:22,170 --> 00:21:23,410
+of radiation, depending on its strength of course,
+
+248
+00:21:23,490 --> 00:21:27,990
+a weak prism is required to cure esotropia which
+
+249
+00:21:27,990 --> 00:21:30,790
+is a small amount of radiation five diopters in a
+
+250
+00:21:30,790 --> 00:21:33,130
+prism this is considered a small amount of
+
+251
+00:21:33,130 --> 00:21:34,770
+radiation a small amount of radiation a person
+
+252
+00:21:34,770 --> 00:21:36,170
+might say, how is it a small amount of radiation?
+
+253
+00:21:36,310 --> 00:21:40,370
+but we need to go back very quickly to see the
+
+254
+00:21:40,370 --> 00:21:44,070
+number of prisms that we measure aroundببدأ من
+
+255
+00:21:44,070 --> 00:21:47,450
+وين؟ ببدأ من وين؟ و بنتهيأ وين؟
+
+256
+00:21:54,310 --> 00:21:56,990
+This is a group of prisms, this is the smallest
+
+257
+00:21:56,990 --> 00:22:00,530
+prism, 5 diopters, 5 diopters, and the largest one
+
+258
+00:22:00,530 --> 00:22:03,150
+is 60 prisms. Of course there are prisms that
+
+259
+00:22:03,150 --> 00:22:07,290
+start from one, but the 5, here the 5 does not
+
+260
+00:22:07,290 --> 00:22:10,790
+exist, the 4 exists and the 6 prism exists. The 5
+
+261
+00:22:10,790 --> 00:22:14,090
+is considered small compared to many prism forces
+
+262
+00:22:14,090 --> 00:22:18,010
+larger than it in the world of air measurement. So
+
+263
+00:22:18,010 --> 00:22:20,630
+5 diopters is a small amount that can be achieved
+
+264
+00:22:20,630 --> 00:22:26,630
+by decentration. Now I ask myself,Question, I
+
+265
+00:22:26,630 --> 00:22:29,290
+answered it, it was the first question The prism
+
+266
+00:22:29,290 --> 00:22:32,930
+that I want to use, where is its base? Where is
+
+267
+00:22:32,930 --> 00:22:38,110
+its base? The base is supposed to be outside The
+
+268
+00:22:38,110 --> 00:22:41,490
+base is supposed to be outside, okay So I want a
+
+269
+00:22:41,490 --> 00:22:45,450
+base out of prism Okay, where do I do the
+
+270
+00:22:45,450 --> 00:22:48,830
+decentration? Do I do it inside or outside? We say
+
+271
+00:22:48,830 --> 00:22:53,610
+as followsالعين الشمال بدها تلبس عدسة plus 5 ديوتر
+
+272
+00:22:53,610 --> 00:22:58,050
+العدسة ال plus 5 ديوتر مقطعها هيكون كالتالي بدنا
+
+273
+00:22:58,050 --> 00:23:02,730
+نشوف مقطعها هذا مقطع رأسي بالزمن في ال vertical
+
+274
+00:23:02,730 --> 00:23:07,310
+decentration هذا مقطع أفقي بالزمن في ال horizontal
+
+275
+00:23:07,310 --> 00:23:10,290
+decentration إيش يعني horizontal decentration يعني
+
+276
+00:23:10,290 --> 00:23:13,650
+بده أحصل على base out ولا base in base out ولا
+
+277
+00:23:13,650 --> 00:23:21,620
+base in نشوف كيف بدنا بدون تعبئة و بدناThe circle
+
+278
+00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:24,780
+should be special like this This is a yellow
+
+279
+00:23:24,780 --> 00:23:29,720
+circle We put this prism in front of the eye The
+
+280
+00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:31,460
+center is supposed to come to the top of the pupil
+
+281
+00:23:31,460 --> 00:23:37,080
+exactly But if I move the center out a little bit
+
+282
+00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:39,460
+The pupil will come to the top of the part of the
+
+283
+00:23:39,460 --> 00:23:46,060
+lens that works as a prism once againعادة العدسة
+
+284
+00:23:46,060 --> 00:23:51,240
+بتكون في النص العدسة مفروض انها تكون بالنص نفرض
+
+285
+00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:57,180
+هذه العدسة قوتها plus 5 ديوبتر قوتها plus 5 ديوبتر
+
+286
+00:23:57,180 --> 00:24:01,240
+وانا عشان .. عشان اعالج ..
+
+287
+00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,000
+The esotropia, I said I want a base or a prism
+
+288
+00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,460
+Okay, this is the center of the lens This is the
+
+289
+00:24:09,460 --> 00:24:12,260
+center where I'm holding the printed or holding
+
+290
+00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:14,120
+the lens, the horizontal piece This is my
+
+291
+00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:17,500
+horizontal piece in the lens In the plus lens,
+
+292
+00:24:17,980 --> 00:24:20,920
+which is plus five This is my horizontal piece in
+
+293
+00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:23,540
+it And this is my vertical piece, not necessarily
+
+294
+00:24:23,540 --> 00:24:28,200
+When I point the lens from the middle vertically
+
+295
+00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:34,680
+It will look like this. The red part in the middle
+
+296
+00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:37,640
+and the edges will be precise. When I cut the
+
+297
+00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:41,780
+horizontal lensHow does it mean that I cut
+
+298
+00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:44,720
+horizontally? It means that I cut like this. It
+
+299
+00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:46,620
+means that I take a rectangular piece with this
+
+300
+00:24:46,620 --> 00:24:49,800
+shape. Also, it should be the lowest point with
+
+301
+00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:53,320
+the middle point. Why did I take this view and not
+
+302
+00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:56,520
+the other view? Because I want horizontal
+
+303
+00:24:56,520 --> 00:25:00,900
+decentration to take a base out or base in. But in
+
+304
+00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:05,660
+this example, I want a base out prism. Okay. This
+
+305
+00:25:05,660 --> 00:25:10,940
+is a pieceand stop the lens, then I put the lens
+
+306
+00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,740
+exactly on top of the eye, okay? I say if I move
+
+307
+00:25:14,740 --> 00:25:16,940
+the center, this is the center, I hold the lens
+
+308
+00:25:16,940 --> 00:25:20,480
+from the optical center of it, if I move it
+
+309
+00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:25,220
+inside, I will have a Bayesian effect, the pupil
+
+310
+00:25:25,220 --> 00:25:30,120
+of the eye will be on top of the eye, part of the
+
+311
+00:25:30,120 --> 00:25:34,340
+lens works as a base or in, this is not required
+
+312
+00:25:35,030 --> 00:25:38,110
+هدا عكس المطلوب، الآن أنا لو زحت ال .. ال center
+
+313
+00:25:38,110 --> 00:25:42,270
+لبرا، هاي ال optical center صار لبرا، أصبحت العين
+
+314
+00:25:42,270 --> 00:25:46,570
+بتبص من خلال جزء .. جزء العدسة اللي ال base بتاعه
+
+315
+00:25:46,570 --> 00:25:49,910
+لوين، بيشتغل كمنشور ال base بتاعه وين، out إذا
+
+316
+00:25:49,910 --> 00:25:55,470
+ضروري ال decentration in what direction should be
+
+317
+00:25:55,470 --> 00:26:00,190
+this done? In out direction, out decentration أول
+
+318
+00:26:00,190 --> 00:26:06,590
+جواب، أول جزء من الإجابةthat I want .. this is
+
+319
+00:26:06,590 --> 00:26:12,430
+number one in the answer out-de-centration ..de
+
+320
+00:26:12,430 --> 00:26:16,090
+-centration So,
+
+321
+00:26:18,930 --> 00:26:23,450
+the first point in the answer is out-de-centration
+
+322
+00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:27,590
+Okay,
+
+323
+00:26:27,750 --> 00:26:31,090
+the second thing is how many? Millet, two millet,
+
+324
+00:26:31,090 --> 00:26:39,290
+three millet, we sayThe prismatic effect is
+
+325
+00:26:39,290 --> 00:26:47,610
+equal
+
+326
+00:26:47,610 --> 00:26:54,930
+to H in D H
+
+327
+00:26:54,930 --> 00:26:57,050
+is the distance under the light that I don't know
+
+328
+00:26:57,050 --> 00:27:03,350
+I want a prismatic effect of 5 prism dioptersH is
+
+329
+00:27:03,350 --> 00:27:12,470
+unknown in the diopter of the lens 5 5
+
+330
+00:27:12,470 --> 00:27:16,350
+diopters, the lens on the left has 5 diopters and
+
+331
+00:27:16,350 --> 00:27:23,090
+I need 5 prism diopters So H is equal to 5 by 5
+
+332
+00:27:23,090 --> 00:27:44,500
+which is equal to 1 centimeterThe lens
+
+333
+00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:57,440
+before the left eye should be decentred
+
+334
+00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:07,740
+outward لبرا by one centimeter مسافة one
+
+335
+00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:11,380
+centimeter هذه إجابة نموذجية و متكاملة ساعتها
+
+336
+00:28:11,380 --> 00:28:16,610
+الأشعة هناit will break the lens of the prism or
+
+337
+00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,470
+the lens that will work not only as a lens it will
+
+338
+00:28:19,470 --> 00:28:21,890
+work as a lens plus five diopters and at the same
+
+339
+00:28:21,890 --> 00:28:25,030
+time as a prism five prism diopters so it will
+
+340
+00:28:25,030 --> 00:28:27,210
+happen of course here I will not break the rays
+
+341
+00:28:27,210 --> 00:28:29,750
+that is to save time and the rays will be directed
+
+342
+00:28:29,750 --> 00:28:35,150
+that way and then break the lens or break the
+
+343
+00:28:35,150 --> 00:28:37,030
+prism towards the base so it will come to the
+
+344
+00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:40,210
+fovea so it became fovea with fovea corresponding
+
+345
+00:28:40,210 --> 00:28:44,650
+retinalpoints or on similar areas of the network,
+
+346
+00:28:45,090 --> 00:28:48,670
+so this is how the job was restored or those who
+
+347
+00:28:48,670 --> 00:28:53,810
+now work as a team We confirm again that the
+
+348
+00:28:53,810 --> 00:28:58,830
+decentration .. the decentration is not .. is not
+
+349
+00:28:58,830 --> 00:29:06,170
+to ..It means the aesthetic shape of the air. When
+
+350
+00:29:06,170 --> 00:29:09,070
+I do lens decentration, the air will remain
+
+351
+00:29:09,070 --> 00:29:12,470
+visible, but professionally, the two eyes will
+
+352
+00:29:12,470 --> 00:29:15,490
+return to their work as a team, and they will be
+
+353
+00:29:15,490 --> 00:29:19,110
+directed in space as if they are moderators,
+
+354
+00:29:19,530 --> 00:29:21,610
+aesthetically they don't look like moderators, but
+
+355
+00:29:21,610 --> 00:29:25,110
+as if they are moderators completely, as if they
+
+356
+00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:28,390
+are moderators completelySo this example will
+
+357
+00:29:28,390 --> 00:29:32,010
+follow examples in the 80s on the Moodle page
+
+358
+00:29:32,010 --> 00:29:35,570
+which is once for in and once for out, once for
+
+359
+00:29:35,570 --> 00:29:38,830
+vertical, once for up and once for down until it
+
+360
+00:29:38,830 --> 00:29:41,990
+is trained on it and once combined or compound
+
+361
+00:29:41,990 --> 00:29:45,750
+decentration out and up or out and down for the
+
+362
+00:29:45,750 --> 00:29:51,690
+center of the person Okay, now I'm the lens It
+
+363
+00:29:51,690 --> 00:29:54,830
+does not have decentration I went I want to work
+
+364
+00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:59,290
+in itdecentration, we finished the example that we
+
+365
+00:29:59,290 --> 00:30:06,750
+made, now I want to make a decentration in it this
+
+366
+00:30:06,750 --> 00:30:08,830
+is how I made the decentration, where is the
+
+367
+00:30:08,830 --> 00:30:11,910
+center? of course the eye should be in the middle
+
+368
+00:30:11,910 --> 00:30:14,950
+of the frame the person is looking and wearing his
+
+369
+00:30:14,950 --> 00:30:16,850
+glasses from the middle of the frame this is how
+
+370
+00:30:16,850 --> 00:30:22,320
+the center became decentered out and upFor example
+
+371
+00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,040
+out, for example eight millimeters, up four
+
+372
+00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:27,620
+millimeters, as much as we want, we do the
+
+373
+00:30:27,620 --> 00:30:34,010
+decentration Okay, now this glassesThe patient
+
+374
+00:30:34,010 --> 00:30:36,150
+came to me, he had decentration done to him, it
+
+375
+00:30:36,150 --> 00:30:37,890
+was the first time I saw the patient, the first
+
+376
+00:30:37,890 --> 00:30:41,330
+time, and he told me that my glasses work like
+
+377
+00:30:41,330 --> 00:30:45,430
+glasses and in the same way as a prism, look at
+
+378
+00:30:45,430 --> 00:30:50,110
+how strong the glasses are on the lensmeter, and
+
+379
+00:30:50,110 --> 00:30:55,030
+look at how strong the prism iswhich occurs in
+
+380
+00:30:55,030 --> 00:30:57,490
+this glasses or the prismatic effect of this
+
+381
+00:30:57,490 --> 00:31:00,450
+glasses as a result of removing the center of it
+
+382
+00:31:00,450 --> 00:31:03,750
+what do we do? of course we read the prismatic
+
+383
+00:31:03,750 --> 00:31:06,910
+force in the center of the frame in the center of
+
+384
+00:31:06,910 --> 00:31:10,170
+the frame exactly we read the prismatic force I
+
+385
+00:31:10,170 --> 00:31:12,810
+don't go and look for the optical center of the
+
+386
+00:31:12,810 --> 00:31:16,970
+lens, no I and the patient look straight ahead, I
+
+387
+00:31:16,970 --> 00:31:21,540
+get a markerجلم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جلم لباد
+
+388
+00:31:21,540 --> 00:31:21,580
+او شيء من هذا القبيل جلم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل
+
+389
+00:31:21,580 --> 00:31:28,180
+جلم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم
+
+390
+00:31:28,180 --> 00:31:31,080
+لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا
+
+391
+00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:32,720
+القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او
+
+392
+00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:34,260
+شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل
+
+393
+00:31:34,260 --> 00:31:38,820
+جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من
+
+394
+00:31:38,820 --> 00:31:39,740
+هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد
+
+395
+00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:41,490
+جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرمIn the left lens
+
+396
+00:31:41,490 --> 00:31:44,570
+there is a Decentration And it is required of the
+
+397
+00:31:44,570 --> 00:31:47,230
+specialist to determine the value of the prism
+
+398
+00:31:47,230 --> 00:31:50,210
+resulting from the Decentration That makes the
+
+399
+00:31:50,210 --> 00:31:55,210
+patient look straight ahead Looking straight ahead
+
+400
+00:31:55,210 --> 00:31:58,650
+to a specific target And it teaches about the top
+
+401
+00:31:58,650 --> 00:32:01,610
+of the nose exactly That is, about the top of the
+
+402
+00:32:01,610 --> 00:32:04,310
+visual axis From the area that the pupil looks at
+
+403
+00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:07,470
+Here it will be achieved .. It will be achieved ..
+
+404
+00:32:07,470 --> 00:32:12,540
+Which is ..The power of the lens and also the
+
+405
+00:32:12,540 --> 00:32:14,780
+power of the prism, also the power of the prism
+
+406
+00:32:14,780 --> 00:32:21,160
+before of course when we bring the lens, we teach
+
+407
+00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:23,820
+it to the patient's eyes, then we bring it to the
+
+408
+00:32:23,820 --> 00:32:26,940
+lensmeter, which can measure the power of the lens
+
+409
+00:32:26,940 --> 00:32:29,520
+as a lens and the power of the prism in the point
+
+410
+00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:32,280
+that the person looks through it, not in the
+
+411
+00:32:32,280 --> 00:32:35,100
+optical center, because in the optical center, if
+
+412
+00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:41,140
+I put the glasses so thaton the lensmeter so that
+
+413
+00:32:41,140 --> 00:32:46,080
+the measurement of the lensmeter from the point of
+
+414
+00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,640
+the descent to the optical center will give me
+
+415
+00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:52,000
+zero prism there is no prismatic effect at this
+
+416
+00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:55,860
+point in another senseلو أنا جبت ال lens meter و
+
+417
+00:32:55,860 --> 00:32:56,760
+جيت أجيس هنا لو أنا جبت ال lens meter و جيت أجيس
+
+418
+00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:00,640
+هنا هيكون ال prismatic effect صفر ليش؟ لأنه هذا ال
+
+419
+00:33:00,640 --> 00:33:02,900
+optical center و معروف أنه ال optical center
+
+420
+00:33:02,900 --> 00:33:07,000
+العدسة في ال optical center بتاعها لاتستطيع أن
+
+421
+00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:11,700
+تشتغل كأو تعمل أو تقوم مقام أي prism كان لأنه
+
+422
+00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:16,220
+قوتها المنشورية هنا صفر قوتها المنشورية هنا صفر
+
+423
+00:33:16,220 --> 00:33:21,880
+قبنة توقف عند هذا النقطة و يعطيكم العافية و طبعا ه
+
+424
+00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:27,550
+..تم تنزيل عدد التمرين بالنسبة لـ Lens
+
+425
+00:33:27,550 --> 00:33:33,210
+Decentration في فقرة أو في خانة التمرين على صفحة
+
+426
+00:33:33,210 --> 00:33:35,950
+الموديل ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+427
+00:33:35,950 --> 00:33:37,130
+وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/0Ca8cjsIysc_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
+1
+00:00:01,570 --> 00:00:06,430
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم فينا مسألة اليوم برضه على
+
+2
+00:00:06,430 --> 00:00:12,350
+ال virtual object And we have a body that is one
+
+3
+00:00:12,350 --> 00:00:15,270
+meter away from the first lens. The force of the
+
+4
+00:00:15,270 --> 00:00:18,110
+first lens is plus three diopters. The distance
+
+5
+00:00:18,110 --> 00:00:20,270
+between the first and second lens is twenty-five
+
+6
+00:00:20,270 --> 00:00:23,130
+centimeters. The force of the second lens is plus
+
+7
+00:00:23,130 --> 00:00:24,830
+one diopters. The required distance between the
+
+8
+00:00:24,830 --> 00:00:28,450
+final image is the total transphase magnification.
+
+9
+00:00:28,710 --> 00:00:31,930
+The first rule is that we deal with each lens one
+
+10
+00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:32,210
+by one.
+
+11
+00:00:35,320 --> 00:00:38,580
+We will separate the two lenses between the two
+
+12
+00:00:38,580 --> 00:00:46,820
+lenses To make it possible to deal with each lens
+
+13
+00:00:46,820 --> 00:00:52,220
+one by one And we will try to delete the second
+
+14
+00:00:52,220 --> 00:00:59,820
+lens Temporarily
+
+15
+00:00:59,820 --> 00:01:00,480
+as if
+
+16
+00:01:11,010 --> 00:01:20,250
+so that we can deal with each lens one by one here
+
+17
+00:01:20,250 --> 00:01:23,990
+I have a list of examples we solve it and then we
+
+18
+00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:29,730
+see how the situation is for us now I have a body
+
+19
+00:01:29,730 --> 00:01:32,190
+with a distance of one meter, the lens plus three
+
+20
+00:01:32,190 --> 00:01:40,030
+diopters so we have a lenssorry, a body 1 meter
+
+21
+00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:50,130
+away from the lens, let's see the first picture U
+
+22
+00:01:50,130 --> 00:01:56,310
+is equal to negative N divided by O and
+
+23
+00:01:56,310 --> 00:01:58,710
+it is equal to negative, of course, because the
+
+24
+00:01:58,710 --> 00:02:02,070
+rays are divergent from the real body negative 1
+
+25
+00:02:02,070 --> 00:02:05,170
+divided by O is equal to 1 meter and it is equal
+
+26
+00:02:05,170 --> 00:02:10,370
+to negative 1 diopterminus one diopter, quickly I
+
+27
+00:02:10,370 --> 00:02:15,470
+go and put on the front of the lens minus one
+
+28
+00:02:15,470 --> 00:02:19,210
+diopter because the rays will reach the body with
+
+29
+00:02:19,210 --> 00:02:24,660
+a fluctuation of one diopterThe lens will emit 1
+
+30
+00:02:24,660 --> 00:02:28,480
+diopter to cancel the oscillation Let's see what
+
+31
+00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:33,600
+will happen to the oscillation after it leaves the
+
+32
+00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:40,300
+lens u plus power equals v u minus one diopter
+
+33
+00:02:40,300 --> 00:02:50,100
+power three diopters equals v then v equals plus
+
+34
+00:02:50,100 --> 00:02:53,700
+two dioptersplus 2 diopter means that the rays
+
+35
+00:02:53,700 --> 00:02:57,240
+that will come out of the lens will be positive
+
+36
+00:02:57,240 --> 00:03:03,460
+virgins or collected in the amount of 2 diopter so
+
+37
+00:03:03,460 --> 00:03:08,100
+it will form a real image somewhere in the space
+
+38
+00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:12,580
+to know where it is we have to get the I we
+
+39
+00:03:12,580 --> 00:03:19,460
+continue here we say V is equal to unconditional
+
+40
+00:03:19,460 --> 00:03:20,200
+over I
+
+41
+00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:34,100
+So I is equal to V divided by 1
+
+42
+00:03:34,100 --> 00:03:40,380
+divided by V which is plus 2 diopter which is
+
+43
+00:03:40,380 --> 00:03:46,820
+equal to plus half and the diopter is one meter
+
+44
+00:03:46,820 --> 00:03:49,980
+minus one which is one meter
+
+45
+00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:59,140
+plus half a meter, plus half a meter, it is
+
+46
+00:03:59,140 --> 00:04:01,440
+necessary to calculate the distances correctly now
+
+47
+00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:04,340
+I want to move away a little bit and say here
+
+48
+00:04:04,340 --> 00:04:07,640
+about 25 centimeters which is a quarter of a
+
+49
+00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:09,460
+meter, here also 25 centimeters, which means that
+
+50
+00:04:09,460 --> 00:04:12,120
+the picture will be formed in this place in this
+
+51
+00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:16,880
+place, we will go and draw this picture in the
+
+52
+00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:20,580
+place that we pointed out to him and we will draw
+
+53
+00:04:20,580 --> 00:04:23,860
+it a little bit because after a while we will say
+
+54
+00:04:23,860 --> 00:04:24,280
+why
+
+55
+00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:45,890
+so this image is 50 cm away from the lens so from
+
+56
+00:04:45,890 --> 00:04:49,650
+the first lens to the second lens is 50 cm before
+
+57
+00:04:49,650 --> 00:04:52,150
+we show the second lens and deal with it we bring
+
+58
+00:04:52,150 --> 00:05:01,210
+the TM1 TM1 is equal to U over V is equal to U
+
+59
+00:05:01,210 --> 00:05:06,810
+minus one this is greater over V plus two this is
+
+60
+00:05:06,810 --> 00:05:15,860
+greater and is equal toof course x minus half, x
+
+61
+00:05:15,860 --> 00:05:17,680
+minus half and the denominator with the
+
+62
+00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:22,580
+denominator they say what does x minus half mean?
+
+63
+00:05:22,580 --> 00:05:27,300
+it means the picture is upside down and half of
+
+64
+00:05:27,300 --> 00:05:30,360
+the object is upside down
+
+65
+00:05:35,630 --> 00:05:38,690
+means that the height is half of the height of the
+
+66
+00:05:38,690 --> 00:05:41,950
+object and half of the height of the object and
+
+67
+00:05:41,950 --> 00:05:43,850
+half of the height of the object this is how we
+
+68
+00:05:43,850 --> 00:05:45,630
+finish the work with the first lens, we want to
+
+69
+00:05:45,630 --> 00:05:51,090
+say as follows now we want to remove the tools
+
+70
+00:05:51,090 --> 00:05:57,390
+that we covered in them we say as follows since
+
+71
+00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:03,980
+the first pictureاللي هنعتبرها جسم للعدسة التانية
+
+72
+00:06:03,980 --> 00:06:09,040
+تبعد خمسين صانطي عن العدسة الأولى اللى كونتها يعني
+
+73
+00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:12,440
+مسافة من هنا لهنا خمسين صانطي والمسافة بين
+
+74
+00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:16,940
+العدستين خمسة وعشرين صانطي اذا المسافة بين العدسة
+
+75
+00:06:16,940 --> 00:06:22,720
+التانية بين العدسة التانية والجسم بتاعها اللى هى
+
+76
+00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:26,600
+عيمينها جاى المرة هاى اللى هى ال virtual object
+
+77
+00:06:27,790 --> 00:06:34,570
+also 25, 25 and 25 means 50 cm this is the first
+
+78
+00:06:34,570 --> 00:06:36,890
+picture which is the body number 2, the body
+
+79
+00:06:36,890 --> 00:06:42,070
+number 2 I will draw me in two colors
+
+80
+00:06:57,220 --> 00:06:59,720
+I'm going to try it out. This is itself in two
+
+81
+00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:02,720
+colors. Why two colors? Because I'm going to say
+
+82
+00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:07,080
+something else. Colors help a lot in understanding
+
+83
+00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:13,820
+the topic.باللونين الأصفر و الأزرق كإني بقول طالما
+
+84
+00:07:13,820 --> 00:07:17,080
+اللون الأزرق موجود معناته هذا صورة بتاعة العدسة
+
+85
+00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:22,920
+الأولى الزرقى اللى ميعطينها اللون أزرق و في نفس
+
+86
+00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,860
+الوقت جسم للعدسة الصفر جسم للعدسة الصفر طيب الآن
+
+87
+00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:32,080
+هذه الصورة خلينا نحكي عنها كصورة كيف اتكونت بتجمع
+
+88
+00:07:32,080 --> 00:07:37,120
+الأشعة يعني الأشعة رايحة تتجمع عشان اتكونهاالأشيعة
+
+89
+00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:42,920
+رايحة تتجمع عشان تتكونها إذا الأشيعة و هي رايحة
+
+90
+00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:46,740
+تتكونهاit has been collected to form the first
+
+91
+00:07:46,740 --> 00:07:50,260
+image of the first lens which we will consider as
+
+92
+00:07:50,260 --> 00:07:53,180
+the body of the second lens but before it is
+
+93
+00:07:53,180 --> 00:07:56,120
+formed it will collide with the second lens which
+
+94
+00:07:56,120 --> 00:07:58,420
+is convergent and we said that light if it
+
+95
+00:07:58,420 --> 00:08:01,160
+collides with any lens in front of it means that
+
+96
+00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,280
+it is coming from a virtual object because the
+
+97
+00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:09,660
+real object must be a divergent light from it now
+
+98
+00:08:09,660 --> 00:08:13,130
+let's separate the second lensor sorry the first
+
+99
+00:08:13,130 --> 00:08:15,890
+lens from the second lens and we start to draw
+
+100
+00:08:15,890 --> 00:08:21,530
+with each other with the second lens we want to
+
+101
+00:08:21,530 --> 00:08:27,070
+hide it to help us please use a piece of A4 paper
+
+102
+00:08:27,070 --> 00:08:30,150
+so that we don't get confused between the lenses
+
+103
+00:08:30,150 --> 00:08:33,470
+this is my body on the right this time and we want
+
+104
+00:08:33,470 --> 00:08:38,090
+to draw in the way that we are used to we say you
+
+105
+00:08:39,980 --> 00:08:45,420
+تساوي زائد انعلاوة Why plus? Because the light is
+
+106
+00:08:45,420 --> 00:08:49,520
+convergent ويساوي
+
+107
+00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:55,280
+.. ويساوي
+
+108
+00:08:55,280 --> 00:09:01,420
+زائد واحد او خمسة وعشرين صنطي خمسة وعشرين صنطي
+
+109
+00:09:01,420 --> 00:09:02,400
+يعني ربع متر
+
+110
+00:09:09,260 --> 00:09:16,120
+one over a quarter of a meter one over a quarter
+
+111
+00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:23,200
+of a meter and
+
+112
+00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:30,300
+it equals plus four diopters plus four diopters
+
+113
+00:09:30,300 --> 00:09:35,320
+quickly I put on the front of the lens plus four
+
+114
+00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:40,650
+diopters which means that the lightthat the light
+
+115
+00:09:40,650 --> 00:09:44,310
+will collide with the front of the lens which is
+
+116
+00:09:44,310 --> 00:09:49,210
+composed of 4 diodes plus 4 diodes
+
+117
+00:10:01,150 --> 00:10:05,590
+ضوق وصل للسطح الأمام من العدسة الصفراء، متجمع
+
+118
+00:10:05,590 --> 00:10:09,010
+بمقدار أربعة ديوبتر، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع
+
+119
+00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:10,430
+بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و
+
+120
+00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:15,490
+أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها
+
+121
+00:10:15,490 --> 00:10:18,210
+لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع
+
+122
+00:10:18,210 --> 00:10:23,430
+بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و
+
+123
+00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:28,610
+أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أضU plus 4
+
+124
+00:10:28,610 --> 00:10:37,810
+diopter plus 1 diopter is equal to V so V is equal
+
+125
+00:10:37,810 --> 00:10:43,590
+to plus 5 diopter plus 5 diopter quickly, on the
+
+126
+00:10:43,590 --> 00:10:46,490
+front surface of the lens, sorry the back surface
+
+127
+00:10:46,490 --> 00:10:50,430
+plus 5 diopter, it's like I'm saying that the
+
+128
+00:10:50,430 --> 00:10:57,910
+lightentered with 4 diopters and came out with 5
+
+129
+00:10:57,910 --> 00:11:01,650
+diopters, which is more than the total because it
+
+130
+00:11:01,650 --> 00:11:04,850
+has been added to the power of the lens as long as
+
+131
+00:11:04,850 --> 00:11:07,830
+it is collected, it will form a real picture where
+
+132
+00:11:07,830 --> 00:11:15,750
+it happens v is equal to i is
+
+133
+00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:19,110
+equal to
+
+134
+00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:31,580
+ويساوي واحد على plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus اتنين
+
+135
+00:11:31,580 --> 00:11:38,160
+من عشرة متر اتنين من عشرة متر يعني عشرين سانت يعني
+
+136
+00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:43,100
+عشرين سانت الصورة النهائية الصورة النهائية هتكون
+
+137
+00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:50,830
+عشرين سانت اذا ملاحظينانا رسمتها باللون الأصفر
+
+138
+00:11:50,830 --> 00:11:55,970
+فقط، يعني صورة العدسة، صورة العدسة التانية، صورة
+
+139
+00:11:55,970 --> 00:12:01,650
+العدسة التانية هتكون على بعد عشرين سانتي من
+
+140
+00:12:01,650 --> 00:12:05,090
+العدسة، الجسم بتاع، بتاع العدسة التانية على بعد
+
+141
+00:12:05,090 --> 00:12:08,650
+خمسة وعشرين سانتي، و الصورة على بعد عشرين سانتي،
+
+142
+00:12:08,650 --> 00:12:11,930
+اذا الصورة أقرب من الجسم، التانين على اليمين،
+
+143
+00:12:11,930 --> 00:12:14,130
+التانين على اليمين، اذا الصورة على بعد
+
+144
+00:12:18,550 --> 00:12:22,350
+2 from 10 meters to the right, plus of course Ok,
+
+145
+00:12:22,450 --> 00:12:33,890
+let's get the TM2 TM2,
+
+146
+00:12:34,030 --> 00:12:42,370
+the magnification equals U over V equals U plus 4
+
+147
+00:12:42,370 --> 00:12:50,600
+diopters and V plus 5 dioptersSo, plus four is
+
+148
+00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:54,340
+better than plus five, which is better and is
+
+149
+00:12:54,340 --> 00:13:01,500
+equal to x plus eight
+
+150
+00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:06,240
+out of ten. What does x plus eight out of ten
+
+151
+00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:10,520
+mean? The picture is regular. Regular. What does
+
+152
+00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:14,580
+regular mean? Like its object.إذا هو تحت ال
+
+153
+00:13:14,580 --> 00:13:18,560
+optical axis، هي تحت ال optical axis، إذا هو فوق
+
+154
+00:13:18,560 --> 00:13:22,460
+ال optical axis، معناته هي فوق ال optical axis،
+
+155
+00:13:22,460 --> 00:13:28,320
+فبالتالي معتدلا، انشوف هذا الكلام، هاي الصورة، هاي
+
+156
+00:13:28,320 --> 00:13:35,350
+الصورةlike its object, which is drawn in two
+
+157
+00:13:35,350 --> 00:13:38,210
+colors, which is drawn in two colors and shorter
+
+158
+00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:41,210
+than it or eight-tenths of it, four-fifths of its
+
+159
+00:13:41,210 --> 00:13:43,790
+length, if it is ten centimeters, it is eight
+
+160
+00:13:43,790 --> 00:13:46,310
+centimeters, eight out of ten, look at the TM
+
+161
+00:13:46,310 --> 00:13:46,790
+total
+
+162
+00:14:16,980 --> 00:14:25,080
+It is equal to Tm1 times Tm2 minus half multiplied
+
+163
+00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:31,080
+by plus eight tenths
+
+164
+00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:37,020
+It is equal to x minus minus multiplied by plus
+
+165
+00:14:37,020 --> 00:14:39,120
+multiplied by minus and half multiplied by eight
+
+166
+00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:43,320
+tenths gives me four tenths So the final
+
+167
+00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:54,270
+multiplicationThe final exponent is x
+
+168
+00:14:54,270 --> 00:14:57,230
+minus four out of ten. Why x minus four out of
+
+169
+00:14:57,230 --> 00:15:01,110
+ten? Because this doesn't have a need. And this
+
+170
+00:15:01,110 --> 00:15:04,670
+doesn't have a need. Now I have completed the
+
+171
+00:15:04,670 --> 00:15:06,930
+problem. This is the first picture, which is the
+
+172
+00:15:06,930 --> 00:15:07,130
+dimensions.
+
+173
+00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:12,920
+virtual object for the second lens which is the
+
+174
+00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:14,300
+final image
+
+175
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:22,640
+So, the final magnification, which is the last
+
+176
+00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:25,700
+image, is inverted for the original body, and four
+
+177
+00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:28,780
+tenths. So, if it is ten centimeters high, it will
+
+178
+00:15:28,780 --> 00:15:33,420
+be four centimeters high. Four centimeters high.
+
+179
+00:15:34,420 --> 00:15:40,180
+So, this issue should be clear to me. Some
+
+180
+00:15:40,180 --> 00:15:43,700
+questions may arise, especially in exams. For
+
+181
+00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:46,570
+example, the distance between the original bodyعن
+
+182
+00:15:46,570 --> 00:15:49,510
+الصورة النهائية The distance between the original
+
+183
+00:15:49,510 --> 00:15:51,690
+body and the final image. We need to calculate
+
+184
+00:15:51,690 --> 00:15:55,250
+meter and twenty-five centimeters. This is one
+
+185
+00:15:55,250 --> 00:15:57,310
+meter and twenty-five centimeters. And the
+
+186
+00:15:57,310 --> 00:15:59,650
+distance here is twenty centimeters. Two out of
+
+187
+00:15:59,650 --> 00:16:02,850
+ten meters. This twenty-five centimeters is the
+
+188
+00:16:02,850 --> 00:16:03,330
+distance
+
+189
+00:16:13,110 --> 00:16:16,390
+between the body of the second lens and the second
+
+190
+00:16:16,390 --> 00:16:19,530
+lens while the final image is away from the
+
+191
+00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:22,770
+original body the following distances one meter we
+
+192
+00:16:22,770 --> 00:16:25,870
+add twenty-five centimeters and we add twenty
+
+193
+00:16:25,870 --> 00:16:28,310
+centimeters twenty-five and twenty means forty
+
+194
+00:16:28,310 --> 00:16:30,270
+-five centimeters so one meter and forty-five
+
+195
+00:16:30,270 --> 00:16:33,810
+centimeters one meter and forty-five centimeters
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3T7cFI_LiH4.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1981 @@
+1
+00:00:01,620 --> 00:00:06,240
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، توقفنا في محادرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:10,720
+Geometric Optics المرة الماضية عند موضوع
+
+3
+00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:13,960
+الrefraction،
+
+4
+00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:17,240
+أنه لما الضوء بينتقل من medium of lower refractive
+
+5
+00:00:17,240 --> 00:00:21,140
+index to a medium of higher refractive index،
+
+6
+00:00:21,140 --> 00:00:25,560
+الشعاع المنكسر Bends، بينثني أو بيروح، بغير طريقه
+
+7
+00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:30,100
+باتجاه ال surface normal، بينما لما ينتقل الضوء
+
+8
+00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,520
+from higher refractive index to lower refractive
+
+9
+00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:37,820
+index, it bends away from the service norm. To
+
+10
+00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:41,200
+think about this topic and to prove it, let's go
+
+11
+00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:45,440
+back and see the simulation of the bending of
+
+12
+00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:50,900
+light. We say that the light moves from the lower
+
+13
+00:00:50,900 --> 00:00:55,460
+refractive index medium to the higher refractive
+
+14
+00:00:55,460 --> 00:00:57,240
+index medium, that is, from a substance less than
+
+15
+00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,170
+the refractive index to a higher substance in the
+
+16
+00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:03,190
+process of oxidation. We will see if the refracted
+
+17
+00:01:03,190 --> 00:01:05,530
+light will approach or move away from the service
+
+18
+00:01:05,530 --> 00:01:07,830
+normal. This is the service normal I have drawn.
+
+19
+00:01:08,910 --> 00:01:10,830
+Now the light moves from the middle of the lowest
+
+20
+00:01:10,830 --> 00:01:13,330
+density or lowest in the refractive index which is
+
+21
+00:01:13,330 --> 00:01:16,570
+1 to the middle of the highest density or highest
+
+22
+00:01:16,570 --> 00:01:19,390
+in the refractive index which is 1 and a half. You
+
+23
+00:01:19,390 --> 00:01:22,030
+see what will happen to the light. It is clear
+
+24
+00:01:22,030 --> 00:01:26,610
+that the light fell at a falling angle of 45
+
+25
+00:01:26,610 --> 00:01:30,750
+degrees. Okay, the broken radio wave approached
+
+26
+00:01:30,750 --> 00:01:33,430
+with the proof that the breaking angle or the
+
+27
+00:01:33,430 --> 00:01:38,390
+transmission angle is 28.110 degrees. Okay, if we
+
+28
+00:01:38,390 --> 00:01:41,450
+wanted to make sure of another falling angle. We
+
+29
+00:01:41,450 --> 00:01:45,930
+say this is the falling angle for example 35.7 out
+
+30
+00:01:45,930 --> 00:01:48,910
+of 10. The reduction angle is less than 22, which
+
+31
+00:01:48,910 --> 00:01:51,510
+means that the current of the refracted light or
+
+32
+00:01:51,510 --> 00:01:54,370
+the transmitted light approaches. So when we
+
+33
+00:01:54,370 --> 00:01:57,370
+transfer light from a medium less than the
+
+34
+00:01:57,370 --> 00:02:00,230
+density, pardon me, less than the density or less
+
+35
+00:02:00,230 --> 00:02:03,310
+than the refractive index to a medium higher than
+
+36
+00:02:03,310 --> 00:02:05,850
+the density or higher than the refractive index,
+
+37
+00:02:06,370 --> 00:02:11,290
+the transmitted light binds to where the surface
+
+38
+00:02:11,290 --> 00:02:15,480
+is normal, to where the surface is normal. الان
+
+39
+00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:22,000
+بدنا نعكس الآية و نقول الضوء
+
+40
+00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:26,620
+هينتقل من وسط أعلى في ال refractive index أو أعلى
+
+41
+00:02:26,620 --> 00:02:32,040
+كثافة لوسط أقل كثافة هي سقط بزاوية سقوط خمسة و
+
+42
+00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:36,380
+تلاتين وسبعة من عشرة. زاوية الانكسار واحد وستين
+
+43
+00:02:36,380 --> 00:02:40,640
+degree يعني ابتعد أكتر عن ال service normal. طيب لو
+
+44
+00:02:40,640 --> 00:02:47,590
+غيرنا زاوية السقوط كبرناها 39.4 out of 10, here it
+
+45
+00:02:47,590 --> 00:02:51,430
+became 72.3 out of 10. So, what governs these two
+
+46
+00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:55,790
+angles? The law of contraction, Ni sine theta I
+
+47
+00:02:55,790 --> 00:03:00,630
+into Nt sine theta T. That is, Ni, which is the
+
+48
+00:03:00,630 --> 00:03:03,830
+refractive index of the substance from which the
+
+49
+00:03:03,830 --> 00:03:06,110
+light fell. In this case, the glass is 1.5.
+
+50
+00:03:06,570 --> 00:03:10,950
+Multiplied by J of the angle of fall is equal to
+
+51
+00:03:10,950 --> 00:03:13,130
+the refractive index of the substance from which
+
+52
+00:03:13,130 --> 00:03:15,920
+the light fell. It is written in J for the angle of
+
+53
+00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:18,960
+deflection or J for the angle of passage. This is
+
+54
+00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:22,560
+the Snell's law or the law of deflection. So when
+
+55
+00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:24,100
+the light moves from the middle of the highest
+
+56
+00:03:24,100 --> 00:03:27,080
+density or the highest in the refractive index to
+
+57
+00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:29,120
+the middle of the lowest density or the lowest in
+
+58
+00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:31,680
+the refractive index from the highest to the
+
+59
+00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:35,160
+lowest, the radiation goes away from the service
+
+60
+00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:37,760
+normal. Well, from the lowest to the highest, the
+
+61
+00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:40,860
+opposite happens. If we imagine that from the
+
+62
+00:03:40,860 --> 00:03:42,460
+lowest to the highest
+
+63
+00:03:46,110 --> 00:03:48,590
+It is close to the service normal. When the light
+
+64
+00:03:48,590 --> 00:03:50,710
+moves from the middle of the lowest density or
+
+65
+00:03:50,710 --> 00:03:53,590
+lowest in the refractive index to the highest
+
+66
+00:03:53,590 --> 00:03:56,490
+middle in the refractive index. It is close to the
+
+67
+00:03:56,490 --> 00:03:59,050
+refracted light from the service normal. It is
+
+68
+00:03:59,050 --> 00:04:03,050
+close to the service normal. And this is a fixed
+
+69
+00:04:03,050 --> 00:04:10,550
+thing and known in the subject of refraction. Okay,
+
+70
+00:04:10,610 --> 00:04:14,530
+if the light falls vertically. If the light falls
+
+71
+00:04:14,530 --> 00:04:18,050
+vertically, normal incidence, يعني السقوط العمودي
+
+72
+00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:21,930
+occurs when light ray is perpendicular to the
+
+73
+00:04:21,930 --> 00:04:25,450
+optical interface, in other words, the surface
+
+74
+00:04:25,450 --> 00:04:30,010
+normal coincides with the ray.  اش يعني لما بيكون
+
+75
+00:04:30,010 --> 00:04:35,790
+عندى ال ray الساقط و ال surface normal coincidence
+
+76
+00:04:35,790 --> 00:04:41,830
+يعني ايش coincidence؟ يعني زاوية السقوط صفر. زاوية
+
+77
+00:04:41,830 --> 00:04:48,220
+السقوط صفر. احنا عرفنا زاوية السقوط because the
+
+78
+00:04:48,220 --> 00:04:53,960
+angle between incident ray
+
+79
+00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:57,020
+and service normal is zero, so the angle between
+
+80
+00:04:57,020 --> 00:04:57,500
+them is zero.
+
+81
+00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:05,910
+عمودي لو بدها تنعكس طالما زاوية السقوط صفر، إذا
+
+82
+00:05:05,910 --> 00:05:10,610
+زاوية الانعكاس ال reflection angle صفر ليه؟ لأنه
+
+83
+00:05:10,610 --> 00:05:15,830
+في قانون الانعكاس. مش الانقسام، زاوية السقوط تساوي
+
+84
+00:05:15,830 --> 00:05:20,720
+زاوية الانعكاس. It will also be the angle of passage
+
+85
+00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:23,500
+of the transmission angles. So, the part that is
+
+86
+00:05:23,500 --> 00:05:26,340
+reflected will be reflected along the line of
+
+87
+00:05:26,340 --> 00:05:28,600
+descent, that is, it will not change the path, but
+
+88
+00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:30,920
+it will just collide with the surface separated
+
+89
+00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:34,240
+between the two materials and will be reflected 90
+
+90
+00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:36,640
+degrees from the surface, that is, along the
+
+91
+00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:39,020
+surface normally. Okay, and the part that will
+
+92
+00:05:39,020 --> 00:05:41,380
+pass will also pass without changing its path.
+
+93
+00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:44,780
+Okay, what happens? What happens is that the speed
+
+94
+00:05:44,780 --> 00:05:48,490
+changes only, the speed changes only. فحالة السقوط
+
+95
+00:05:48,490 --> 00:05:52,710
+العمودي، إذا كان هناك انعكاس، حيكون انعكاس عمودي
+
+96
+00:05:52,710 --> 00:05:55,990
+على السطح، يعني منطبق على الشعاع، الشعاع اللي سقط
+
+97
+00:05:55,990 --> 00:05:59,670
+و ال service normal و الشعاع اللي انعكس، كله منطبق
+
+98
+00:05:59,670 --> 00:06:03,310
+على بعضه، طيب، لو في عندي سقوط عمودي و مرت بعد
+
+99
+00:06:03,310 --> 00:06:06,350
+الأشعة، أيضا هتمر بشكل عمودي على السطح، يعني
+
+100
+00:06:06,350 --> 00:06:10,090
+بتضلها بدون ما تغير طريقها straight ahead،
+
+101
+00:06:10,090 --> 00:06:14,190
+straight ahead بمعنى طريقها دُغري بدون لأ تروح
+
+102
+00:06:14,190 --> 00:06:17,700
+شمال ولا يمينفبالتالي هذا هو ال normal incidence
+
+103
+00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:21,460
+ال normal incidence, إذا normal incidence occurs
+
+104
+00:06:21,460 --> 00:06:25,080
+when light ray is perpendicular to the optical
+
+105
+00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:30,060
+interface. بكلمات أخرى the surface normal coincides
+
+106
+00:06:30,060 --> 00:06:33,120
+with the ray, بمعنى ال surface normal اللي هو
+
+107
+00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:37,380
+العمود اللي مقام على السطح و الشعاع الساقط بنطبق
+
+108
+00:06:37,380 --> 00:06:41,940
+على بعض من البعض بمعنى زاوية السقوط تساوي صفر, if
+
+109
+00:06:41,940 --> 00:06:46,100
+the interface is refracting surface, The optical
+
+110
+00:06:46,100 --> 00:06:51,140
+interface is refracting 
+
+111
+00:06:51,140 --> 00:06:55,220
+service. The ray is undeviated.
+
+112
+00:07:00,020 --> 00:07:03,820
+Light changes speed as it crosses the interface,
+
+113
+00:07:04,260 --> 00:07:06,060
+but does not change direction.
+
+114
+00:07:12,770 --> 00:07:14,710
+If it was going to the middle, less in density,
+
+115
+00:07:14,850 --> 00:07:17,630
+the light would be faster. But it does not change
+
+116
+00:07:17,630 --> 00:07:20,130
+in direction. And that's why if we want to define
+
+117
+00:07:20,130 --> 00:07:23,930
+refraction, what exactly is it? It is the change
+
+118
+00:07:23,930 --> 00:07:26,630
+in the speed of light when it moves from one
+
+119
+00:07:26,630 --> 00:07:30,750
+center to another. It may change in direction and
+
+120
+00:07:30,750 --> 00:07:34,570
+may not change in direction. When does it not
+
+121
+00:07:34,570 --> 00:07:38,080
+change in direction? When the fall is vertical. As
+
+122
+00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:42,220
+we see in this simulation, when the drop is
+
+123
+00:07:42,220 --> 00:07:43,920
+vertical, the direction does not change, it does
+
+124
+00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:46,240
+not change direction. When the drop is not
+
+125
+00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:48,440
+vertical, it changes with the direction, it
+
+126
+00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:52,400
+changes. Here the angle is 11.4 degrees and here
+
+127
+00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:55,760
+the angle is 7.6 degrees. If the direction does
+
+128
+00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:57,740
+not change, the angle should be equal to this
+
+129
+00:07:57,740 --> 00:08:00,680
+angle. So, it is very important to understand this.
+
+130
+00:08:02,740 --> 00:08:05,320
+It is necessary to know that when I have a
+
+131
+00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:10,180
+vertical fall, the vertical fall does not change
+
+132
+00:08:10,180 --> 00:08:12,120
+the direction but changes the speed, while a
+
+133
+00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:15,540
+vertical fall does not change the direction, it
+
+134
+00:08:15,540 --> 00:08:18,000
+means that the angle of the fall and the angle of
+
+135
+00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:21,300
+the break or transition are not equal to each
+
+136
+00:08:25,270 --> 00:08:28,190
+طب في حالة الانعكاس. if the surface reflects
+
+137
+00:08:28,190 --> 00:08:32,250
+specularly, إذا في عندي انعكاس منتظم. rays and
+
+138
+00:08:32,250 --> 00:08:35,670
+pencils of light will be reflected back along 90
+
+139
+00:08:35,670 --> 00:08:39,910
+degree angle to the surface, يعني الجزء اللي هينعكس
+
+140
+00:08:39,910 --> 00:08:44,490
+.. الجزء اللي هينعكس هينعكس ب .. ب .. بزاوية 90
+
+141
+00:08:44,490 --> 00:08:47,830
+degree مع السطح, يعني هينعكس على نفس الخط اللي إجا
+
+142
+00:08:47,830 --> 00:08:53,070
+منه على نفس الخط اللي إجا منه. الآن بننتقل لموضوع
+
+143
+00:08:53,070 --> 00:08:57,780
+مهم جدا, اسمه Total Internal Reflection. Total
+
+144
+00:08:57,780 --> 00:09:03,160
+Internal Reflection, أو الإنعكاس الداخلي الكليه. 
+
+145
+00:09:03,160 --> 00:09:08,600
+داخلي, Internal, يعني الضوء بيرجع للمادة اللي إيجا
+
+146
+00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:12,660
+منها كان عايز انتقل لمادة تانية, لوسط بصري تاني
+
+147
+00:09:12,660 --> 00:09:16,740
+ولكن بيصيرله Total Internal Reflection, يعني إنعكاس
+
+148
+00:09:16,740 --> 00:09:21,640
+داخلي كله. Total Internal Reflection occurs When
+
+149
+00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:25,560
+light travels from high-index medium to low-index
+
+150
+00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:25,920
+medium.
+
+151
+00:09:37,140 --> 00:09:39,300
+and we agreed that the word higher in density
+
+152
+00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:42,360
+means higher in refractive index and less in
+
+153
+00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:45,300
+density means less in refractive index, it does not
+
+154
+00:09:45,300 --> 00:09:48,200
+happen when the light moves from less middle to
+
+155
+00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:51,760
+higher middle. But this phenomenon happens which is
+
+156
+00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:55,100
+the total internal reflection when the light moves
+
+157
+00:09:55,100 --> 00:10:00,280
+from higher middle to less middle, and the angle of
+
+158
+00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:04,820
+incidence exceeds certain critical angle. عشان نفهم
+
+159
+00:10:04,820 --> 00:10:08,300
+هذه القضية بنستعين مرة تانية بال simulation. احنا
+
+160
+00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:12,000
+الضوء بدنا ننجله من وسط أعلى في الكثافة زي ال
+
+161
+00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:19,100
+glass مثلا لوسط أقل في الكثافة زي الهواء. الآن عندي
+
+162
+00:10:19,100 --> 00:10:23,220
+سقوط عمودي. سقوط عمودي الضوء بده يتحرك من الجزاز
+
+163
+00:10:23,220 --> 00:10:28,040
+هذا. الجزاز وهذا الهواء. الآن الضوء بده يتحرك Falling
+
+164
+00:10:28,040 --> 00:10:30,040
+vertically, then the angle of fall is zero, it
+
+165
+00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:33,120
+will not change its direction, but when it reaches
+
+166
+00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:36,540
+this point that I am pointing at, and enters the
+
+167
+00:10:36,540 --> 00:10:39,280
+air, coming out of the glass, means it enters the
+
+168
+00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:41,240
+air, moves to a medium less in the distance, the
+
+169
+00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:43,820
+speed will change, its speed will increase because
+
+170
+00:10:43,820 --> 00:10:45,880
+the light in the air is faster than in the glass.
+
+171
+00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:49,140
+Okay, now if we say we want to make a certain
+
+172
+00:10:49,140 --> 00:10:53,690
+angle of fall, notice that my falling angle is 4.9
+
+173
+00:10:53,690 --> 00:10:56,750
+degrees according to the law of contraction, the
+
+174
+00:10:56,750 --> 00:10:59,030
+angle of contraction is 7.3 degrees, the angle of
+
+175
+00:10:59,030 --> 00:11:04,830
+contraction is greater than the refracted
+
+176
+00:11:04,830 --> 00:11:08,130
+ray or transmitted ray away from the normal
+
+177
+00:11:08,130 --> 00:11:10,570
+surface. If we increase the angle of contraction a
+
+178
+00:11:10,570 --> 00:11:15,270
+little bit, it will make it about 19.7 degrees. The
+
+179
+00:11:15,270 --> 00:11:17,770
+angle of contraction has become, or the passage
+
+180
+00:11:17,770 --> 00:11:20,790
+angle is 34, which means it increases. The larger
+
+181
+00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:25,330
+the angle of fall, the greater the angle of
+
+182
+00:11:25,330 --> 00:11:28,330
+deflection. The greater the angle of deflection,
+
+183
+00:11:28,370 --> 00:11:33,450
+which is here I have 32 and 10, here 48 and 19. We
+
+184
+00:11:33,450 --> 00:11:38,550
+also want to increase and see what happens. I have
+
+185
+00:11:38,550 --> 00:11:40,450
+an increase in falling, it increased, it became 39
+
+186
+00:11:40,450 --> 00:11:44,370
+.8, the decrease increased much more, it became
+
+187
+00:11:44,370 --> 00:11:48,030
+73, so because of the drop from the middle to the
+
+188
+00:11:48,030 --> 00:11:50,430
+top in density, to the middle to the bottom in
+
+189
+00:11:50,430 --> 00:11:54,390
+density, the increase in decreasing or the
+
+190
+00:11:54,390 --> 00:11:56,810
+increase in passing theta T becomes greater than
+
+191
+00:11:56,810 --> 00:12:
+
+223
+00:14:29,030 --> 00:14:31,530
+light moves from a medium higher in density to a 
+
+224
+00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:36,420
+medium lower in density, طبعاً بيبتعد الشعاع 
+
+225
+00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:40,960
+المنكسر عن ال service normal لغاية ما يحدث عندى 
+
+226
+00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:46,580
+انه تزيد زاوية السقوط لحد معين و هذا الحد المعين 
+
+227
+00:14:46,580 --> 00:14:51,000
+يصل لـ critical angle. Under these circumstances, 
+
+228
+00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:55,420
+the incident ray does not pass through the 
+
+229
+00:14:55,420 --> 00:14:59,280
+interface or light is reflected back into the high 
+
+230
+00:14:59,280 --> 00:15:02,820
+-index medium. Let's go back and say that if we 
+
+231
+00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:04,700
+increase the critical angle, 
+
+232
+00:15:07,780 --> 00:15:13,500
+all the light will reflect the same material that 
+
+233
+00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:17,740
+came from it. Of course, the law of reflection 
+
+234
+00:15:17,740 --> 00:15:20,560
+governs its direction. θI is equal to θR. There 
+
+235
+00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:25,900
+are no rays passing through. So, when we reach the 
+
+236
+00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:29,580
+point where the light falls, In the case of light 
+
+237
+00:15:29,580 --> 00:15:32,020
+falling from a substance higher in density or 
+
+238
+00:15:32,020 --> 00:15:34,640
+higher in the refractive index to a substance 
+
+239
+00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:37,580
+lower in density or lower in the refractive index, 
+
+240
+00:15:37,940 --> 00:15:40,760
+first of all, the refracted radiation moves away 
+
+241
+00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:44,200
+from the service norm, that is, the angle of 
+
+242
+00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:45,880
+contraction or θT 
+
+243
+00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:55,680
+always theta T theta T which is the angle of 
+
+244
+00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:59,340
+incidence greater than theta I if the light moves 
+
+245
+00:15:59,340 --> 00:16:02,240
+from the upper middle to the lower middle we 
+
+246
+00:16:02,240 --> 00:16:04,800
+magnify we magnify we magnify and it grows more 
+
+247
+00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:07,740
+theta T we will follow with this and I will move 
+
+248
+00:16:07,740 --> 00:16:11,000
+we will follow with this angle until we reach 
+
+249
+00:16:21,940 --> 00:16:23,620
+This is the critical angle.
+
+250
+00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:32,540
+The critical angle is the angle of fall that makes 
+
+251
+00:16:32,540 --> 00:16:35,220
+the angle of deflection 90 degrees. Of course,
+
+252
+00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:38,180
+here it is not 90 degrees. We can't get after 90 
+
+253
+00:16:38,180 --> 00:16:40,420
+exactly, but we can imagine that the beam is 
+
+254
+00:16:40,420 --> 00:16:45,160
+running on the optical interface between the two 
+
+255
+00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:51,720
+mediums. ساعاتها لما يحدث هذا ويصبح الشعاع المنكسر 
+
+256
+00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:55,820
+اللي أنا بأشر عليه يجري على السطح الفاصل ساعتها 
+
+257
+00:16:55,820 --> 00:16:59,900
+بسمي زاوية السقوط critical angle critical angle 
+
+258
+00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:04,880
+السؤال يا ترى بقدر أحدد قيمة ال critical angle 
+
+259
+00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:09,640
+للمواد المختلفة؟ بنقول نعم إذا the law of 
+
+260
+00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:12,480
+reflection governs the direction of the reflected 
+
+261
+00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:15,430
+ray The following figure shows a light ray 
+
+262
+00:17:15,430 --> 00:17:21,090
+traveling from a high-index medium into 
+
+263
+00:17:21,090 --> 00:17:24,530
+low-index medium. In this situation, the 
+
+264
+00:17:24,530 --> 00:17:27,090
+transmitted ray bends away from the surface 
+
+265
+00:17:27,090 --> 00:17:30,990
+normal, and thus the angle of transmission exceeds 
+
+266
+00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:32,850
+the angle of incidence.
+
+267
+00:17:38,250 --> 00:17:40,550
+highest in the refractive index, and if it's lower 
+
+268
+00:17:40,550 --> 00:17:43,550
+than the refractive index, like air, the light 
+
+269
+00:17:43,550 --> 00:17:48,310
+ray, the transmitted ray bends away, away from the 
+
+270
+00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:53,250
+surface normal, and theta T exceeds theta I. Okay,
+
+271
+00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:57,910
+when I, as the angle of incidence increases, the 
+
+272
+00:17:57,910 --> 00:18:01,030
+angle of transmission increases to a greater 
+
+273
+00:18:01,030 --> 00:18:02,530
+degree. The more the angle of incidence increases,
+
+274
+00:18:06,820 --> 00:18:09,340
+this is the same, but the drawing is reversed, the 
+
+275
+00:18:09,340 --> 00:18:11,920
+glass above and the air below, the more we 
+
+276
+00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:13,340
+increase the angle of fall, the more the 
+
+277
+00:18:13,340 --> 00:18:22,360
+reduction, which is which is this, excuse me which 
+
+278
+00:18:22,360 --> 00:18:24,620
+is this, plus the reduction, the more we increase 
+
+279
+00:18:24,620 --> 00:18:28,520
+the angle of fall, the angle of reduction 
+
+280
+00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:34,520
+increases to a greater degree until it reaches 
+
+281
+00:18:39,830 --> 00:18:45,010
+let's say it's around 90% it's more than 90% it's 
+
+282
+00:18:45,010 --> 00:18:51,710
+more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90
+
+283
+00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:52,730
+% it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+284
+00:18:52,730 --> 00:18:52,810
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+285
+00:18:52,810 --> 00:18:52,850
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+286
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:55,110
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+287
+00:18:55,110 --> 00:19:00,010
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90% 
+
+288
+00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:10,970
+So it increases the angle of deflection by 
+
+289
+00:19:10,970 --> 00:19:12,610
+increasing the angle of deflection, but the angle
+
+290
+00:19:12,610 --> 00:19:15,410
+of deflection increases by a greater degree. Until 
+
+291
+00:19:15,410 --> 00:19:18,610
+it reaches the angle of deflection equal to 90 
+
+292
+00:19:18,610 --> 00:19:22,450
+degrees. 90 degrees means that the broken beam of 
+
+293
+00:19:22,450 --> 00:19:27,440
+the transmitted ray becomes on the surface, on the 
+
+294
+00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:29,760
+surface, it didn't move to the other substance
+
+295
+00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:31,700
+which is the air, nor did it return to the 
+
+296
+00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:33,800
+substance that it came from, which is the rock.
+
+297
+00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:36,680
+When the angle of contraction reaches 90 degrees, 
+
+298
+00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:40,040
+then I calculate the angle of descent, which is
+
+299
+00:19:40,040 --> 00:19:43,080
+theta I, I call it critical angle. And critical 
+
+300
+00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:44,960
+angle, we will symbolize it with a new symbol 
+
+301
+00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:47,960
+called theta C, from the word critical, which 
+
+302
+00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:50,800
+means the crooked angle. Theta C is the same as 
+
+303
+00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:55,200
+Theta I, but with 
+
+304
+00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:58,920
+an angle of 90 degrees.
+
+305
+00:20:01,360 --> 00:20:04,860
+As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of 
+
+306
+00:20:04,860 --> 00:20:07,440
+transmission increases to a greater degree. 
+
+307
+00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:17,620
+Eventually, at this point, 
+
+308
+00:20:18,020 --> 00:20:21,480
+the ray grazes along the optical interface and is 
+
+309
+00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:25,430
+no longer transmitted. In this moment, the
+
+310
+00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:28,470
+transmitted ray cannot even be called a
+
+311
+00:20:28,470 --> 00:20:30,770
+transmitted ray. Why? Because it did not go to the 
+
+312
+00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,330
+second substance. It began to run on the surface.
+
+313
+00:20:34,530 --> 00:20:37,110
+It grazes on the surface. It grazes on the 
+
+314
+00:20:37,110 --> 00:20:40,430
+surface. As a result, it came to a distance at the
+
+315
+00:20:40,430 --> 00:20:42,790
+optical interface. I cannot say that it moved to
+
+316
+00:20:42,790 --> 00:20:45,670
+the second substance or returned to the first
+
+317
+00:20:45,670 --> 00:20:47,610
+substance, which is the glass that came from it. 
+
+318
+00:20:49,290 --> 00:20:50,970
+And here, this drawing shows that this is the
+
+319
+00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:54,470
+case. We move from the glass Now, at the critical 
+
+320
+00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:58,170
+angle, which is the angle of falling, which 
+
+321
+00:20:58,170 --> 00:21:03,170
+creates a 90-degree angle of contraction, then the 
+
+322
+00:21:03,170 --> 00:21:08,230
+transmitted ray or refracted ray starts to run on
+
+323
+00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:11,490
+the line, and therefore neither moves to the air 
+
+324
+00:21:11,490 --> 00:21:15,330
+nor returns to 
+
+325
+00:21:15,330 --> 00:21:18,290
+the glass. So if we ask ourselves, what is the 
+
+326
+00:21:18,290 --> 00:21:19,910
+critical angle? What is the definition of the 
+
+327
+00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:23,920
+critical angle? It is the angle of falling. It is
+
+328
+00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:26,080
+the angle of descent that makes the angle of 
+
+329
+00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:30,180
+descent 90 degrees. A person may get confused or 
+
+330
+00:21:30,180 --> 00:21:34,380
+think that this is the critical angle which is 90
+
+331
+00:21:34,380 --> 00:21:37,060
+degrees. No, this 90 degrees is the angle of 
+
+332
+00:21:37,060 --> 00:21:42,860
+passage or theta T. As for theta I which makes 
+
+333
+00:21:42,860 --> 00:21:46,980
+theta T 90 degrees, I call it the critical angle.
+
+334
+00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:53,880
+The critical angle is the angle of incidence. that
+
+335
+00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:58,200
+produce transmitted ray 90 degree to the surface
+
+336
+00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:01,200
+normal 90 degree to the surface normal يعني يجري
+
+337
+00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:07,180
+على السطح الان كيف نحسب θC كيف نحسب θC the
+
+338
+00:22:07,180 --> 00:22:12,320
+critical angle θC is calculated from Snell's law 
+
+339
+00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:18,480
+من قانون الانكسار اللي هو بينص على انه Ni sin θI
+
+340
+00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:25,900
+يسوى Nt sin θT طيب Okay, ni sin theta I, theta I is 
+
+341
+00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:28,100
+the angle of descent, but this time I will 
+
+342
+00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:31,880
+calculate it for the critical angle. So, ni sin 
+
+343
+00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:37,220
+theta C is equal to nT sin, which is nT sin theta 
+
+344
+00:22:37,220 --> 00:22:39,960
+T, theta T is 90, because I am calculating for the
+
+345
+00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:42,140
+critical angle, which gives me the angle of 
+
+346
+00:22:42,140 --> 00:22:47,400
+passage, which is 90. So, the sin of 90 is 1, so 
+
+347
+00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:53,240
+the sin of 90 degrees is 1, then I say ni sine 
+
+348
+00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:57,260
+theta c equals nt because we multiply it by one
+
+349
+00:22:57,260 --> 00:23:02,780
+and it remains nt I want to continue by saying 
+
+350
+00:23:02,780 --> 00:23:07,680
+rearranging gives sine theta c equals nt divided 
+
+351
+00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:10,480
+by ni how did we get to this point? we say that we 
+
+352
+00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:13,480
+got to this point by dividing both sides by ni 
+
+353
+00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:17,740
+sine theta t equals ni sine theta t when I divide 
+
+354
+00:23:17,740 --> 00:23:22,480
+it by ni it becomes ni with ni و nt لما اقسمه على 
+
+355
+00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:29,940
+ni بيظل عندى nt على ni اذا sign θc يساوي nt على ni
+
+356
+00:23:29,940 --> 00:23:35,260
+so the angle of transmission is 90 degree when the 
+
+357
+00:23:35,260 --> 00:23:39,500
+angle of incidence اذا انا عرف ال j بالزاوية بقدر 
+
+358
+00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:44,600
+اعرف الزاوية اذا θc يساوي arc sign او shift sign 
+
+359
+00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:49,620
+nt على ni و بقدر احدد بالظبط يعني مقدار هدى
+
+360
+00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:59,360
+الزاوية، مقدارها دي الزاوية Now if 
+
+361
+00:23:59,360 --> 00:24:04,720
+we consider that the air is one and that the glass 
+
+362
+00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:08,160
+is one and a halfthe critical angle will be 
+
+363
+00:24:08,160 --> 00:24:13,320
+approximately 41 degrees 41 degrees okay now the
+
+364
+00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:17,340
+question that arises to itself what happens if the 
+
+365
+00:24:17,340 --> 00:24:19,780
+light falls with an angle greater than the 
+
+366
+00:24:19,780 --> 00:24:22,840
+critical angle greater than the critical angle
+
+367
+00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:26,280
+let's see what the simulation gives me we say
+
+368
+00:24:26,280 --> 00:24:29,160
+approximately we have to consider this critical 
+
+369
+00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:32,160
+angle to be slightly greater than the critical
+
+370
+00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:34,820
+angle that is, when this radiation occurs It
+
+371
+00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:36,920
+becomes correct. Sometimes I consider this to be 
+
+372
+00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:39,300
+the critical angle. If I want to increase the
+
+373
+00:24:39,300 --> 00:24:43,220
+critical angle, then all the things that fall at 
+
+374
+00:24:43,220 --> 00:24:46,020
+the angles of fall are greater than the critical
+
+375
+00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,900
+angle, all of them. Totally بيصير لها reflection 
+
+376
+00:24:50,900 --> 00:24:54,220
+تماما في المادة اللي اجت منها وعشان ايه بيسموه 
+
+377
+00:24:54,220 --> 00:24:58,840
+Total Internal Reflection Reflection مفهوم انعكاس 
+
+378
+00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:02,960
+في نفس المادة يعني ضال في نفس الوسط اللي اجا منه
+
+379
+00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:08,800
+Total يعني كل الأشعة What does it mean? Any rays, 
+
+380
+00:25:09,020 --> 00:25:13,320
+all the rays that fall at an angle greater than 
+
+381
+00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:16,120
+the critical angle, it must be at an angle greater 
+
+382
+00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:23,620
+than the critical angle, all of them will have
+
+383
+00:25:23,620 --> 00:25:26,040
+an internal reflection, internal means in the same
+
+384
+00:25:26,040 --> 00:25:30,340
+substance, and all of them means if 100,000 rays 
+
+385
+00:25:30,340 --> 00:25:34,870
+fall from me all the 100,000 rays fall at an angle
+
+386
+00:25:34,870 --> 00:25:39,330
+greater than the critical angle 100% of them, that 
+
+387
+00:25:39,330 --> 00:25:41,510
+is, all the 100,000 rays will be reflected in the
+
+388
+00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,150
+matter they come from. So the total internal 
+
+389
+00:25:45,150 --> 00:25:49,670
+reflection occurs when the rays fall from the
+
+390
+00:25:49,670 --> 00:25:52,910
+middle of the highest density to the middle of the 
+
+391
+00:25:52,910 --> 00:25:58,470
+lowest density but at an angle greater than the 
+
+392
+00:25:58,470 --> 00:26:02,110
+critical angle then all the things that fell will 
+
+393
+00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:05,010
+reflect inside the matter that came from it and 
+
+394
+00:26:05,010 --> 00:26:07,470
+this phenomenon is called Total Internal 
+
+395
+00:26:07,470 --> 00:26:12,350
+Reflection Total Internal Reflection Now let's see 
+
+396
+00:26:12,350 --> 00:26:18,450
+some of the things that help me understand this
+
+397
+00:26:18,450 --> 00:26:21,710
+issue We say that the experience here is really
+
+398
+00:26:21,710 --> 00:26:25,190
+great Let's see the phenomenon of Total Internal
+
+399
+00:26:25,190 --> 00:26:30,020
+Reflection and follow it together and we see the
+
+400
+00:26:30,020 --> 00:26:33,120
+light, how it will happen in it of course these 
+
+401
+00:26:33,120 --> 00:26:38,180
+drawings will happen to me this is a glass, we
+
+402
+00:26:38,180 --> 00:26:40,020
+will insert the light in the glass, but the lesson
+
+403
+00:26:40,020 --> 00:26:42,540
+is not about inserting the light this is a
+
+404
+00:26:42,540 --> 00:26:44,900
+vertical fall, a vertical fall to the light, it 
+
+405
+00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:47,000
+didn't change its way, it didn't change its way
+
+406
+00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:53,320
+now we want to do I 
+
+407
+00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:57,620
+will stop here and say as follows هي زاوية السقوط، 
+
+408
+00:26:57,620 --> 00:27:00,660
+هاي ال service normal اللي أنا بأشير عليه، وهي 
+
+409
+00:27:00,660 --> 00:27
+
+445
+00:30:03,850 --> 00:30:06,450
+أكبر من ال critical angle زي ما أنتوا شايفين هي 
+
+446
+00:30:06,450 --> 00:30:11,420
+انعكسات و الأشعة اللي سقطت بزاوية سقوط less than 
+
+447
+00:30:11,420 --> 00:30:14,320
+the critical angle, it will go to the second 
+
+448
+00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:16,800
+substance and the rays that fell in the angle of 
+
+449
+00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,300
+fall equal to the critical angle will remain 
+
+450
+00:30:19,300 --> 00:30:23,760
+floating on the surface as I show you now 
+
+451
+00:30:23,760 --> 00:30:29,720
+everything else will become total internal 
+
+452
+00:30:29,720 --> 00:30:35,120
+reflection if you notice, there are no rays now We 
+
+453
+00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:37,640
+have now reached the critical angle and not a 
+
+454
+00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:41,540
+single ray of light is emitted from the optical 
+
+455
+00:30:41,540 --> 00:30:45,900
+interface. As much as we enlarge the angle of fall 
+
+456
+00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:48,700
+away from the critical angle, the total internal 
+
+457
+00:30:48,700 --> 00:30:51,140
+reflection returns to the same substance that came 
+
+458
+00:30:51,140 --> 00:30:55,520
+from it. No matter how much we enlarge the angle 
+
+459
+00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:58,140
+away from the critical angle. This phenomenon is 
+
+460
+00:30:58,140 --> 00:31:03,740
+called the total internal reflection. 
+
+461
+00:31:04,910 --> 00:31:09,350
+we go back to the powerpoint and say that any ray 
+
+462
+00:31:09,350 --> 00:31:12,950
+that falls at an angle greater than the critical 
+
+463
+00:31:12,950 --> 00:31:17,050
+angle will have total internal reflection total 
+
+464
+00:31:17,050 --> 00:31:22,310
+internal reflection and thus these three scenarios 
+
+465
+00:31:22,310 --> 00:31:28,020
+that occur with The light when it moves from the 
+
+466
+00:31:28,020 --> 00:31:30,740
+upper middle of the density to the lower middle of 
+
+467
+00:31:30,740 --> 00:31:33,640
+the density, in this example which is from the 
+
+468
+00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:38,320
+water to the air, the angle of fall is greater 
+
+469
+00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:40,400
+than the angle of breakage because the broken rays 
+
+470
+00:31:41,170 --> 00:31:45,510
+away from the normal service when we increase the 
+
+471
+00:31:45,510 --> 00:31:48,550
+angle of fall when we increase the angle of fall 
+
+472
+00:31:48,550 --> 00:31:52,510
+the angle of deflection increases to a greater 
+
+473
+00:31:52,510 --> 00:31:56,630
+degree until we reach a certain angle of fall this 
+
+474
+00:31:56,630 --> 00:31:59,670
+certain angle of fall I call it the critical angle 
+
+475
+00:31:59,670 --> 00:32:03,830
+or theta C what makes it theta C or the critical 
+
+476
+00:32:03,830 --> 00:32:07,410
+angle it is the angle of fall that makes the angle 
+
+477
+00:32:07,410 --> 00:32:13,330
+of deflection or theta T 90 degrees If the angle of 
+
+478
+00:32:13,330 --> 00:32:14,570
+fall increases more than the critical angle, all 
+
+479
+00:32:14,570 --> 00:32:17,650
+the rays, all the rays, and we focus on the word 
+
+480
+00:32:17,650 --> 00:32:22,090
+all the rays that fell at an angle greater than 
+
+481
+00:32:22,090 --> 00:32:25,470
+the critical angle, it becomes total internal 
+
+482
+00:32:25,470 --> 00:32:29,210
+reflection, meaning that everything is reflected 
+
+483
+00:32:29,210 --> 00:32:31,210
+inside the substance, as we showed in the video 
+
+484
+00:32:31,210 --> 00:32:36,650
+before As figure shows, the angle of transmission 
+
+485
+00:32:36,650 --> 00:32:41,010
+increases as the angle of incidence increases, but 
+
+486
+00:32:41,010 --> 00:32:45,110
+the angle of transmission cannot exceed 90 
+
+487
+00:32:45,110 --> 00:32:45,490
+degrees. 
+
+488
+00:32:56,770 --> 00:33:01,130
+وها دي زاوية المرور، بنقوله لأ كلمة مرور، كلمة 
+
+489
+00:33:01,130 --> 00:33:06,310
+مرور تعني مر من وسط و أصبح في وسط آخر، عبر من وسط 
+
+490
+00:33:06,310 --> 00:33:10,950
+لوسط آخر، هل الشعاع هذا عبر؟ لأ، إذا كلمة مرور لا 
+
+491
+00:33:10,950 --> 00:33:14,130
+تصلح للاستخدام، الآن مش transmission، مش 
+
+492
+00:33:14,130 --> 00:33:18,110
+refraction، وإنما reflection، وإنما reflection 
+
+493
+00:33:18,110 --> 00:33:23,250
+لأنه إش هو ال reflection؟It is the reflection of 
+
+494
+00:33:23,250 --> 00:33:25,690
+light to the same medium that came from it when it 
+
+495
+00:33:25,690 --> 00:33:28,350
+collided with a wall or a wall or a surface 
+
+496
+00:33:28,350 --> 00:33:32,250
+separated between two objects. Here, exactly, the 
+
+497
+00:33:32,250 --> 00:33:35,070
+light came from the glass and reached an optical 
+
+498
+00:33:35,070 --> 00:33:38,490
+interface, a distance between two media, but it 
+
+499
+00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:41,190
+was reflected, that is, it returned to the medium 
+
+500
+00:33:41,190 --> 00:33:43,010
+that came from it. So this I do not call a break, 
+
+501
+00:33:43,450 --> 00:33:46,830
+and this is the angle that I cannot call a 
+
+502
+00:33:46,830 --> 00:33:49,670
+passage. That is to say, by God, the angle of 
+
+503
+00:33:49,670 --> 00:33:53,770
+passage more than 90, 91, 92, what does more than 
+
+504
+00:33:53,770 --> 00:33:58,550
+90 mean? 91, 95, 100 degrees, this is not correct, 
+
+505
+00:33:58,690 --> 00:34:01,030
+because if it is less than 90, it means that the 
+
+506
+00:34:01,030 --> 00:34:03,510
+light is reflected in the same medium that came 
+
+507
+00:34:03,510 --> 00:34:06,670
+from it, as the view I have here shows, as the 
+
+508
+00:34:06,670 --> 00:34:12,310
+view shows, but the critical or but the angle of 
+
+509
+00:34:12,310 --> 00:34:14,830
+transmission cannot exceed 90 degrees, 
+
+510
+00:34:15,350 --> 00:34:18,330
+consequently refraction cannot occur, in this 
+
+511
+00:34:18,330 --> 00:34:22,110
+case, in this case, it is not possible for 
+
+512
+00:34:22,110 --> 00:34:24,810
+refraction to occur it is not possible for the 
+
+513
+00:34:24,810 --> 00:34:27,810
+light to pass through the other substance the 
+
+514
+00:34:27,810 --> 00:34:31,430
+light does not break, but it is reflected indeed, 
+
+515
+00:34:31,750 --> 00:34:35,230
+Snell's law has no valid mathematical solution in 
+
+516
+00:34:35,230 --> 00:34:39,230
+real numbers when the critical angle is exceeded 
+
+517
+00:34:39,230 --> 00:34:42,070
+of course, the law of refraction, which is Snell's 
+
+518
+00:34:42,070 --> 00:34:48,110
+law cannot find a solution with real numbers 
+
+519
+00:34:50,610 --> 00:34:55,530
+لهدي المسألة وإنما إيش اللي حصل اللي حصل ببساطة 
+
+520
+00:34:55,530 --> 00:34:59,470
+the incident ray is مئة بالمئة reflected totally 
+
+521
+00:34:59,470 --> 00:35:04,850
+reflected واحنا بنركز على جملة إنه كل شعاع مهما 
+
+522
+00:35:04,850 --> 00:35:10,850
+كان كمية الأشعة كل شعاع منها بيسقط بزاوية سقوط 
+
+523
+00:35:10,850 --> 00:35:14,670
+أكتر من ال critical angle مئة بالمئة كل هذه الأشعة 
+
+524
+00:35:14,670 --> 00:35:20,820
+بتنعكس داخل المادة اللتي أتت منهافبالتالي هذا يسمى 
+
+525
+00:35:20,820 --> 00:35:24,900
+الـ Total Internal Reflection Total Internal 
+
+526
+00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:28,220
+Reflection عبارة عن ظاهرة غريبة curious phenomenon 
+
+527
+00:35:28,220 --> 00:35:32,320
+consider light traveling from spectacular crown 
+
+528
+00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:38,150
+glass to air if the angle of incidence is Ten 
+
+529
+00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:42,150
+degrees, the light transmits easily as it crosses 
+
+530
+00:35:42,150 --> 00:35:45,930
+the interface. However, if the angle of incidence 
+
+531
+00:35:45,930 --> 00:35:50,050
+is 45 degrees, the interface becomes an 
+
+532
+00:35:50,050 --> 00:35:55,610
+impenetrable barrier. The interface is transparent 
+
+533
+00:35:55,610 --> 00:35:58,470
+to some rays and opaque to other rays. 
+
+534
+00:36:07,370 --> 00:36:12,110
+to the air, we say we want to see if it is 10 
+
+535
+00:36:12,110 --> 00:36:18,230
+degrees this 
+
+536
+00:36:18,230 --> 00:36:22,110
+is 10 degrees, it is true that the refracted rays 
+
+537
+00:36:22,110 --> 00:36:25,070
+go away, the angle of contraction is 15 degrees, 
+
+538
+00:36:25,230 --> 00:36:28,190
+but the rays penetrate the other substance, which 
+
+539
+00:36:28,190 --> 00:36:31,190
+is the air easily, okay, if we leave the angle of 
+
+540
+00:36:31,190 --> 00:36:33,010
+contraction 45 degrees 
+
+541
+00:36:37,260 --> 00:36:41,820
+the distance between the glass and the air became 
+
+542
+00:36:41,820 --> 00:36:50,040
+impenetrable barrier because it 
+
+543
+00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:53,800
+fell at an angle greater than the critical angle 
+
+544
+00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,260
+and we should not forget that we calculated the 
+
+545
+00:36:57,260 --> 00:37:01,990
+critical angle between the air and الجزاز طلعت 
+
+546
+00:37:01,990 --> 00:37:05,510
+تقريبا واحد واربعين degree، واحد واربعين degree 
+
+547
+00:37:05,510 --> 00:37:08,950
+يعني أي شعاع بيسقط بزاوية سقوط أكبر من واحد 
+
+548
+00:37:08,950 --> 00:37:12,710
+واربعين degree، هيصيرله total internal reflection، 
+
+549
+00:37:12,710 --> 00:37:15,990
+يعني هيرجع من حيثه أتا، يعني هيرجع من ناحية 
+
+550
+00:37:15,990 --> 00:37:21,510
+الجزاز، هيرجع من ناحية الجزاز أو إلى الزجاج اللي 
+
+551
+00:37:21,510 --> 00:37:27,360
+صدر منهPhysicists have devoted great deal 
+
+552
+00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:31,540
+attention to this phenomenon. طبعا ظاهرة ال total 
+
+553
+00:37:31,540 --> 00:37:35,300
+internal reflection استفادوا منها العلماء بشكل 
+
+554
+00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,120
+حقيقة رائع ومميز، 
+
+555
+00:37:40,120 --> 00:37:45,640
+بشكل رائع ومميز، هذا الشكل الرائع والمميز، كيف 
+
+556
+00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,960
+استفادوا العلماء من ظاهرة الـ Total Internal 
+
+557
+00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:54,780
+Reflection وإيش الفوائد اللي بتعطينياها وإيش حقيقة 
+
+558
+00:37:54,780 --> 00:38:00,180
+الصعوبات اللي أحيانا بيواجهها طبيب العيون أثناء أو 
+
+559
+00:38:00,180 --> 00:38:02,640
+بسبب ظاهرة الـ Total Internal Reflection هذا 
+
+560
+00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:06,240
+الكلام كله هنحكي عنه المرة القادمة ان شاء الله 
+
+561
+00:38:06,240 --> 00:38:09,600
+تعالى ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله 
+
+562
+00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:10,500
+وبركاته 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3T7cFI_LiH4_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2284 @@
+1
+00:00:01,620 --> 00:00:06,240
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، توقفنا في محادرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:10,720
+Geometric Optics المرة الماضية عند موضوع
+
+3
+00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:13,960
+الrefraction،
+
+4
+00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:17,240
+أنه لما الضوء بينتقل من medium of lower refractive
+
+5
+00:00:17,240 --> 00:00:21,140
+index to a medium of higher refractive index،
+
+6
+00:00:21,140 --> 00:00:25,560
+الشعاع المنكسر Bends، بينثني أو بيروح، بغير طريقه
+
+7
+00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:30,100
+باتجاه ال surface normal، بينما لما ينتقل الضوء
+
+8
+00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,520
+from higher refractive index to lower refractive
+
+9
+00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:37,820
+index, it bends away from the service norm. To
+
+10
+00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:41,200
+think about this topic and to prove it, let's go
+
+11
+00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:45,440
+back and see the simulation of the bending of
+
+12
+00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:50,900
+light. We say that the light moves from the lower
+
+13
+00:00:50,900 --> 00:00:55,460
+refractive index medium to the higher refractive
+
+14
+00:00:55,460 --> 00:00:57,240
+index medium, that is, from a substance less than
+
+15
+00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,170
+the refractive indexto a higher substance in the
+
+16
+00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:03,190
+process of oxidation. We will see if the refracted
+
+17
+00:01:03,190 --> 00:01:05,530
+light will approach or move away from the service
+
+18
+00:01:05,530 --> 00:01:07,830
+normal. This is the service normal I have drawn.
+
+19
+00:01:08,910 --> 00:01:10,830
+Now the light moves from the middle of the lowest
+
+20
+00:01:10,830 --> 00:01:13,330
+density or lowest in the refractive index which is
+
+21
+00:01:13,330 --> 00:01:16,570
+1 to the middle of the highest density or highest
+
+22
+00:01:16,570 --> 00:01:19,390
+in the refractive index which is 1 and a half. You
+
+23
+00:01:19,390 --> 00:01:22,030
+see what will happen to the light. It is clear
+
+24
+00:01:22,030 --> 00:01:26,610
+that the lightFell at a falling angle of 45
+
+25
+00:01:26,610 --> 00:01:30,750
+degrees Okay, the broken radio wave approached
+
+26
+00:01:30,750 --> 00:01:33,430
+with the proof that the breaking angle or the
+
+27
+00:01:33,430 --> 00:01:38,390
+transmission angle is 28.110 degrees Okay, if we
+
+28
+00:01:38,390 --> 00:01:41,450
+wanted to make sure of another falling angle We
+
+29
+00:01:41,450 --> 00:01:45,930
+say this is the falling angle for example35.7 out
+
+30
+00:01:45,930 --> 00:01:48,910
+of 10. The reduction angle is less than 22, which
+
+31
+00:01:48,910 --> 00:01:51,510
+means that the current of the refracted light or
+
+32
+00:01:51,510 --> 00:01:54,370
+the transmitted light approaches. So when we
+
+33
+00:01:54,370 --> 00:01:57,370
+transfer light from a medium less than the
+
+34
+00:01:57,370 --> 00:02:00,230
+density, pardon me, less than the density or less
+
+35
+00:02:00,230 --> 00:02:03,310
+than the refractive index to a medium higher than
+
+36
+00:02:03,310 --> 00:02:05,850
+the density or higher than the refractive index,
+
+37
+00:02:06,370 --> 00:02:11,290
+the transmitted light binds to where the surface
+
+38
+00:02:11,290 --> 00:02:15,480
+is normal, to where the surface is normal.الان
+
+39
+00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:22,000
+بدنا نعكس الآية و نقول الضوء
+
+40
+00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:26,620
+هينتقل من وسط أعلى في ال refractive index أو أعلى
+
+41
+00:02:26,620 --> 00:02:32,040
+كثافة لوسط أقل كثافة هي سقط بزاوية سقوط خمسة و
+
+42
+00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:36,380
+تلاتين وسبعة من عشرة زاوية الانكسار واحد وستين
+
+43
+00:02:36,380 --> 00:02:40,640
+degree يعني ابتعد أكتر عن ال service normal طيب لو
+
+44
+00:02:40,640 --> 00:02:47,590
+غيرنا زاوية السقوط كبرناها39.4 out of 10, here it
+
+45
+00:02:47,590 --> 00:02:51,430
+became 72.3 out of 10. So, what governs these two
+
+46
+00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:55,790
+angles? The law of contraction, Ni sine theta I
+
+47
+00:02:55,790 --> 00:03:00,630
+into Nt sine theta T. That is, Ni, which is the
+
+48
+00:03:00,630 --> 00:03:03,830
+refractive index of the substance from which the
+
+49
+00:03:03,830 --> 00:03:06,110
+light fell. In this case, the glass is 1.5.
+
+50
+00:03:06,570 --> 00:03:10,950
+Multiplied by J of the angle of fall is equal to
+
+51
+00:03:10,950 --> 00:03:13,130
+the refractive index of the substance from which
+
+52
+00:03:13,130 --> 00:03:15,920
+the light fell.It is written in J for the angle of
+
+53
+00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:18,960
+deflection or J for the angle of passage This is
+
+54
+00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:22,560
+the Snell's law or the law of deflection So when
+
+55
+00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:24,100
+the light moves from the middle of the highest
+
+56
+00:03:24,100 --> 00:03:27,080
+density or the highest in the refractive index to
+
+57
+00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:29,120
+the middle of the lowest density or the lowest in
+
+58
+00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:31,680
+the refractive index from the highest to the
+
+59
+00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:35,160
+lowest, the radiation goes away from the service
+
+60
+00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:37,760
+normal Well, from the lowest to the highest, the
+
+61
+00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:40,860
+opposite happens If we imagine that from the
+
+62
+00:03:40,860 --> 00:03:42,460
+lowest to the highest
+
+63
+00:03:46,110 --> 00:03:48,590
+It is close to the service normal When the light
+
+64
+00:03:48,590 --> 00:03:50,710
+moves from the middle of the lowest density or
+
+65
+00:03:50,710 --> 00:03:53,590
+lowest in the refractive index to the highest
+
+66
+00:03:53,590 --> 00:03:56,490
+middle in the refractive index It is close to the
+
+67
+00:03:56,490 --> 00:03:59,050
+refracted light from the service normal It is
+
+68
+00:03:59,050 --> 00:04:03,050
+close to the service normal And this is a fixed
+
+69
+00:04:03,050 --> 00:04:10,550
+thing and known in the subject of refraction Okay,
+
+70
+00:04:10,610 --> 00:04:14,530
+if the light falls vertically If the light falls
+
+71
+00:04:14,530 --> 00:04:18,050
+verticallynormal incidence يعني السقوط العمودي
+
+72
+00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:21,930
+occurs when light ray is perpendicular to the
+
+73
+00:04:21,930 --> 00:04:25,450
+optical interface in other words, the surface
+
+74
+00:04:25,450 --> 00:04:30,010
+normal coincides with the ray اش يعني لما بيكون
+
+75
+00:04:30,010 --> 00:04:35,790
+عندى ال ray الساقط و ال surface normal coincidence
+
+76
+00:04:35,790 --> 00:04:41,830
+يعني ايش coincidence يعني زاوية السقوط صفر زاوية
+
+77
+00:04:41,830 --> 00:04:48,220
+السقوط صفر احنا عرفنا زاوية السقوطbecause the
+
+78
+00:04:48,220 --> 00:04:53,960
+angle between incident ray
+
+79
+00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:57,020
+and service normal is zero, so the angle between
+
+80
+00:04:57,020 --> 00:04:57,500
+them is zero
+
+81
+00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:05,910
+عمودي لو بدها تنعكس طالما زاوية السقوط صفر إذا
+
+82
+00:05:05,910 --> 00:05:10,610
+زاوية الانعكاس ال reflection angle صفر ليه؟ لأنه
+
+83
+00:05:10,610 --> 00:05:15,830
+في قانون الانعكاس مش الانقسام زاوية السقوط تساوي
+
+84
+00:05:15,830 --> 00:05:20,720
+زاوية الانعكاسIt will also be the angle of passage
+
+85
+00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:23,500
+of the transmission angles. So, the part that is
+
+86
+00:05:23,500 --> 00:05:26,340
+reflected will be reflected along the line of
+
+87
+00:05:26,340 --> 00:05:28,600
+descent, that is, it will not change the path, but
+
+88
+00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:30,920
+it will just collide with the surface separated
+
+89
+00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:34,240
+between the two materials and will be reflected 90
+
+90
+00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:36,640
+degrees from the surface, that is, along the
+
+91
+00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:39,020
+surface normally. Okay, and the part that will
+
+92
+00:05:39,020 --> 00:05:41,380
+pass will also pass without changing its path.
+
+93
+00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:44,780
+Okay, what happens? What happens is that the speed
+
+94
+00:05:44,780 --> 00:05:48,490
+changes only, the speed changes only.فحالة السقوط
+
+95
+00:05:48,490 --> 00:05:52,710
+العمودي، إذا كان هناك انعكاس، حيكون انعكاس عمودي
+
+96
+00:05:52,710 --> 00:05:55,990
+على السطح، يعني منطبق على الشعاع، الشعاع اللي سقط
+
+97
+00:05:55,990 --> 00:05:59,670
+و ال service normal و الشعاع اللي انعكس، كله منطبق
+
+98
+00:05:59,670 --> 00:06:03,310
+على بعضه، طيب، لو في عندي سقوط عمودي و مرت بعد
+
+99
+00:06:03,310 --> 00:06:06,350
+الأشعة، أيضا هتمر بشكل عمودي على السطح، يعني
+
+100
+00:06:06,350 --> 00:06:10,090
+بتضلها بدون ما تغير طريقها straight ahead،
+
+101
+00:06:10,090 --> 00:06:14,190
+straight ahead بمعنى طريقها دُغري بدون لأ تروح
+
+102
+00:06:14,190 --> 00:06:17,700
+شمال ولا يمينفبالتالي هذا هو ال normal incidence
+
+103
+00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:21,460
+ال normal incidence اذا normal incidence occurs
+
+104
+00:06:21,460 --> 00:06:25,080
+when light ray is perpendicular to the optical
+
+105
+00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:30,060
+interface بكلمات أخرى the surface normal coincides
+
+106
+00:06:30,060 --> 00:06:33,120
+with the ray بمعنى ال surface normal اللي هو
+
+107
+00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:37,380
+العمود اللي مقام على السطح و الشعاع الساقط بنطبق
+
+108
+00:06:37,380 --> 00:06:41,940
+على بعض من البعض بمعنى زاوية السقوط تساوي صفر if
+
+109
+00:06:41,940 --> 00:06:46,100
+the interface is refracting surfaceThe optical
+
+110
+00:06:46,100 --> 00:06:51,140
+interface is refracting
+
+111
+00:06:51,140 --> 00:06:55,220
+service. The ray is undeviated.
+
+112
+00:07:00,020 --> 00:07:03,820
+Light changes speed as it crosses the interface,
+
+113
+00:07:04,260 --> 00:07:06,060
+but does not change direction.
+
+114
+00:07:12,770 --> 00:07:14,710
+If it was going to the middle, less in density,
+
+115
+00:07:14,850 --> 00:07:17,630
+the light would be faster But it does not change
+
+116
+00:07:17,630 --> 00:07:20,130
+in direction And that's why if we want to define
+
+117
+00:07:20,130 --> 00:07:23,930
+refraction, what exactly is it? It is the change
+
+118
+00:07:23,930 --> 00:07:26,630
+in the speed of light when it moves from one
+
+119
+00:07:26,630 --> 00:07:30,750
+center to another It may change in direction and
+
+120
+00:07:30,750 --> 00:07:34,570
+may not change in direction When does it not
+
+121
+00:07:34,570 --> 00:07:38,080
+change in direction when the fall is vertical?As
+
+122
+00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:42,220
+we see in this simulation, when the drop is
+
+123
+00:07:42,220 --> 00:07:43,920
+vertical, the direction does not change, it does
+
+124
+00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:46,240
+not change direction. When the drop is not
+
+125
+00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:48,440
+vertical, it changes with the direction, it
+
+126
+00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:52,400
+changes. Here the angle is 11.4 degrees and here
+
+127
+00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:55,760
+the angle is 7.6 degrees. If the direction does
+
+128
+00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:57,740
+not change, the angle should be equal to this
+
+129
+00:07:57,740 --> 00:08:00,680
+angle. So it is very important to understand this.
+
+130
+00:08:02,740 --> 00:08:05,320
+It is necessary to know that when I have a
+
+131
+00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:10,180
+vertical fall, the vertical fall does not change
+
+132
+00:08:10,180 --> 00:08:12,120
+the direction but changes the speed, while a
+
+133
+00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:15,540
+vertical fall does not change the direction, it
+
+134
+00:08:15,540 --> 00:08:18,000
+means that the angle of the fall and the angle of
+
+135
+00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:21,300
+the break or transition are not equal to each
+
+136
+00:08:21,300 --> 00:08:21,300
+other
+
+137
+00:08:25,270 --> 00:08:28,190
+طب في حالة الانعكاس if the surface reflects
+
+138
+00:08:28,190 --> 00:08:32,250
+specularly إذا في عندي انعكاس منتظم rays and
+
+139
+00:08:32,250 --> 00:08:35,670
+pencils of light will be reflected back along 90
+
+140
+00:08:35,670 --> 00:08:39,910
+degree angle to the surface يعني الجزء اللي هينعكس
+
+141
+00:08:39,910 --> 00:08:44,490
+.. الجزء اللي هينعكس هينعكس ب .. ب .. بزاوية 90
+
+142
+00:08:44,490 --> 00:08:47,830
+degree مع السطح يعني هينعكس على نفس الخط اللي إجا
+
+143
+00:08:47,830 --> 00:08:53,070
+منه على نفس الخط اللي إجا منه الآن بننتقل لموضوع
+
+144
+00:08:53,070 --> 00:08:57,780
+مهم جدااسمه Total Internal Reflection Total
+
+145
+00:08:57,780 --> 00:09:03,160
+Internal Reflection أو الإنعكاس الداخلي الكليه
+
+146
+00:09:03,160 --> 00:09:08,600
+داخلي Internal يعني الضوء بيرجع للمادة اللي إيجا
+
+147
+00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:12,660
+منها كان عايز انتقل لمادة تانية لوسط بصري تاني
+
+148
+00:09:12,660 --> 00:09:16,740
+ولكن بيصيرله Total Internal Reflection يعني إنعكاس
+
+149
+00:09:16,740 --> 00:09:21,640
+داخلي كله Total Internal Reflection occursWhen
+
+150
+00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:25,560
+light travels from high-index medium to low-index
+
+151
+00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:25,920
+medium
+
+152
+00:09:37,140 --> 00:09:39,300
+and we agreed that the word higher in density
+
+153
+00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:42,360
+means higher in refractive index and less in
+
+154
+00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:45,300
+density means less in refractive index it does not
+
+155
+00:09:45,300 --> 00:09:48,200
+happen when the light moves from less middle to
+
+156
+00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:51,760
+higher middle but this phenomenon happens which is
+
+157
+00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:55,100
+the total internal reflection when the light moves
+
+158
+00:09:55,100 --> 00:10:00,280
+from higher middle to less middleand the angle of
+
+159
+00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:04,820
+incidence exceeds certain critical angle عشان نفهم
+
+160
+00:10:04,820 --> 00:10:08,300
+هذه القضية بنستعين مرة تانية بال simulation أحنا
+
+161
+00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:12,000
+الضوء بدنا ننجله من وسط أعلى في الكثافة زي ال
+
+162
+00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:19,100
+glass مثلا لوسط أقل في الكثافة زي الهواء الآن عندي
+
+163
+00:10:19,100 --> 00:10:23,220
+سقوط عمودي سقوط عمودي الضوء بده يتحرك من الجزاز
+
+164
+00:10:23,220 --> 00:10:28,040
+هذا الجزاز وهذا الهواء الآن الضوء بده يتحركFalling
+
+165
+00:10:28,040 --> 00:10:30,040
+vertically, then the angle of fall is zero, it
+
+166
+00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:33,120
+will not change its direction, but when it reaches
+
+167
+00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:36,540
+this point that I am pointing at, and enters the
+
+168
+00:10:36,540 --> 00:10:39,280
+air, coming out of the glass, means it enters the
+
+169
+00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:41,240
+air, moves to a medium less in the distance, the
+
+170
+00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:43,820
+speed will change, its speed will increase because
+
+171
+00:10:43,820 --> 00:10:45,880
+the light in the air is faster than in the glass
+
+172
+00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:49,140
+Okay, now if we say we want to make a certain
+
+173
+00:10:49,140 --> 00:10:53,690
+angle of fallnotice that my falling angle is 4.9
+
+174
+00:10:53,690 --> 00:10:56,750
+degrees according to the law of contraction, the
+
+175
+00:10:56,750 --> 00:10:59,030
+angle of contraction is 7.3 degrees the angle of
+
+176
+00:10:59,030 --> 00:11:04,830
+contraction is greater than the refracted
+
+177
+00:11:04,830 --> 00:11:08,130
+ray or transmitted ray away from the normal
+
+178
+00:11:08,130 --> 00:11:10,570
+surface if we increase the angle of contraction a
+
+179
+00:11:10,570 --> 00:11:15,270
+little bit it will make it about 19.7 degrees the
+
+180
+00:11:15,270 --> 00:11:17,770
+angle of contraction has becomeor the passage
+
+181
+00:11:17,770 --> 00:11:20,790
+angle is 34, which means it increases. The larger
+
+182
+00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:25,330
+the angle of fall, the greater the angle of
+
+183
+00:11:25,330 --> 00:11:28,330
+deflection. The greater the angle of deflection,
+
+184
+00:11:28,370 --> 00:11:33,450
+which is here I have 32 and 10, here 48 and 19. We
+
+185
+00:11:33,450 --> 00:11:38,550
+also want to increase and see what happens.I have
+
+186
+00:11:38,550 --> 00:11:40,450
+an increase in falling, it increased, it became 39
+
+187
+00:11:40,450 --> 00:11:44,370
+.8, the decrease increased much more, it became
+
+188
+00:11:44,370 --> 00:11:48,030
+73, so because of the drop from the middle to the
+
+189
+00:11:48,030 --> 00:11:50,430
+top in density, to the middle to the bottom in
+
+190
+00:11:50,430 --> 00:11:54,390
+density, the increase in decreasing or the
+
+191
+00:11:54,390 --> 00:11:56,810
+increase in passing theta T becomes greater than
+
+192
+00:11:56,810 --> 00:12:00,890
+theta I, and the more theta I increases, theta T
+
+193
+00:12:00,890 --> 00:12:03,950
+increases more, more. I will keep increasing,
+
+194
+00:12:04,130 --> 00:12:06,950
+theta T will continue to increase until I reach
+
+195
+00:12:10,380 --> 00:12:15,840
+to a point of course here 89 and 6 from 10 of
+
+196
+00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,380
+course we want to connect it to 90 degrees when
+
+197
+00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:23,300
+theta T reaches 90 degrees it means that the
+
+198
+00:12:23,300 --> 00:12:28,760
+broken beam runs on the surface between the two
+
+199
+00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:31,760
+materials between glass and air of course I can't
+
+200
+00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:33,900
+exactly control the mouse
+
+201
+00:13:03,100 --> 00:13:06,300
+So, when it reaches a certain angle of incidence,
+
+202
+00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:10,080
+the angle of incidence becomes 90 degrees 90
+
+203
+00:13:10,080 --> 00:13:15,480
+degrees means that the broken beam runs on the
+
+204
+00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:19,920
+surface When theta T reaches an angle of incidence
+
+205
+00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:24,280
+of 90 degrees 90 degrees, then the angle of
+
+206
+00:13:24,280 --> 00:13:29,340
+incidence is called the critical angleSo, what is
+
+207
+00:13:29,340 --> 00:13:33,040
+the critical angle? The critical angle is the
+
+208
+00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:38,950
+angle of fall .. is the angle of fallبتعطيني زاوية
+
+209
+00:13:38,950 --> 00:13:42,670
+انكسار مقدارها تسعين درجة What does it mean to
+
+210
+00:13:42,670 --> 00:13:44,590
+have an angle of contraction of 90 degrees? It
+
+211
+00:13:44,590 --> 00:13:48,530
+means that the broken beam or the marble works
+
+212
+00:13:48,530 --> 00:13:51,970
+with the service normal 90 degrees Also, what does
+
+213
+00:13:51,970 --> 00:13:57,210
+it mean? It means that the broken beam runs on the
+
+214
+00:13:57,210 --> 00:13:59,010
+separated surface between the two materials
+
+215
+00:13:59,010 --> 00:14:02,270
+Neither it passed to the other material nor it
+
+216
+00:14:02,270 --> 00:14:06,850
+returned to the materialthe one that came from it.
+
+217
+00:14:07,210 --> 00:14:11,610
+Okay, so the curved angle is the angle of fall θI.
+
+218
+00:14:12,690 --> 00:14:14,490
+Okay, but what distinguishes it from the rest of
+
+219
+00:14:14,490 --> 00:14:17,450
+the angles of fall? What distinguishes it from the
+
+220
+00:14:17,450 --> 00:14:19,550
+rest of the angles of fall is that it creates an
+
+221
+00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:21,810
+angle of deflection with a magnitude of 90
+
+222
+00:14:21,810 --> 00:14:25,090
+degrees. With a magnitude of 90 degrees. So, let's
+
+223
+00:14:25,090 --> 00:14:29,030
+go back to the powerpoint and say that when the
+
+224
+00:14:29,030 --> 00:14:31,530
+light moves from a medium higher in density to a
+
+225
+00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:36,420
+medium lower in density,طبعاً بيبتعد الشعاع
+
+226
+00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:40,960
+المنكسر عن ال service normal لغاية ما يحدث عندى
+
+227
+00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:46,580
+انه تزيد زاوية السقوط لحد معين و هذا الحد المعين
+
+228
+00:14:46,580 --> 00:14:51,000
+يصل لـ critical angle. Under these circumstances,
+
+229
+00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:55,420
+the incident ray does not pass through the
+
+230
+00:14:55,420 --> 00:14:59,280
+interface or light is reflected back into the high
+
+231
+00:14:59,280 --> 00:15:02,820
+-index medium.Let's go back and say that if we
+
+232
+00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:04,700
+increase the critical angle,
+
+233
+00:15:07,780 --> 00:15:13,500
+all the light will reflect the same material that
+
+234
+00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:17,740
+came from it. Of course, the law of reflection
+
+235
+00:15:17,740 --> 00:15:20,560
+governs its direction. θI is equal to θR. There
+
+236
+00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:25,900
+are no rays passing through. So, when we reach the
+
+237
+00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:29,580
+point where the light falls,In the case of light
+
+238
+00:15:29,580 --> 00:15:32,020
+falling from a substance higher in density or
+
+239
+00:15:32,020 --> 00:15:34,640
+higher in the refractive index to a substance
+
+240
+00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:37,580
+lower in density or lower in the refractive index,
+
+241
+00:15:37,940 --> 00:15:40,760
+first of all, the refracted radiation moves away
+
+242
+00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:44,200
+from the service norm, that is, the angle of
+
+243
+00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:45,880
+contraction or θT
+
+244
+00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:55,680
+always theta T theta T which is the angle of
+
+245
+00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:59,340
+incidence greater than theta I if the light moves
+
+246
+00:15:59,340 --> 00:16:02,240
+from the upper middle to the lower middle we
+
+247
+00:16:02,240 --> 00:16:04,800
+magnify we magnify we magnify and it grows more
+
+248
+00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:07,740
+theta T we will follow with this and I will move
+
+249
+00:16:07,740 --> 00:16:11,000
+we will follow with this angle until we reach
+
+250
+00:16:21,940 --> 00:16:23,620
+This is the critical angle.
+
+251
+00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:32,540
+The critical angle is the angle of fall that makes
+
+252
+00:16:32,540 --> 00:16:35,220
+the angle of deflection 90 degrees. Of course,
+
+253
+00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:38,180
+here it is not 90 degrees. We can't get after 90
+
+254
+00:16:38,180 --> 00:16:40,420
+exactly, but we can imagine that the beam is
+
+255
+00:16:40,420 --> 00:16:45,160
+running on the optical interface between the two
+
+256
+00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:51,720
+mediums.ساعتها لما يحدث هذا ويصبح الشعاع المنكسر
+
+257
+00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:55,820
+اللي أنا بأشر عليه يجري على السطح الفاصل ساعتها
+
+258
+00:16:55,820 --> 00:16:59,900
+بسمي زاوية السقوط critical angle critical angle
+
+259
+00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:04,880
+السؤال يا ترى بقدر أحدد قيمة ال critical angle
+
+260
+00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:09,640
+للمواد المختلفة؟ بنقول نعم إذا the law of
+
+261
+00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:12,480
+reflection governs the direction of the reflected
+
+262
+00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:15,430
+rayThe following figure shows a light ray
+
+263
+00:17:15,430 --> 00:17:21,090
+traveling from a high-index medium into
+
+264
+00:17:21,090 --> 00:17:24,530
+low-index medium. In this situation, the
+
+265
+00:17:24,530 --> 00:17:27,090
+transmitted ray bends away from the surface
+
+266
+00:17:27,090 --> 00:17:30,990
+normal, and thus the angle of transmission exceeds
+
+267
+00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:32,850
+the angle of incidence.
+
+268
+00:17:38,250 --> 00:17:40,550
+highest in the refractive index, and if it's lower
+
+269
+00:17:40,550 --> 00:17:43,550
+than the refractive index, like air, the light
+
+270
+00:17:43,550 --> 00:17:48,310
+ray, the transmitted ray bends away, away from the
+
+271
+00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:53,250
+surface normal, and theta T exceeds theta I. Okay,
+
+272
+00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:57,910
+when I, as the angle of incidence increases, the
+
+273
+00:17:57,910 --> 00:18:01,030
+angle of transmission increases to a greater
+
+274
+00:18:01,030 --> 00:18:02,530
+degree. The more the angle of incidence increases,
+
+275
+00:18:06,820 --> 00:18:09,340
+this is the same, but the drawing is reversed, the
+
+276
+00:18:09,340 --> 00:18:11,920
+glass above and the air below, the more we
+
+277
+00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:13,340
+increase the angle of fall, the more the
+
+278
+00:18:13,340 --> 00:18:22,360
+reduction, which is which is this, excuse me which
+
+279
+00:18:22,360 --> 00:18:24,620
+is this, plus the reduction, the more we increase
+
+280
+00:18:24,620 --> 00:18:28,520
+the angle of fall, the angle of reduction
+
+281
+00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:34,520
+increases to a greater degree until it reaches
+
+282
+00:18:39,830 --> 00:18:45,010
+let's say it's around 90% it's more than 90% it's
+
+283
+00:18:45,010 --> 00:18:51,710
+more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90
+
+284
+00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:52,730
+% it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+285
+00:18:52,730 --> 00:18:52,810
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+286
+00:18:52,810 --> 00:18:52,850
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+287
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:52,850
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+288
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:52,850
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+289
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:52,850
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+290
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:52,850
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+291
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:52,850
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+292
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:52,850
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+293
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:52,850
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+294
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:52,850
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+295
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:55,110
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+296
+00:18:55,110 --> 00:19:00,010
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+297
+00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:10,970
+So it increases the angle of deflection by
+
+298
+00:19:10,970 --> 00:19:12,610
+increasing the angle of deflection, but the angle
+
+299
+00:19:12,610 --> 00:19:15,410
+of deflection increases by a greater degree. Until
+
+300
+00:19:15,410 --> 00:19:18,610
+it reaches the angle of deflection equal to 90
+
+301
+00:19:18,610 --> 00:19:22,450
+degrees. 90 degrees means that the broken beam of
+
+302
+00:19:22,450 --> 00:19:27,440
+the transmitted ray becomeson the surface, on the
+
+303
+00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:29,760
+surface, it didn't move to the other substance
+
+304
+00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:31,700
+which is the air, nor did it return to the
+
+305
+00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:33,800
+substance that it came from, which is the rock.
+
+306
+00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:36,680
+When the angle of contraction reaches 90 degrees,
+
+307
+00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:40,040
+then I calculate the angle of descent, which is
+
+308
+00:19:40,040 --> 00:19:43,080
+theta I, I call it critical angle. And critical
+
+309
+00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:44,960
+angle, we will symbolize it with a new symbol
+
+310
+00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:47,960
+called theta C, from the word critical, which
+
+311
+00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:50,800
+means the crooked angle.Theta C is the same as
+
+312
+00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:55,200
+Theta I, but with
+
+313
+00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:58,920
+an angle of 90 degrees.
+
+314
+00:20:01,360 --> 00:20:04,860
+As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of
+
+315
+00:20:04,860 --> 00:20:07,440
+transmission increases to a greater degree.
+
+316
+00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:17,620
+Eventually, at this point,
+
+317
+00:20:18,020 --> 00:20:21,480
+the ray grazes along the optical interface and is
+
+318
+00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:25,430
+no longer transmitted.In this moment, the
+
+319
+00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:28,470
+transmitted ray cannot even be called a
+
+320
+00:20:28,470 --> 00:20:30,770
+transmitted ray. Why? Because it did not go to the
+
+321
+00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,330
+second substance. It began to run on the surface.
+
+322
+00:20:34,530 --> 00:20:37,110
+It grazes on the surface. It grazes on the
+
+323
+00:20:37,110 --> 00:20:40,430
+surface. As a result, it came to a distance at the
+
+324
+00:20:40,430 --> 00:20:42,790
+optical interface. I cannot say that it moved to
+
+325
+00:20:42,790 --> 00:20:45,670
+the second substance or returned to the first
+
+326
+00:20:45,670 --> 00:20:47,610
+substance, which is the glass that came from it.
+
+327
+00:20:49,290 --> 00:20:50,970
+And here, this drawing shows that this is the
+
+328
+00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:54,470
+case. We move from the glassNow, at the critical
+
+329
+00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:58,170
+angle, which is the angle of falling, which
+
+330
+00:20:58,170 --> 00:21:03,170
+creates a 90-degree angle of contraction, then the
+
+331
+00:21:03,170 --> 00:21:08,230
+transmitted ray or refracted ray starts to run on
+
+332
+00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:11,490
+the line, and therefore neither moves to the air
+
+333
+00:21:11,490 --> 00:21:15,330
+nor returns to
+
+334
+00:21:15,330 --> 00:21:18,290
+the glass. So if we ask ourselves, what is the
+
+335
+00:21:18,290 --> 00:21:19,910
+critical angle? What is the definition of the
+
+336
+00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:23,920
+critical angle? It is the angle of falling.It is
+
+337
+00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:26,080
+the angle of descent that makes the angle of
+
+338
+00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:30,180
+descent 90 degrees. A person may get confused or
+
+339
+00:21:30,180 --> 00:21:34,380
+think that this is the critical angle which is 90
+
+340
+00:21:34,380 --> 00:21:37,060
+degrees. No, this 90 degrees is the angle of
+
+341
+00:21:37,060 --> 00:21:42,860
+passage or theta T. As for theta I which makes
+
+342
+00:21:42,860 --> 00:21:46,980
+theta T 90 degrees, I call it the critical angle.
+
+343
+00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:53,880
+The critical angle is the angle of incidence.that
+
+344
+00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:58,200
+produce transmitted ray 90 degree to the surface
+
+345
+00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:01,200
+normal 90 degree to the surface normal يعني يجري
+
+346
+00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:07,180
+على السطح الان كيف نحسب θC كيف نحسب θC the
+
+347
+00:22:07,180 --> 00:22:12,320
+critical angle θC is calculated from Snell's law
+
+348
+00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:18,480
+من قانون الانكسار اللي هو بينص على انه Ni sin θI
+
+349
+00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:25,900
+يسوى Nt sin θT طيبOkay, ni sin theta I, theta I is
+
+350
+00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:28,100
+the angle of descent, but this time I will
+
+351
+00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:31,880
+calculate it for the critical angle. So, ni sin
+
+352
+00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:37,220
+theta C is equal to nT sin, which is nT sin theta
+
+353
+00:22:37,220 --> 00:22:39,960
+T, theta T is 90, because I am calculating for the
+
+354
+00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:42,140
+critical angle, which gives me the angle of
+
+355
+00:22:42,140 --> 00:22:47,400
+passage, which is 90. So, the sin of 90 is 1, so
+
+356
+00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:53,240
+the sin of 90 degrees is 1, then I sayni sine
+
+357
+00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:57,260
+theta c equals nt because we multiply it by one
+
+358
+00:22:57,260 --> 00:23:02,780
+and it remains nt I want to continue by saying
+
+359
+00:23:02,780 --> 00:23:07,680
+rearranging gives sine theta c equals nt divided
+
+360
+00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:10,480
+by ni how did we get to this point? we say that we
+
+361
+00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:13,480
+got to this point by dividing both sides by ni
+
+362
+00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:17,740
+sine theta t equals ni sine theta t when I divide
+
+363
+00:23:17,740 --> 00:23:22,480
+it by ni it becomes ni with niو nt لما اقسمه على
+
+364
+00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:29,940
+ni بيظل عندى nt على ni اذا sign θc يساوي nt على ni
+
+365
+00:23:29,940 --> 00:23:35,260
+so the angle of transmission is 90 degree when the
+
+366
+00:23:35,260 --> 00:23:39,500
+angle of incidence اذا انا عرف ال j بالزاوية بقدر
+
+367
+00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:44,600
+اعرف الزاوية اذا θc يساوي arc sign او shift sign
+
+368
+00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:49,620
+nt على ni و بقدر احدد بالظبط يعني مقدار هدى
+
+369
+00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:59,360
+الزاوية، مقدارها دي الزاوية Now if
+
+370
+00:23:59,360 --> 00:24:04,720
+we consider that the air is one and that the glass
+
+371
+00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:08,160
+is one and a halfthe critical angle will be
+
+372
+00:24:08,160 --> 00:24:13,320
+approximately 41 degrees 41 degrees okay now the
+
+373
+00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:17,340
+question that arises to itself what happens if the
+
+374
+00:24:17,340 --> 00:24:19,780
+light falls with an angle greater than the
+
+375
+00:24:19,780 --> 00:24:22,840
+critical angle greater than the critical angle
+
+376
+00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:26,280
+let's see what the simulation gives me we say
+
+377
+00:24:26,280 --> 00:24:29,160
+approximately we have to consider this critical
+
+378
+00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:32,160
+angle to be slightly greater than the critical
+
+379
+00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:34,820
+angle that is, when this radiation occursIt
+
+380
+00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:36,920
+becomes correct. Sometimes I consider this to be
+
+381
+00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:39,300
+the critical angle. If I want to increase the
+
+382
+00:24:39,300 --> 00:24:43,220
+critical angle, then all the things that fall at
+
+383
+00:24:43,220 --> 00:24:46,020
+the angles of fall are greater than the critical
+
+384
+00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,900
+angle, all of them.Totally بيصير لها reflection
+
+385
+00:24:50,900 --> 00:24:54,220
+تماما في المادة اللي اجت منها وعشان ايه بيسموه
+
+386
+00:24:54,220 --> 00:24:58,840
+Total Internal Reflection Reflection مفهوم انعكاس
+
+387
+00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:02,960
+في نفس المادة يعني ضال في نفس الوسط اللي اجا منه
+
+388
+00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:08,800
+Total يعني كل الأشعةWhat does it mean? Any rays,
+
+389
+00:25:09,020 --> 00:25:13,320
+all the rays that fall at an angle greater than
+
+390
+00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:16,120
+the critical angle, it must be at an angle greater
+
+391
+00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:23,620
+than the critical angle, all of them will have
+
+392
+00:25:23,620 --> 00:25:26,040
+an internal reflection, internal means in the same
+
+393
+00:25:26,040 --> 00:25:30,340
+substance, and all of them means if 100,000 rays
+
+394
+00:25:30,340 --> 00:25:34,870
+fall from meall the 100,000 rays fall at an angle
+
+395
+00:25:34,870 --> 00:25:39,330
+greater than the critical angle 100% of them, that
+
+396
+00:25:39,330 --> 00:25:41,510
+is, all the 100,000 rays will be reflected in the
+
+397
+00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,150
+matter they come from. So the total internal
+
+398
+00:25:45,150 --> 00:25:49,670
+reflection occurs when the rays fall from the
+
+399
+00:25:49,670 --> 00:25:52,910
+middle of the highest density to the middle of the
+
+400
+00:25:52,910 --> 00:25:58,470
+lowest density but at an angle greater than the
+
+401
+00:25:58,470 --> 00:26:02,110
+critical anglethen all the things that fell will
+
+402
+00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:05,010
+reflect inside the matter that came from it and
+
+403
+00:26:05,010 --> 00:26:07,470
+this phenomenon is called Total Internal
+
+404
+00:26:07,470 --> 00:26:12,350
+Reflection Total Internal Reflection Now let's see
+
+405
+00:26:12,350 --> 00:26:18,450
+some of the things that help me understand this
+
+406
+00:26:18,450 --> 00:26:21,710
+issue We say that the experience here is really
+
+407
+00:26:21,710 --> 00:26:25,190
+great Let's see the phenomenon of Total Internal
+
+408
+00:26:25,190 --> 00:26:30,020
+Reflection and follow it togetherand we see the
+
+409
+00:26:30,020 --> 00:26:33,120
+light, how it will happen in it of course these
+
+410
+00:26:33,120 --> 00:26:38,180
+drawings will happen to me this is a glass, we
+
+411
+00:26:38,180 --> 00:26:40,020
+will insert the light in the glass, but the lesson
+
+412
+00:26:40,020 --> 00:26:42,540
+is not about inserting the light this is a
+
+413
+00:26:42,540 --> 00:26:44,900
+vertical fall, a vertical fall to the light, it
+
+414
+00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:47,000
+didn't change its way, it didn't change its way
+
+415
+00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:53,320
+now we want to do I
+
+416
+00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:57,620
+will stop here and say as followsهي زاوية السقوط،
+
+417
+00:26:57,620 --> 00:27:00,660
+هاي ال service normal اللي أنا بأشير عليه، وهي
+
+418
+00:27:00,660 --> 00:27:05,720
+الشعاع الساقط، أنا مائلي في المسافة هاي، الآن
+
+419
+00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:09,420
+الشعاع في داخل الجزاز، أنا بدي أشوف الشعاع لما بدي
+
+420
+00:27:09,420 --> 00:27:14,380
+أطلع من الجزاز اللي هو وسط أعلى في الكثافة، للهوة
+
+421
+00:27:14,380 --> 00:27:18,780
+اللي هو وسط أقل في الكثافة، زاوية السقوط تساوي
+
+422
+00:27:18,780 --> 00:27:24,070
+عشرة degree، عشرة degree، هاي عشرةthis is 20, this
+
+423
+00:27:24,070 --> 00:27:28,070
+is 30, this is 40 this is the angle of fall 10
+
+424
+00:27:28,070 --> 00:27:29,790
+degrees do you see how much is the angle of
+
+425
+00:27:29,790 --> 00:27:34,030
+deflection? 15 degrees this is 10, this is 0, 10,
+
+426
+00:27:34,270 --> 00:27:38,070
+15 so the angle of deflection is greater than the
+
+427
+00:27:38,070 --> 00:27:41,530
+angle of fall because the light moves from the
+
+428
+00:27:41,530 --> 00:27:43,450
+middle of the highest density to the middle of the
+
+429
+00:27:43,450 --> 00:27:46,330
+lowest density to the middle of the lowest density
+
+430
+00:27:46,330 --> 00:27:49,210
+okay now we want to follow and see when the angle
+
+431
+00:27:49,210 --> 00:27:51,530
+of fall increases how the angle of deflection
+
+432
+00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:52,390
+increases more
+
+433
+00:28:02,250 --> 00:28:06,550
+Hannigaff هنا تقريبا زاوية السقوط 22 degree يعني
+
+434
+00:28:06,550 --> 00:28:12,290
+20 21 22 تقريبا بينما زاوية الإنكسار لما خرج الضوء
+
+435
+00:28:12,290 --> 00:28:16,510
+للهوى من الجزاز لما خرج الضوء للهوى من الجزاز هنا
+
+436
+00:28:16,510 --> 00:28:20,990
+قلنا 20 ل22 تقريبا تقريبا 21 ل22 degree زاوية
+
+437
+00:28:20,990 --> 00:28:26,310
+السقوط هنا أصبحت زاوية الإنكسار تقريبا 34 degree
+
+438
+00:28:26,310 --> 00:28:27,870
+طيب نتابع أكتر
+
+439
+00:28:37,130 --> 00:28:40,290
+وصلنا تقريبا لزاوية سقوط تلاتين واحد و تلاتين
+
+440
+00:28:40,290 --> 00:28:44,710
+degree أصبحت زاوية الانكسار تقريبا تسعة و أربعين
+
+441
+00:28:44,710 --> 00:28:47,770
+degree ليش؟ لأن الدوء بينتقل من وسط أعلى في
+
+442
+00:28:47,770 --> 00:28:51,230
+الكثافة لوسط أقل، بيبعد عن ال service normal،
+
+443
+00:28:51,230 --> 00:28:52,750
+بيبعد عن ال service normal
+
+444
+00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:09,460
+الان عندما وصلت زاوية السقوط تقريبا اربعين degree
+
+445
+00:29:09,460 --> 00:29:13,600
+واحد واربعين degree أصبحت زاوية الانكسار تقريبا
+
+446
+00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:18,900
+تقريبا تمانين
+
+447
+00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:25,800
+degree انتبع مع بعض لأ
+
+448
+00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:30,140
+بدنا نرجع شوية عشان مانفوتش لحظة ال critical angle
+
+449
+00:29:39,190 --> 00:29:42,170
+almost this critical angle or we made a mistake
+
+450
+00:29:48,870 --> 00:29:53,210
+يعني تجريبا تجر��با بعض الأشعة بعض الأشعة سقطة ب
+
+451
+00:29:53,210 --> 00:29:56,650
+critical angle و بتسبح على السطح أو قبل ما تسبح
+
+452
+00:29:56,650 --> 00:30:00,210
+على السطح و بعض الأشعة ما هي عندنا أشعات كتيرة
+
+453
+00:30:00,210 --> 00:30:03,850
+يعني حزمة من الأشعة الأشعة اللي سقطت بزاوية سقوط
+
+454
+00:30:03,850 --> 00:30:06,450
+أكبر من ال critical angle زي ما أنتوا شايفين هي
+
+455
+00:30:06,450 --> 00:30:11,420
+انعكسات و الأشعة اللي سقطت بزاوية سقوطless than
+
+456
+00:30:11,420 --> 00:30:14,320
+the critical angle, it will go to the second
+
+457
+00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:16,800
+substance and the rays that fell in the angle of
+
+458
+00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,300
+fall equal to the critical angle will remain
+
+459
+00:30:19,300 --> 00:30:23,760
+floating on the surface as I show you now
+
+460
+00:30:23,760 --> 00:30:29,720
+everything else will become total internal
+
+461
+00:30:29,720 --> 00:30:35,120
+reflection if you notice, there are no rays nowWe
+
+462
+00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:37,640
+have now reached the critical angle and not a
+
+463
+00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:41,540
+single ray of light is emitted from the optical
+
+464
+00:30:41,540 --> 00:30:45,900
+interface. As much as we enlarge the angle of fall
+
+465
+00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:48,700
+away from the critical angle, the total internal
+
+466
+00:30:48,700 --> 00:30:51,140
+reflection returns to the same substance that came
+
+467
+00:30:51,140 --> 00:30:55,520
+from it. No matter how much we enlarge the angle
+
+468
+00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:58,140
+away from the critical angle. This phenomenon is
+
+469
+00:30:58,140 --> 00:31:03,740
+called the total internal reflection.
+
+470
+00:31:04,910 --> 00:31:09,350
+we go back to the powerpoint and say that any ray
+
+471
+00:31:09,350 --> 00:31:12,950
+that falls at an angle greater than the critical
+
+472
+00:31:12,950 --> 00:31:17,050
+angle will have total internal reflection total
+
+473
+00:31:17,050 --> 00:31:22,310
+internal reflection and thus these three scenarios
+
+474
+00:31:22,310 --> 00:31:28,020
+that occur withThe light when it moves from the
+
+475
+00:31:28,020 --> 00:31:30,740
+upper middle of the density to the lower middle of
+
+476
+00:31:30,740 --> 00:31:33,640
+the density, in this example which is from the
+
+477
+00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:38,320
+water to the air, the angle of fall is greater
+
+478
+00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:40,400
+than the angle of breakage because the broken rays
+
+479
+00:31:41,170 --> 00:31:45,510
+away from the normal service when we increase the
+
+480
+00:31:45,510 --> 00:31:48,550
+angle of fall when we increase the angle of fall
+
+481
+00:31:48,550 --> 00:31:52,510
+the angle of deflection increases to a greater
+
+482
+00:31:52,510 --> 00:31:56,630
+degree until we reach a certain angle of fall this
+
+483
+00:31:56,630 --> 00:31:59,670
+certain angle of fall I call it the critical angle
+
+484
+00:31:59,670 --> 00:32:03,830
+or theta C what makes it theta C or the critical
+
+485
+00:32:03,830 --> 00:32:07,410
+angle it is the angle of fall that makes the angle
+
+486
+00:32:07,410 --> 00:32:13,330
+of deflection or theta T 90 degreesIf the angle of
+
+487
+00:32:13,330 --> 00:32:14,570
+fall increases more than the critical angle, all
+
+488
+00:32:14,570 --> 00:32:17,650
+the rays, all the rays, and we focus on the word
+
+489
+00:32:17,650 --> 00:32:22,090
+all the rays that fell at an angle greater than
+
+490
+00:32:22,090 --> 00:32:25,470
+the critical angle, it becomes total internal
+
+491
+00:32:25,470 --> 00:32:29,210
+reflection, meaning that everything is reflected
+
+492
+00:32:29,210 --> 00:32:31,210
+inside the substance, as we showed in the video
+
+493
+00:32:31,210 --> 00:32:36,650
+beforeAs figure shows, the angle of transmission
+
+494
+00:32:36,650 --> 00:32:41,010
+increases as the angle of incidence increases, but
+
+495
+00:32:41,010 --> 00:32:45,110
+the angle of transmission cannot exceed 90
+
+496
+00:32:45,110 --> 00:32:45,490
+degrees.
+
+497
+00:32:56,770 --> 00:33:01,130
+وها دي زاوية المرور، بنقوله لأ كلمة مرور، كلمة
+
+498
+00:33:01,130 --> 00:33:06,310
+مرور تعني مر من وسط و أصبح في وسط آخر، عبر من وسط
+
+499
+00:33:06,310 --> 00:33:10,950
+لوسط آخر، هل الشعاع هذا عبر؟ لأ، إذا كلمة مرور لا
+
+500
+00:33:10,950 --> 00:33:14,130
+تصلح للاستخدام، الآن مش transmission، مش
+
+501
+00:33:14,130 --> 00:33:18,110
+refraction، وإنما reflection، وإنما reflection
+
+502
+00:33:18,110 --> 00:33:23,250
+لأنه إش هو ال reflection؟It is the reflection of
+
+503
+00:33:23,250 --> 00:33:25,690
+light to the same medium that came from it when it
+
+504
+00:33:25,690 --> 00:33:28,350
+collided with a wall or a wall or a surface
+
+505
+00:33:28,350 --> 00:33:32,250
+separated between two objects. Here, exactly, the
+
+506
+00:33:32,250 --> 00:33:35,070
+light came from the glass and reached an optical
+
+507
+00:33:35,070 --> 00:33:38,490
+interface, a distance between two media, but it
+
+508
+00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:41,190
+was reflected, that is, it returned to the medium
+
+509
+00:33:41,190 --> 00:33:43,010
+that came from it. So this I do not call a break,
+
+510
+00:33:43,450 --> 00:33:46,830
+and this is the angle that I cannot call a
+
+511
+00:33:46,830 --> 00:33:49,670
+passage. That is to say, by God, the angle of
+
+512
+00:33:49,670 --> 00:33:53,770
+passagemore than 90, 91, 92, what does more than
+
+513
+00:33:53,770 --> 00:33:58,550
+90 mean? 91, 95, 100 degrees, this is not correct,
+
+514
+00:33:58,690 --> 00:34:01,030
+because if it is less than 90, it means that the
+
+515
+00:34:01,030 --> 00:34:03,510
+light is reflected in the same medium that came
+
+516
+00:34:03,510 --> 00:34:06,670
+from it, as the view I have here shows, as the
+
+517
+00:34:06,670 --> 00:34:12,310
+view shows, but the critical or but the angle of
+
+518
+00:34:12,310 --> 00:34:14,830
+transmission cannot exceed 90 degrees,
+
+519
+00:34:15,350 --> 00:34:18,330
+consequently refraction cannot occur, in this
+
+520
+00:34:18,330 --> 00:34:22,110
+case,in this case, it is not possible for
+
+521
+00:34:22,110 --> 00:34:24,810
+refraction to occur it is not possible for the
+
+522
+00:34:24,810 --> 00:34:27,810
+light to pass through the other substance the
+
+523
+00:34:27,810 --> 00:34:31,430
+light does not break, but it is reflected indeed,
+
+524
+00:34:31,750 --> 00:34:35,230
+Snell's law has no valid mathematical solution in
+
+525
+00:34:35,230 --> 00:34:39,230
+real numbers when the critical angle is exceeded
+
+526
+00:34:39,230 --> 00:34:42,070
+of course, the law of refraction, which is Snell's
+
+527
+00:34:42,070 --> 00:34:48,110
+law cannot find a solution with real numbers
+
+528
+00:34:50,610 --> 00:34:55,530
+لهدي المسألة وإنما إيش اللي حصل اللي حصل ببساطة
+
+529
+00:34:55,530 --> 00:34:59,470
+the incident ray is مئة بالمئة reflected totally
+
+530
+00:34:59,470 --> 00:35:04,850
+reflected واحنا بنركز على جملة إنه كل شعاع مهما
+
+531
+00:35:04,850 --> 00:35:10,850
+كان كمية الأشعة كل شعاع منها بيسقط بزاوية سقوط
+
+532
+00:35:10,850 --> 00:35:14,670
+أكتر من ال critical angle مئة بالمئة كل هذه الأشعة
+
+533
+00:35:14,670 --> 00:35:20,820
+بتنعكس داخل المادة اللتي أتت منهافبالتالي هذا يسمى
+
+534
+00:35:20,820 --> 00:35:24,900
+الـ Total Internal Reflection Total Internal
+
+535
+00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:28,220
+Reflection عبارة عن ظاهرة غريبة curious phenomenon
+
+536
+00:35:28,220 --> 00:35:32,320
+consider light traveling from spectacular crown
+
+537
+00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:38,150
+glass to air if the angle of incidence isTen
+
+538
+00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:42,150
+degrees, the light transmits easily as it crosses
+
+539
+00:35:42,150 --> 00:35:45,930
+the interface. However, if the angle of incidence
+
+540
+00:35:45,930 --> 00:35:50,050
+is 45 degrees, the interface becomes an
+
+541
+00:35:50,050 --> 00:35:55,610
+impenetrable barrier. The interface is transparent
+
+542
+00:35:55,610 --> 00:35:58,470
+to some rays and opaque to other rays.
+
+543
+00:36:07,370 --> 00:36:12,110
+to the air, we say we want to see if it is 10
+
+544
+00:36:12,110 --> 00:36:18,230
+degrees this
+
+545
+00:36:18,230 --> 00:36:22,110
+is 10 degrees, it is true that the refracted rays
+
+546
+00:36:22,110 --> 00:36:25,070
+go away, the angle of contraction is 15 degrees,
+
+547
+00:36:25,230 --> 00:36:28,190
+but the rays penetrate the other substance, which
+
+548
+00:36:28,190 --> 00:36:31,190
+is the air easily, okay, if we leave the angle of
+
+549
+00:36:31,190 --> 00:36:33,010
+contraction 45 degrees
+
+550
+00:36:37,260 --> 00:36:41,820
+the distance between the glass and the air became
+
+551
+00:36:41,820 --> 00:36:50,040
+impenetrable barrier because it
+
+552
+00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:53,800
+fell at an angle greater than the critical angle
+
+553
+00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,260
+and we should not forget that we calculated the
+
+554
+00:36:57,260 --> 00:37:01,990
+critical angle between the air andالجزاز طلعت
+
+555
+00:37:01,990 --> 00:37:05,510
+تقريبا واحد واربعين degree، واحد واربعين degree
+
+556
+00:37:05,510 --> 00:37:08,950
+يعني أي شعاع بيسقط بزاوية سقوط أكبر من واحد
+
+557
+00:37:08,950 --> 00:37:12,710
+واربعين degree، هيصيرله total internal reflection،
+
+558
+00:37:12,710 --> 00:37:15,990
+يعني هيرجع من حيثه أتا، يعني هيرجع من ناحية
+
+559
+00:37:15,990 --> 00:37:21,510
+الجزاز، هيرجع من ناحية الجزاز أو إلى الزجاج اللي
+
+560
+00:37:21,510 --> 00:37:27,360
+صدر منهPhysicists have devoted great deal
+
+561
+00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:31,540
+attention to this phenomenon. طبعا ظاهرة ال total
+
+562
+00:37:31,540 --> 00:37:35,300
+internal reflection استفادوا منها العلماء بشكل
+
+563
+00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,120
+حقيقة رائع ومميز،
+
+564
+00:37:40,120 --> 00:37:45,640
+بشكل رائع ومميز، هذا الشكل الرائع والمميز، كيف
+
+565
+00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,960
+استفادواالعلماء من ظاهرة الـ Total Internal
+
+566
+00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:54,780
+Reflection وإيش الفوائد اللي بتعطينياها وإيش حقيقة
+
+567
+00:37:54,780 --> 00:38:00,180
+الصعوبات اللي أحيانا بيواجهها طبيب العيون أثناء أو
+
+568
+00:38:00,180 --> 00:38:02,640
+بسبب ظاهرة الـ Total Internal Reflection هذا
+
+569
+00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:06,240
+الكلام كله هنحكي عنه المرة القادمة ان شاء الله
+
+570
+00:38:06,240 --> 00:38:09,600
+تعالى ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+571
+00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:10,500
+وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4xAHpFxG_gw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1010 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,940 --> 00:00:06,360
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نستكمل
+
+2
+00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,220
+مع المحاضرة الثانية من محاضرات البصريات الهندسية
+
+3
+00:00:10,220 --> 00:00:15,080
+توقفنا عند أبسط جهاز تصوير وحكينا عنه ال pinhole
+
+4
+00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:22,380
+هو أبسط optical system وتوقفنا عند الحكي عن ال
+
+5
+00:00:22,380 --> 00:00:26,040
+object بنقول for every object point there is a
+
+6
+00:00:26,040 --> 00:00:30,380
+specific image point معروف  that each object is
+
+7
+00:00:30,380 --> 00:00:33,560
+composed of an infinite number of small points
+
+8
+00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:37,280
+that can be considered as point sources for light
+
+9
+00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:42,260
+each point in the object has its own image or
+
+10
+00:00:42,260 --> 00:00:46,660
+image in the image so for every object point there
+
+11
+00:00:46,660 --> 00:00:50,700
+is a specific image point these objects and image
+
+12
+00:00:50,700 --> 00:00:52,940
+points that are similar to each other or pictures
+
+13
+00:00:52,940 --> 00:00:55,060
+of each other we call them conjugate or
+
+14
+00:00:55,060 --> 00:00:58,640
+corresponding object and image pointsLet's go back
+
+15
+00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:02,200
+and look at an example from the drawing that we
+
+16
+00:01:02,200 --> 00:01:06,700
+showed in the first lecture This is my point, this
+
+17
+00:01:06,700 --> 00:01:09,980
+is the object, this is the body, the point that is
+
+18
+00:01:09,980 --> 00:01:13,020
+pointed with the candle, we will find the rays
+
+19
+00:01:13,020 --> 00:01:17,380
+that spread from it, part of it entered the
+
+20
+00:01:17,380 --> 00:01:21,960
+pinhole هيروح يكونلي A شرطة، اللي هي قمة اللهب في
+
+21
+00:01:21,960 --> 00:01:26,320
+الصورة نفسها، إذا A شرطة، A شرطة، هنا مكتوبة C بس
+
+22
+00:01:26,320 --> 00:01:32,470
+هي A شرطة، الأفضل نسميها A شرطة، هي صورة Aوعندي
+
+23
+00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:38,150
+مثلا نقطة هنا B مثلا هنلاقي صورتها B و C .. B شرطة
+
+24
+00:01:38,150 --> 00:01:42,130
+عفوان و C هنلاقي صورتها C شرطة، اذا كل نقطة في ال
+
+25
+00:01:42,130 --> 00:01:47,250
+object اللي هسورتها في ال image مجموع صور نقاط ال
+
+26
+00:01:47,250 --> 00:01:51,310
+object، مش مجموع نقاط ال object، مجموع صور نقاط ال
+
+27
+00:01:51,310 --> 00:01:55,730
+object، مجموع A شرطة مع B شرطة مع C شرطة مع D شرطة
+
+28
+00:01:55,730 --> 00:02:01,750
+إلى آخرها، بيكون للصورة ال متكاملة، طيب AAnd what
+
+29
+00:02:01,750 --> 00:02:03,470
+is a condition? They call them points that are
+
+30
+00:02:03,470 --> 00:02:09,350
+similar or similar to each other because A is what
+
+31
+00:02:09,350 --> 00:02:12,330
+made A a condition. It did not combine with A any
+
+32
+00:02:12,330 --> 00:02:15,290
+other point in the object, which means that A will
+
+33
+00:02:15,290 --> 00:02:17,230
+never give me a condition in the picture. When a
+
+34
+00:02:17,230 --> 00:02:21,650
+person stands in front of a mirror as a camera, he
+
+35
+00:02:21,650 --> 00:02:23,650
+does not see, for example, a nose and in the
+
+36
+00:02:23,650 --> 00:02:26,950
+mirror a ear.or his eye became a nose in the
+
+37
+00:02:26,950 --> 00:02:31,550
+mirror, or his hair became a hand, so no, every
+
+38
+00:02:31,550 --> 00:02:35,770
+part of his body is pictured with what resembles
+
+39
+00:02:35,770 --> 00:02:38,510
+him in the picture and what resembles him in the
+
+40
+00:02:38,510 --> 00:02:40,550
+picture, so what is a condition? It is a picture
+
+41
+00:02:40,550 --> 00:02:42,920
+of what?we will call a and a conditional
+
+42
+00:02:42,920 --> 00:02:46,820
+corresponding object and image point or conjugate
+
+43
+00:02:46,820 --> 00:02:50,880
+object and image point, we will call them
+
+44
+00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:55,460
+corresponding or conjugate object and image point,
+
+45
+00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:57,600
+this word will not apply only to a and a
+
+46
+00:02:57,600 --> 00:02:59,620
+conditional, it applies to all points of the
+
+47
+00:02:59,620 --> 00:03:03,760
+object, b and b conditional points, c and c
+
+48
+00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:08,350
+conditional and so on and so forthFor every object
+
+49
+00:03:08,350 --> 00:03:11,990
+point there is a specific image point, of course
+
+50
+00:03:11,990 --> 00:03:16,650
+in optics we use the term conjugate or
+
+51
+00:03:16,650 --> 00:03:21,010
+corresponding object and image point Now, from
+
+52
+00:03:21,010 --> 00:03:26,210
+every point of the object, the rays will go in all
+
+53
+00:03:26,210 --> 00:03:30,510
+directionsWhat we mean is the light rays that will
+
+54
+00:03:30,510 --> 00:03:33,790
+go and enter the camera, whether it is the camera
+
+55
+00:03:33,790 --> 00:03:35,690
+which is the optical system, whether it is a
+
+56
+00:03:35,690 --> 00:03:38,450
+pinhole, or a lens, or a mirror, or a camera, or
+
+57
+00:03:38,450 --> 00:03:43,650
+whatever. What we want to do is to draw light
+
+58
+00:03:43,650 --> 00:03:47,690
+rays, we don't draw them in waves, but we draw
+
+59
+00:03:47,690 --> 00:03:53,220
+them in straight lines called light raysSo the ray
+
+60
+00:03:53,220 --> 00:03:59,780
+is a geometric construct indicating
+
+61
+00:03:59,780 --> 00:04:05,180
+the path of light as
+
+62
+00:04:05,180 --> 00:04:08,240
+it travels from an object point to the
+
+63
+00:04:08,240 --> 00:04:09,980
+corresponding image point
+
+64
+00:04:17,290 --> 00:04:21,450
+What spread from point A of the object will go in
+
+65
+00:04:21,450 --> 00:04:24,430
+all directions All of this doesn't mean anything
+
+66
+00:04:24,430 --> 00:04:27,650
+to me, it means the group of rays that entered the
+
+67
+00:04:27,650 --> 00:04:31,910
+pinhole If it came from A, it will go and form a
+
+68
+00:04:31,910 --> 00:04:35,810
+condition, which is the shape of A The rays that
+
+69
+00:04:35,810 --> 00:04:37,990
+started from A and passed through the pinhole will
+
+70
+00:04:37,990 --> 00:04:41,450
+not go to form anything in the shape except A
+
+71
+00:04:41,450 --> 00:04:44,090
+condition Except A condition And the rays that
+
+72
+00:04:44,090 --> 00:04:47,750
+started from point B in the body وكان مصيبها إنها
+
+73
+00:04:47,750 --> 00:04:51,770
+تدخل في ال pinhole، لن تشارك في تكوين أي جزء من
+
+74
+00:04:51,770 --> 00:04:56,230
+الصورة إلا بشرطة لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت
+
+75
+00:04:56,230 --> 00:05:04,470
+من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها
+
+76
+00:05:04,470 --> 00:05:05,290
+انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت
+
+77
+00:05:05,290 --> 00:05:05,970
+من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه, لأنها انطلقت من بيه,
+
+78
+00:05:05,970 --> 00:05:09,520
+لas it travels from an object point to the
+
+79
+00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:13,060
+corresponding image point. Of course, rays
+
+80
+00:05:13,060 --> 00:05:16,020
+represent only a path.
+
+81
+00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:24,220
+They do not indicate the amountIntensity or
+
+82
+00:05:24,220 --> 00:05:28,800
+wavelength of light. When I draw a light beam, I
+
+83
+00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:31,840
+don't mean the intensity of the light or the
+
+84
+00:05:31,840 --> 00:05:34,160
+length of the wave When we see a light beam drawn
+
+85
+00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:37,680
+in a straight line in a certain direction, it
+
+86
+00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:40,180
+doesn't mean that we will know how intense the
+
+87
+00:05:40,180 --> 00:05:44,350
+light isor جدّيش طول الموجي اللي هو طول الموجي
+
+88
+00:05:44,350 --> 00:05:47,950
+لللون الأحمر أو الضوء الأحمر أو الأخضر أو الأزرق
+
+89
+00:05:47,950 --> 00:05:51,790
+أو النيلي أو البنفسجي أو ما إلى ذالي وإنما هنعرف
+
+90
+00:05:51,790 --> 00:05:56,190
+إنه الضوء صار بهذا الإتجاه، إذن of light
+
+91
+00:05:56,190 --> 00:06:02,370
+travelling along the pathOf course, in geometric
+
+92
+00:06:02,370 --> 00:06:04,610
+optics, in the science of geometric optics,
+
+93
+00:06:04,730 --> 00:06:07,830
+although we know that light spreads in all
+
+94
+00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:11,250
+directions, there was an agreement between
+
+95
+00:06:11,250 --> 00:06:15,570
+scientists that light in geometric optics onlyIt
+
+96
+00:06:15,570 --> 00:06:18,650
+travels from left to right, from left to right,
+
+97
+00:06:18,690 --> 00:06:20,590
+and that's why the example here is clear to me
+
+98
+00:06:20,590 --> 00:06:24,110
+that the object is drawn on the left, on the left
+
+99
+00:06:24,110 --> 00:06:26,530
+side of the page and the light spreads from the
+
+100
+00:06:26,530 --> 00:06:29,930
+left to the right All the problems of geometric
+
+101
+00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:33,130
+optics will be in this way, that the object is
+
+102
+00:06:33,130 --> 00:06:36,790
+drawn on a shape or on the left side of the page,
+
+103
+00:06:37,170 --> 00:06:39,210
+why? Because the scientists knew that the light
+
+104
+00:06:39,210 --> 00:06:43,870
+would spread from the left to the rightمن الشمال
+
+105
+00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:48,190
+إلى اليمين. It is unusually light travels from
+
+106
+00:06:48,190 --> 00:06:51,570
+left to right بس في حقيقة الأمر هو بينتشر في جميع
+
+107
+00:06:51,570 --> 00:06:55,750
+الاتجاهات. Pencil of light is a small collection,
+
+108
+00:06:56,410 --> 00:06:59,230
+bundle of light rays traveling in the same
+
+109
+00:06:59,230 --> 00:07:03,780
+direction.Hezan, الحزمة الضوئية أو قلم الضوء، قلم
+
+110
+00:07:03,780 --> 00:07:08,180
+الضوء, pencil of light عبارة عن مجموعة صغيرة من
+
+111
+00:07:08,180 --> 00:07:12,060
+الإشعاعات الضوئية ممكن نسميها bundle يعني حزمة of
+
+112
+00:07:12,060 --> 00:07:15,600
+light rays ضروري تكون traveling in the same
+
+113
+00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:19,060
+direction, traveling in the same direction، الآن
+
+114
+00:07:19,060 --> 00:07:23,180
+الصورة هاي بتوضحThe pencil of light, these are
+
+115
+00:07:23,180 --> 00:07:25,980
+light rays coming from inside the pen hole, but
+
+116
+00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:30,040
+divergent, pencil, divergent means scattered from
+
+117
+00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:33,920
+each other Now, parallel pencil of light, also
+
+118
+00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:36,880
+coming from inside the pen hole, parallel pencil
+
+119
+00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:39,800
+of light or convergent, which means that the rays
+
+120
+00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:43,940
+are scattered or parallel or collected I call this
+
+121
+00:07:43,940 --> 00:07:47,240
+pencil of light, I call this pencil of light, I
+
+122
+00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:51,980
+call this pencil of light or light bandليش في
+
+123
+00:07:51,980 --> 00:07:55,240
+التلات حالات سميتهم pencil of light؟ لأن مطبق
+
+124
+00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:59,000
+عليهم التعريف، التعريف يقول هو مجموعة من الإشعاعات
+
+125
+00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:03,280
+الضوئية، مجموعة من الإشعاعات الضوئية تسير في نفس
+
+126
+00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:07,240
+الاتجاه، لو فرضنا إنه هذه الإشعاعات واحد منها
+
+127
+00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:10,640
+بيسير في اتجاه معاكز، طبعا لو فرضنا جدلا هذا
+
+128
+00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:14,440
+الكلام، باطلقش عليه pencil of light، إذا ضروري إنه
+
+129
+00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:18,830
+يكون مجموعة من الأشعة الضوئيةمجموعة من الأشياء
+
+130
+00:08:18,830 --> 00:08:23,070
+الضوئية يعني small collection of light rays ضروري
+
+131
+00:08:23,070 --> 00:08:26,690
+الشرط التاني أنه traveling in the same direction
+
+132
+00:08:26,690 --> 00:08:30,730
+in the same direction الآن ال pinhole اللي هو أبسط
+
+133
+00:08:30,730 --> 00:08:34,550
+جهاز تصوير الصور تاعته ال pinhole images are
+
+134
+00:08:34,550 --> 00:08:39,540
+usually too faint to be usefulvery stupid to the
+
+135
+00:08:39,540 --> 00:08:44,780
+extent that it cannot be used in practice or used
+
+136
+00:08:44,780 --> 00:08:48,140
+as a camera Now we want to ask ourselves a
+
+137
+00:08:48,140 --> 00:08:50,560
+question, why did the picture of the pinhole
+
+138
+00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:55,000
+camera become a picture .. but why stupid? Why
+
+139
+00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:58,000
+stupid?We know that from every point of light,
+
+140
+00:08:58,220 --> 00:09:03,140
+hundreds of thousands of light rays emanate from
+
+141
+00:09:03,140 --> 00:09:07,440
+all directions. Let's take the example of point A,
+
+142
+00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:10,040
+and this applies to all points of the object.
+
+143
+00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:13,540
+Let's assume that point A emitted a million light
+
+144
+00:09:13,540 --> 00:09:18,350
+rays from all directions.من المليون شعاع ضوئي ..
+
+145
+00:09:18,350 --> 00:09:23,530
+من المليون شعاع ضوئي دخل فقط حزمة ضوئية pencil of
+
+146
+00:09:23,530 --> 00:09:27,970
+light مقدارها خمسمائة شعاع عاش من ال pinhole كان
+
+147
+00:09:27,970 --> 00:09:31,410
+نصيبها تدخل من ال pinhole قادمة من إيه؟ طب و بجيت
+
+148
+00:09:31,410 --> 00:09:35,870
+المليون شعاع انتشرت في جميع الاتجاهات منها البعض
+
+149
+00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:39,110
+اصطدم في الورقة و ارتد و بعضها .. اللي ورقة
+
+150
+00:09:39,110 --> 00:09:43,790
+القصدير و بعضها .. يعني انتشر في اتجاهات مختلفة
+
+151
+00:09:43,790 --> 00:09:48,120
+بعيدا عن ال pinholeWe mean only the .. we .. the
+
+152
+00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,480
+example we multiply by point A and as we said it
+
+153
+00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:54,540
+applies to all points We mean from the million
+
+154
+00:09:54,540 --> 00:09:57,160
+candles that started from A, the five hundred
+
+155
+00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:00,960
+candles that their fate was to enter the pinhole
+
+156
+00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:04,880
+through this hole Of course, why do they mean us?
+
+157
+00:10:04,940 --> 00:10:06,980
+Because they are the ones who will give me A
+
+158
+00:10:06,980 --> 00:10:10,900
+condition So A condition received five hundred
+
+159
+00:10:10,900 --> 00:10:14,280
+candles, while A started from it a million candles
+
+160
+00:10:15,060 --> 00:10:19,740
+خمسمائة شعاع لما نقارنها بالمليون شعاع طبعا هذه
+
+161
+00:10:19,740 --> 00:10:25,240
+أرقام فرضية، هيكون طبعا اي شرطة أبهت بكثير أو أقل
+
+162
+00:10:25,240 --> 00:10:31,640
+وضوحا بكثير من النقطة APinhole pictures are stupid
+
+163
+00:10:31,640 --> 00:10:34,920
+because the pinhole limits the number of internal
+
+164
+00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:38,560
+rays in the BB because it is small in size,
+
+165
+00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:41,400
+therefore it is practically impossible to benefit
+
+166
+00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:46,550
+from the pinhole and use it as a camera toolCan we
+
+167
+00:10:46,550 --> 00:10:50,110
+say that the pinhole does not have any benefit at
+
+168
+00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:52,770
+all? No, of course it is possible in some
+
+169
+00:10:52,770 --> 00:10:56,170
+practical applications, a person can benefit from
+
+170
+00:10:56,170 --> 00:11:00,410
+the pinhole, but not as a common use performance
+
+171
+00:11:00,410 --> 00:11:04,610
+or its many benefits, no, but in some applications
+
+172
+00:11:04,610 --> 00:11:08,570
+a person can benefit from it, an example of that
+
+173
+00:11:08,570 --> 00:11:12,130
+isSometimes a person likes to look at the
+
+174
+00:11:12,130 --> 00:11:16,490
+phenomenon of the sunset Why? Because it is a rare
+
+175
+00:11:16,490 --> 00:11:20,470
+and strange phenomenon and it only happens in
+
+176
+00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:25,390
+remote periods of time But looking at the sunset
+
+177
+00:11:25,390 --> 00:11:30,550
+in a direct way can lead to blindness in the eyes
+
+178
+00:11:30,550 --> 00:11:33,250
+or in the retina of the eyes because of the UV
+
+179
+00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:39,490
+rays emitted by the sunو بتكون يعني كثيرة في حالة
+
+180
+00:11:39,490 --> 00:11:45,730
+يعني كثوف الشمس أو العين بتستقبل جزء كبير منها في
+
+181
+00:11:45,730 --> 00:11:50,850
+حالة الكثوف لو حدث كثوف الشمس و أنا حابب أتفرج على
+
+182
+00:11:50,850 --> 00:11:55,570
+كثوف الشمس بقى أجيب ورقة قصدير و بقى أثقبها بعمل
+
+183
+00:11:55,570 --> 00:12:00,490
+pinholeو بوجه ورقة القصدير باتجاه الشمس اللي هي في
+
+184
+00:12:00,490 --> 00:12:03,930
+حالة الكثوف طبعا من النافذة و بحاول أ .. أ .. أعمل
+
+185
+00:12:03,930 --> 00:12:08,670
+اعتام للغرفة ب .. بشكل قدر ما أستطيع ممكن أترك
+
+186
+00:12:08,670 --> 00:12:13,810
+يعني في النافذة فتحة بسيطة جدا تمام و بوجه ورقة
+
+187
+00:12:13,810 --> 00:12:17,170
+القصدير باتجاه الشمس اللي هي في حالة الكثوف و
+
+188
+00:12:17,170 --> 00:12:20,990
+بتلقى ع ورقة ال a4 أو ع ورق .. ع الورق الشمعي ال
+
+189
+00:12:20,990 --> 00:12:27,250
+waxed paper صورة للكثوف أنا ما هطلع مباشرon the
+
+19
+
+223
+00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:53,310
+the object, the optical system and the image.
+
+224
+00:14:53,570 --> 00:14:56,850
+While the pinhole itself restricts the clarity of
+
+225
+00:14:56,850 --> 00:15:00,970
+the image, restricts the brightness, not the size
+
+226
+00:15:00,970 --> 00:15:04,610
+of the image. So the pinhole restricts clarity and
+
+227
+00:15:04,610 --> 00:15:07,650
+has nothing to do with the size of the image, but
+
+228
+00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:10,870
+the dimensions of the three things that we talked
+
+229
+00:15:10,870 --> 00:15:13,630
+about, which are the object and the optical
+
+230
+00:15:13,630 --> 00:15:16,030
+system, which is the pinhole. its spatial
+
+231
+00:15:16,030 --> 00:15:18,270
+dimension, where it is, not its size, not its
+
+232
+00:15:18,270 --> 00:15:22,790
+size, so therefore the pinhole restricts the
+
+233
+00:15:22,790 --> 00:15:26,170
+brightness, not the size of the image, these are
+
+234
+00:15:26,170 --> 00:15:30,610
+of course different types of pencil of lights, you
+
+235
+00:15:30,610 --> 00:15:34,890
+notice that they spread in the same direction, in
+
+236
+00:15:34,890 --> 00:15:38,410
+the same direction, now there are some
+
+237
+00:15:38,410 --> 00:15:42,880
+applications طبعا احنا قولنا كل object .. كل object
+
+238
+00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:47,620
+أو كل نقطة في ال object اللي هى مثيلتها .. مثيلتها
+
+239
+00:15:47,620 --> 00:15:50,820
+في ال image، بيسموهم corresponding or conjugate
+
+240
+00:15:50,820 --> 00:15:55,260
+object and image point في بعض التطبيقات العملية
+
+241
+00:15:55,260 --> 00:15:59,280
+اللي بنستخدمها أو يستخدمها أخصاء البصريات زي عملية
+
+242
+00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:02,960
+ال retinoscopy و زي عملية ال direct ophthalmoscopy
+
+243
+00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:07,240
+ال retinoscopy هو جهاز بي .. بيقدّي وظيفة إن أعرف
+
+244
+00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:10,480
+ال refractive error تعالين، هل في طول نظر ولا في
+
+245
+00:16:10,480 --> 00:16:15,050
+قصر نظر ولا في astigmatism by means of this device
+
+246
+00:16:15,050 --> 00:16:18,190
+and of course it is required that the vision is
+
+247
+00:16:18,190 --> 00:16:23,390
+perfect for working on it. When the picture of the
+
+248
+00:16:23,390 --> 00:16:26,370
+reflex on the retinoscope is very clear, it means
+
+249
+00:16:26,370 --> 00:16:29,810
+that the patient's retina or the lighted partالجزء
+
+250
+00:16:29,810 --> 00:16:33,870
+المضوي من شبكيتي المريض وشبكيتي أنا كفاحس أو
+
+251
+00:16:33,870 --> 00:16:38,350
+كأخصاء بصريات لأنه أنا هشوف بعيني، هأفحس و أشوف ال
+
+252
+00:16:38,350 --> 00:16:42,050
+reflex بعيني، لما بيكون ال reflex واضح معناته
+
+253
+00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:46,850
+شبكيتي المريض تعتبر object مضيق لأنه بعكس إضاءة
+
+254
+00:16:46,850 --> 00:16:51,530
+الجهاز باتجاه عيني وعيني أو شبكيتي بالأخرى بتكون
+
+255
+00:16:51,530 --> 00:16:55,970
+ورقة تلقي وبنكون هنا في حالة conjugate object and
+
+256
+00:16:55,970 --> 00:16:59,300
+image point. نفس الكلام بنحكيه عن ال Direct
+
+257
+00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:03,660
+Ophthalmoscope. ال Direct Ophthalmoscope هو جهاز
+
+258
+00:17:03,660 --> 00:17:07,080
+لفحص شبكية تلعين عشان نشوف الشبكية سليمة أو فيها
+
+259
+00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:12,420
+خلل، أيضا في ظاهرة ال conjugate object and image
+
+260
+00:17:12,420 --> 00:17:17,580
+point. Tabarn, the object هو جزء من شبكية المريض
+
+261
+00:17:17,580 --> 00:17:22,820
+اللي أنا ضاوي عليه هذا الجهاز و ال image بتكون على
+
+262
+00:17:22,820 --> 00:17:27,040
+شبكيتي لإن شبكيتي في هذه الحالة بتكون ورقة التلقي
+
+263
+00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:30,960
+بدلا من ورقة ال A4. Tabarn, مش شرط الإنسان يتلقى
+
+264
+00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:35,370
+الصورة فقط على ورقة ال A4. أنا لما بشوف إنسان In
+
+265
+00:17:35,370 --> 00:17:38,150
+normal life, you look at a person and say, for
+
+266
+00:17:38,150 --> 00:17:40,750
+example, this is Ahmed, it means Ahmed, the light
+
+267
+00:17:40,750 --> 00:17:43,730
+fell from the sun, for example, or from the room
+
+268
+00:17:43,730 --> 00:17:46,950
+light on his body and reflected in the direction
+
+269
+00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:50,390
+of my eye. The optical system is my eye, which is
+
+270
+00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:53,310
+the cornea and the crystalline lens, which is the
+
+271
+00:17:53,310 --> 00:17:56,410
+lens. The receipt paper in this case, as long as I
+
+272
+00:17:56,410 --> 00:17:59,610
+saw Ahmed, it means I took a picture of him on the
+
+273
+00:17:59,610 --> 00:18:01,310
+brain network, then transferred to the brain and
+
+274
+00:18:01,310 --> 00:18:05,090
+the brain solved it, so the receipt paper هي شبكية
+
+275
+00:18:05,090 --> 00:18:12,070
+الإنسان الناضر لهذا الشخص الذي يدعى Ahmed. So, for
+
+276
+00:18:12,070 --> 00:18:15,610
+clinical examples, examples based on conjugate
+
+277
+00:18:15,610 --> 00:18:19,790
+points, we notice them in the retinoscopy process
+
+278
+00:18:19,790 --> 00:18:23,930
+while knowing the visual defect and in the direct
+
+279
+00:18:23,930 --> 00:18:26,850
+ophthalmoscopy process while examining the bottom
+
+280
+00:18:26,850 --> 00:18:30,030
+of the eye or the retina of the eye. We will stop
+
+281
+00:18:30,030 --> 00:18:35,650
+at the third lecture, which is photography using
+
+282
+00:18:35,650 --> 00:18:40,210
+lenses and mirrors, and here we will start in the
+
+283
+00:18:40,210 --> 00:18:42,910
+things that we will find many practical
+
+284
+00:18:42,910 --> 00:18:46,170
+applications in our life and in our specialty and
+
+285
+00:18:46,170 --> 00:18:46,790
+God bless you.

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4xAHpFxG_gw_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1140 @@
+1
+00:00:01,940 --> 00:00:06,360
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نستكمل
+
+2
+00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,220
+مع المحاضرة التانية من محاضرات البصريات الهندسية
+
+3
+00:00:10,220 --> 00:00:15,080
+توقفنا عند أبسط جهاز تصوير و حكينا عنه ال pinhole
+
+4
+00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:22,380
+هو أبسط optical system و توقفنا عند الحكي عن ال
+
+5
+00:00:22,380 --> 00:00:26,040
+object بنقول for every object point there is a
+
+6
+00:00:26,040 --> 00:00:30,380
+specific image point معروفthat each object is
+
+7
+00:00:30,380 --> 00:00:33,560
+composed of an infinite number of small points
+
+8
+00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:37,280
+that can be considered as point sources for light
+
+9
+00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:42,260
+each point in the object has its own image or
+
+10
+00:00:42,260 --> 00:00:46,660
+image in the image so for every object point there
+
+11
+00:00:46,660 --> 00:00:50,700
+is a specific image point these objects and image
+
+12
+00:00:50,700 --> 00:00:52,940
+points that are similar to each other or pictures
+
+13
+00:00:52,940 --> 00:00:55,060
+of each other we call them conjugate or
+
+14
+00:00:55,060 --> 00:00:58,640
+corresponding object and image pointsLet's go back
+
+15
+00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:02,200
+and look at an example from the drawing that we
+
+16
+00:01:02,200 --> 00:01:06,700
+showed in the first lecture This is my point, this
+
+17
+00:01:06,700 --> 00:01:09,980
+is the object, this is the body, the point that is
+
+18
+00:01:09,980 --> 00:01:13,020
+pointed with the candle, we will find the rays
+
+19
+00:01:13,020 --> 00:01:17,380
+that spread from it, part of it entered the
+
+20
+00:01:17,380 --> 00:01:21,960
+pinholeهيروح يكونلي A شرطة، اللي هي قمة اللهب في
+
+21
+00:01:21,960 --> 00:01:26,320
+الصورة نفسها، اذا A شرطة، A شرطة، هنا مكتوبة C بس
+
+22
+00:01:26,320 --> 00:01:32,470
+هي A شرطة، الأفضل نسميها A شرطة، هي صورة Aوعندي
+
+23
+00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:38,150
+مثلا نقطة هنا B مثلا هنلاقي صورتها B و C .. B شرط
+
+24
+00:01:38,150 --> 00:01:42,130
+عفوان و C هنلاقي صورتها C شرطة، اذا كل نقطة في ال
+
+25
+00:01:42,130 --> 00:01:47,250
+object اللي هسورتها في ال image مجموع صور نقاط ال
+
+26
+00:01:47,250 --> 00:01:51,310
+object، مش مجموع نقاط ال object، مجموع صور نقاط ال
+
+27
+00:01:51,310 --> 00:01:55,730
+object، مجموع A شرطة مع B شرطة مع C شرطة مع D شرطة
+
+28
+00:01:55,730 --> 00:02:01,750
+إلى آخرها، بيكون للصورة ال متكاملة، طيب AAnd what
+
+29
+00:02:01,750 --> 00:02:03,470
+is a condition? They call them points that are
+
+30
+00:02:03,470 --> 00:02:09,350
+similar or similar to each other because A is what
+
+31
+00:02:09,350 --> 00:02:12,330
+made A a condition. It did not combine with A any
+
+32
+00:02:12,330 --> 00:02:15,290
+other point in the object, which means that A will
+
+33
+00:02:15,290 --> 00:02:17,230
+never give me a condition in the picture. When a
+
+34
+00:02:17,230 --> 00:02:21,650
+person stands in front of a mirror as a camera, he
+
+35
+00:02:21,650 --> 00:02:23,650
+does not see, for example, a nose and in the
+
+36
+00:02:23,650 --> 00:02:26,950
+mirror a ear.or his eye became a nose in the
+
+37
+00:02:26,950 --> 00:02:31,550
+mirror, or his hair became a hand, so no, every
+
+38
+00:02:31,550 --> 00:02:35,770
+part of his body is pictured with what resembles
+
+39
+00:02:35,770 --> 00:02:38,510
+him in the picture and what resembles him in the
+
+40
+00:02:38,510 --> 00:02:40,550
+picture, so what is a condition? It is a picture
+
+41
+00:02:40,550 --> 00:02:42,920
+of what?we will call a and a conditional
+
+42
+00:02:42,920 --> 00:02:46,820
+corresponding object and image point or conjugate
+
+43
+00:02:46,820 --> 00:02:50,880
+object and image point, we will call them
+
+44
+00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:55,460
+corresponding or conjugate object and image point,
+
+45
+00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:57,600
+this word will not apply only to a and a
+
+46
+00:02:57,600 --> 00:02:59,620
+conditional, it applies to all points of the
+
+47
+00:02:59,620 --> 00:03:03,760
+object, b and b conditional points, c and c
+
+48
+00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:08,350
+conditional and so on and so forthFor every object
+
+49
+00:03:08,350 --> 00:03:11,990
+point there is a specific image point, of course
+
+50
+00:03:11,990 --> 00:03:16,650
+in optics we use the term conjugate or
+
+51
+00:03:16,650 --> 00:03:21,010
+corresponding object and image point Now, from
+
+52
+00:03:21,010 --> 00:03:26,210
+every point of the object, the rays will go in all
+
+53
+00:03:26,210 --> 00:03:30,510
+directionsWhat we mean is the light rays that will
+
+54
+00:03:30,510 --> 00:03:33,790
+go and enter the camera, whether it is the camera
+
+55
+00:03:33,790 --> 00:03:35,690
+which is the optical system, whether it is a
+
+56
+00:03:35,690 --> 00:03:38,450
+pinhole, or a lens, or a mirror, or a camera, or
+
+57
+00:03:38,450 --> 00:03:43,650
+whatever. What we want to do is to draw light
+
+58
+00:03:43,650 --> 00:03:47,690
+rays, we don't draw them in waves, but we draw
+
+59
+00:03:47,690 --> 00:03:53,220
+them in straight lines called light raysSo the ray
+
+60
+00:03:53,220 --> 00:03:59,780
+is a geometric construct indicating
+
+61
+00:03:59,780 --> 00:04:05,180
+the path of light as
+
+62
+00:04:05,180 --> 00:04:08,240
+it travels from an object point to the
+
+63
+00:04:08,240 --> 00:04:09,980
+corresponding image point
+
+64
+00:04:17,290 --> 00:04:21,450
+What spread from point A of the object will go in
+
+65
+00:04:21,450 --> 00:04:24,430
+all directions All of this doesn't mean anything
+
+66
+00:04:24,430 --> 00:04:27,650
+to me, it means the group of rays that entered the
+
+67
+00:04:27,650 --> 00:04:31,910
+pinhole If it came from A, it will go and form a
+
+68
+00:04:31,910 --> 00:04:35,810
+condition, which is the shape of A The rays that
+
+69
+00:04:35,810 --> 00:04:37,990
+started from A and passed through the pinhole will
+
+70
+00:04:37,990 --> 00:04:41,450
+not go to form anything in the shape except A
+
+71
+00:04:41,450 --> 00:04:44,090
+condition Except A condition And the rays that
+
+72
+00:04:44,090 --> 00:04:47,750
+started from point B in the bodyوكان مصيبها إنها
+
+73
+00:04:47,750 --> 00:04:51,770
+تدخل في ال pinhole، لن تشارك في تكوين أي جزء من
+
+74
+00:04:51,770 --> 00:04:56,230
+الصورة إلا بشرطة لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت
+
+75
+00:04:56,230 --> 00:05:04,470
+من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها
+
+76
+00:05:04,470 --> 00:05:05,290
+انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت
+
+77
+00:05:05,290 --> 00:05:05,970
+من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه, لأنها انطلقت من بيه,
+
+78
+00:05:05,970 --> 00:05:09,520
+لas it travels from an object point to the
+
+79
+00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:13,060
+corresponding image point. Of course, rays
+
+80
+00:05:13,060 --> 00:05:16,020
+represent only a path.
+
+81
+00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:24,220
+They do not indicate the amountIntensity or
+
+82
+00:05:24,220 --> 00:05:28,800
+wavelength of light. When I draw a light beam, I
+
+83
+00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:31,840
+don't mean the intensity of the light or the
+
+84
+00:05:31,840 --> 00:05:34,160
+length of the wave When we see a light beam drawn
+
+85
+00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:37,680
+in a straight line in a certain direction, it
+
+86
+00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:40,180
+doesn't mean that we will know how intense the
+
+87
+00:05:40,180 --> 00:05:44,350
+light isor جدّيش طول الموجي اللي هو طول الموجي
+
+88
+00:05:44,350 --> 00:05:47,950
+لللون الأحمر أو الضوء الأحمر أو الأخضر أو الأزرق
+
+89
+00:05:47,950 --> 00:05:51,790
+أو النيلي أو البنفسجي أو ما إلى ذالي وإنما هنعرف
+
+90
+00:05:51,790 --> 00:05:56,190
+إنه الضوء صار بهذا الإتجاه، إذن of light
+
+91
+00:05:56,190 --> 00:06:02,370
+travelling along the pathOf course, in geometric
+
+92
+00:06:02,370 --> 00:06:04,610
+optics, in the science of geometric optics,
+
+93
+00:06:04,730 --> 00:06:07,830
+although we know that light spreads in all
+
+94
+00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:11,250
+directions, there was an agreement between
+
+95
+00:06:11,250 --> 00:06:15,570
+scientists that light in geometric optics onlyIt
+
+96
+00:06:15,570 --> 00:06:18,650
+travels from left to right, from left to right,
+
+97
+00:06:18,690 --> 00:06:20,590
+and that's why the example here is clear to me
+
+98
+00:06:20,590 --> 00:06:24,110
+that the object is drawn on the left, on the left
+
+99
+00:06:24,110 --> 00:06:26,530
+side of the page and the light spreads from the
+
+100
+00:06:26,530 --> 00:06:29,930
+left to the right All the problems of geometric
+
+101
+00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:33,130
+optics will be in this way, that the object is
+
+102
+00:06:33,130 --> 00:06:36,790
+drawn on a shape or on the left side of the page,
+
+103
+00:06:37,170 --> 00:06:39,210
+why? Because the scientists knew that the light
+
+104
+00:06:39,210 --> 00:06:43,870
+would spread from the left to the rightمن الشمال
+
+105
+00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:48,190
+إلى اليمين. It is unusually light travels from
+
+106
+00:06:48,190 --> 00:06:51,570
+left to right بس في حقيقة الأمر هو بينتشر في جميع
+
+107
+00:06:51,570 --> 00:06:55,750
+الاتجاهات. Pencil of light is a small collection,
+
+108
+00:06:56,410 --> 00:06:59,230
+bundle of light rays traveling in the same
+
+109
+00:06:59,230 --> 00:07:03,780
+direction.Hezan, الحزمة الضوئية أو قلم الضوء، قلم
+
+110
+00:07:03,780 --> 00:07:08,180
+الضوء, pencil of light عبارة عن مجموعة صغيرة من
+
+111
+00:07:08,180 --> 00:07:12,060
+ا��إشعاعات الضوئية ممكن نسميها bundle يعني حزمة of
+
+112
+00:07:12,060 --> 00:07:15,600
+light rays ضروري تكون traveling in the same
+
+113
+00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:19,060
+direction, traveling in the same direction، الآن
+
+114
+00:07:19,060 --> 00:07:23,180
+الصورة هاي بتوضحThe pencil of light, these are
+
+115
+00:07:23,180 --> 00:07:25,980
+light rays coming from inside the pen hole, but
+
+116
+00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:30,040
+divergent, pencil, divergent means scattered from
+
+117
+00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:33,920
+each other Now, parallel pencil of light, also
+
+118
+00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:36,880
+coming from inside the pen hole, parallel pencil
+
+119
+00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:39,800
+of light or convergent, which means that the rays
+
+120
+00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:43,940
+are scattered or parallel or collected I call this
+
+121
+00:07:43,940 --> 00:07:47,240
+pencil of light, I call this pencil of light, I
+
+122
+00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:51,980
+call this pencil of light or light bandليش في
+
+123
+00:07:51,980 --> 00:07:55,240
+التلات حالات سميتهم pencil of light؟ لأن مطبق
+
+124
+00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:59,000
+عليهم التعريف، التعريف يقول هو مجموعة من الإشعاعات
+
+125
+00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:03,280
+الضوئية، مجموعة من الإشعاعات الضوئية تسير في نفس
+
+126
+00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:07,240
+الاتجاه، لو فرضنا إنه هذه الإشعاعات واحد منها
+
+127
+00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:10,640
+بيسير في اتجاه معاكز، طبعا لو فرضنا جدلا هذا
+
+128
+00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:14,440
+الكلام، باطلقش عليه pencil of light، إذا ضروري إنه
+
+129
+00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:18,830
+يكون مجموعة من الأشعة الضوئيةمجموعة من الأشياء
+
+130
+00:08:18,830 --> 00:08:23,070
+الضوئية يعني small collection of light rays ضروري
+
+131
+00:08:23,070 --> 00:08:26,690
+الشرط التاني أنه traveling in the same direction
+
+132
+00:08:26,690 --> 00:08:30,730
+in the same direction الآن ال pinhole اللي هو أبسط
+
+133
+00:08:30,730 --> 00:08:34,550
+جهاز تصوير الصور تاعته ال pinhole images are
+
+134
+00:08:34,550 --> 00:08:39,540
+usually too faint to be usefulvery stupid to the
+
+135
+00:08:39,540 --> 00:08:44,780
+extent that it cannot be used in practice or used
+
+136
+00:08:44,780 --> 00:08:48,140
+as a camera Now we want to ask ourselves a
+
+137
+00:08:48,140 --> 00:08:50,560
+question, why did the picture of the pinhole
+
+138
+00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:55,000
+camera become a picture .. but why stupid? Why
+
+139
+00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:58,000
+stupid?We know that from every point of light,
+
+140
+00:08:58,220 --> 00:09:03,140
+hundreds of thousands of light rays emanate from
+
+141
+00:09:03,140 --> 00:09:07,440
+all directions. Let's take the example of point A,
+
+142
+00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:10,040
+and this applies to all points of the object.
+
+143
+00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:13,540
+Let's assume that point A emitted a million light
+
+144
+00:09:13,540 --> 00:09:18,350
+rays from all directions.من المليون شعاع ضوئي ..
+
+145
+00:09:18,350 --> 00:09:23,530
+من المليون شعاع ضوئي دخل فقط حزمة ضوئية pencil of
+
+146
+00:09:23,530 --> 00:09:27,970
+light مقدارها خمسمائة شعاع عاش من ال pinhole كان
+
+147
+00:09:27,970 --> 00:09:31,410
+نصيبها تدخل من ال pinhole قادمة من إيه؟ طب و بجيت
+
+148
+00:09:31,410 --> 00:09:35,870
+المليون شعاع انتشرت في جميع الاتجاهات منها البعض
+
+149
+00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:39,110
+اصطدم في الورقة و ارتد و بعضها .. اللي ورقة
+
+150
+00:09:39,110 --> 00:09:43,790
+القصدير و بعضها .. يعني انتشر في اتجاهات مختلفة
+
+151
+00:09:43,790 --> 00:09:48,120
+بعيدا عن ال pinholeWe mean only the .. we .. the
+
+152
+00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,480
+example we multiply by point A and as we said it
+
+153
+00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:54,540
+applies to all points We mean from the million
+
+154
+00:09:54,540 --> 00:09:57,160
+candles that started from A, the five hundred
+
+155
+00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:00,960
+candles that their fate was to enter the pinhole
+
+156
+00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:04,880
+through this hole Of course, why do they mean us?
+
+157
+00:10:04,940 --> 00:10:06,980
+Because they are the ones who will give me A
+
+158
+00:10:06,980 --> 00:10:10,900
+condition So A condition received five hundred
+
+159
+00:10:10,900 --> 00:10:14,280
+candles, while A started from it a million candles
+
+160
+00:10:15,060 --> 00:10:19,740
+خمسمائة شعاع لما نقارنها بالمليون شعاع طبعا هذه
+
+161
+00:10:19,740 --> 00:10:25,240
+أرقام فرضية، هيكون طبعا اي شرطة أبهت بكثير أو أقل
+
+162
+00:10:25,240 --> 00:10:31,640
+وضوحا بكثير من النقطة APinhole pictures are stupid
+
+163
+00:10:31,640 --> 00:10:34,920
+because the pinhole limits the number of internal
+
+164
+00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:38,560
+rays in the BB because it is small in size,
+
+165
+00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:41,400
+therefore it is practically impossible to benefit
+
+166
+00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:46,550
+from the pinhole and use it as a camera toolCan we
+
+167
+00:10:46,550 --> 00:10:50,110
+say that the pinhole does not have any benefit at
+
+168
+00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:52,770
+all? No, of course it is possible in some
+
+169
+00:10:52,770 --> 00:10:56,170
+practical applications, a person can benefit from
+
+170
+00:10:56,170 --> 00:11:00,410
+the pinhole, but not as a common use performance
+
+171
+00:11:00,410 --> 00:11:04,610
+or its many benefits, no, but in some applications
+
+172
+00:11:04,610 --> 00:11:08,570
+a person can benefit from it, an example of that
+
+173
+00:11:08,570 --> 00:11:12,130
+isSometimes a person likes to look at the
+
+174
+00:11:12,130 --> 00:11:16,490
+phenomenon of the sunset Why? Because it is a rare
+
+175
+00:11:16,490 --> 00:11:20,470
+and strange phenomenon and it only happens in
+
+176
+00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:25,390
+remote periods of time But looking at the sunset
+
+177
+00:11:25,390 --> 00:11:30,550
+in a direct way can lead to blindness in the eyes
+
+178
+00:11:30,550 --> 00:11:33,250
+or in the retina of the eyes because of the UV
+
+179
+00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:39,490
+rays emitted by the sunو بتكون يعني كثيرة في حالة
+
+180
+00:11:39,490 --> 00:11:45,730
+يعني كثوف الشمس أو العين بتستقبل جزء كبير منها في
+
+181
+00:11:45,730 --> 00:11:50,850
+حالة الكثوف لو حدث كثوف الشمس و أنا حابب أتفرج على
+
+182
+00:11:50,850 --> 00:11:55,570
+كثوف الشمس بقى أجيب ورقة قصدير و بقى أثقبها بعمل
+
+183
+00:11:55,570 --> 00:12:00,490
+pinholeو بوجه ورقة القصدير باتجاه الشمس اللي هي في
+
+184
+00:12:00,490 --> 00:12:03,930
+حالة الكثوف طبعا من النافذة و بحاول أ .. أ .. أعمل
+
+185
+00:12:03,930 --> 00:12:08,670
+اعتام للغرفة ب .. بشكل قدر ما أستطيع ممكن أترك
+
+186
+00:12:08,670 --> 00:12:13,810
+يعني في النافذة فتحة بسيطة جدا تمام و بوجه ورقة
+
+187
+00:12:13,810 --> 00:12:17,170
+القصدير باتجاه الشمس اللي هي في حالة الكثوف و
+
+188
+00:12:17,170 --> 00:12:20,990
+بتلقى ع ورقة ال a4 أو ع ورق .. ع الورق الشمعي ال
+
+189
+00:12:20,990 --> 00:12:27,250
+waxed paper صورة للكثوف أنا ما هطلع مباشرon the
+
+190
+00:12:27,250 --> 00:12:30,390
+sun through the pinhole, but rather I let the
+
+191
+00:12:30,390 --> 00:12:33,310
+pinhole make a picture of the eclipse and I look
+
+192
+00:12:33,310 --> 00:12:37,730
+with my eye towards the picture of the eclipse of
+
+193
+00:12:37,730 --> 00:12:42,010
+the sun after we receive it on the receipt paper,
+
+194
+00:12:42,050 --> 00:12:47,290
+after we receive it on the receipt paper So solar
+
+195
+00:12:47,290 --> 00:12:51,430
+eclipse, the eclipse of the suncan be safely, يمكن
+
+196
+00:12:51,430 --> 00:12:56,110
+بأمان ملاحظة observed with pinhole الان لو جينا
+
+197
+00:12:56,110 --> 00:12:59,550
+احنا قولنا التجربة اللى جمنا فيها اللى تجربة ال
+
+198
+00:12:59,550 --> 00:13:04,550
+pinhole لو احنا جيبنا ورقة القصدير وثقبناها ثقوب
+
+199
+00:13:04,550 --> 00:13:10,450
+متعددة بعدد الثقوب هيتكون عندى صور لأنه من A مثلا
+
+200
+00:13:10,450 --> 00:13:13,950
+من A هتكون pencil of light دخل في الثقب الأول
+
+201
+00:13:13,950 --> 00:13:16,890
+pencil آخر of light دخل في الثقب التانى pencil
+
+202
+00:13:16,890 --> 00:13:21,980
+تالد دخل في الثقب التالدبقدر ما هو موجود عندي عدد
+
+203
+00:13:21,980 --> 00:13:26,780
+ثقوب في ورقة القصدير، بقدر ما بحصل على عدد متكرر
+
+204
+00:13:26,780 --> 00:13:33,000
+من الصورة. So, several pinholes yield several
+
+205
+00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:33,580
+images
+
+206
+00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:40,880
+ال�ن عشان ننهي الكلام عن ال pinhole بنقول كالقاتل
+
+207
+00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:45,120
+The pinhole restricts the brightness, not the size
+
+208
+00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:49,240
+of the image ال pinhole بحدّلي من وضوح الصورة، من
+
+209
+00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:53,820
+وضوح الصورة ليش؟ لأن حصة كل نقطة من الإشعاعات
+
+210
+00:13:53,820 --> 00:13:57,320
+الضوئية اللي بتدخل في ال pinhole قليلة و هي ذاهبة
+
+211
+00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:02,360
+لتكوين صورتها أو مثيلتها من النقاط في ال image
+
+212
+00:14:02,500 --> 00:14:05,800
+فبالتالي طالما الحصص قليلة إذا ال pinhole إيش اللي
+
+213
+00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:09,840
+عملوا؟ إنه حد من كمية الأشعة الداخلة فيه فبالتالي
+
+214
+00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:13,460
+الصورة بتكون بهتة إذا ال pinhole بيأثر على وضوح
+
+215
+00:14:13,460 --> 00:14:17,700
+الصورة طيب مين اللي بيأثر على حجم الصورة؟ مش ال
+
+216
+00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:22,990
+pinholeوإنما الأبعاد بين الجسم وورقة التصوير أو
+
+217
+00:14:22,990 --> 00:14:28,570
+ورقة القصدير أو ال pinhole وورقة التلقي لما بنبعد
+
+218
+00:14:28,570 --> 00:14:33,190
+ورقة التلقي بتكبر الصورة، بنجربها، بتصغر الصورة
+
+219
+00:14:33,190 --> 00:14:38,110
+لما بتظل ورقة التلقي في مكانها و بنجرب ورقة ال ..
+
+220
+00:14:38,110 --> 00:14:41,550
+أو بنجرب ال pinhole من الشامعة، بتكبر الصورة لما
+
+221
+00:14:41,550 --> 00:14:46,750
+بنبعده عن الشامعة، بتصغر الصورة، إذا اللي بتحكمIt
+
+222
+00:14:46,750 --> 00:14:49,730
+is the empty space for each of these three things,
+
+223
+00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:53,310
+the object, the optical system and the image.
+
+224
+00:14:53,570 --> 00:14:56,850
+While the pinhole itself restricts the clarity of
+
+225
+00:14:56,850 --> 00:15:00,970
+the image, restricts the brightness, not the size
+
+226
+00:15:00,970 --> 00:15:04,610
+of the image. So the pinhole restricts clarity and
+
+227
+00:15:04,610 --> 00:15:07,650
+has nothing to do with the size of the image, but
+
+228
+00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:10,870
+the dimensions of the three things that we talked
+
+229
+00:15:10,870 --> 00:15:13,630
+about, which are the object and the optical
+
+230
+00:15:13,630 --> 00:15:16,030
+system, which is the pinhole.its spatial
+
+231
+00:15:16,030 --> 00:15:18,270
+dimension, where it is, not its size, not its
+
+232
+00:15:18,270 --> 00:15:22,790
+size, so therefore the pinhole restricts the
+
+233
+00:15:22,790 --> 00:15:26,170
+brightness, not the size of the image, these are
+
+234
+00:15:26,170 --> 00:15:30,610
+of course different types of pencil of lights, you
+
+235
+00:15:30,610 --> 00:15:34,890
+notice that they spread in the same direction, in
+
+236
+00:15:34,890 --> 00:15:38,410
+the same direction, now there are some
+
+237
+00:15:38,410 --> 00:15:42,880
+applicationsطبعا احنا قولنا كل object .. كل object
+
+238
+00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:47,620
+أو كل نقطة في ال object اللي هى مثيلتها .. مثيلتها
+
+239
+00:15:47,620 --> 00:15:50,820
+في ال image، بيسموهم correspondingor conjugate
+
+240
+00:15:50,820 --> 00:15:55,260
+object and image point في بعض التطبيقات العملية
+
+241
+00:15:55,260 --> 00:15:59,280
+اللي بنستخدمها أو يستخدمها أخصاء البصريات زي عملية
+
+242
+00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:02,960
+ال retinoscopy و زي عملية ال direct ophthalmoscopy
+
+243
+00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:07,240
+ال retinoscopy هو جهاز بي .. بيقدّي وظيفة إن أعرف
+
+244
+00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:10,480
+ال refractive error تعالين، هل في طول نظر ولا في
+
+245
+00:16:10,480 --> 00:16:15,050
+قصر نظر ولا في astigmatismby means of this device
+
+246
+00:16:15,050 --> 00:16:18,190
+and of course it is required that the vision is
+
+247
+00:16:18,190 --> 00:16:23,390
+perfect for working on it When the picture of the
+
+248
+00:16:23,390 --> 00:16:26,370
+reflex on the retinoscope is very clear, it means
+
+249
+00:16:26,370 --> 00:16:29,810
+that the patient's retina or the lighted partالجزء
+
+250
+00:16:29,810 --> 00:16:33,870
+المضوي من شبكيتي المريض وشبكيتي أنا كفاحس أو
+
+251
+00:16:33,870 --> 00:16:38,350
+كأخصاء بصريات لأنه أنا هشوف بعيني، هأفحس و أشوف ال
+
+252
+00:16:38,350 --> 00:16:42,050
+reflex بعيني، لما بيكون ال reflex واضح معناته
+
+253
+00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:46,850
+شبكيتي المريض تعتبر object مضيق لأنه بعكس إضاءة
+
+254
+00:16:46,850 --> 00:16:51,530
+الجهاز باتجاه عيني وعيني أو شبكيتي بالأخرى بتكون
+
+255
+00:16:51,530 --> 00:16:55,970
+ورقة تلقي وبنكون هنا في حالة conjugate object and
+
+256
+00:16:55,970 --> 00:16:59,300
+image pointنفس الكلام بنحكيه عن ال Direct
+
+257
+00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:03,660
+Ophthalmoscope ال Direct Ophthalmoscope هو جهاز
+
+258
+00:17:03,660 --> 00:17:07,080
+لفحص شبكية تلعين عشان نشوف الشبكية سليمة أو فيها
+
+259
+00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:12,420
+خلل، أيضا في ظاهرة ال conjugate object and image
+
+260
+00:17:12,420 --> 00:17:17,580
+pointTabarn, the object هو جزء من شبكية المريض
+
+261
+00:17:17,580 --> 00:17:22,820
+اللي أنا ضاوي عليه هذا الجهاز و ال image بتكون على
+
+262
+00:17:22,820 --> 00:17:27,040
+شبكيتي لإن شبكيتي في هذه الحالة بتكون ورقة التلقي
+
+263
+00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:30,960
+بدلا من ورقة ال A4 Tabarn مش شرط الإنسان يتلقى
+
+264
+00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:35,370
+الصورة فقط على ورقة ال A4 أنا لما بشوف إنسانIn
+
+265
+00:17:35,370 --> 00:17:38,150
+normal life, you look at a person and say, for
+
+266
+00:17:38,150 --> 00:17:40,750
+example, this is Ahmed, it means Ahmed, the light
+
+267
+00:17:40,750 --> 00:17:43,730
+fell from the sun, for example, or from the room
+
+268
+00:17:43,730 --> 00:17:46,950
+light on his body and reflected in the direction
+
+269
+00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:50,390
+of my eye The optical system is my eye, which is
+
+270
+00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:53,310
+the cornea and the crystalline lens, which is the
+
+271
+00:17:53,310 --> 00:17:56,410
+lens The receipt paper in this case, as long as I
+
+272
+00:17:56,410 --> 00:17:59,610
+saw Ahmed, it means I took a picture of him on the
+
+273
+00:17:59,610 --> 00:18:01,310
+brain network, then transferred to the brain and
+
+274
+00:18:01,310 --> 00:18:05,090
+the brain solved it, so the receipt paperهي شبكية
+
+275
+00:18:05,090 --> 00:18:12,070
+الإنسان الناضر لهذا الشخص الذي يدعى AhmedSo, for
+
+276
+00:18:12,070 --> 00:18:15,610
+clinical examples, examples based on conjugate
+
+277
+00:18:15,610 --> 00:18:19,790
+points, we notice them in the retinoscopy process
+
+278
+00:18:19,790 --> 00:18:23,930
+while knowing the visual defect and in the direct
+
+279
+00:18:23,930 --> 00:18:26,850
+ophthalmoscopy process while examining the bottom
+
+280
+00:18:26,850 --> 00:18:30,030
+of the eye or the retina of the eye We will stop
+
+281
+00:18:30,030 --> 00:18:35,650
+at the third lecture, which is photography using
+
+282
+00:18:35,650 --> 00:18:40,210
+lenses and mirrors, and here we will startin the
+
+283
+00:18:40,210 --> 00:18:42,910
+things that we will find many practical
+
+284
+00:18:42,910 --> 00:18:46,170
+applications in our life and in our specialty and
+
+285
+00:18:46,170 --> 00:18:46,790
+God bless you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/5D0mv4i3r2Q.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+1
+00:00:14,830 --> 00:00:17,870
+There are some verses that I want to remind you 
+
+2
+00:00:17,870 --> 00:00:20,570
+of. I took them in class yesterday. This is a 
+
+3
+00:00:20,570 --> 00:00:21,050
+parallel angle. 
+
+4
+00:00:24,190 --> 00:00:27,650
+The student says that the angle that completes the 
+
+5
+00:00:27,650 --> 00:00:30,280
+parallel angle. In the quadrilateral of the 
+
+6
+00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:34,860
+rectangle, the total area of the rectangle is 
+
+7
+00:00:34,860 --> 00:00:37,660
+equal to the sum of the other two rectangles of 
+
+8
+00:00:37,660 --> 00:00:39,700
+the quadrilateral. If we consider the total area 
+
+9
+00:00:39,700 --> 00:00:42,860
+of the rectangle as Γ, and if we consider the 
+
+10
+00:00:42,860 --> 00:00:48,180
+inner area as η 
+
+11
+00:00:48,180 --> 00:00:51,900
+and α. According to the rule, Γ is equal to η 
+
+12
+00:00:51,900 --> 00:00:55,940
+minus α. Why? Because Γ with the rectangle is 180 
+
+13
+00:00:55,940 --> 00:01:00,180
+degrees. And Beta with Alpha, this equation, is 
+
+14
+00:01:00,180 --> 00:01:03,620
+equal to 180 degrees. Because this equation 
+
+15
+00:01:03,620 --> 00:01:06,280
+completes the equation 180, and these two 
+
+16
+00:01:06,280 --> 00:01:09,420
+equations completes the equation 180, then this is 
+
+17
+00:01:09,420 --> 00:01:12,960
+equal to 6 times 2 or 3. This is the first rule. 
+
+18
+00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:15,420
+The second rule. 
+
+19
+00:01:18,680 --> 00:01:24,100
+This angle, sine, theta, is equal to the angle 
+
+20
+00:01:24,100 --> 00:01:29,300
+theta, and this is theta. جِت كيطة يساوي المقابل 
+
+21
+00:01:29,300 --> 00:01:33,660
+على الورق يعني 
+
+22
+00:01:33,660 --> 00:01:42,440
+المقابل على الورق وغلظ 
+
+23
+00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:48,420
+زاوية، غلظ كيطة المقابل 
+
+24
+00:01:48,420 --> 00:01:52,940
+على المجال، هيك احنا تعلمها كلمة دلوقتي تاني كيطة 
+
+25
+00:01:52,940 --> 00:01:59,830
+وغلظ يساوي المقابل on the answer. But we are going 
+
+26
+00:01:59,830 --> 00:02:03,850
+to take another method. I brought it with me and 
+
+27
+00:02:03,850 --> 00:02:07,110
+you brought it with you. It is called algebraic 
+
+28
+00:02:07,110 --> 00:02:11,030
+algebra. The algebra that we brought with us says 
+
+29
+00:02:11,030 --> 00:02:20,410
+sine theta equals theta minus theta squared over 
+
+30
+00:02:20,410 --> 00:02:21,690
+three factorial 
+
+31
+00:02:27,980 --> 00:02:33,440
+Keta plus 7 divided by 7 will be plus Keta minus 9 
+
+32
+00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:39,640
+divided by 9 will be negative If you notice, Keta 
+
+33
+00:02:39,640 --> 00:02:42,680
+is negative, plus, minus, plus, negative, 
+
+34
+00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:44,880
+negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, 
+
+35
+00:02:44,920 --> 00:02:46,700
+negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, 
+
+36
+00:02:46,700 --> 00:02:46,880
+negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, 
+
+37
+00:02:46,880 --> 00:02:47,140
+negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, 
+
+38
+00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:48,480
+negative, negative, negative, negative, negative, 
+
+39
+00:02:52,700 --> 00:02:59,480
+negative, negative x 3, x 5, x 7, x 9, x 11, x 12, x 13, 
+
+40
+00:03:00,460 --> 00:03:08,220
+x 12, x 13, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, 
+
+41
+00:03:08,380 --> 00:03:08,380
+x 12, x 12, 
+
+42
+00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:17,040
+x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, 
+
+43
+00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:20,980
+x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, 
+
+44
+00:03:20,980 --> 00:03:21,000
+x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, 
+
+45
+00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:21,020
+x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, 
+
+46
+00:03:21,020 --> 00:03:23,320
+x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12, x 12 
+
+47
+00:03:24,740 --> 00:03:30,180
+Sin Theta is almost equal to Theta. Sin Theta is 
+
+48
+00:03:30,180 --> 00:03:33,380
+almost equal to the value of the whole in the 
+
+49
+00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:38,660
+equation. The rest is a very small and important 
+
+50
+00:03:38,660 --> 00:03:41,780
+quantity. That's why I'm going to repeat it three 
+
+51
+00:03:41,780 --> 00:03:45,340
+times. Or the value of the whole of this equation. 
+
+52
+00:03:45,980 --> 00:03:48,580
+Sin Theta is almost equal to Theta in the 
+
+53
+00:03:48,580 --> 00:03:50,660
+equation. Because Theta is a very small quantity. 
+
+54
+00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:56,650
+Not only that, Theta was also In a small square, it 
+
+55
+00:03:56,650 --> 00:03:59,830
+is almost equal to Keta. It is like the sine of 
+
+56
+00:03:59,830 --> 00:04:03,930
+Keta is equal to Keta and Keta is equal to Keta. 
+
+57
+00:04:04,770 --> 00:04:11,090
+As long as Keta is a very small square. 
+
+58
+00:04:14,530 --> 00:04:18,830
+What benefits me from these words? It benefits me 
+
+59
+00:04:18,830 --> 00:04:22,810
+that when I enter into equations, the lens maker 
+
+60
+00:04:22,810 --> 00:04:28,310
+equation, ممكن ألاقي في معادلة θ أبدلها الـsin θ أو 
+
+61
+00:04:28,310 --> 00:04:32,010
+ألاقي الـsin θ أبدل تان θ أو ألاقي تان θ يعني ممكن 
+
+62
+00:04:32,010 --> 00:04:35,770
+الثلاثة أبدلوا المكان بعض لوصولها المعادلة 
+
+63
+00:04:35,770 --> 00:04:39,790
+النهائية. هكذا نكون خلصنا المخدمة محاضرة واحد 
+
+64
+00:04:39,790 --> 00:04:42,690
+وعشرين ونحكي كلنا عافية السلام عليكم ورحمة الله 
+
+65
+00:04:42,690 --> 00:04:43,670
+وبركاته. 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/8Z-oDrNuidI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1550 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:05,390
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,390 --> 00:00:09,390
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا عند موضوع حقيقة غاية في
+
+3
+00:00:09,390 --> 00:00:15,470
+الأهمية وإتقانه لابد منه واللي هو موضوع الـ Lens
+
+4
+00:00:15,470 --> 00:00:20,510
+Combinations يعني كيف أنا أتعامل مع optical system
+
+5
+00:00:20,510 --> 00:00:26,130
+ومع رحلة الضوء من object بس مش رحلة خلال عدسة
+
+6
+00:00:26,130 --> 00:00:38,240
+واحدة وإنما most optical
+
+7
+00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:43,910
+systems consist of several lensesSo, most of the
+
+8
+00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:47,190
+optical systems are made up of multiple lenses,
+
+9
+00:00:47,490 --> 00:00:50,750
+not one lens We want to make an example, we say
+
+10
+00:00:50,750 --> 00:00:54,330
+consider an optical system consisting of two thin
+
+11
+00:00:54,330 --> 00:00:59,690
+lenses in air We have two lenses, these two thin
+
+12
+00:00:59,690 --> 00:01:03,330
+lenses are in the air The first lens has a force
+
+13
+00:01:03,330 --> 00:01:06,930
+of plus five diopters, the second lens has a force
+
+14
+00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:11,450
+of plus eight dioptersand they are separated by 45
+
+15
+00:01:11,450 --> 00:01:13,770
+cm. The distance between the first lens and the
+
+16
+00:01:13,770 --> 00:01:19,810
+second lens is 45 cm. If we place an object on the
+
+17
+00:01:19,810 --> 00:01:23,150
+left of the first lens, which is plus 5, on its
+
+18
+00:01:23,150 --> 00:01:26,370
+left, I mean, we start from the left in Geometric
+
+19
+00:01:26,370 --> 00:01:29,350
+Optics, as it is known, this object moves away
+
+20
+00:01:29,350 --> 00:01:31,610
+from the first lens, which is its force plus 5,
+
+21
+00:01:31,710 --> 00:01:36,230
+which is one meter away, one meter to the left,
+
+22
+00:01:36,810 --> 00:01:40,550
+that is, in front of the first lens. السؤال المطلوب
+
+23
+00:01:40,550 --> 00:01:44,130
+او المطروح where is the final image and what is
+
+24
+00:01:44,130 --> 00:01:47,470
+the total transphase magnification؟ وين الصورة
+
+25
+00:01:47,470 --> 00:01:52,070
+النهائية هتتكون؟ وما هو ال transphase
+
+26
+00:01:52,070 --> 00:01:56,290
+magnification الكل؟ الكل لان انا عندي عدستين من
+
+27
+00:01:56,290 --> 00:01:59,990
+عدسة واحدةIn my mind now, we need to understand a
+
+28
+00:01:59,990 --> 00:02:03,890
+very important rule When I deal with two lenses,
+
+29
+00:02:04,130 --> 00:02:07,790
+more, more than one lens, more than one lens It is
+
+30
+00:02:07,790 --> 00:02:10,930
+very, very, very important that I deal with each
+
+31
+00:02:10,930 --> 00:02:14,070
+lens one by one If I want to succeed in solving a
+
+32
+00:02:14,070 --> 00:02:15,650
+problem like that, a problem like that is not
+
+33
+00:02:15,650 --> 00:02:19,570
+complicated at all But I want to imagine when I
+
+34
+00:02:19,570 --> 00:02:22,310
+deal with the first lens, which in my example is
+
+35
+00:02:22,310 --> 00:02:26,530
+plus fiveI start to imagine that the object is one
+
+36
+00:02:26,530 --> 00:02:28,610
+meter away from the first lens and I completely
+
+37
+00:02:28,610 --> 00:02:32,350
+forget that there is another lens But I finish, I
+
+38
+00:02:32,350 --> 00:02:36,890
+find the first picture of the first lens, my work
+
+39
+00:02:36,890 --> 00:02:40,470
+with the first lens is done I move to the second
+
+40
+00:02:40,470 --> 00:02:44,470
+lens to deal with it, to deal with it When I move
+
+41
+00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:47,430
+to the second lens to deal with it, I forget that
+
+42
+00:02:47,430 --> 00:02:50,510
+there is a first lens So dealing with each lens
+
+43
+00:02:50,510 --> 00:02:55,730
+one by oneهذه القضية مهمة للغاية للغاية للغاية So
+
+44
+00:02:55,730 --> 00:02:59,330
+in paraxial optics, the way to analyze a
+
+45
+00:02:59,330 --> 00:03:03,490
+combination of lenses is to look at each lens
+
+46
+00:03:03,490 --> 00:03:08,250
+individually أنه نتطلع أو نتعامل مع كل عدسة على
+
+47
+00:03:08,250 --> 00:03:13,170
+حده بدون ما .. يعني ندخل شغل العدسات على بعضها
+
+48
+00:03:13,170 --> 00:03:16,050
+البعض ممكن إنسان يسأل طب ليش هذا الكلام؟ ليش أنا
+
+49
+00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:21,430
+مضطر أتعامل مع كل عدسة على حده؟الجواب غير في
+
+50
+00:03:21,430 --> 00:03:25,970
+البساطة، بنقول الان الضوء هيصل للعدسة التانية بعد
+
+51
+00:03:25,970 --> 00:03:29,170
+ما يكون غادر العدسة الأولى، بعد ما يكون غادر
+
+52
+00:03:29,170 --> 00:03:32,490
+العدسة الأولى و خلص شغله معاها، يعني الحالة
+
+53
+00:03:32,490 --> 00:03:36,830
+التشتتية بتاعة الضوء، العدسة الأولى غيرتها و أص��ح
+
+54
+00:03:36,830 --> 00:03:41,630
+له حالة تشتتية جديدة، بعد هيك الضوء هيدخل العدسة
+
+55
+00:03:41,630 --> 00:03:46,240
+التانيةSo, the first rule of success in dealing
+
+56
+00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:50,380
+with lens combination or any optical system made
+
+57
+00:03:50,380 --> 00:03:54,420
+up of several lenses is to look at each lens
+
+58
+00:03:54,420 --> 00:04:01,040
+individually Okay, now we need .. this rule has
+
+59
+00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:03,620
+been reached Now there is another thing that I
+
+60
+00:04:03,620 --> 00:04:07,260
+need to understand that each lens in itself is an
+
+61
+00:04:07,260 --> 00:04:11,310
+optical systemAnd all of them in their group are
+
+62
+00:04:11,310 --> 00:04:14,790
+considered as a new optical system Now, as long as
+
+63
+00:04:14,790 --> 00:04:18,230
+each lens is considered as an optical system It
+
+64
+00:04:18,230 --> 00:04:21,150
+means that I should look for the image of the
+
+65
+00:04:21,150 --> 00:04:25,490
+first lens wherever it is in space This image of
+
+66
+00:04:25,490 --> 00:04:27,910
+the first lens is considered as an object of the
+
+67
+00:04:27,910 --> 00:04:32,720
+second lensهذا ال object اللي هو صورة العدسة
+
+68
+00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:35,360
+الأولى اللي اعتبرناه object للعدسة التانية
+
+69
+00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:39,980
+هيتكونله العدسة التانية صورة هذه الصورة تاعت
+
+70
+00:04:39,980 --> 00:04:44,520
+العدسة التانية ممكن تعتبر object للعدسة التالتة
+
+71
+00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:48,440
+إذا في عندي عدسة تالتة و هكذاSo, the first lens
+
+72
+00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:51,460
+image is the object of the second lens, the second
+
+73
+00:04:51,460 --> 00:04:54,380
+lens image is the object of the third lens, the
+
+74
+00:04:54,380 --> 00:04:56,960
+third lens image is the object of the fourth lens,
+
+75
+00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:00,960
+and so on So, the previous lens image is the
+
+76
+00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:04,300
+object of the next lens, the previous lens image
+
+77
+00:05:04,300 --> 00:05:09,180
+is the object of the next lens, the object of the
+
+78
+00:05:09,180 --> 00:05:12,500
+next lens So, I have two rules, the first rule is
+
+79
+00:05:12,500 --> 00:05:15,810
+to deal with each lens individuallyand after that
+
+80
+00:05:15,810 --> 00:05:18,770
+I dealt with each lens one by one I started
+
+81
+00:05:18,770 --> 00:05:22,030
+dealing with the first lens it showed me a picture
+
+82
+00:05:22,030 --> 00:05:24,210
+according to its location in space according to
+
+83
+00:05:24,210 --> 00:05:27,370
+the thin lens equation it showed me a specific
+
+84
+00:05:27,370 --> 00:05:30,170
+location in space I drew the picture at the
+
+85
+00:05:30,170 --> 00:05:32,870
+location that showed up according to the thin lens
+
+86
+00:05:32,870 --> 00:05:35,470
+equation calculations this picture that I drew I
+
+87
+00:05:35,470 --> 00:05:37,690
+want to consider it an object for the next lens
+
+88
+00:05:37,690 --> 00:05:42,140
+which is number 2طيب العدسة رقم اتنين حسبنا حسب ال
+
+89
+00:05:42,140 --> 00:05:46,120
+.. ال thin lens equation طلعتلي صورة هذه الصورة
+
+90
+00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:49,360
+بتاعة العدسة رقم اتنين بتاعتبرها object للعدسة رقم
+
+91
+00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:54,040
+تلاتة و هكذا و هكذا اذا the thin lens equation
+
+92
+00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:58,400
+shows that the first lens produces an image خمسة و
+
+93
+00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:03,420
+عشرين سانتي behind itself with a magnification of
+
+94
+00:06:03,420 --> 00:06:06,750
+minus ربيعIn fact, it is necessary to draw this
+
+95
+00:06:06,750 --> 00:06:20,450
+case, we say as follows We will add a strip We
+
+96
+00:06:20,450 --> 00:06:25,230
+will try to speed up the drawing a bit We say that
+
+97
+00:06:25,230 --> 00:06:26,530
+this is the optical axis
+
+98
+00:06:39,940 --> 00:06:51,700
+This is the first lens which is plus 5 This
+
+99
+00:06:51,700 --> 00:06:53,500
+is the second lens which is plus 8
+
+100
+00:07:18,160 --> 00:07:23,840
+plus 8 diopter the
+
+101
+00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:29,280
+distance between them is 45 cm distance
+
+102
+00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:36,720
+between
+
+103
+00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:40,120
+the first lens and the second lens and I have an
+
+104
+00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:42,580
+object one meter away from the first lens
+
+105
+00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:48,620
+The object is one meter away from the first lens.
+
+106
+00:07:54,460 --> 00:07:57,180
+These objects are clear to me. These objects are
+
+107
+00:07:57,180 --> 00:08:01,700
+clear to me. One meter away from the first lens.
+
+108
+00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:11,380
+In fact, I prefer using colors in drawing in lens
+
+109
+00:08:11,380 --> 00:08:14,820
+combination for beginners, so that there is no
+
+110
+00:08:14,820 --> 00:08:21,300
+confusion in this matter. Now, to make things
+
+111
+00:08:21,300 --> 00:08:24,060
+easier, I want to separate the first lens and the
+
+112
+00:08:24,060 --> 00:08:27,140
+second lens by an imaginary line. This imaginary
+
+113
+00:08:27,140 --> 00:08:30,920
+line is like saying I have a problem alone. Like I
+
+114
+00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:31,920
+have a problem alone.
+
+115
+00:08:35,830 --> 00:08:38,910
+We want to forget this whole area, as if I have
+
+116
+00:08:38,910 --> 00:08:43,150
+one lens, one lens, in front of it an object, to
+
+117
+00:08:43,150 --> 00:08:45,210
+its left an object, which is considered in front
+
+118
+00:08:45,210 --> 00:08:46,670
+of it, at a distance of one meter, the power of
+
+119
+00:08:46,670 --> 00:08:50,770
+the lens plus five diopters, this distance we want
+
+120
+00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:52,390
+to consider that it is not forty-five centimeters,
+
+121
+00:08:52,450 --> 00:08:55,750
+it is extended to infinity. Now, what is required
+
+122
+00:08:55,750 --> 00:08:59,590
+is that wherever the image of the first lens
+
+123
+00:08:59,590 --> 00:09:01,710
+falls, we will say as follows
+
+124
+00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,780
+We want to deal with the lens as if I have two
+
+125
+00:09:14,780 --> 00:09:24,120
+lenses and we say as follows We say
+
+126
+00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:29,380
+u is equal to negative n over o
+
+127
+00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:34,850
+Why negative? Because the rays are divergent and
+
+128
+00:09:34,850 --> 00:09:37,550
+it is equal to negative one. Of course, everything
+
+129
+00:09:37,550 --> 00:09:42,410
+in the air, the refractive index is one. Negative
+
+130
+00:09:42,410 --> 00:09:49,030
+one over one meter is equal to negative one over
+
+131
+00:09:49,030 --> 00:09:51,570
+plus one, which is considered negative one. And
+
+132
+00:09:51,570 --> 00:09:53,410
+the meter in the station, when it goes up, it
+
+133
+00:09:53,410 --> 00:09:55,870
+becomes one minus negative one, which is equal to
+
+134
+00:09:55,870 --> 00:09:56,670
+negative one.
+
+135
+00:10:00,330 --> 00:10:05,770
+I want to come and write that here on the front
+
+136
+00:10:05,770 --> 00:10:12,390
+surface of U there is minus 1 and this is U It
+
+137
+00:10:12,390 --> 00:10:15,250
+is as if the light reaches the front surface of
+
+138
+00:10:15,250 --> 00:10:17,990
+the lens and it fluctuatesMinus one, this is
+
+139
+00:10:17,990 --> 00:10:21,070
+better Now, the power of the lens is plus five It
+
+140
+00:10:21,070 --> 00:10:23,710
+will be released to the front surface And it will
+
+141
+00:10:23,710 --> 00:10:26,830
+take the front surface the power of plus one from
+
+142
+00:10:26,830 --> 00:10:30,110
+the plus five And it will remain four This one is
+
+143
+00:10:30,110 --> 00:10:34,250
+to zero the minus one To reach the V how much it
+
+144
+00:10:34,250 --> 00:10:45,010
+equals We say U plus P equals V Equals
+
+145
+00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:53,620
+VU which is minus one diopter plus P which is five
+
+146
+00:10:53,620 --> 00:10:58,760
+diopters equals
+
+147
+00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:07,220
+V so V equals minus one diopter plus five diopters
+
+148
+00:11:07,220 --> 00:11:14,480
+so I have plus four diopters plus four diopters
+
+149
+00:11:17,530 --> 00:11:25,990
+V تساوي أنشرطة على I،
+
+150
+00:11:25,990 --> 00:11:32,770
+إذن I
+
+151
+00:11:32,770 --> 00:11:36,470
+تساوي أنشرطة على V
+
+152
+00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:44,520
+this is equal to, let's say I'm in the same line,
+
+153
+00:11:44,660 --> 00:11:49,080
+is equal to one on V, plus four came out with me
+
+154
+00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:53,640
+quickly I go and put the V here on the back
+
+155
+00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:59,240
+surface of the lens and say plus four, this is
+
+156
+00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:02,160
+startedWhy do I put it on the back of the screen?
+
+157
+00:12:02,300 --> 00:12:04,840
+Because I say that the lens changed the
+
+158
+00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:08,880
+fluctuation state of the light and after it
+
+159
+00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:10,600
+finished dealing with the light, the light came
+
+160
+00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:13,440
+out with a collection or with the power of the
+
+161
+00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:16,720
+collection plus four, this means that the rays are
+
+162
+00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:21,700
+convergent, so it is going to form an image. Now a
+
+163
+00:12:21,700 --> 00:12:24,520
+person can say, okayI mean, why do I intentionally
+
+164
+00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:28,600
+draw or put the U on the front and the V on the
+
+165
+00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:32,020
+back? So that when I reach the transference
+
+166
+00:12:32,020 --> 00:12:34,820
+magnification, which is equal to U over V, I don't
+
+167
+00:12:34,820 --> 00:12:38,740
+get involved in many of these numbers, and it can
+
+168
+00:12:38,740 --> 00:12:45,070
+happen that ..Mixing between numbers, so the U
+
+169
+00:12:45,070 --> 00:12:47,410
+will be placed on the front surface and the V will
+
+170
+00:12:47,410 --> 00:12:50,430
+be placed on the back surface So I is equal to
+
+171
+00:12:50,430 --> 00:12:54,810
+unconditional on V, which is 1 on V which is plus
+
+172
+00:12:54,810 --> 00:13:01,270
+4 diopter and
+
+173
+00:13:01,270 --> 00:13:08,250
+it is equal to 1 on 4 plus 1 or 1 on plus 4 plus
+
+174
+00:13:08,250 --> 00:13:08,630
+quarter
+
+175
+00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:16,260
+والديوبتر اللي هو متر أصناقس واحد لما بيسير في ال
+
+176
+00:13:16,260 --> 00:13:22,560
+bus أو بيطلع من المقام بيسير متر أصناقس واحد و لما
+
+177
+00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:26,740
+بيطلع بيسير متر بيسير متر الديوبتر هو عبارة عن متر
+
+178
+00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:30,000
+أصناقس واحد موجود في المقام لما بطلع و بيسير متر
+
+179
+00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,620
+إذا الصورة بتاعة العدسة الأولىOn a distance of a
+
+180
+00:13:34,620 --> 00:13:38,360
+meter, excuse me, on a distance of a quarter of a
+
+181
+00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:41,000
+meter from the lens on its right, because the
+
+182
+00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,880
+distance to the plus is the distance to the right
+
+183
+00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:47,080
+of the lens. Any lens in them, we remember
+
+184
+00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:49,540
+completely, we are now working with the first
+
+185
+00:13:49,540 --> 00:13:51,500
+lens, we did not completely put the thick white
+
+186
+00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:55,840
+line here to forget this lens, to forget this
+
+187
+00:13:55,840 --> 00:14:01,530
+lens. NowWe need to consider, or derive a meaning
+
+188
+00:14:01,530 --> 00:14:04,850
+according to the thin lens equation, that the
+
+189
+00:14:04,850 --> 00:14:07,910
+first lens gives me a picture on its right, on its
+
+190
+00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:10,530
+right, at a distance of a quarter of a meter, a
+
+191
+00:14:10,530 --> 00:14:13,030
+quarter of a meter is twenty-five centimeters The
+
+192
+00:14:13,030 --> 00:14:15,490
+distance between the two lenses is forty-five
+
+193
+00:14:15,490 --> 00
+
+223
+00:17:05,910 --> 00:17:11,850
+the height of the image Now, to finish this topic,
+
+224
+00:17:11,930 --> 00:17:14,230
+we say that the distance from the lens to the
+
+225
+00:17:14,230 --> 00:17:18,010
+image is 25 cm
+
+226
+00:17:33,030 --> 00:17:35,690
+Here, the height of the object and the image is
+
+227
+00:17:35,690 --> 00:17:42,750
+different from
+
+228
+00:17:42,750 --> 00:17:45,130
+the distance. This is the height. The one with the
+
+229
+00:17:45,130 --> 00:17:48,170
+yellow color is the height. Now, my work is
+
+230
+00:17:48,170 --> 00:17:52,350
+completely done with the first lens. I brought a
+
+231
+00:17:52,350 --> 00:17:54,510
+picture at a distance of how much? And I brought
+
+232
+00:17:54,510 --> 00:17:56,450
+the magnification, the magnification of the first
+
+233
+00:17:56,450 --> 00:18:00,650
+image for the object. Now, I want to remove this
+
+234
+00:18:00,650 --> 00:18:07,690
+line from this side. the work is done this is a
+
+235
+00:18:07,690 --> 00:18:10,430
+lens, where is the object? we said that the first
+
+236
+00:18:10,430 --> 00:18:14,770
+image of the lens is this object for the second
+
+237
+00:18:14,770 --> 00:18:18,930
+lens object for the second lens, so this object
+
+238
+00:18:18,930 --> 00:18:21,810
+needs to calculate its distance in the first one
+
+239
+00:18:22,440 --> 00:18:24,300
+How do I know the distance of the object? We say
+
+240
+00:18:24,300 --> 00:18:27,140
+that the distance between the two lenses is 45 cm
+
+241
+00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:31,120
+and the image is 25 cm away from the first lens,
+
+242
+00:18:31,180 --> 00:18:35,520
+so it remains from the 45, 45 minus, we took 25
+
+243
+00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:41,900
+from them, I still have 20 cm, so this
+
+244
+00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:44,660
+distance is 25 cm
+
+245
+00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:56,960
+Where is the object? Where is the object of the
+
+246
+00:18:56,960 --> 00:19:01,940
+second lens? The object of the second lens is the
+
+247
+00:19:01,940 --> 00:19:03,800
+image of the first lens, which is this one that
+
+248
+00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:06,640
+I'm pointing at The first lens constitutes an
+
+249
+00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:08,340
+image. This image is considered to be the object
+
+250
+00:19:08,340 --> 00:19:10,820
+of the second lens The object of the second lens
+
+251
+00:19:10,820 --> 00:19:16,720
+is 20 cm away from the second lens. Where did you
+
+252
+00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:20,300
+get 20 cm? Where did you know 20 cm? We said in
+
+253
+00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:22,820
+the example given that the total distance between
+
+254
+00:19:22,820 --> 00:19:27,200
+the two lenses is 45 cm But the first lens formed a
+
+255
+00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:29,280
+picture on its right at a distance of twenty-five
+
+256
+00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:32,820
+centimeters This picture is twenty-five
+
+257
+00:19:32,820 --> 00:19:36,480
+centimeters away from the first lens and twenty
+
+258
+00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:38,820
+centimeters away from the second lens which is
+
+259
+00:19:38,820 --> 00:19:40,900
+forty-five centimeters The total distance between
+
+260
+00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:43,440
+the two lenses is minus twenty-five centimeters
+
+261
+00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:47,240
+The distance of the first image from the first
+
+262
+00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,150
+lens remains twenty centimeters this distance This
+
+263
+00:19:50,150 --> 00:19:53,330
+first picture, picture number one, which is of the
+
+264
+00:19:53,330 --> 00:19:56,790
+first lens, is considered a body .. is considered
+
+265
+00:19:56,790 --> 00:20:00,410
+a body of the second lens Okay, now we want to
+
+266
+00:20:00,410 --> 00:20:05,350
+start the solution ..
+
+267
+00:20:05,350 --> 00:20:09,890
+in
+
+268
+00:20:09,890 --> 00:20:13,490
+the same way that we did the solution with the
+
+269
+00:20:13,490 --> 00:20:14,730
+lens ..
+
+270
+00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:29,740
+بنقول U تساوي ناقص N على O و
+
+271
+00:20:29,740 --> 00:20:30,380
+يساوي
+
+272
+00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:37,280
+minus 1 over O which is the distance of the object
+
+273
+00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:40,520
+any object that we finish with this from the white
+
+274
+00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,640
+line and left we forget it completely we deal with
+
+275
+00:20:43,640 --> 00:20:48,780
+each lens one by one minus N over O which is the
+
+276
+00:20:48,780 --> 00:20:51,220
+object of the second lens which is this picture
+
+277
+00:20:51,220 --> 00:20:53,060
+this picture now I want to consider it as an
+
+278
+00:20:53,060 --> 00:20:56,640
+object minus 1 over 20 centimeters which is 2 out
+
+279
+00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:04,260
+of 10 meters and equals Minus one out of two from
+
+280
+00:21:04,260 --> 00:21:08,740
+ten to five, that's better Meter in the station,
+
+281
+00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:11,040
+when it goes up, it becomes meter minus one,
+
+282
+00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:16,860
+that's better Quickly, I go and put on the front
+
+283
+00:21:16,860 --> 00:21:20,480
+surface of the lens, the U, which is the latitude
+
+284
+00:21:20,480 --> 00:21:23,860
+that the light reaches Minus five, that's better
+
+285
+00:21:23,860 --> 00:21:27,580
+On the front surface of the lens
+
+286
+00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:34,760
+We continue, we say that the intensity of the lens
+
+287
+00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:41,640
+is 8, we calculate the V, it will go from 8 to 5
+
+288
+00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,480
+to cancel the oscillation, and it will stay with
+
+289
+00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:49,180
+it after losing 5 to 2, it will stay with it 3.
+
+290
+00:21:49,340 --> 00:21:58,860
+Look at this case, we say U plus P equals V equals
+
+291
+00:21:58,860 --> 00:22:02,100
+V. Okay, okay, now
+
+292
+00:22:04,790 --> 00:22:13,810
+u minus 5 diopters plus 8 diopters equals
+
+293
+00:22:13,810 --> 00:22:14,570
+v,
+
+294
+00:22:17,270 --> 00:22:24,410
+so v equals plus 3 diopters
+
+295
+00:22:26,760 --> 00:22:30,820
+Quickly, I'll go again and write on the back of
+
+296
+00:22:30,820 --> 00:22:33,560
+the screen that the divergent case of the light
+
+297
+00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:37,620
+after leaving is plus three diopters because the
+
+298
+00:22:37,620 --> 00:22:40,660
+light's divergent case reached a divergent
+
+299
+00:22:40,660 --> 00:22:44,360
+divergent of five diopters and turned out to be a
+
+300
+00:22:44,360 --> 00:22:47,540
+convergent of three diopters. That is, it is as if
+
+301
+00:22:47,540 --> 00:22:49,900
+the lens, which has a force of plus eight, turned
+
+302
+00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:53,340
+from minus five divergent to plus three
+
+303
+00:22:53,340 --> 00:22:56,100
+convergent. To plus three convergent. So
+
+304
+00:22:58,990 --> 00:23:00,910
+I see where this picture is going to form, the
+
+305
+00:23:00,910 --> 00:23:02,810
+final picture, which is the picture of the second
+
+306
+00:23:02,810 --> 00:23:05,650
+lens, which is V is equal to the condition on I
+
+307
+00:23:05,650 --> 00:23:10,750
+then
+
+308
+00:23:10,750 --> 00:23:15,950
+I
+
+309
+00:23:15,950 --> 00:23:18,770
+is equal to the condition on V, I change the place
+
+310
+00:23:18,770 --> 00:23:24,530
+of each other and it is equal to the condition one
+
+311
+00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:28,050
+on the V we got plus three, this is positive
+
+312
+00:23:34,330 --> 00:23:42,410
+وهي ساوى واحد ع plus تلاتة plus تلت متر plus تلت
+
+313
+00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:48,010
+او تلاتة و تلاتين صنطة تقريبا تلت متر plus تلاتة و
+
+314
+00:23:48,010 --> 00:23:49,490
+تلاتين من مية متر
+
+315
+00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:54,640
+The meter from where you got the diopter is meter
+
+316
+00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:57,320
+plus minus one. It is present in the position when
+
+317
+00:23:57,320 --> 00:23:59,940
+it goes up, it becomes a meter. It becomes a
+
+318
+00:23:59,940 --> 00:24:03,800
+meter. So plus 33 out of 100 meters.
+
+319
+00:24:07,120 --> 00:24:12,320
+Plus 33, yes, 33 out of 100 meters. This picture
+
+320
+00:24:13,430 --> 00:24:15,110
+What does plus mean? It means the length of the
+
+321
+00:24:15,110 --> 00:24:19,790
+lens, which is 33
+
+322
+00:24:19,790 --> 00:24:24,570
+cm. Of course, the distances of the image, the
+
+323
+00:24:24,570 --> 00:24:26,550
+first picture and the second picture, I write them
+
+324
+00:24:26,550 --> 00:24:30,630
+in red so that I don't get confused. So, the
+
+325
+00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:36,650
+second picture should be 33 cm away from the ...
+
+326
+00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,980
+from the lens that made it up from the lens that
+
+327
+00:24:42,980 --> 00:24:45,240
+made it up okay we say the transference
+
+328
+00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:54,840
+magnification the
+
+329
+00:24:54,840 --> 00:25:00,080
+transference magnification is equal to u over v
+
+330
+00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,400
+and
+
+331
+00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:05,520
+it is equal to I take out the drawing directly the
+
+332
+00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:06,880
+u minus five this is greater than
+
+333
+00:25:11,140 --> 00:25:11,860
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+334
+00:25:11,860 --> 00:25:18,460
+magnification y minus
+
+335
+00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:21,540
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+336
+00:25:21,540 --> 00:25:25,860
+magnification x minus transference magnification y
+
+337
+00:25:25,860 --> 00:25:28,500
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+338
+00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:29,820
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+339
+00:25:29,820 --> 00:25:30,260
+magnification x minus transference magnification y
+
+340
+00:25:30,260 --> 00:25:31,060
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+341
+00:25:31,060 --> 00:25:31,520
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+342
+00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:32,440
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+343
+00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:32,940
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+344
+00:25:32,940 --> 00:25:33,420
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+345
+00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:35,840
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+346
+00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:36,200
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+347
+00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:36,500
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+348
+00:25:36,500 --> 00:25:36,520
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+349
+00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:36,560
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+350
+00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:36,780
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+351
+00:25:36,780 --> 00:25:36,940
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+352
+00:25:36,940 --> 00:25:39,300
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+353
+00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:45,060
+minus transference minus 61% diopter What does it
+
+354
+00:25:45,060 --> 00:25:47,920
+mean that the image is upside down? The image is
+
+355
+00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:49,340
+upside down Can a person say that it is upside
+
+356
+00:25:49,340 --> 00:25:52,920
+down? That's it, it is below the optical axis
+
+357
+00:25:52,920 --> 00:25:56,120
+Here, here we say to those who say that the image
+
+358
+00:25:56,120 --> 00:25:58,440
+is below the optical axis You started to mix
+
+359
+00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:02,970
+between the two lenses This lens مالناش فيها. هذا
+
+360
+00:26:02,970 --> 00:26:06,410
+الجزء من المسألة خلص وانتهى زمانه. الان احنا
+
+361
+00:26:06,410 --> 00:26:10,070
+بنتعامل مع هذا الجزء من المسألة الصورة مجلوبة،
+
+362
+00:26:10,070 --> 00:26:13,750
+ممتاز جدا، متفقين ان الصورة مجلوبة، بالنسبة لمين؟
+
+363
+00:26:13,750 --> 00:26:17,270
+بالنسبة لل object بتاعها، طب وين ال object بتاعها؟
+
+364
+00:26:17,270 --> 00:26:20,850
+ال object بتاعها تحت ال optical axisunder the
+
+365
+00:26:20,850 --> 00:26:23,610
+optical axis as long as it's under the optical
+
+366
+00:26:23,610 --> 00:26:26,330
+axis and it's upside down for it, then it's upside
+
+367
+00:26:26,330 --> 00:26:29,090
+down, upside down, straight up upside down, upside
+
+368
+00:26:29,090 --> 00:26:35,070
+down, straight up, so it's 33 cm away from the
+
+369
+00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:38,610
+other lens to the right of the other lens, so it
+
+370
+00:26:38,610 --> 00:26:43,710
+will be above the optical axis with a distance of
+
+371
+00:26:43,710 --> 00:26:50,080
+33 cm, 33 cm and one and two-thirds bigger than its
+
+372
+00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:58,520
+object one and two-thirds bigger than its object
+
+373
+00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:03,620
+So, it is inverted with respect to its object with
+
+374
+00:27:03,620 --> 00:27:07,880
+respect to its object So, now we want to say as
+
+375
+00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:12,210
+follows Now, the second part of the question is not
+
+376
+00:27:12,210 --> 00:27:14,510
+finished yet The last part of the question, of
+
+377
+00:27:14,510 --> 00:27:16,350
+course, we put here that the distance is thirty
+
+378
+00:27:16,350 --> 00:27:21,390
+-three centimeters, a third of a meter The
+
+379
+00:27:21,390 --> 00:27:24,830
+distance is thirty-three centimeters, which is a
+
+380
+00:27:24,830 --> 00:27:26,890
+third of a meter The distance between the second
+
+381
+00:27:26,890 --> 00:27:31,330
+image, which is the final image, and the lens that
+
+382
+00:27:31,330 --> 00:27:34,610
+formed it This is the final image Now we calculate
+
+383
+00:27:34,610 --> 00:27:37,130
+the total transfers magnification
+
+384
+00:27:52,870 --> 00:27:59,790
+Total Transfers Magnification
+
+385
+00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:05,370
+Total Transfers Magnification Total Transfers
+
+386
+00:28:05,370 --> 00:28:10,550
+Magnification Total Transfers Magnification Total
+
+387
+00:28:10,550 --> 00:28:15,410
+Transfers
+
+388
+00:28:15,410 --> 00:28:19,510
+Magnification Total Transfers Magnification
+
+389
+00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:30,400
+multiply by minus
+
+390
+00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:35,480
+one point sixty six percent which is equal to
+
+391
+00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:51,340
+let's go to the computer let's
+
+392
+00:28:51,340 --> 00:29:01,420
+say quarter multiply byone point sixty-six one
+
+393
+00:29:01,420 --> 00:29:03,580
+point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+394
+00:29:03,580 --> 00:29:04,480
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+395
+00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:04,520
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+396
+00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:04,540
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+397
+00:29:04,540 --> 00:29:04,640
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+398
+00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:05,200
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+399
+00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:05,740
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+400
+00:29:05,740 --> 00:29:07,240
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+401
+00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:08,000
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+402
+00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,340
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+403
+00:29:10,340 --> 00:29:13,160
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+404
+00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:21,410
+sixty-six one point sixty- and approximately 4
+
+405
+00:29:21,410 --> 00:29:27,450
+out of 10 x 4 out of 10 x plus 4 out of 10 now
+
+406
+00:29:27,450 --> 00:29:42,690
+this I want to make it bigger and
+
+407
+00:29:42,690 --> 00:29:45,470
+color it with another color completely different
+
+408
+00:29:54,520 --> 00:29:58,500
+What does X mean? Or the total transfer
+
+409
+00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:03,020
+magnification X plus four out of ten We say as
+
+410
+00:30:03,020 --> 00:30:06,920
+follows Total transfer magnification means how
+
+411
+00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:11,000
+much the final image is magnified compared to the
+
+412
+00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,080
+original first object TM1 is the magnification of
+
+413
+00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:20,360
+the first image compared to its object TM2 is the
+
+414
+00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:22,020
+magnification of the second image compared to its
+
+415
+00:30:22,020 --> 00:30:27,460
+object TM Total Transverse Magnification Total يعني
+
+416
+00:30:27,460 --> 00:30:32,020
+قداش تكبير تكبير الصورة النهائية بالنسبة للجسم
+
+417
+00:30:32,020 --> 00:30:36,

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/E4SfMpVuLYk_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+1
+00:00:04,910 --> 00:00:05,810
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:06,450 --> 00:00:10,690
+We have an example. The object on the left, but we
+
+3
+00:00:10,690 --> 00:00:15,230
+still don't know if it is above or below the
+
+4
+00:00:15,230 --> 00:00:19,730
+optical axis. The image below the optical axis is
+
+5
+00:00:19,730 --> 00:00:25,310
+15 cm high. The transverse magnification is X
+
+6
+00:00:25,310 --> 00:00:30,770
+minus 3.What is the object head? What is the
+
+7
+00:00:30,770 --> 00:00:34,170
+object head? بنقول ال transference magnification
+
+8
+00:00:34,170 --> 00:00:37,370
+الحال ال transference magnification يساوي image
+
+9
+00:00:37,370 --> 00:00:42,770
+head على object head احنا المطلوب ال object head
+
+10
+00:00:42,770 --> 00:00:48,750
+اذا ال object head يساوي image head على ال
+
+11
+00:00:48,750 --> 00:00:52,950
+transference magnification بنبدل هدول مكان بعضهم
+
+12
+00:00:52,950 --> 00:00:56,940
+البعض مكان بعضهم البعض So the object height is
+
+13
+00:00:56,940 --> 00:00:59,440
+equal to the image height over the transphase
+
+14
+00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:03,480
+magnification. The image height as long as it is
+
+15
+00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:06,260
+below the optical axis, I give it a minus sign.
+
+16
+00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:09,680
+Fifteen centimeters is fifteen out of one hundred
+
+17
+00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:14,740
+meters over the transphase magnification minus
+
+18
+00:01:14,740 --> 00:01:20,700
+three, which is equal to minus minus plus fifteen
+
+19
+00:01:20,700 --> 00:01:31,260
+out of one hundred meters over3 is equal to 3
+
+20
+00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:38,180
+times 5 times 100 which is equal to plus 5 cm So
+
+21
+00:01:38,180 --> 00:01:41,600
+the height of the object is plus 5 cm, plus means
+
+22
+00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,400
+above the optical axis and its height is 5 cm
+
+23
+00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:48,280
+which is one third of the height of the bird
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/EdpKoyPVmO4_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+1
+00:00:01,530 --> 00:00:04,490
+I'm Rahim. We have a question about the virtual
+
+2
+00:00:04,490 --> 00:00:09,130
+image with lens combination. The object is 10 cm
+
+3
+00:00:09,130 --> 00:00:11,730
+away from the first lens, which has a force of
+
+4
+00:00:11,730 --> 00:00:16,390
+plus 6 diopters. The second lens, which is 15 cm
+
+5
+00:00:16,390 --> 00:00:19,950
+away from it to the right, has a force of plus 4.5
+
+6
+00:00:19,950 --> 00:00:23,530
+diopters. Where is the final image?
+
+7
+00:00:29,860 --> 00:00:33,440
+Transphase Magnification In order to solve this
+
+8
+00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:36,840
+problem, we must deal with each lens separately
+
+9
+00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:42,330
+بنروح حاطين ورقة تفسر أو تغطي الجزء التاني من
+
+10
+00:00:42,330 --> 00:00:45,610
+المسألة، بنعتبر إنه عندنا مسألة واحدة أو عدسة
+
+11
+00:00:45,610 --> 00:00:50,390
+واحدة عبارة object مع عدسة واحدة لثانية لها، بنقول
+
+12
+00:00:50,390 --> 00:00:57,310
+الضوء هيصل بتشتت مقدار U يساوي ناقص N على O ويساوي
+
+13
+00:00:57,310 --> 00:01:01,410
+ناقص واحد عشرة centimeter، يعني واحد من عشرة متر،
+
+14
+00:01:01,410 --> 00:01:03,130
+ويساوي ناقص
+
+15
+00:01:06,220 --> 00:01:09,180
+Minus 10, and the meter is minus 1, which is a
+
+16
+00:01:09,180 --> 00:01:13,680
+diopter. So, U is minus 10 diopters. Minus 10
+
+17
+00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:18,160
+diopters. How much oscillation will the light
+
+18
+00:01:18,160 --> 00:01:22,480
+produce? It is said that U plus the power is equal
+
+19
+00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:25,720
+to V. V is the oscillation factor after leaving
+
+20
+00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:29,900
+the lens. U minus 10 diopters plus the power 6
+
+21
+00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:34,220
+diopters is equal to V. So, V is equal to minus 4
+
+22
+00:01:34,220 --> 00:01:40,180
+diopters.إذا أضوء، هيخرج مودة شتتIt was less than
+
+23
+00:01:40,180 --> 00:01:41,820
+what it entered. It entered with a magnitude of
+
+24
+00:01:41,820 --> 00:01:44,840
+minus 10 and went out with a magnitude of minus 4.
+
+25
+00:01:45,740 --> 00:01:48,140
+But it is not collected, so it is impossible to
+
+26
+00:01:48,140 --> 00:01:50,260
+form a picture, no matter how much we put on the
+
+27
+00:01:50,260 --> 00:01:53,460
+paper or the screen of the screen on which the
+
+28
+00:01:53,460 --> 00:01:55,060
+picture will be placed, because the more the
+
+29
+00:01:55,060 --> 00:01:57,020
+distance increases, the more it moves away from
+
+30
+00:01:57,020 --> 00:01:59,820
+each other. As long as this is the case, we must
+
+31
+00:01:59,820 --> 00:02:02,080
+assume that there is an imaginary picture that has
+
+32
+00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:05,440
+formed. We bring this picture and complete it as
+
+33
+00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:09,650
+if The image is real but it is imaginary V is
+
+34
+00:02:09,650 --> 00:02:14,730
+equal to N divided by I So I is equal to N divided
+
+35
+00:02:14,730 --> 00:02:20,290
+by V Let's swap places And it is equal to N
+
+36
+00:02:20,290 --> 00:02:23,430
+divided by 1 We are in the air over V minus four
+
+37
+00:02:23,430 --> 00:02:27,590
+diopters It is equal to one minus four minus a
+
+38
+00:02:27,590 --> 00:02:30,850
+quarter And the diopter meter square meter means
+
+39
+00:02:30,850 --> 00:02:34,450
+minus twenty-five degrees Here minus means the
+
+40
+00:02:34,450 --> 00:02:37,990
+distance to the leftThis is an imaginary image,
+
+41
+00:02:38,470 --> 00:02:41,890
+located to the left of the lens that formed it. It
+
+42
+00:02:41,890 --> 00:02:44,690
+will not be formed, but we will assume that it is
+
+43
+00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,030
+formed at a distance of 25 cm, an imaginary image.
+
+44
+00:02:49,350 --> 00:02:51,370
+And we said that the imaginary image is preferred
+
+45
+00:02:51,370 --> 00:02:54,570
+with a dotted horizontal line, with a dotted
+
+46
+00:02:54,570 --> 00:02:59,920
+horizontal line. Now, to summarize the issue This
+
+47
+00:02:59,920 --> 00:03:06,240
+imaginary image, of course, is 25 cm away from the
+
+48
+00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:09,660
+lens that formed it And we make sure that it is
+
+49
+00:03:09,660 --> 00:03:11,980
+not formed, but we will assume that it is formed
+
+50
+00:03:11,980 --> 00:03:14,220
+Why it is not formed? Because the light is
+
+51
+00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:17,220
+divergent The light will not return to rotate
+
+52
+00:03:17,220 --> 00:03:19,260
+behind the lens that formed the image here
+
+53
+00:03:19,260 --> 00:03:22,020
+Divergent and will remain divergent and hence the
+
+54
+00:03:22,020 --> 00:03:24,980
+name imaginary image that does not exist in the
+
+55
+00:03:24,980 --> 00:03:27,620
+real world Ok, why did we assume it? So that we
+
+56
+00:03:27,620 --> 00:03:29,520
+can calculate the divergence from the surface of
+
+57
+00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:33,080
+the second lens Also, why? Because this image is
+
+58
+00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:35,800
+what will be considered as the body of the second
+
+59
+00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:38,760
+lens Before I go to the second lens and its body,
+
+60
+00:03:39,180 --> 00:03:40,760
+which is the image of the first lens, I will start
+
+61
+00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:46,440
+with T M1 equals U over V U minus ten times theta
+
+62
+00:03:48,180 --> 00:03:54,300
+over V minus 4 degrees It is equal to X because we
+
+63
+00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:56,600
+are talking about magnification Minus over minus
+
+64
+00:03:56,600 --> 00:04:00,320
+plus and ten over four which is two and a half So
+
+65
+00:04:00,320 --> 00:04:04,900
+the picture is regular not upside down and twice
+
+66
+00:04:04,900 --> 00:04:07,280
+and a half larger than the object So if the object
+
+67
+00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:10,080
+is ten centimeters high, it is twenty-five
+
+68
+00:04:10,080 --> 00:04:12,440
+centimeters high Now I will finish our work with
+
+69
+00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:15,370
+the first lens Now we are supposed to cover the
+
+70
+00:04:15,370 --> 00:04:17,910
+first object and the first lens and pay attention
+
+71
+00:04:17,910 --> 00:04:19,810
+to the second object, which is the picture of the
+
+72
+00:04:19,810 --> 00:04:21,750
+first lens with the second lens. This is the
+
+73
+00:04:21,750 --> 00:04:25,490
+object of the second lens. To fix the problem, now
+
+74
+00:04:25,490 --> 00:04:28,770
+we will draw the second lens in a different color,
+
+75
+00:04:29,830 --> 00:04:36,990
+which is red. And here too, I will make sure that
+
+76
+00:04:36,990 --> 00:04:37,830
+the two colors remain.
+
+77
+00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:43,460
+Why are the two colors still there? The black one
+
+78
+00:04:43,460 --> 00:04:45,560
+is to indicate that this is the shape of the black
+
+79
+00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:49,660
+lens And the red one is the object of the red lens
+
+80
+00:04:49,660 --> 00:04:52,300
+And I will also solve it with the red color But
+
+81
+00:04:52,300 --> 00:04:55,980
+before we start, let's say that this object is 25
+
+82
+00:04:55,980 --> 00:04:59,840
+cm away from the first lens And the distance
+
+83
+00:04:59,840 --> 00:05:02,840
+between the two lenses is 15 cm So the distance
+
+84
+00:05:02,840 --> 00:05:07,880
+between object number 2 which is number 1 And the
+
+85
+00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:13,640
+lens number 2, this distance25 plus 15 is equal to
+
+86
+00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:18,960
+2 which is equal to 25 cm plus 15 cm which is
+
+87
+00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:22,680
+equal to 40 cm So the distance of the object of
+
+88
+00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:24,920
+this mirror which is the shape of this mirror is
+
+89
+00:05:24,920 --> 00:05:29,500
+40 cm away from it Now we continue, we continue,
+
+90
+00:05:29,800 --> 00:05:33,380
+but we will continue with the black colorWe say U
+
+91
+00:05:33,380 --> 00:05:36,880
+is equal to minus N over O is equal to minus 1
+
+92
+00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,920
+over 40 centimeters which is 4 out of 10 meters.
+
+93
+00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,100
+Note that all measurements are in meters and it is
+
+94
+00:05:43,100 --> 00:05:47,460
+equal to minus two and a half diopters. Minus two
+
+95
+00:05:47,460 --> 00:05:49,760
+and a half diopters, so the light will reach here
+
+96
+00:05:49,760 --> 00:05:53,660
+with a magnitude of minus two and a half diopters.
+
+97
+00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:57,540
+What is the quadratic case of light when it comes
+
+98
+00:05:57,540 --> 00:06:02,500
+out of the lens? We say u plus p equals v minus
+
+99
+00:06:02,500 --> 00:06:06,960
+two and a half diopters plus four and a half
+
+100
+00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:13,240
+diopters equals v So v equals plus two diopters
+
+101
+00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:18,920
+plus two diopters plus two diopters Okay, v equals
+
+102
+00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,980
+I, what does plus two diopters mean? The light
+
+103
+00:06:22,980 --> 00:06:27,740
+will come outمش متشرطة وانما متجمع يعني في طريقه
+
+104
+00:06:27,740 --> 00:06:32,080
+يكون صورة حقيقية مش صورة تخيلية مكان الصورة
+
+105
+00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:36,780
+الحقيقية وين V تساوي Unshort على I I تساوي Unshort
+
+106
+00:06:36,780 --> 00:06:42,320
+على V ببدلهم مكان بعض ويساوي Unshort على 1 لإن
+
+107
+00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:46,900
+احنا في الهوا و ال V اللي هي plus 2 ده يبتد ويساوي
+
+108
+00:06:46,900 --> 00:06:54,400
+plus نص متر So, the second and the last image will
+
+109
+00:06:54,400 --> 00:07:04,820
+be 50 cm away from the second lens. This image is
+
+110
+00:07:04,820 --> 00:07:09,500
+larger than its body because of the second
+
+111
+00:07:09,500 --> 00:07:12,960
+transference magnification TM2 is equal to U over
+
+112
+00:07:12,960 --> 00:07:16,340
+V and is equal to U minus two and a half diopters
+
+113
+00:07:16,340 --> 00:07:18,820
+over
+
+114
+00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:28,520
+V plus 2 is equal to
+
+115
+00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:34,560
+1 quarter x minus 1 quarter what does it mean x
+
+116
+00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:38,360
+minus 1 quarter? it means that this picture is
+
+117
+00:07:38,360 --> 00:07:42,100
+upside down compared to its body and bigger than
+
+118
+00:07:42,100 --> 00:07:46,900
+it by a quarter now let's bring the total
+
+119
+00:07:49,610 --> 00:07:55,310
+Transphase Magnification يساوي T M1 في T M2 ويساوي
+
+120
+00:07:55,310 --> 00:07:59,530
+T M1 T M1 اتنين و نص
+
+121
+00:08:10,610 --> 00:08:13,210
+Minus one and a quarter. So plus two and a half
+
+122
+00:08:13,210 --> 00:08:16,510
+times minus one and a quarter. We multiply it. We
+
+123
+00:08:16,510 --> 00:08:20,290
+say one hundred and twenty-five times twenty-five.
+
+124
+00:08:21,230 --> 00:08:24,650
+Five times five times twenty-five. Ten, twelve,
+
+125
+00:08:25,710 --> 00:08:29,070
+six. Two times one hundred and twenty-five.
+
+126
+00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:42,580
+Eleven, three, I have one, two, three, so x plus
+
+127
+00:08:42,580 --> 00:08:47,620
+minus minus, three, one, one hundred and twenty
+
+128
+00:08:47,620 --> 00:08:52,420
+-five thousand That is, the last picture for the
+
+129
+00:08:52,420 --> 00:08:55,860
+original object is inverted, as it is clearly seen
+
+130
+00:08:55,860 --> 00:09:01,340
+And bigger than it, bigger than it, three times
+
+131
+00:09:01,340 --> 00:09:03,360
+and eight, one hundred and twenty-five thousand
+
+132
+00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:06,540
+and eight The last picture I will draw it in red
+
+133
+00:09:06,540 --> 00:09:09,180
+because it came from the red lens, the picture of
+
+134
+00:09:09,180 --> 00:09:13,080
+the red lens. This concludes the issue and we say
+
+135
+00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:15,940
+that the common factor between the two lenses is
+
+136
+00:09:15,940 --> 00:09:18,000
+the imaginary picture. It is an imaginary picture
+
+137
+00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:22,480
+for the lens number one and at the same time a
+
+138
+00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:28,040
+body for the lens number two. That is why we drew
+
+139
+00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:30,280
+it in two colors and this is how the issue ended
+
+140
+00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:32,280
+and may Allah bless you all. Assalamualaikum
+
+141
+00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:33,860
+warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/EyCzwRR42kU.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:06,970
+Now we are going to solve a problem using the
+
+2
+00:00:06,970 --> 00:00:11,350
+Lensmakers equation. I have an object 50 cm from a
+
+3
+00:00:11,350 --> 00:00:15,590
+single glass reflecting surface. The diameter is 2 
+
+4
+00:00:15,590 --> 00:00:19,730
+meters from 10 meters. The refractive index is 1
+
+5
+00:00:19,730 --> 00:00:23,950
+.5. The refractive index of the air is 1. I want
+
+6
+00:00:23,950 --> 00:00:27,550
+to apply the equation. The equation of the
+
+7
+00:00:27,550 --> 00:00:33,720
+Lensmakers equation is negative n over O. زنشرطة
+
+8
+00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:43,640
+ناقص M على R يساوي أنشرطة على I ناقص واحد على O نص
+
+9
+00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:50,880
+متر طبعا القياسات كلها بالمتر زاوية أنشرطة ناقص M
+
+10
+00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:57,880
+واحد و نص ناقص واحد على R اتنين من عشرة متر يساوي
+
+11
+00:00:57,880 --> 00:01:00,100
+أنشرطة اللي واحد و نص
+
+12
+00:01:03,180 --> 00:01:07,780
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+13
+00:01:07,780 --> 00:01:15,560
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a 
+
+14
+00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:20,580
+half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+15
+00:01:20,580 --> 00:01:22,060
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+16
+00:01:22,060 --> 00:01:22,560
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+17
+00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:22,640
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+18
+00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:22,680
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+19
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:23,540
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+20
+00:01:23,540 --> 00:01:24,080
+one and a half 
+
+21
+00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:06,500
+I move here, then I equal
+
+22
+00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:15,800
+meter plus minus one one and a half by half is
+
+23
+00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:18,960
+three meters plus minus one when it comes out is 
+
+24
+00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:24,860
+one meter plus three meters so the picture plus on 
+
+25
+00:02:24,860 --> 00:02:26,880
+the right on the right of the reflecting surface 
+
+26
+00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:33,340
+is three meters three meters okay now this is the
+
+27
+00:02:33,340 --> 00:02:35,340
+first required thing which is the picture the 
+
+28
+00:02:35,340 --> 00:02:37,540
+second required thing is transverse magnification
+
+29
+00:02:38,340 --> 00:02:43,320
+يساوي image distance على object distance ويساوي
+
+30
+00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:48,240
+image distance plus 3 meters، ماننساش الإشارة، على
+
+31
+00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:52,680
+object distance minus نص متر، minus أنا على الشمال
+
+32
+00:02:53,370 --> 00:02:55,610
+Plus to minus, of course, the transverse
+
+33
+00:02:55,610 --> 00:03:00,590
+magnification, the x-axis, three to half, six, of
+
+34
+00:03:00,590 --> 00:03:05,870
+course, and meter to meter goes. So, x minus six,
+
+35
+00:03:05,930 --> 00:03:08,290
+x minus six, which means that the picture is 
+
+36
+00:03:08,290 --> 00:03:13,530
+upside down, and six times the magnitude of the 
+
+37
+00:03:13,530 --> 00:03:15,650
+object, six times the magnitude of the object,
+
+38
+00:03:15,810 --> 00:03:18,330
+which ends the matter and gives you peace, peace 
+
+39
+00:03:18,330 --> 00:03:18,850
+be upon you.

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/EyCzwRR42kU_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:06,970
+Now we are going to solve a problem using the
+
+2
+00:00:06,970 --> 00:00:11,350
+Lensmakers equation. I have an object 50 cm from a
+
+3
+00:00:11,350 --> 00:00:15,590
+single glass reflecting surface. The diameter is 2
+
+4
+00:00:15,590 --> 00:00:19,730
+meters from 10 meters. The refractive index is 1
+
+5
+00:00:19,730 --> 00:00:23,950
+.5. The refractive index of the air is 1. I want
+
+6
+00:00:23,950 --> 00:00:27,550
+to apply the equation. The equation of the
+
+7
+00:00:27,550 --> 00:00:33,720
+Lensmakers equation is negative n over O.زنشرطة
+
+8
+00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:43,640
+ناقص M على R يساوي أنشرطة على I ناقص واحد على O نص
+
+9
+00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:50,880
+متر طبعا القياسات كلها بالمتر زاوية أنشرطة ناقص M
+
+10
+00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:57,880
+واحد و نص ناقص واحد على R اتنين من عشرة متر يساوي
+
+11
+00:00:57,880 --> 00:01:00,100
+أنشرطة اللي واحد و نص
+
+12
+00:01:03,180 --> 00:01:07,780
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+13
+00:01:07,780 --> 00:01:15,560
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a
+
+14
+00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:20,580
+half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+15
+00:01:20,580 --> 00:01:22,060
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+16
+00:01:22,060 --> 00:01:22,560
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+17
+00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:22,640
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+18
+00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:22,680
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+19
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+20
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+21
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+22
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+23
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+24
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+25
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+26
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+27
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+28
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+one and a half minus one and a half minus one and
+
+29
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:22,680
+a half minus one and a half minus one and a half
+
+30
+00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:23,540
+minus one and a half minus one and a half minus
+
+31
+00:01:23,540 --> 00:01:24,080
+one and a half
+
+32
+00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:06,500
+I move here, then I equal
+
+33
+00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:15,800
+meter plus minus one one and a half by half is
+
+34
+00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:18,960
+three meters plus minus one when it comes out is
+
+35
+00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:24,860
+one meter plus three meters so the picture plus on
+
+36
+00:02:24,860 --> 00:02:26,880
+the right on the right of the reflecting surface
+
+37
+00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:33,340
+is three meters three meters okay now this is the
+
+38
+00:02:33,340 --> 00:02:35,340
+first required thing which is the picture the
+
+39
+00:02:35,340 --> 00:02:37,540
+second required thing is transphase magnification
+
+40
+00:02:38,340 --> 00:02:43,320
+يساوي image distance على object distance ويساوي
+
+41
+00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:48,240
+image distance plus 3 meters، ماننساش الإشارة، على
+
+42
+00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:52,680
+object distance minus نص متر، minus أنا على الشمال
+
+43
+00:02:53,370 --> 00:02:55,610
+Plus to minus, of course, the transverse
+
+44
+00:02:55,610 --> 00:03:00,590
+magnification, the x-axis, three to half, six, of
+
+45
+00:03:00,590 --> 00:03:05,870
+course, and meter to meter goes. So, x minus six,
+
+46
+00:03:05,930 --> 00:03:08,290
+x minus six, which means that the picture is
+
+47
+00:03:08,290 --> 00:03:13,530
+upside down, and six times the magnitude of the
+
+48
+00:03:13,530 --> 00:03:15,650
+object, six times the magnitude of the object,
+
+49
+00:03:15,810 --> 00:03:18,330
+which ends the matter and gives you peace, peace
+
+50
+00:03:18,330 --> 00:03:18,850
+be upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/FKp1F4_G1ss_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2464 @@
+1
+00:00:01,640 --> 00:00:06,600
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنكمل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:10,020
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لموضوع الـ Angle of
+
+3
+00:00:10,020 --> 00:00:14,550
+Deviation في موضوع البرزماتIn any prism with an
+
+4
+00:00:14,550 --> 00:00:17,850
+apex angle greater than zero, the total angle of
+
+5
+00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:21,310
+deviation of light that passes through it is the
+
+6
+00:00:21,310 --> 00:00:25,450
+sum of deviation produced at each of its surfaces
+
+7
+00:00:44,190 --> 00:00:46,830
+and it is supposed to keep going along the dotted
+
+8
+00:00:46,830 --> 00:00:49,990
+line and z has become parallel to the dotted line
+
+9
+00:00:49,990 --> 00:00:52,050
+but it does not change with respect to the
+
+10
+00:00:52,050 --> 00:00:53,830
+horizontal axis and the vertical axis does not
+
+11
+00:00:53,830 --> 00:00:56,870
+change at all it is in the same direction but z
+
+12
+00:00:56,870 --> 00:00:59,730
+has changed this is because the plane parallel to
+
+13
+00:00:59,730 --> 00:01:02,410
+the plane is considered a prism whose apex angle
+
+14
+00:01:02,410 --> 00:01:10,330
+is zero any prism whose apex angle is more than
+
+15
+00:01:10,330 --> 00:01:15,080
+zero will cause a net deviationHow many deviations
+
+16
+00:01:15,080 --> 00:01:17,620
+will occur in a set of deviations on its surface?
+
+17
+00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:20,800
+A set of deviations on its surface In other words,
+
+18
+00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:25,640
+if on the first surface of the prism If on the
+
+19
+00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:28,400
+first surface of the prism, which is 20 degrees
+
+20
+00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:31,340
+away from its path And the second surface is 25
+
+21
+00:01:31,340 --> 00:01:37,260
+degrees away, then 20 and 25 are 45 degrees away
+
+22
+00:01:37,260 --> 00:01:40,080
+from its path 45 degrees as an example, as an
+
+23
+00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:41,320
+example Okay now
+
+24
+00:01:43,950 --> 00:01:48,050
+The deviation of light that passes through the
+
+25
+00:01:48,050 --> 00:01:52,690
+prism is the sum of deviations produced at each of
+
+26
+00:01:52,690 --> 00:01:58,090
+its surfaces. These two deviations may be in the
+
+27
+00:01:58,090 --> 00:02:02,030
+same direction or in opposite direction. That is,
+
+28
+00:02:02,590 --> 00:02:04,530
+the light will be deflected either in the same
+
+29
+00:02:04,530 --> 00:02:08,230
+direction or in opposite directions. Notice its
+
+30
+00:02:08,230 --> 00:02:14,290
+drawings. Here I have the light ray.انحرف قليلاً
+
+31
+00:02:14,290 --> 00:02:18,170
+لليسار، لو تخيلنا انه راجل بيمشي، انحرف قليلاً
+
+32
+00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:21,430
+عيسار و هو، بعدين انحرف عاليمين، اذا هذا in
+
+33
+00:02:21,430 --> 00:02:24,510
+opposite directions، in opposite directions، اذا
+
+34
+00:02:24,510 --> 00:02:28,650
+lightly انحرف بالاتجاه هذا للأعلى، خلينا نقول
+
+35
+00:02:28,650 --> 00:02:32,310
+للأعلى، حسب الرسمة، ثم للأسفل، اذا في اتجاهين
+
+36
+00:02:32,310 --> 00:02:37,580
+متعاكسين، طيبHere, the light fell vertically on
+
+37
+00:02:37,580 --> 00:02:40,120
+the first floor, it did not bend at all, and all
+
+38
+00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:43,540
+the distortion happened on the second floor. Of
+
+39
+00:02:43,540 --> 00:02:45,580
+course, the vertical fall, because the light entry
+
+40
+00:02:45,580 --> 00:02:48,440
+from one medium to another medium differs in
+
+41
+00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:51,700
+density or refractive index, the vertical fall
+
+42
+00:02:51,700 --> 00:02:53,320
+does not change the direction of the light, but
+
+43
+00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:56,690
+slows down in the glass.و بعدك بيعود بسرع بس هنا
+
+44
+00:02:56,690 --> 00:03:00,990
+سقط لإن السطح مائل فبالتالي مش سقوط عمودي على
+
+45
+00:03:00,990 --> 00:03:04,450
+السطح الأول سقوط عمودي على السطح التاني مش سقوط
+
+46
+00:03:04,450 --> 00:03:09,810
+عمودي فأحدث تغير في اتجاه ال light ray اذا هذه هي
+
+47
+00:03:09,810 --> 00:03:13,350
+ال angle ال total angle of deviation هذه ال total
+
+48
+00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:19,130
+angle of deviation طيبThe total angle of deviation
+
+49
+00:03:19,130 --> 00:03:22,210
+is the angle between the rays that came out of the
+
+50
+00:03:22,210 --> 00:03:25,970
+prism and the rays that entered the prism if we
+
+51
+00:03:25,970 --> 00:03:26,450
+extend them
+
+52
+00:03:31,500 --> 00:03:35,300
+The Librasm bends the rays from the first surface
+
+53
+00:03:35,300 --> 00:03:38,780
+to the bottom, then the second surface bends it
+
+54
+00:03:38,780 --> 00:03:40,840
+also to the bottom, then they bend in the same
+
+55
+00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:44,400
+direction. Also, the sum of the deviations, how do
+
+56
+00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:47,260
+I know it? I extend a line from the beam inside
+
+57
+00:03:47,260 --> 00:03:52,300
+and make an angle between the beam inside the
+
+58
+00:03:52,300 --> 00:03:55,040
+Librasm and what comes out of the Librasm. This is
+
+59
+00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,100
+the total angle of deviation. So, regardless of
+
+60
+00:03:58,100 --> 00:03:58,520
+the view
+
+61
+00:04:01,650 --> 00:04:06,530
+The total angle of deviation of light that passes
+
+62
+00:04:06,530 --> 00:04:10,030
+through the prism is the sum of the deviations
+
+63
+00:04:10,030 --> 00:04:15,810
+produced at each of the surfaces. These two
+
+64
+00:04:15,810 --> 00:04:19,780
+deviations may be in the same directionOr in
+
+65
+00:04:19,780 --> 00:04:24,120
+opposite directions depending on the angle of
+
+66
+00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:34,960
+incidence
+
+67
+00:04:34,960 --> 00:04:45,720
+But the
+
+68
+00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:51,980
+total deviation is alwaystowards the base of the
+
+69
+00:04:51,980 --> 00:04:56,000
+prism always and always the deviation is towards
+
+70
+00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:58,680
+the base of the prism towards the base of the
+
+71
+00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:05,040
+prism here there are clearer drawings from the
+
+72
+00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:09,640
+light ray simulation I prepared it so that we
+
+73
+00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:14,020
+don't waste time this light ray has a deviation
+
+74
+00:05:14,020 --> 00:05:18,070
+and another deviation in the same directionhere
+
+75
+00:05:18,070 --> 00:05:21,210
+light ray has a deviation to the left and then to
+
+76
+00:05:21,210 --> 00:05:25,450
+the right two opposite directions here is a
+
+77
+00:05:25,450 --> 00:05:27,510
+vertical fall this vertical fall is called the
+
+78
+00:05:27,510 --> 00:05:33,470
+Prentice position Prentice position Prentice
+
+79
+00:05:33,470 --> 00:05:39,290
+position so it did not happen on the first floor
+
+80
+00:05:39,290 --> 00:05:42,070
+and happened on the second floor now the last
+
+81
+00:05:42,070 --> 00:05:49,160
+directionto the right and again to the right So,
+
+82
+00:05:49,660 --> 00:05:53,180
+depending on the angle of fall to the right,
+
+83
+00:05:53,280 --> 00:05:56,960
+sorry, and again to the left But always the outer
+
+84
+00:05:56,960 --> 00:05:59,220
+beam is closer to the base than its entrance is
+
+85
+00:05:59,220 --> 00:06:02,500
+closer to the base than its entrance So, this case
+
+86
+00:06:02,500 --> 00:06:05,660
+must be clear You can always say, no, this is away
+
+87
+00:06:05,660 --> 00:06:09,260
+from the base Yes, but before entering, it was
+
+88
+00:06:09,260 --> 00:06:13,170
+more away from the baseفأصبح أقرب لل base اذا
+
+89
+00:06:13,170 --> 00:06:17,670
+اقتراب نسبي اقتراب نسبي هذا اقتراب حقيقي يعني يورا
+
+90
+00:06:17,670 --> 00:06:22,630
+بالعين اللي احنا شايفينه اذا دائما و ابدا ال total
+
+91
+00:06:22,630 --> 00:06:26,150
+deviation is always toward the base of the prism
+
+92
+00:06:26,150 --> 00:06:31,230
+the base of the prism في مصطلح اسمه ال minimum
+
+93
+00:06:31,230 --> 00:06:36,270
+angle of deviation يعني أقل زاوية انحراف للضوء
+
+94
+00:06:36,270 --> 00:06:44,470
+ممكن يعملها ال prismThe minimum angle
+
+95
+00:06:44,470 --> 00:06:54,210
+of deviation produced by a prism occurs when the
+
+96
+00:06:54,210 --> 00:06:58,170
+light ray undergoes equal bending at the two
+
+97
+00:06:58,170 --> 00:06:58,730
+surfaces.
+
+98
+00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:08,080
+he deviated from his path, this is the path he
+
+99
+00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:11,280
+should stay on if the prism is not present, he
+
+100
+00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:14,800
+deviated, let's say 20 degrees here, then he
+
+101
+00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:17,080
+completed his path inside the prism, he came out
+
+102
+00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:20,460
+deviated from his second path, another 20 degrees,
+
+103
+00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:23,240
+then the first deviation equals the second
+
+104
+00:07:23,240 --> 00:07:26,180
+deviation, then the total angle of deviation, this
+
+105
+00:07:26,180 --> 00:07:29,670
+is the main path to the prism before enteringthe
+
+106
+00:07:29,670 --> 00:07:34,410
+leprosy and this is what happened when it came out
+
+107
+00:07:34,410 --> 00:07:37,770
+of the leprosy if we extend this line this will be
+
+108
+00:07:37,770 --> 00:07:40,950
+the angle which is delta which is the total angle
+
+109
+00:07:40,950 --> 00:07:43,910
+of deviation if the first deviation is equal to
+
+110
+00:07:43,910 --> 00:07:46,310
+the second deviation on the first surface then
+
+111
+00:07:46,310 --> 00:07:49,090
+their total is the total deviation which is the
+
+112
+00:07:49,090 --> 00:07:53,130
+least deviation that this leprosy can do twenty
+
+113
+00:07:53,130 --> 00:07:56,090
+and twenty which is forty degrees so this leprosy
+
+114
+00:07:56,750 --> 00:08:00,310
+This prism can't make a deviation less than 40
+
+115
+00:08:00,310 --> 00:08:03,010
+degrees Let's say this one made on the first floor
+
+116
+00:08:03,010 --> 00:08:06,090
+10 degrees and on the second floor 10 degrees, so
+
+117
+00:08:06,090 --> 00:08:09,590
+20 degrees So the least thing this prism can do is
+
+118
+00:08:09,590 --> 00:08:13,690
+20 degrees How did it know? Because the deviation
+
+119
+00:08:13,690 --> 00:08:16,070
+on the first floor is equal to the deviation on
+
+120
+00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:18,690
+the second floor, so 10 degrees is equal to 10
+
+121
+00:08:18,690 --> 00:08:23,300
+degreesThis is the minimum angle of deviation. It
+
+122
+00:08:23,300 --> 00:08:25,460
+is possible in another situation to do more than
+
+123
+00:08:25,460 --> 00:08:29,200
+that. The same prism. To do more than that, but
+
+124
+00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:31,720
+less than that is not possible. Not possible
+
+125
+00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:34,900
+because when the deviation on the first surface
+
+126
+00:08:34,900 --> 00:08:37,860
+equals the deviation on the second surface by
+
+127
+00:08:37,860 --> 00:08:39,460
+degree, it means that
+
+128
+00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:54,810
+minimum angle of deviationProduced by a prism
+
+129
+00:08:54,810 --> 00:08:57,550
+occurs when it occurs in the minimum angle of
+
+130
+00:08:57,550 --> 00:09:01,150
+deviation. By the way, the angle of deviation of
+
+131
+00:09:01,150 --> 00:09:04,190
+the prism varies according to its position in
+
+132
+00:09:04,190 --> 00:09:07,230
+space and according to the fall of light on it. It
+
+133
+00:09:07,230 --> 00:09:09,830
+can have a total deviation of twenty degrees,
+
+134
+00:09:09,950 --> 00:09:13,430
+twenty-five degrees, forty degrees, fifty degrees,
+
+135
+00:09:13,670 --> 00:09:15,710
+according to the fall of light on it and according
+
+136
+00:09:15,710 --> 00:09:19,910
+to the position of the prism in space.طيب إيش أقل
+
+137
+00:09:19,910 --> 00:09:25,870
+angle ممكن يعملها؟ أقل angle ممكن يعملها هي ال
+
+138
+00:09:25,870 --> 00:09:30,010
+angle اللي بتساوى فيها ال deviation على السطح
+
+139
+00:09:30,010 --> 00:09:32,570
+الأمامي مع ال deviation على السطح الخلفي أنا قولنا
+
+140
+00:09:32,570 --> 00:09:35,810
+ال total angle هي مجموع ال deviation بتاعة السطح
+
+141
+00:09:35,810 --> 00:09:40,110
+الأمامي مع السطح الخلفي، لذن ال minimum angle of
+
+142
+00:09:40,110 --> 00:09:45,780
+deviation produced by a prismoccurs when the light
+
+143
+00:09:45,780 --> 00:09:52,000
+ray undergoes equal bending at the two surfaces,
+
+144
+00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:55,460
+the angle of deviation is greater in any other
+
+145
+00:09:55,460 --> 00:09:57,640
+situation. If we change the position of the prism,
+
+146
+00:09:58,580 --> 00:10:03,300
+we will get an angle of deviation greater than the
+
+147
+00:10:03,300 --> 00:10:05,200
+minimum angle of deviation.
+
+148
+00:10:12,270 --> 00:10:15,250
+A very important issue is the unit of measurement
+
+149
+00:10:15,250 --> 00:10:18,670
+of the strength of the prism We said that the
+
+150
+00:10:18,670 --> 00:10:21,590
+bigger the prism, the stronger the apical angle is
+
+151
+00:10:21,590 --> 00:10:25,810
+in the letter of the rays The stronger in the
+
+152
+00:10:25,810 --> 00:10:29,510
+letter of the rays, as seen here, the prism is
+
+153
+00:10:29,510 --> 00:10:33,690
+weak here, here the weakest at all, zeroهنا أقوى
+
+154
+00:10:33,690 --> 00:10:38,470
+شوية، هنا أقوى، متوسط القوة، هنا أقواهم في
+
+155
+00:10:38,470 --> 00:10:40,510
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+156
+00:10:40,510 --> 00:10:40,510
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+157
+00:10:40,510 --> 00:10:40,710
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+158
+00:10:40,710 --> 00:10:41,430
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+159
+00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:43,670
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+160
+00:10:43,670 --> 00:10:46,370
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+161
+00:10:46,370 --> 00:10:50,170
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+162
+00:10:50,170 --> 00:10:51,390
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+163
+00:10:51,390 --> 00:10:51,390
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+164
+00:10:51,390 --> 00:10:53,230
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين،Librism-diopter
+
+165
+00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:56,510
+Librism-diopter is a unit of measurement of the
+
+166
+00:10:56,510 --> 00:11:00,070
+power of the librism We want to point out two very
+
+167
+00:11:00,070 --> 00:11:04,150
+important things that we should pay attention to
+
+168
+00:11:04,150 --> 00:11:08,650
+and not forget at all Librism-diopter is something
+
+169
+00:11:08,650 --> 00:11:11,350
+completely different Librism-diopter is a unit of
+
+170
+00:11:11,350 --> 00:11:14,660
+measurement of the power of lensesor a unit of
+
+171
+00:11:14,660 --> 00:11:16,400
+measurement of the wavelength of light, the
+
+172
+00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:19,000
+divergence of light. It is measured by the diopter
+
+173
+00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:20,660
+and the intensity of the lens is measured by the
+
+174
+00:11:20,660 --> 00:11:23,280
+diopter because it changes from the wavelength to
+
+175
+00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:26,580
+the light. Librism and diopter are terms that are
+
+176
+00:11:26,580 --> 00:11:28,900
+used to talk to each other. This can be considered
+
+177
+00:11:28,900 --> 00:11:31,820
+as a metaphor for one word. I can't say librism
+
+178
+00:11:31,820 --> 00:11:33,940
+and shut up and I can't say diopter and shut up.
+
+179
+00:11:34,020 --> 00:11:36,740
+Diopter and shut up means that I'm talking about
+
+180
+00:11:36,740 --> 00:11:41,080
+lenses or the divergence of light.لما بقول liprism
+
+181
+00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:44,020
+و بسكوت مش معروف انا هل بقصد في liprism نفس
+
+182
+00:11:44,020 --> 00:11:48,760
+liprism ولا قوة liprism ولا حرفه للاشعة ولا ال
+
+183
+00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:51,880
+minimum and فضروري اقول liprism ديوبتر لما حد تاني
+
+184
+00:11:51,880 --> 00:11:55,500
+بيسمعني انه بقول liprism ديوبتر معناته انا بقصد
+
+185
+00:11:55,500 --> 00:12:00,080
+قوة liprism معين قوة liprism معين يترى ايش هو
+
+186
+00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:03,060
+liprism ديوبتر اول اشي يقولنا اول معلومة لازم ما
+
+187
+00:12:03,060 --> 00:12:07,120
+ننسهاش انه liprism ديوبتر بفرج عن قضية الديوبتر
+
+188
+00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:11,820
+لحالةThis prism is a unit for measuring the power
+
+189
+00:12:11,820 --> 00:12:16,940
+of lenses Yes, there is a very important point And
+
+190
+00:12:16,940 --> 00:12:20,320
+it is very, very, very necessary to remember it
+
+191
+00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:23,740
+What is it? The prism does not have refractive
+
+192
+00:12:23,740 --> 00:12:27,720
+power The prism does not have refractive power
+
+193
+00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:43,760
+Prism or prisms have no refractivePower يعني
+
+194
+00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:48,600
+مايلوش قوة زي قوة العدسات طب احنا بنجيز قوة
+
+195
+00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:53,740
+Librasim Librasim بعمل deviation للصورة أو لل
+
+196
+00:12:53,740 --> 00:13:01,260
+light بدون ما يعمل تغيير في الحالة التشتتية للضوء
+
+197
+00:13:01,260 --> 00:13:06,280
+بدون ما يعمل تغيير في الحالة التشتتية للضوء، بمعنى
+
+198
+00:13:06,280 --> 00:13:10,440
+آخرIf we go back to an example from the Geometric
+
+199
+00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:13,920
+Optics course that we took in the previous course
+
+200
+00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:21,140
+The closest example that we can go back to We
+
+201
+00:13:21,140 --> 00:13:26,720
+assume that
+
+202
+00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:33,420
+I have an example To
+
+203
+00:13:33,420 --> 00:13:34,360
+clarify the example
+
+204
+00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:50,360
+Let's suppose that I have an object
+
+205
+00:13:50,360 --> 00:13:52,520
+with a diameter of one meter and the image has a
+
+206
+00:13:52,520 --> 00:13:58,000
+diameter of 20 cm If I place a prism in the
+
+207
+00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:05,620
+direction of the rays If I
+
+208
+00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:08,840
+place a prism in the direction of the rays which
+
+209
+00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:14,470
+is going to form the imageالصورة لا هتبعد ولا
+
+210
+00:14:14,470 --> 00:14:18,090
+هتجرب, ليش؟ لأنه ال Prism ما فيها .. ما فيه
+
+211
+00:14:18,090 --> 00:14:21,770
+refractive power، بس الصورة هتتجه، هتنزل باتجاه ال
+
+212
+00:14:21,770 --> 00:14:26,220
+baseWhy? Because it will direct the rays towards
+
+213
+00:14:26,220 --> 00:14:27,720
+its base, which means that the image instead of
+
+214
+00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:30,500
+being here on the optical axis, will go down
+
+215
+00:14:30,500 --> 00:14:33,700
+towards the base. As for the distance from the
+
+216
+00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:36,540
+lens, which is 20 cm, it will increase by 30 cm,
+
+217
+00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:39,180
+which means that if it increases by 30 cm or 40
+
+218
+00:14:39,180 --> 00:14:41,440
+cm, it means that the rays have spread, which
+
+219
+00:14:41,440 --> 00:14:44,160
+means that it is like a negative lens. If it is 19
+
+220
+00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:50,340
+cm or 18 cm or 15 cm, it works like a plus lens.
+
+221
+00:14:50,380 --> 00:14:54,040
+It does not work like a plus lens.nor minus lens,
+
+222
+00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:59,640
+which means its refractive power is zero.It is
+
+223
+00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:01,160
+considered to be zero, but it is plus, which means
+
+224
+00:15:01,160 --> 00:15:03,880
+that it does not change from the negative state to
+
+225
+00:15:03,880 --> 00:15:06,040
+positive state. Therefore, this prism is very
+
+226
+00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:10,140
+important to understand that its force is how much
+
+227
+00:15:10,140 --> 00:15:14,300
+it can rotate the rays to its base, millimeter,
+
+228
+00:15:14,420 --> 00:15:17,240
+two millimeters, centimeter, meter, etc. And this
+
+229
+00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,720
+is what the prism diopter means, which we will
+
+230
+00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:24,280
+talk about now. So, the force of the prism is how
+
+231
+00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:27,320
+much the prism can rotate the rays towards its
+
+232
+00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:31,570
+base.not how much it can change the fluctuation of
+
+233
+00:15:31,570 --> 00:15:34,810
+light, because it cannot change the fluctuation of
+
+234
+00:15:34,810 --> 00:15:38,210
+light at all. Proof is that if we bring a prism
+
+235
+00:15:38,210 --> 00:15:43,490
+and put it inside an optical system, this optical
+
+236
+00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:46,070
+system, the image in it is formed on a distance
+
+237
+00:15:46,070 --> 00:15:50,570
+which is in spaceThe image will remain at the same
+
+238
+00:15:50,570 --> 00:15:53,210
+distance, but with the addition of the prism, it
+
+239
+00:15:53,210 --> 00:15:56,270
+will go down towards the base of the prism if the
+
+240
+00:15:56,270 --> 00:15:59,370
+base of the prism is down, or it will go up if the
+
+241
+00:15:59,370 --> 00:16:02,290
+base of the prism is up, or it will go to the
+
+242
+00:16:02,290 --> 00:16:04,810
+right if the base of the prism is on the right, so
+
+243
+00:16:04,810 --> 00:16:06,650
+the image is always directed towards the base
+
+244
+00:16:06,650 --> 00:16:09,970
+without changing its distance, so there is no
+
+245
+00:16:09,970 --> 00:16:12,330
+refractive power for the prism, there is no
+
+246
+00:16:12,330 --> 00:16:14,590
+refractive power for the prism, and this is
+
+247
+00:16:14,590 --> 00:16:18,200
+necessary for us to beare sure of it, but the
+
+248
+00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:22,920
+power of the prism is limited to the extent that
+
+249
+00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:27,320
+it is able to move a letter away from its path to
+
+250
+00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:29,620
+reach and form a picture at the same distance, but
+
+251
+00:16:29,620 --> 00:16:33,120
+towards the base of the prism towards the base of
+
+252
+00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:36,780
+the prism, and this must be very clear Now, what
+
+253
+00:16:36,780 --> 00:16:39,500
+is the Diopter Prism? What is the Diopter Prism?
+
+254
+00:16:40,540 --> 00:16:45,620
+If we say we have a prismقوته واحد بريزم ديوبتر
+
+255
+00:16:45,620 --> 00:16:46,300
+قوته واحد بريزم ديوبتر قوته واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد
+
+256
+00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:50,080
+بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر
+
+257
+00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:58,620
+واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم
+
+258
+00:16:58,620 --> 00:17:01,260
+ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد
+
+259
+00:17:01,260 --> 00:17:01,480
+بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر
+
+260
+00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:02,920
+واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم
+
+261
+00:17:02,920 --> 00:17:06,320
+ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد
+
+262
+00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:12,910
+بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزمThis prism has a force of 1
+
+263
+00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:18,310
+prism diopter, 1 prism diopter The rays entered it
+
+264
+00:17:18,310 --> 00:17:20,290
+and deviated from their path in a certain angle
+
+265
+00:17:20,290 --> 00:17:25,930
+When I came away from the prism 100 cm, which is 1
+
+266
+00:17:25,930 --> 00:17:29,010
+meter, and measured how far the rays deviated from
+
+267
+00:17:29,010 --> 00:17:34,050
+their path, I got 1 cmSo I'm talking about one
+
+268
+00:17:34,050 --> 00:17:38,070
+diopter prism Okay, if it's 100 cm away from 10
+
+269
+00:17:38,070 --> 00:17:42,190
+cm, it means that this prism has 10 diopter prisms
+
+270
+00:17:42,190 --> 00:17:47,370
+10 diopter prisms Okay, if we say that it's 100 cm
+
+271
+00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:49,970
+away from 100 cm, it means that the rays have
+
+272
+00:17:49,970 --> 00:17:52,670
+deviated away from their natural course by about
+
+273
+00:17:52,670 --> 00:17:57,310
+30 cm If it's 100 cm away from 30 cm, it means
+
+274
+00:17:57,310 --> 00:18:01,490
+that this prism has 30 diopter prisms 30 diopter
+
+275
+00:18:01,490 --> 00:18:10,240
+prismsWhy this prism? We called it 45 diopter
+
+276
+00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:15,730
+prism Because if we bring laser beamand we put it
+
+277
+00:18:15,730 --> 00:18:18,230
+on one of the surfaces of the prism and then we
+
+278
+00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:21,070
+put it away from the other side on the other
+
+279
+00:18:21,070 --> 00:18:23,550
+surface from which this laser will come out we put
+
+280
+00:18:23,550 --> 00:18:26,650
+it away one meter, one hundred centimeters we will
+
+281
+00:18:26,650 --> 00:18:29,630
+find that the rays will go away from their path if
+
+282
+00:18:29,630 --> 00:18:32,930
+we put it forty-five centimeters away from each
+
+283
+00:18:32,930 --> 00:18:35,430
+other not ten centimeters or twenty centimeters we
+
+284
+00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:38,270
+put it away one hundred centimeters one hundred
+
+285
+00:18:38,270 --> 00:18:39,370
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+286
+00:18:39,370 --> 00:18:40,570
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+287
+00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:40,570
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+288
+00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:40,570
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+289
+00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:40,570
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+290
+00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:40,570
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+291
+00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:40,570
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+292
+00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:40,790
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+293
+00:18:40,790 --> 00:18:40,790
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+294
+00:18:40,790 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+295
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+296
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+297
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+298
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+299
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+300
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+301
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+302
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:42,580
+centimeters, one hundred centimetersالـ one prism
+
+303
+00:18:42,580 --> 00:18:47,660
+diopter هو قدرة البرزم على حرف الأشعع مقدار واحد
+
+304
+00:18:47,660 --> 00:18:52,120
+صانتي على بعد مئة صانتي من البرزم على بعد مئة
+
+305
+00:18:52,120 --> 00:18:57,460
+صانتي من البرزم يعني بمعنى آخر عدد الصانتيات اللي
+
+306
+00:18:57,460 --> 00:19:01,680
+بعدها الشعاع عن مساره الأصليThe original path that
+
+307
+00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:04,180
+was going to be taken if the prism was not present
+
+308
+00:19:04,180 --> 00:19:06,680
+The number of centimeters equals the number of
+
+309
+00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:10,040
+prism diopters 5 centimeters with 5 prism diopters
+
+310
+00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:12,760
+10 centimeters with 10 prism diopters All these
+
+311
+00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:14,760
+measurements have to be done at a distance of 100
+
+312
+00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:19,000
+centimeters Now I might have an example For
+
+313
+00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:26,220
+example What is the force of the prism? We need
+
+314
+00:19:26,220 --> 00:19:30,990
+the force of the prism at a distance ofFifty
+
+315
+00:19:30,990 --> 00:19:36,070
+centimeters, the radius of the rays is three
+
+316
+00:19:36,070 --> 00:19:39,690
+centimeters. At a distance of fifty centimeters,
+
+317
+00:19:39,910 --> 00:19:41,730
+the radius of the rays is three centimeters. How
+
+318
+00:19:41,730 --> 00:19:47,890
+much? If the radius of the rays is three
+
+319
+00:19:47,890 --> 00:19:48,410
+centimeters at a distance of fifty centimeters,
+
+320
+00:19:48,470 --> 00:19:50,770
+then at a distance of one hundred centimeters, the
+
+321
+00:19:50,770 --> 00:19:52,070
+radius of the rays is x.
+
+322
+00:19:55,390 --> 00:20:04,910
+How do we get x? We say as usualx2 is equal to x2
+
+323
+00:20:04,910 --> 00:20:10,190
+is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is
+
+324
+00:20:10,190 --> 00:20:11,050
+equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal
+
+325
+00:20:11,050 --> 00:20:12,790
+to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2
+
+326
+00:20:12,790 --> 00:20:13,070
+is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is
+
+327
+00:20:13,070 --> 00:20:13,070
+equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal
+
+328
+00:20:13,070 --> 00:20:13,070
+to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2
+
+329
+00:20:13,070 --> 00:20:13,070
+is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is
+
+330
+00:20:13,070 --> 00:20:13,070
+equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal
+
+331
+00:20:13,070 --> 00:20:13,090
+to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2
+
+332
+00:20:13,090 --> 00:20:13,090
+is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is
+
+333
+00:20:13,090 --> 00:20:13,190
+equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal
+
+334
+00:20:13,190 --> 00:20:14,750
+to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2
+
+335
+00:20:14,750 --> 00:20:24,690
+is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is
+
+336
+00:20:24,690 --> 00:20:29,290
+equal
+
+337
+00:20:29,540 --> 00:20:32,680
+because on a distance of 100 cm, the radius of the
+
+338
+00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:37,540
+rays is 6 cm 6 cm radius, of course here the
+
+339
+00:20:37,540 --> 00:20:46,200
+symbol of the prism is a triplet diopter so
+
+340
+00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:54,040
+I mark it with one
+
+341
+00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:55,080
+third of course
+
+342
+00:20:59,620 --> 00:21:04,200
+So 6 prism diopter. So this problem is on 50 cm.
+
+343
+00:21:04,480 --> 00:21:07,280
+The radius of things is 3 cm. So on 100 cm, its
+
+344
+00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:12,660
+radius is 6 cm, which means 6 prism diopter. This
+
+345
+00:21:12,660 --> 00:21:15,420
+is the power of the prism. So the prism diopter,
+
+346
+00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:18,700
+the prism power defines the amount of light ray
+
+347
+00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:22,580
+deviation produced as the light ray traverses a
+
+348
+00:21:22,580 --> 00:21:25,550
+prism.A prism power is the deviation in
+
+349
+00:21:25,550 --> 00:21:29,090
+centimeters from the optical axis measured mid
+
+350
+00:21:29,090 --> 00:21:33,130
+-centimeter from the prism The prisms have no
+
+351
+00:21:33,130 --> 00:21:37,670
+refractive power وإنما deviating power، deviating
+
+352
+00:21:37,670 --> 00:21:42,070
+power مش refractive power نشوف المثالين هدولة اللي
+
+353
+00:21:42,070 --> 00:21:46,470
+أماميThe first example is that this prism has a
+
+354
+00:21:46,470 --> 00:21:50,770
+diameter of 1 prism. Why? Because one meter away
+
+355
+00:21:50,770 --> 00:21:54,050
+from its original path, the rays have a diameter
+
+356
+00:21:54,050 --> 00:21:58,650
+of one centimeter. Okay, this prism has a diameter
+
+357
+00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:02,370
+of 100 centimeters, which is one meter from the
+
+358
+00:22:02,370 --> 00:22:06,730
+prism. Our body is not far from its original path.
+
+359
+00:22:06,890 --> 00:22:10,450
+We find it 33 centimeters. So this is a 33-meter
+
+360
+00:22:10,450 --> 00:22:15,020
+diameter prism.قوة هذا لبرزم، يعني هذا قوته أقوى
+
+361
+00:22:15,020 --> 00:22:18,780
+من هذا بتلاتة و تلاتين مرة، تلاتة و تلاتين مرة
+
+362
+00:22:18,780 --> 00:22:22,580
+لأنه بيحرف الأشعة تلاتة و تلاتين سانتي على بعد ميت
+
+363
+00:22:22,580 --> 00:22:26,140
+سانتي من لبرزم، بينما اللي في الأعلى بيحرف الأشعة
+
+364
+00:22:26,140 --> 00:22:30,940
+واحد سانتي على بعد مائة سانتي من لبرزم، من لبرزم،
+
+365
+00:22:30,940 --> 00:22:36,270
+طيبthe amount is expressed in prism diopter احنا
+
+366
+00:22:36,270 --> 00:22:40,250
+بنعبر او بنرمز لقوة لل deviating power مش ال
+
+367
+00:22:40,250 --> 00:22:42,490
+refractive power لأنه مالوش refractive power لل
+
+368
+00:22:42,490 --> 00:22:47,090
+deviating power بتاعة ال prism بكلمة prism diopter
+
+369
+00:22:47,090 --> 00:22:52,410
+اما بنكتب PD او بنكتبها كام لprism diopter او
+
+370
+00:22:52,410 --> 00:22:56,570
+بنرمزلها برمز المثلث اللي هو يعني a prism the term
+
+371
+00:22:56,570 --> 00:23:00,050
+prism diopter should never be shortened مش لازم
+
+372
+00:23:00,050 --> 00:23:03,260
+نختصره نقول prismsAnd we don't have to shorten it
+
+373
+00:23:03,260 --> 00:23:05,760
+and say diopters because the meanings of these
+
+374
+00:23:05,760 --> 00:23:09,560
+terms are entirely different.Diopter by itself
+
+375
+00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:12,420
+means that it has refractive power.Prisms by
+
+376
+00:23:12,420 --> 00:23:14,800
+itself means that it is not ... maybe I'm talking
+
+377
+00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:16,720
+about prisms but there is another subject other
+
+378
+00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:18,940
+than the power of the deviating power of the prism
+
+379
+00:23:18,940 --> 00:23:24,660
+.For angles now I can express I can express about
+
+380
+00:23:24,660 --> 00:23:27,910
+the deviation that happened to me to the prismFor
+
+381
+00:23:27,910 --> 00:23:48,630
+angles
+
+382
+00:23:48,630 --> 00:23:53,410
+less than 100 degrees, which is approximately 45
+
+383
+00:23:53,410 --> 00:23:58,440
+degreesEach two prism is approximately equal to
+
+384
+00:23:58,440 --> 00:23:58,900
+one degree
+
+385
+00:24:20,430 --> 00:24:23,610
+Okay, we come to the drawing in front of us, this
+
+386
+00:24:23,610 --> 00:24:25,710
+is the prism, we reduced the drawing and moved it
+
+387
+00:24:25,710 --> 00:24:28,190
+here We say, at a distance of one hundred
+
+388
+00:24:28,190 --> 00:24:31,150
+centimeters, the letter of the alphabet is of
+
+389
+00:24:31,150 --> 00:24:36,530
+course the angle of thetaAnd here, the number of
+
+390
+00:24:36,530 --> 00:24:39,770
+centimeters is based on the number of centimeters
+
+391
+00:24:39,770 --> 00:24:41,650
+in the Prism Diopter. If it's 10 centimeters, it's
+
+392
+00:24:41,650 --> 00:24:43,750
+10 Prism. If it's 5 centimeters, it's 5 Prism
+
+393
+00:24:43,750 --> 00:24:46,730
+Diopter. And so on. This distance is 100
+
+394
+00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:48,910
+centimeters. We want to see the relation between
+
+395
+00:24:48,910 --> 00:24:52,530
+this angle and the Prism Diopter. We say tan theta
+
+396
+00:24:52,530 --> 00:24:56,920
+over theta, which is equivalent toThis is the
+
+397
+00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:59,780
+triangle of the angle, this is the triangle of the
+
+398
+00:24:59,780 --> 00:25:03,640
+angle, this is theta, minus theta, tan theta,
+
+399
+00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:06,660
+which is the number of librism diopters, which is
+
+400
+00:25:06,660 --> 00:25:08,700
+the number of librisms, divided by the angle,
+
+401
+00:25:08,860 --> 00:25:10,620
+which is 100 degrees. This is the triangle, but it
+
+402
+00:25:10,620 --> 00:25:13,840
+is upside down. Okay, I want the librism diopter
+
+403
+00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:18,120
+to be 100 times
+
+404
+00:25:18,120 --> 00:25:24,160
+tan theta.I want θ, I want θ shift tan or arc tan
+
+405
+00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:26,260
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+406
+00:25:26,260 --> 00:25:28,280
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+407
+00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:30,520
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+408
+00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:30,520
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+409
+00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:30,520
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+410
+00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:30,520
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+411
+00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:30,780
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+412
+00:25:30,780 --> 00:25:31,620
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+413
+00:25:31,620 --> 00:25:31,660
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+414
+00:25:31,660 --> 00:25:31,680
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+415
+00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:34,400
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+416
+00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:39,360
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+417
+00:25:39,360 --> 00:25:42,060
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+418
+00:25:42,060 --> 00:25:43,900
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+419
+00:25:43,900 --> 00:25:44,600
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+420
+00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:45,100
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+421
+00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:45,100
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+422
+00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:45,100
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+423
+00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:47,900
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+424
+00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:47,900
+of the pr
+
+425
+00:25:55,790 --> 00:26:01,610
+This is scientific calculator We assume that .. We
+
+426
+00:26:01,610 --> 00:26:06,730
+assume that .. On a distance of 100 cm from this
+
+427
+00:26:06,730 --> 00:26:14,390
+prism, things bend 4 cm 4 cm So, we say ..
+
+428
+00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,070
+We want to see the same theta, how much? So, the
+
+429
+00:26:17,070 --> 00:26:20,650
+bend is 4 cm Shift 2 4
+
+430
+00:26:24,980 --> 00:26:30,120
+divide by 100 cm of course 4 cm divided by 100 cm
+
+431
+00:26:30,120 --> 00:26:33,440
+we close the box and we say enter which is
+
+432
+00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:37,960
+approximately 2.2 degrees which means the 4 prism
+
+433
+00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:41,060
+of the diopter which is 4 cm is approximately 2.2
+
+434
+00:26:41,060 --> 00:26:44,740
+degrees so from the function door they say 4 prism
+
+435
+00:26:44,740 --> 00:26:47,060
+approximately 2 degrees ok let's take another
+
+436
+00:26:47,060 --> 00:26:50,340
+example we say as follows The number of
+
+437
+00:26:50,340 --> 00:26:53,420
+centimeters divided by 100 centimeters, this prism
+
+438
+00:26:53,420 --> 00:26:56,460
+deviated the rays from their path. We got its
+
+439
+00:26:56,460 --> 00:26:58,500
+distance from its path to a distance of 100
+
+440
+00:26:58,500 --> 00:27:01,480
+centimeters, we found it 20 centimeters. 20
+
+441
+00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:03,900
+centimeters deviated the rays, that is, 20 prisms
+
+442
+00:27:03,900 --> 00:27:06,240
+of diopter. We want to say, we want the angle of
+
+443
+00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:07,980
+deviation to shift again.
+
+444
+00:27:10,820 --> 00:27:15,340
+20 centimeters divided by 100 centimeters, as the
+
+445
+00:27:15,340 --> 00:27:21,840
+equation says.Close the box and say Enter20 cm
+
+446
+00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:27,340
+which is 20 prism diopter is about 11.3 degrees
+
+447
+00:27:27,340 --> 00:27:29,780
+but from the approximation they say that 20 prism
+
+448
+00:27:29,780 --> 00:27:32,820
+is about 10 degrees which means that each degree
+
+449
+00:27:32,820 --> 00:27:37,080
+is approximately not accurate and the proof for
+
+450
+00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:39,460
+that is that when we say that 100 prism is about
+
+451
+00:27:39,460 --> 00:27:43,520
+45 degrees
+
+452
+00:27:43,520 --> 00:27:46,080
+so therefore it is very important to know this
+
+453
+00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:50,140
+issue roughlyin an inaccurate way 100% that each
+
+454
+00:27:50,140 --> 00:27:53,360
+one degree has two prisms when we talk about air
+
+455
+00:27:53,360 --> 00:27:55,860
+measurement, we use prisms sometimes in air
+
+456
+00:27:55,860 --> 00:27:57,460
+measurement, sometimes a lot of them, that is, the
+
+457
+00:27:57,460 --> 00:27:59,860
+air measurement of each child cooperating with the
+
+458
+00:27:59,860 --> 00:28:05,900
+oldest one is all measured by a prismLose Prism or
+
+459
+00:28:05,900 --> 00:28:10,960
+Prism bar can be found in the patient's file, the
+
+460
+00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:14,740
+amount of esotropia around the nipple is 20
+
+461
+00:28:14,740 --> 00:28:22,260
+degrees. 20 degrees equals 40 prisms. 40 prisms
+
+462
+00:28:22,260 --> 00:28:26,960
+because each one degree is approximately equal to
+
+463
+00:28:26,960 --> 00:28:29,720
+two prism diopters.
+
+464
+00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:37,100
+Generally, the prisms that are used clinically to
+
+465
+00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:40,280
+measure strabismus are plastic prisms. The prisms
+
+466
+00:28:40,280 --> 00:28:44,940
+that I showed you earlier and that we use in air
+
+467
+00:28:44,940 --> 00:28:49,040
+measurements are mostly made of plastic. But some
+
+468
+00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:53,580
+of them are made of glass. Prisms are calibrated
+
+469
+00:28:53,580 --> 00:28:57,320
+for use in certain positions. Why do we say
+
+470
+00:28:57,320 --> 00:29:00,340
+plastic and glass? Because plastic must be held in
+
+471
+00:29:00,340 --> 00:29:04,440
+a certain positionيعني بيصنع بحيث أنه ينمسك in
+
+472
+00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:07,560
+certain position في الفرق لازم يكون في وضعية معينة
+
+473
+00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:12,640
+لما أمسكه أمام عين المريض طيب لو أنا مامسكتوش في
+
+474
+00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:18,520
+الوضعية المطلوبة حسب الجهة المصنعة ما جالتIf a
+
+475
+00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:21,180
+prism is not used in the correct position,
+
+476
+00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:23,620
+measurement errors may result. For example, if I
+
+477
+00:29:23,620 --> 00:29:29,700
+hold a prism in a wrong way, not as it should be
+
+478
+00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:34,160
+held, not as it should be held, not as it should
+
+479
+00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:39,980
+be held, not as it should be held, not as it
+
+480
+00:29:39,980 --> 00:29:40,080
+should be held, not as it should be held, not as
+
+481
+00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:40,080
+it should be held, not as it should be held, not
+
+482
+00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:40,080
+as it should be held, not as it should be held,
+
+483
+00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:41,400
+not as it should be held, not as it should be
+
+484
+00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:42,540
+held, not as it should be held, not as it should
+
+485
+00:29:42,540 --> 00:29:42,760
+be held, not as it should be held, not as it
+
+486
+00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:44,560
+should be held, not as it should be held, not as
+
+487
+00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:45,580
+it should be held, not as it should be held, not
+
+488
+00:29:45,580 --> 00:29:45,580
+as it should be held, not as it should be held,
+
+489
+00:29:45,580 --> 00:29:45,580
+not as it should be held, not as it should be
+
+490
+00:29:45,580 --> 00:29:45,580
+held, not as it should be held, not as it should
+
+491
+00:29:45,580 --> 00:29:45,580
+be held, not as it should be held, not as it
+
+492
+00:29:45,580 --> 00:29:46,610
+should be held, not as it shouldلو أجريت على
+
+493
+00:29:46,610 --> 00:29:51,130
+القياس عملية لالحوال، معناته هينتج عنها خطأ لأنه
+
+494
+00:29:51,130 --> 00:29:55,950
+القياس خطأ لأنه الخطأ، هندخل فيه مشاكل يعني لا
+
+495
+00:29:55,950 --> 00:30:01,250
+داعية، لا ال plastic prisms and the prism bars are
+
+496
+00:30:01,250 --> 00:30:04,030
+calibrated according to the angle of minimum
+
+497
+00:30:04,030 --> 00:30:07,930
+deviation ال plastic prisms و ال prism bars
+
+498
+00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:20,660
+These prism bars and these plastic prisms are made
+
+499
+00:30:20,660 --> 00:30:27,140
+to hold the minimum angle of deviation, which
+
+500
+00:30:27,140 --> 00:30:29,860
+means that the deviation of light on the front
+
+501
+00:30:29,860 --> 00:30:32,240
+surface equals the deviation of light on the back
+
+502
+00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:35,960
+surfaceIt's necessary to stick to the position
+
+503
+00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:38,880
+that achieves the minimum angle of deviation How
+
+504
+00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:40,860
+do we know these things? We know them together,
+
+505
+00:30:41,020 --> 00:30:43,880
+how do we know them? Now we know them together, so
+
+506
+00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:46,880
+the plastic prisms and the prism bars must stick
+
+507
+00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:53,670
+to the minimum angle of deviationكيف انا امسك
+
+508
+00:30:53,670 --> 00:30:57,210
+الprismات هاي ال plastic prism او الprism bar كيف
+
+509
+00:30:57,210 --> 00:31:00,950
+امسكه في وضعية ال minimum angle of deviation عشان
+
+510
+00:31:00,950 --> 00:31:03,730
+اعمل هيك ال clinician should hold the plastic
+
+511
+00:31:03,730 --> 00:31:08,010
+prism in the frontal plane position يعني لازم ..
+
+512
+00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:13,260
+أحطه في ال plane تاع الجبهة تاعت المريض يعني موازي
+
+513
+00:31:13,260 --> 00:31:17,040
+لجبهة المريض مش موازي لاتجاه العين اللي فيها
+
+514
+00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:20,960
+الحوالى و هذا الكلام بالصورة هيتضحي الآن In other
+
+515
+00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:24,660
+words, the prism should be positioned so that its
+
+516
+00:31:24,660 --> 00:31:28,080
+back surface is parallel to the facial plane of
+
+517
+00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:31,900
+the patient, the frontal planeLet's see how it
+
+518
+00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:35,060
+works This is the minimum angle or the minimum
+
+519
+00:31:35,060 --> 00:31:38,380
+deviation position This is the back surface of the
+
+520
+00:31:38,380 --> 00:31:42,700
+prism This is the back surface of the prism And
+
+521
+00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:44,720
+this is the face of the patient, both are parallel
+
+522
+00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:46,900
+to each other If I want to hold him in the
+
+523
+00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:49,100
+direction around him, I should hold him this way
+
+524
+00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:52,840
+The first view is on the left This grip on the
+
+525
+00:31:52,840 --> 00:31:56,530
+plastic prism is wrongYou will say that I hold it
+
+526
+00:31:56,530 --> 00:31:59,550
+so that it is parallel to the eye. No, even if the
+
+527
+00:31:59,550 --> 00:32:01,570
+eye is in the position of the Exo, as we see
+
+528
+00:32:01,570 --> 00:32:04,070
+around the monster, or in the position of the Izo
+
+529
+00:32:04,070 --> 00:32:08,390
+around Onsi, or even Hyper or Hypo, meaning up or
+
+530
+00:32:08,390 --> 00:32:11,650
+down, I have nothing to do with it. The plastic
+
+531
+00:32:11,650 --> 00:32:14,310
+prism and the prism should also be parallel to the
+
+532
+00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:16,470
+face. The face as a whole means that this line
+
+533
+00:32:16,470 --> 00:32:22,240
+represents the frontal plane.The frontal plane is
+
+534
+00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:26,420
+the same as the frontal plane So the back surface
+
+535
+00:32:26,420 --> 00:32:33,480
+of the prism should be parallel to the face when
+
+536
+00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:40,110
+the minimum angle of deviation is highتساوى
+
+537
+00:32:40,110 --> 00:32:44,110
+الزاوية على انحراف السطر الأمامى، فبالتالي ضرورى
+
+538
+00:32:44,110 --> 00:32:50,560
+جدا ينمسك في وضعية ال minimum deviationWe have a
+
+539
+00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:55,020
+few medical companies that still produce
+
+540
+00:32:55,020 --> 00:33:00,260
+Glossoprism Glossoprism, if I have Glossoprism, I
+
+541
+00:33:00,260 --> 00:33:03,460
+have to keep it in the Prentice position What is
+
+542
+00:33:03,460 --> 00:33:07,240
+the Prentice position? It will be the visual axis
+
+543
+00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:10,560
+that will eventually reach and go through a line
+
+544
+00:33:11,180 --> 00:33:14,000
+It's similar to the visual axis. The light will
+
+545
+00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:19,660
+move, the target will move, and eventually it will
+
+546
+00:33:19,660 --> 00:33:22,860
+be aligned with the visual axis. So the visual
+
+547
+00:33:22,860 --> 00:33:25,820
+axis and the back surface of the prism must be
+
+548
+00:33:25,820 --> 00:33:28,960
+perpendicular to each other so that there is no
+
+549
+00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:31,360
+deviation here, and the deviation occurs due to
+
+550
+00:33:31,360 --> 00:33:33,480
+the light.Whoever comes from the target that the
+
+551
+00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:35,460
+patient is looking at only happens on the front
+
+552
+00:33:35,460 --> 00:33:38,600
+surface. So this is called the Prentice Position.
+
+553
+00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:40,860
+And this is the correct grip. So in the X axis, I
+
+554
+00:33:40,860 --> 00:33:43,320
+will hold it like this. In the Y axis, when the
+
+555
+00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:44,960
+eye is inside or inside, I will hold it the
+
+556
+00:33:44,960 --> 00:33:46,980
+opposite way. In this direction, but I will not be
+
+557
+00:33:46,980 --> 00:33:50,280
+parallel to the face, as we call it the frontal
+
+558
+00:33:50,280 --> 00:33:53,020
+plane position. No, in the Glossy Prism, we will
+
+559
+00:33:53,020 --> 00:33:55,560
+hold it in the Prentice Position. I will go with
+
+560
+00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:58,410
+the eye where it is going.I will be parallel to
+
+561
+00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:01,430
+the eye around it. Parallel to the eye around it.
+
+562
+00:34:01,730 --> 00:34:06,450
+So, prisms made of glass, and to make sure, not
+
+563
+00:34:06,450 --> 00:34:08,170
+widely used, and this makes me comfortable, why?
+
+564
+00:34:08,250 --> 00:34:10,890
+Because, that's it, regardless of the minimum
+
+565
+00:34:10,890 --> 00:34:13,670
+deviation, it makes me comfortable that any
+
+566
+00:34:13,670 --> 00:34:15,990
+patient, regardless of the type of eye around him,
+
+567
+00:34:16,490 --> 00:34:19,930
+as long as I have a plastic prism, as long as I
+
+568
+00:34:19,930 --> 00:34:23,470
+have a plastic prism, I holdThis is the prism in
+
+569
+00:34:23,470 --> 00:34:26,030
+the frontal plane or the facial plane and I ask
+
+570
+00:34:26,030 --> 00:34:29,250
+why this is x and y and of course the base of the
+
+571
+00:34:29,250 --> 00:34:31,490
+prism must have a specific position or it will be
+
+572
+00:34:31,490 --> 00:34:35,190
+taken in the science of rotation to put the rest
+
+573
+00:34:35,190 --> 00:34:37,770
+of the base in or base out or base up or base
+
+574
+00:34:37,770 --> 00:34:40,690
+down, so this is according to .. that is, it will
+
+575
+00:34:40,690 --> 00:34:43,110
+come to explain the prisms of rotation, God
+
+576
+00:34:43,110 --> 00:34:48,280
+willing.prisms made of a glass not widely used are
+
+577
+00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:55,780
+calibrated according to
+
+578
+00:34:55,780 --> 00:34:59,080
+the Prentice position that is with one face of the
+
+579
+00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:01,960
+prism perpendicular to the direction in which the
+
+580
+00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:02,880
+eye is directed
+
+581
+00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:09,940
+العين في حالة الـ Exodirected بالاتجاه هذا فهيكون
+
+582
+00:35:09,940 --> 00:35:14,840
+أحد الأسطح عمودي على اتجاه العين أو ال direction
+
+583
+00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:20,820
+of the eye All of the bending occurs at the prism
+
+584
+00:35:20,820 --> 00:35:25,980
+interfaces فبالتالي الانحراف هيحدث على ال .. على
+
+585
+00:35:25,980 --> 00:35:30,640
+السطح التاني يعني ال deviation هيحدث على السطح
+
+586
+00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:39,860
+التاني طيبماذا يحدث إذا أنا مسكت glass prism بشكل
+
+587
+00:35:39,860 --> 00:35:44,680
+خاطئ in the frontal plane؟ هاي واحد عنده exo واحد
+
+588
+00:35:44,680 --> 00:35:49,340
+عنده exotropia مقدارها أربعين prism، ده يبطر،
+
+589
+00:35:49,340 --> 00:35:52,480
+مقدارها أربعين prism، ده يبطر، اللي حاول يقاس
+
+590
+00:35:52,480 --> 00:35:57,590
+بالprism، ده يبطر، زي قوة الprism، طيب40 Prism
+
+591
+00:35:57,590 --> 00:36:00,630
+diopter, I had a glass Prism, I was supposed to
+
+592
+00:36:00,630 --> 00:36:04,450
+hold it like this to give me 40, I held it like
+
+593
+00:36:04,450 --> 00:36:08,190
+what we see here, it is a glass Prism, it will
+
+594
+00:36:08,190 --> 00:36:12,830
+give me only 32إتنين و تلاتين بدل أربعين اتنين و
+
+595
+00:36:12,830 --> 00:36:15,750
+تلاتين يعني أنا guest أجلب تمانية فبالتالي هذه
+
+596
+00:36:15,750 --> 00:36:21,230
+قياس تقريبا خطأ يعني يعادل الخمس تقريبا خطأ يعادل
+
+597
+00:36:21,230 --> 00:36:24,690
+الخمس القياس راحي بدل أربعين guest اتنين و تلاتين
+
+598
+00:36:24,690 --> 00:36:28,190
+معناته عشرين في المية من القياس أنقص بعشرين في
+
+599
+00:36:28,190 --> 00:36:32,270
+المية من الحقيقة فبالتالي هي كخطأ يعني يعتبر خطأ
+
+600
+00:36:32,270 --> 00:36:36,630
+كبير نوعا ما وبالتالي ممكن يؤثر على المريض إذا if
+
+601
+00:36:36,630 --> 00:36:42,900
+the rear surface of is السطح الخلفي If 40-prism
+
+602
+00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:45,700
+diopter glass prism is erroneously held in the
+
+603
+00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:51,100
+frontal plane, only 32-prism diopter effect will
+
+604
+00:36:51,100 --> 00:36:54,440
+be achieved. This is the manner in which prism in
+
+605
+00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:57,820
+spectacle lens is measured on lensmeter with the
+
+606
+00:36:57,820 --> 00:37:00,900
+back surface of the spectacle lens flat against
+
+607
+00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:05,170
+the nose cone of the lensmeter.Of course, when you
+
+608
+00:37:05,170 --> 00:37:06,730
+measure the strength of the prism, you can measure
+
+609
+00:37:06,730 --> 00:37:11,470
+it on the lensmeter and place it so that the prism
+
+610
+00:37:11,470 --> 00:37:16,030
+will be inside the spectacle lens and the back
+
+611
+00:37:16,030 --> 00:37:18,650
+surface will be flat, so it will be in the
+
+612
+00:37:18,650 --> 00:37:23,530
+Prentice position, it will sit flat onThe nose
+
+613
+00:37:23,530 --> 00:37:26,990
+cone as we can see will be flat on the nose cone
+
+614
+00:37:26,990 --> 00:37:30,830
+of the lensmeter device that can fit lenses or can
+
+615
+00:37:30,830 --> 00:37:35,210
+also fit prismat. We will stop at this point and
+
+616
+00:37:35,210 --> 00:37:36,970
+give you wellness and peace be upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/HwFxRaxbs6w_raw.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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0.9013671875}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 2, "seek": 6346, "start": 34.74, "end": 63.46, "text": "power of the mirror is equal to 2 divided by R which is equal to 2 divided by half meter which is equal to 2 divided by half which is equal to 4 which is equal to minus 4 diopter because it is a convex mirror which is equal to minus 4 diopter which is equal to minus 4 diopter", "tokens": [9513, 295, 264, 8013, 307, 2681, 281, 568, 6666, 538, 497, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 568, 6666, 538, 1922, 9255, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 568, 6666, 538, 1922, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 1017, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 1017, 1026, 404, 391, 570, 309, 307, 257, 42432, 8013, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 1017, 1026, 404, 391, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 1017, 1026, 404, 391], "avg_logprob": -0.37430037580319303, "compression_ratio": 2.532110091743119, "no_speech_prob": 1.1920928955078125e-07, "words": [{"start": 34.74, "end": 35.1, "word": "power", "probability": 0.2548828125}, {"start": 35.1, "end": 35.34, "word": " of", 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ديوبتر وصلت لسطح المرأة divergent بمقدار واحد ديوبتر هتنعكس more divergent لإن ال convex mirror بتشتت الأشعة بزيادة بتشتت الأشعة بزيادة", "tokens": [67, 1837, 6930, 4724, 2304, 28543, 9640, 36764, 24401, 11778, 1829, 37746, 2655, 2288, 4032, 36520, 2655, 5296, 3794, 9566, 5016, 9673, 2288, 10721, 3660, 18558, 6930, 4724, 2304, 28543, 9640, 36764, 24401, 11778, 1829, 37746, 2655, 2288, 8032, 2655, 1863, 3615, 4117, 3794, 544, 18558, 6930, 5296, 28814, 1863, 2423, 42432, 8013, 39894, 8592, 2655, 2655, 16247, 8592, 27884, 4724, 11622, 1829, 18513, 3660, 39894, 8592, 2655, 2655, 16247, 8592, 27884, 4724, 11622, 1829, 18513, 3660], "avg_logprob": -0.1355168248216311, "compression_ratio": 1.7714285714285714, "no_speech_prob": 0.0, "words": [{"start": 94.95, "end": 95.81, "word": "divergent", "probability": 0.84130859375}, {"start": 95.81, "end": 96.57, "word": " بمقدار", "probability": 0.774139404296875}, {"start": 96.57, "end": 97.01, "word": " واحد", "probability": 0.935546875}, {"start": 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0.6142578125}, {"start": 146.56, "end": 146.96, "word": " be", "probability": 0.83251953125}, {"start": 146.96, "end": 148.4, "word": " U", "probability": 0.1893310546875}, {"start": 148.4, "end": 149.5, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.346435546875}, {"start": 149.5, "end": 150.16, "word": " power", "probability": 0.57421875}, {"start": 150.16, "end": 150.72, "word": " equals", "probability": 0.63427734375}, {"start": 150.72, "end": 151.12, "word": " V", "probability": 0.71240234375}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 6, "seek": 16977, "start": 152.77, "end": 169.77, "text": "U-1 diopter and power-4 diopter is equal to V, so V is equal to minus 5 diopter", "tokens": [52, 12, 16, 1026, 404, 391, 293, 1347, 12, 19, 1026, 404, 391, 307, 2681, 281, 691, 11, 370, 691, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 1025, 1026, 404, 391], "avg_logprob": -0.37419181445549277, "compression_ratio": 1.2950819672131149, "no_speech_prob": 5.960464477539063e-08, "words": [{"start": 152.77, "end": 153.31, "word": "U", 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Okay, now we want to get the transference magnification equal to U over V", "tokens": [474, 309, 486, 312, 364, 26164, 3256, 412, 257, 4560, 295, 945, 14668, 281, 264, 558, 11, 309, 486, 312, 257, 3036, 295, 1164, 309, 486, 312, 364, 26164, 3256, 412, 257, 4560, 295, 945, 14668, 11, 300, 307, 11, 341, 4560, 307, 945, 14668, 490, 264, 3753, 295, 264, 8013, 281, 1097, 1033, 11, 586, 321, 528, 281, 483, 264, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 2681, 281, 624, 670, 691], "avg_logprob": -0.5911091683616101, "compression_ratio": 1.8231707317073171, "no_speech_prob": 2.682209014892578e-06, "words": [{"start": 254.74, "end": 254.98, "word": "and", "probability": 0.27197265625}, {"start": 254.98, "end": 255.08, "word": " it", "probability": 0.716796875}, {"start": 255.08, "end": 255.2, "word": " will", "probability": 0.62158203125}, {"start": 255.2, "end": 255.48, "word": " be", "probability": 0.8740234375}, {"start": 255.48, "end": 256.0, "word": " an", "probability": 0.449462890625}, {"start": 256.0, 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279.14, "word": " get", "probability": 0.71044921875}, {"start": 279.14, "end": 280.62, "word": " the", "probability": 0.63623046875}, {"start": 280.62, "end": 281.28, "word": " transference", "probability": 0.3731689453125}, {"start": 281.28, "end": 282.08, "word": " magnification", "probability": 0.968017578125}, {"start": 282.08, "end": 282.66, "word": " equal", "probability": 0.466064453125}, {"start": 282.66, "end": 283.28, "word": " to", "probability": 0.65625}, {"start": 283.28, "end": 283.52, "word": " U", "probability": 0.435302734375}, {"start": 283.52, "end": 283.74, "word": " over", "probability": 0.45263671875}, {"start": 283.74, "end": 284.06, "word": " V", "probability": 0.97021484375}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 12, "seek": 29711, "start": 286.27, "end": 297.11, "text": "ويساوي ال U minus one diopter على ال V minus five diopter", "tokens": [2407, 1829, 3794, 995, 45865, 2423, 624, 3175, 472, 1026, 404, 391, 15844, 2423, 691, 3175, 1732, 1026, 404, 391], "avg_logprob": 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322.52, "word": " you", "probability": 0.97119140625}], "temperature": 1.0}], "language": "en", "language_probability": 1.0, "duration": 324.6614375, "duration_after_vad": 298.943125}

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/LOzKaovn55M_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1652 @@
+1
+00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,680
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، عندنا مسألة في موضوع
+
+2
+00:00:04,680 --> 00:00:09,620
+الـdecentration of lenses، بنقوليعني شخص عنده plus
+
+3
+00:00:09,620 --> 00:00:12,660
+six diopter في العين اليمين و minus four diopter
+
+4
+00:00:12,660 --> 00:00:16,740
+في العين الشمال طبعا على .. يعني وجه الحقيقة
+
+5
+00:00:16,740 --> 00:00:20,880
+لاتوجد يعني عدسات بالشكل هذا يعني .. ولكن احنا
+
+6
+00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:25,560
+عشان نتدرب على حال المسائل عنده plus six diopter
+
+7
+00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:29,780
+في اليمين و minus four diopter في الشمال لما ذهب
+
+8
+00:00:29,780 --> 00:00:34,920
+لعمل النضارة ال .. ال .. optician او الفني لجث
+
+9
+00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:40,440
+العدسات بدون قصدin a wrong way so that the center
+
+10
+00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:45,460
+of the right lens has a decentration inside and up
+
+11
+00:00:45,460 --> 00:00:50,500
+inside of 5mm and up 6mm, so the center instead of
+
+12
+00:00:50,500 --> 00:00:52,580
+coming here in the middle on the pupil mountains
+
+13
+00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:57,440
+the center of this lens came inside 5mm and above
+
+14
+00:00:57,440 --> 00:00:59,880
+6mm and became in this area that the star is
+
+15
+00:00:59,880 --> 00:01:02,940
+pointing to and I also made a mistake in the
+
+16
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:08,680
+length of the left lens so that its center instead
+
+17
+00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:14,760
+of being in the middle came out 4mm and down 4mm
+
+18
+00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:19,040
+and became in this area what is required?What is
+
+19
+00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,960
+the total horizontal and vertical prismatic effect
+
+20
+00:01:22,960 --> 00:01:26,300
+and which effect is more problematic to the
+
+21
+00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:26,580
+patient?
+
+22
+00:01:32,020 --> 00:01:34,620
+وال total vertical effect من هذا ال
+
+23
+00:01:34,620 --> 00:01:39,200
+decentralization و أيهما أكتر أو يحدث مشكلة أكبر
+
+24
+00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:44,480
+لل patient أو لهذا الشخص هل هو ال vertical effect
+
+25
+00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:48,640
+ولا ال horizontal effect عندي هذه المسألة عشان
+
+26
+00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:52,300
+أحلها بشكل صحيح بدي أعمل ال simulations هاي أو
+
+27
+00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:57,180
+ممكن أقص ورق من ال nylonبهذه الأشكال يعني بيكفي
+
+28
+00:01:57,180 --> 00:02:00,500
+أقص ورقة واحدة ب .. ب .. أو .. أو قطعة من النيلون
+
+29
+00:02:00,500 --> 00:02:04,520
+بهذا الشكل، أرسمها على نيلون و أقصها و يفضل نيلون
+
+30
+00:02:04,520 --> 00:02:09,640
+مقوة، ليش النيلون؟ عشان شفاف و أجيب رسمة على A4،
+
+31
+00:02:09,640 --> 00:02:14,140
+أطبع رسمة على A4 بهذا الوجه أو بوجه مشابه، العينين
+
+32
+00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,000
+بدهم يكونوا straight حتى لو كان في عندي حوال أو
+
+33
+00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:19,520
+مافيش حوال، العينين بيكونوا ..stretched ..
+
+34
+00:02:19,520 --> 00:02:22,660
+straight عشان أعرف بالظبط ال .. ال prismatic
+
+35
+00:02:22,660 --> 00:02:28,680
+effect وين بده يحدث و هذه القطعة من الورق ممكن أنا
+
+36
+00:02:28,680 --> 00:02:32,760
+يعني في حالة ال vertical effect أمسكها vertical
+
+37
+00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:37,720
+أمام ال pupil أقول هنا إحضار للمقدمة
+
+38
+00:02:41,260 --> 00:02:44,520
+هي احضر للمقدمة لازم انا أشيل الاصم بس في الأول
+
+39
+00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:51,380
+حتى تغطي على العمل
+
+40
+00:02:51,380 --> 00:02:55,860
+بتاعيThis is the assumption that we mentioned that
+
+41
+00:02:55,860 --> 00:03:00,100
+the direction of the decentration is inside and
+
+42
+00:03:00,100 --> 00:03:04,460
+up, outside and down Now here of course I can't
+
+43
+00:03:04,460 --> 00:03:09,460
+use this figure in front of the left eye because
+
+44
+00:03:09,460 --> 00:03:13,900
+the left eye is minus and this is plus If I want
+
+45
+00:03:13,900 --> 00:03:16,360
+to calculate the vertical effect, I hold the piece
+
+46
+00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:20,080
+of nylon that is formed in this way and I say for
+
+47
+00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:24,400
+exampleهي ال center بتاع العدسة، هاي .. هاي مقطع،
+
+48
+00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:28,940
+رأسي فيها، وهي ال center بتاعها وزيحت للأعلى،
+
+49
+00:03:28,940 --> 00:03:35,900
+وزيحت للأعلى، اذا .. طبعا لازم تكبر شوية، وزيحت
+
+50
+00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:41,780
+للأعلى، اذا أصبح عندى هنا based up prism على سبيل
+
+51
+00:03:41,780 --> 00:03:48,140
+المثال، هنا قطعة
+
+52
+00:03:48,140 --> 00:03:49,860
+أخرى من النيلون المقوة
+
+53
+00:03:52,490 --> 00:03:55,870
+مفروض .. مفروض العدسة يكون ال center بتاعها ع جبال
+
+54
+00:03:55,870 --> 00:04:02,670
+ال pupil وزيح للأسفل أيضا هيعطيني .. وزيح للأسفل
+
+55
+00:04:02,670 --> 00:04:06,830
+أيضا هيعطيني base of present .. أيضا هيعطيني base
+
+56
+00:04:06,830 --> 00:04:12,710
+of present طيب، الآن بدنا نرجع هذا ننقله لمكانه
+
+57
+00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:18,470
+ونقول كيف نحل هذه المثال، و هذا ننقله لمكانه أيضا
+
+58
+00:04:27,420 --> 00:04:33,980
+أول نقطة في الحال لابد أني أستعمل أو أحل كل عين
+
+59
+00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:37,960
+على حدا ثم .. ثم ..
+
+60
+00:04:53,070 --> 00:04:57,450
+أنا جسمت الفرق عندي هنا اللي بده أحل فيه لأربع
+
+61
+00:04:57,450 --> 00:05:00,930
+مربعات، أربع مربعات، أول إشي بده أشوف ال
+
+62
+00:05:00,930 --> 00:05:04,930
+horizontal prismatic effect لل right eye، بعدين ال
+
+63
+00:05:04,930 --> 00:05:08,580
+vertical prismatic effect لل right eyeSo in the
+
+64
+00:05:08,580 --> 00:05:10,640
+square I will see the horizontal effect and in the
+
+65
+00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:13,200
+square I will see the vertical effect for the
+
+66
+00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,400
+right eye I will repeat this process for the left
+
+67
+00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,180
+eye The left eye will see the horizontal prismatic
+
+68
+00:05:19,180 --> 00:05:22,560
+effect and will see the vertical prismatic effect
+
+69
+00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:25,400
+The horizontal effect of the right eye with the
+
+70
+00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:27,820
+horizontal effect of the left eye either I combine
+
+71
+00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:29,960
+them or I subtract them according to what we will
+
+72
+00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:32,900
+explain in the case what will happen with us And
+
+73
+00:05:32,900 --> 00:05:35,160
+the vertical effect of the right eye and of the
+
+74
+00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:37,180
+left eye either I combine them or I subtract them
+
+75
+00:05:37,620 --> 00:05:45,340
+حسب إيش بيطلع معايا في المسألة، هيك بكون أنا وجدت
+
+76
+00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,860
+ال total و بعرف من ال total مين أكتر إشكالي، هل هو
+
+77
+00:05:48,860 --> 00:05:52,400
+ال vertical effect ولا ال horizontal effect نيجي
+
+78
+00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:56,980
+احنا نمسك مسألة مسألة، بنقول ال right lens was
+
+79
+00:05:56,980 --> 00:06:02,760
+decentered 5 millimeter indecentred in 5mm then
+
+80
+00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:06,240
+the right lens is it plus or minus? it's plus so I
+
+81
+00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:09,420
+want to use as long as it's horizontal in and out
+
+82
+00:06:09,420 --> 00:06:13,400
+I want to use the width of the lens width of the
+
+83
+00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:18,040
+lens let's bring the level to the front let's
+
+84
+00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:23,080
+enlarge it a little let's
+
+85
+00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:25,740
+say as follows high cross section in the lens
+
+86
+00:06:27,340 --> 00:06:32,180
+Normally, if the lens is properly aligned, the
+
+87
+00:06:32,180 --> 00:06:35,160
+center of this lens should face the pupil exactly
+
+88
+00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:40,500
+as we see it, but the center is inside So, the
+
+89
+00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:43,920
+pupil is on top of the prism, its base is inside
+
+90
+00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:47,740
+So, the first thing is the direction in, base in
+
+91
+00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:53,080
+effect, base in prism So,
+
+92
+00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:53,980
+the base in
+
+93
+00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,720
+isn't based in your muzzle a bi effect is a new
+
+94
+00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:06,980
+kind of in front of the right eye in front of the
+
+95
+00:07:06,980 --> 00:07:10,360
+right eye as if there is a prism its base means
+
+96
+00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:12,760
+that the lens acts as a prism the right lens acts
+
+97
+00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:18,700
+as a prism its base inside inside
+
+98
+00:07:18,700 --> 00:07:22,020
+in because the center is extended inside how much
+
+99
+00:07:22,020 --> 00:07:23,680
+is the prismatic effect
+
+100
+00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:39,400
+Equal to H in D, the distance per centimeter in
+
+101
+00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:44,060
+the diopter of the lens, which is equal to H, the
+
+102
+00:07:44,060 --> 00:07:46,560
+distance, which is equal to 5 millimeters, which
+
+103
+00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:47,400
+is equal to half a centimeter,
+
+104
+00:07:50,260 --> 00:07:54,080
+multiplied by D, the diopter of the lens, which is
+
+105
+00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:57,160
+equal to 6, which is equal to 6 and a half, which
+
+106
+00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:59,420
+is equal to three prism diopters.
+
+107
+00:08:17,030 --> 00:08:20,310
+That's how I finished the first quarter of the
+
+108
+00:08:20,310 --> 00:08:23,930
+topic, which is the horizontal effect of the
+
+109
+00:08:23,930 --> 00:08:26,010
+decentration that happened by mistake with the
+
+110
+00:08:26,010 --> 00:08:30,050
+optician, that happened to me based in a prism of
+
+111
+00:08:30,050 --> 00:08:34,890
+three prism diodes. So let's move on to the
+
+112
+00:08:34,890 --> 00:08:38,590
+vertical effect. The vertical effect here prefers
+
+113
+00:08:38,590 --> 00:08:44,730
+that I say horizontal
+
+114
+00:08:48,170 --> 00:08:52,470
+Effect of decentralization for right eye,
+
+115
+00:08:52,710 --> 00:09:01,930
+horizontal effect for right
+
+116
+00:09:01,930 --> 00:09:02,350
+eye,
+
+117
+00:09:06,470 --> 00:09:10,610
+vertical effect for right eye, horizontal effect
+
+118
+00:09:10,610 --> 00:09:15,630
+for left eye, vertical effect for left eye
+
+119
+00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,820
+We come to the vertical effect for right eye I
+
+120
+00:09:22,820 --> 00:09:25,980
+want to remove the horizontal cross-section, which
+
+121
+00:09:25,980 --> 00:09:29,520
+is not necessary now I want to use the vertical
+
+122
+00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,960
+cross-section Of course, since it is a plus, then
+
+123
+00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:36,920
+this is the vertical cross-section The center is
+
+124
+00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:43,200
+supposed to be in the middle, above the pupil But
+
+125
+00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:44,180
+it is extended to the top
+
+126
+00:09:47,380 --> 00:09:49,720
+مفروض في الطبيعة يكون زيك، زي ما احنا شايفينه في
+
+127
+00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:56,060
+الرسم، أزيح لأعلى، معناته، هيصير عندي based up
+
+128
+00:09:56,060 --> 00:09:59,760
+effect، based up effect، اذا العين اليمين و كأنه
+
+129
+00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:04,280
+قدامها مرة based in، و في نفس الوجه based up، يعني
+
+130
+00:10:04,280 --> 00:10:07,040
+كأنه قدامها برزمين، واحد based in، لما حسبنا ال
+
+131
+00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:10,640
+horizontal effect، based in effect، هنا based up
+
+132
+00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:16,700
+effect، based up effectبسبب الإزاحة للأعلى و ال
+
+133
+00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:22,080
+base-in effect بسبب الإزاحة للداخل جداش مقدارة
+
+134
+00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:30,010
+لبريزمات تساوي او لprismatic effect تساوي HVDOf
+
+135
+00:10:30,010 --> 00:10:32,110
+course, D is capital and it is equal to .. How
+
+136
+00:10:32,110 --> 00:10:34,350
+much is the distance up? 6 millimeters, which
+
+137
+00:10:34,350 --> 00:10:37,350
+means 6 out of 10 centimeters always in the prism
+
+138
+00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:40,570
+.. in the prismatic effect or in the subject of
+
+139
+00:10:40,570 --> 00:10:43,850
+prisms, we use the centimeter because the print is
+
+140
+00:10:43,850 --> 00:10:47,290
+ruled by the centimeter 6 out of 10 times the
+
+141
+00:10:47,290 --> 00:10:51,690
+power of the lens is 6 this is greater and it is
+
+142
+00:10:51,690 --> 00:10:59,280
+equal to 3 and 6 out of 10 prisms, base upBase up
+
+143
+00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:04,500
+طب okay الان خلصنا النقطة الأولى الان بدنا نتقل
+
+144
+00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:09,760
+للعدسة التانية بدنا نتقل للعدسة التانية اللى هى
+
+145
+00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:13,760
+minus lens بدى أحسب ال horizontal effect وبدى أحسب
+
+146
+00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:17,780
+ال vertical effect نيجى لل horizontal effect for
+
+147
+00:11:17,780 --> 00:11:24,520
+left eye for left eye horizontal
+
+148
+00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:25,360
+effect
+
+149
+00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:48,620
+for left eye first
+
+150
+00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:50,980
+thing I want to bring the horizontal cross section
+
+151
+00:11:50,980 --> 00:11:53,120
+to the minus lens because I have here the minus
+
+152
+00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:54,800
+lens and I put it in front of the eye in the
+
+153
+00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:57,890
+normal state there is no decentrationThere is no
+
+154
+00:11:57,890 --> 00:12:00,250
+decentration in the natural state, but the
+
+155
+00:12:00,250 --> 00:12:03,330
+optician, the artist of vision made a mistake and
+
+156
+00:12:03,330 --> 00:12:08,070
+he made the center go out and down. We don't want
+
+157
+00:12:08,070 --> 00:12:10,830
+it to go down, we want it to go out first. When
+
+158
+00:12:10,830 --> 00:12:14,310
+the center goes out, the center will spread out.
+
+159
+00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:16,790
+This is the center of the lens that we called out.
+
+160
+00:12:16,990 --> 00:12:23,710
+So, based in effect .. based in effect .. in front
+
+161
+00:12:23,710 --> 00:12:31,070
+of the eyeBase-in-effect is the
+
+162
+00:12:31,070 --> 00:12:36,090
+part of the lens that works as a prism with base
+
+163
+00:12:36,090 --> 00:12:44,550
+-in-effect Base-in-effect is the prismatic effect
+
+164
+00:12:44,550 --> 00:12:45,910
+which is equal to
+
+165
+00:12:49,010 --> 00:12:53,890
+H لمقدار الإزاحة جديش الإزاحة out أربعة مليمتر
+
+166
+00:12:53,890 --> 00:13:00,010
+يعني أربعة من عشرة سانتر ضرب قوة العدسة أربعة
+
+167
+00:13:00,010 --> 00:13:04,710
+أربعة بأربعة بستاش يعني واحد وستة من عشرة a prism
+
+168
+00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:05,890
+based in
+
+169
+00:13:12,570 --> 00:13:17,170
+1.6 out of 10 are prominent so this is for the
+
+170
+00:13:17,170 --> 00:13:19,990
+horizontal effect for the left eye here just put a
+
+171
+00:13:19,990 --> 00:13:24,550
+line under the title and here it is preferred that
+
+172
+00:13:24,550 --> 00:13:29,230
+we give it a color and
+
+173
+00:13:29,230 --> 00:13:33,190
+here we give it a color too but we will give it
+
+174
+00:13:33,190 --> 00:13:40,270
+another color because it is horizontal so
+
+175
+00:13:45,020 --> 00:13:50,960
+This is the third part of the equation The
+
+176
+00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:57,560
+horizontal
+
+177
+00:13:57,560 --> 00:14:02,340
+effect is green and the vertical effect is red I
+
+178
+00:14:02,340 --> 00:14:04,660
+still have the fourth part which is the vertical
+
+179
+00:14:04,660 --> 00:14:10,440
+effect in front of the left eye Now the vertical
+
+180
+00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:12,040
+effect is in front of the left eye
+
+181
+00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:19,860
+before we do it, we need to put a square in the
+
+182
+00:14:19,860 --> 00:14:37,100
+middle as you can see the
+
+183
+00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:42,300
+vertical effect for
+
+184
+00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:43,020
+left eye
+
+185
+00:14:48,210 --> 00:14:53,890
+بنشوف إيش طبيعة الprism وين أوزيح؟ المفروض هو في
+
+186
+00:14:53,890 --> 00:15:03,170
+ال center بالظبط بس هو أوزيح للأسف للأسفل لما
+
+187
+00:15:03,170 --> 00:15:06,410
+أوزيح ال center للأسفل، انزيحه للأسفل أصبح أمام
+
+188
+00:15:06,410 --> 00:15:12,090
+العين أو أمام ال pupil الprism base up base up،
+
+189
+00:15:12,090 --> 00:15:15,970
+هاي ال base up، اذا base up effect
+
+190
+00:15:18,610 --> 00:15:21,750
+It will give me a base up effect. The distance of
+
+191
+00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:24,290
+the minus lens to the bottom will give me a base
+
+192
+00:15:24,290 --> 00:15:30,530
+up effect. How much is it? H in D is equal to how
+
+193
+00:15:30,530 --> 00:15:33,690
+much is the distance? 4 millimeters also, which is
+
+194
+00:15:33,690 --> 00:15:40,050
+4 out of 10 centimeters. The force of
+
+195
+00:15:40,050 --> 00:15:43,450
+the lens is 4, so 1.6 out of 10 centimeters. Base
+
+196
+00:15:43,450 --> 00:15:48,240
+up effect.one and six out of ten centimeters and
+
+197
+00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:54,440
+one and six out of ten prism diodes so this is the
+
+198
+00:15:54,440 --> 00:16:00,620
+vertical prismatic effect of the left eye now we
+
+199
+00:16:00,620 --> 00:16:04,380
+want to see the gain I see the gain of the
+
+200
+00:16:04,380 --> 00:16:06,820
+vertical with each other and the horizontal with
+
+201
+00:16:06,820 --> 00:16:07,240
+each other
+
+202
+00:16:11,150 --> 00:16:14,150
+it ends up with this example horizontal, I compare
+
+203
+00:16:14,150 --> 00:16:17,150
+it with horizontal sometimes I add, sometimes I
+
+204
+00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:19,130
+subtract, we will know when to add and when to
+
+205
+00:16:19,130 --> 00:16:21,390
+subtract it is very important to know when to add
+
+206
+00:16:21,390 --> 00:16:25,790
+and when to subtract so it is very important that
+
+207
+00:16:25,790 --> 00:16:31,130
+this issue is clear for us let's see the total
+
+208
+00:16:31,130 --> 00:16:34,490
+effect, let's make a third line total horizontal
+
+209
+00:16:34,490 --> 00:16:38,450
+and total verticaltotal, horizontal, the solution
+
+210
+00:16:38,450 --> 00:16:40,210
+in this way is going to be an exemplary solution
+
+211
+00:16:40,210 --> 00:16:42,350
+and it doesn't get confused at all I make the
+
+212
+00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,270
+horizontal for the right eye alone, and the
+
+213
+00:16:44,270 --> 00:16:46,990
+vertical for the right eye alone, and the
+
+214
+00:16:46,990 --> 00:16:49,250
+horizontal for the left eye alone, and the
+
+215
+00:16:49,250 --> 00:16:52,490
+vertical for the left eye alone, the vertical with
+
+216
+00:16:52,490 --> 00:16:54,310
+the vertical, I see either I want to put them
+
+217
+00:16:54,310 --> 00:16:55,770
+together or I want to put them apart, we will see
+
+218
+00:16:55,770 --> 00:16:58,810
+how in this way, the horizontal with the
+
+219
+00:16:58,810 --> 00:17:00,630
+horizontal, I see I want to put them together or I
+
+220
+00:17:00,630 --> 00:17:05,670
+want to put them apart, and thereforeبتخلص معايا
+
+221
+00:17:05,670 --> 00:17:14,310
+المسألة بتخلص معايا المسألة الان
+
+222
+00:17:14,310 --> 00:17:20,570
+حتى ال center الان مش لازمني هنا عشان ما يشوشش على
+
+223
+00:17:20,570 --> 00:17:26,870
+الرؤية الان horizontal effect for right eye based
+
+224
+00:17:26,870 --> 00:17:31,070
+in effect prism مقداره تلاتة prism طيب eye based
+
+225
+00:17:31,070 --> 00:17:31,850
+in effect
+
+226
+00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:51,510
+What does it mean? It's like the right eye is
+
+227
+00:17:51,510 --> 00:18:01,070
+projected through its prism or its base outwards
+
+228
+00:18:01,070 --> 00:18:09,410
+The left
+
+229
+00:18:09,410 --> 00:18:11,730
+eye where is the horizontal effect? It also has a
+
+230
+00:18:11,730 --> 00:18:12,990
+base in relation to it
+
+231
+00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:23,170
+we get this prism and convert it to base n for the
+
+232
+00:18:23,170 --> 00:18:39,550
+left eye total
+
+233
+00:18:39,550 --> 00:18:43,590
+effect is to combine 3 with 1 and 6 from 10
+
+234
+00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:45,670
+horizontally with horizontal and to extend them
+
+235
+00:18:46,390 --> 00:18:50,710
+بنقول ان تطلع هذه جدامها base in effect كأنه
+
+236
+00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:53,810
+جدامها ال prism ال base بتاعته in وهذه جدامها ال
+
+237
+00:18:53,810 --> 00:18:57,550
+prism برضه ال base بتاعته in ال prism لو سقلنا
+
+238
+00:18:57,550 --> 00:19:01,790
+أنفسنا سؤال وين بيحرف الصورة باتجاه ال apex بتاعته
+
+239
+00:19:01,790 --> 00:19:06,710
+يعني الصورة بتاعة العين اليمين صورة مثلا object
+
+240
+00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:12,050
+أمامه بالضبط هتكون زي غلاق يمينهليش؟ لأنه ال apex
+
+241
+00:19:12,050 --> 00:19:15,170
+بتاعت ال prism لليمين أنا لما بطلع ع شغل أمامي و
+
+242
+00:19:15,170 --> 00:19:19,910
+بحط base in the prism الصورة بتروح ع جنب، ع جنب، و
+
+243
+00:19:19,910 --> 00:19:23,090
+هاد الصورة هتروح ع شماله لإنه ال apex ع الشمال،
+
+244
+00:19:23,090 --> 00:19:26,730
+إذا الصور بتاعت العينتين بيتباعد، و إذا بدي أجمع
+
+245
+00:19:26,730 --> 00:19:33,500
+المسافات أو أجمع ال prismات، ليش؟ لأنهالصورة هنا
+
+246
+00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:37,600
+اللي هي المفروض أمام العين زاغت لليمين والصورة هنا
+
+247
+00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:42,280
+زاغت للإشمال بس ال object واقف في النص بالضبط يعني
+
+248
+00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:47,520
+كأنه هادي راحت يعني لو تخيلنا شخصين .. شخصين
+
+249
+00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:53,450
+واقفين في منطقة أمام الفرارةوشخص تحرك باتجاه
+
+250
+00:19:53,450 --> 00:19:58,470
+اليمين أو باتجاه الشمال متر و الشخص التاني تحرك
+
+251
+00:19:58,470 --> 00:20:03,210
+مترين في اتجاه المعاكس ساعتها المسافة بينهم ..
+
+252
+00:20:03,210 --> 00:20:07,050
+المسافة بينهم هي مجموعهم مجموع ما تحركوا الشخص
+
+253
+00:20:07,050 --> 00:20:11,250
+الأول مع الشخص التاني بس لو قلنا العكس، هذا اتحرك
+
+254
+00:20:11,250 --> 00:20:15,930
+إلى اليمينmeter, and this moves to the right also,
+
+255
+00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:17,890
+half a meter, so the distance between them is a
+
+256
+00:20:17,890 --> 00:20:21,810
+meter minus half a meter, so when the apex is
+
+257
+00:20:21,810 --> 00:20:23,810
+opposite to the apex, the distances are combined,
+
+258
+00:20:24,450 --> 00:20:26,450
+the apex is opposite to the apex, this is a rule,
+
+259
+00:20:26,870 --> 00:20:33,890
+whether in horizontal or vertical effect if
+
+260
+00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:38,810
+apex of
+
+261
+00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:39,510
+one neprism
+
+262
+00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:56,270
+is opposite in direction to
+
+263
+00:20:56,270 --> 00:21:06,470
+the apex of the other prism prismatic
+
+264
+00:21:06,470 --> 00:21:11,390
+effect effects
+
+265
+00:21:11,390 --> 00:21:18,170
+are addedتضاف لبعض لبعض يعني هاي ال apex رايحة على
+
+266
+00:21:18,170 --> 00:21:21,650
+الشمال و هاي ال apex رايحة على اليمين اذا مجموعهم
+
+267
+00:21:21,650 --> 00:21:25,410
+اذا مجموعهم ليش؟ لإن هاد الصورة بتاعة العين هاي
+
+268
+00:21:25,410 --> 00:21:29,370
+هتنتقل لليمين و الصورة بتاعة العين الشمال لنفس ال
+
+269
+00:21:29,370 --> 00:21:34,530
+object هتنتقل للشمال فبالتالي حاصل المجموع بتاعه
+
+270
+00:21:34,530 --> 00:21:37,990
+اش يعني حاصل المجموع بتاعه؟ يعني تلاتة وستة من
+
+271
+00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:43,160
+عشرة ابرزه اذا هادي قاعدة هادي قاعدةHorizontal
+
+272
+00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:46,220
+Effect or Vertical Effect If the apex is opposite
+
+273
+00:21:46,220 --> 00:21:48,920
+to the apex, it means that we want to add up the
+
+274
+00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:54,080
+Prismatic Effect Ok, we added them up, so the
+
+275
+00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:59,100
+total effect Total
+
+276
+00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:06,200
+Horizontal Effect Equals
+
+277
+00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:08,500
+3 Prisms
+
+278
+00:22:20,850 --> 00:22:26,370
+3 prisms plus
+
+279
+00:22:26,370 --> 00:22:39,310
+1.6 prisms equals 4.6 prisms Is this enough? No,
+
+280
+00:22:39,450 --> 00:22:43,930
+it's not enough. I want to say base n. Base n. In
+
+281
+00:22:43,930 --> 00:22:49,410
+front of which eye?لأ يفرق، قدام العين اليمين أو
+
+282
+00:22:49,410 --> 00:22:52,310
+قدام العين الشمالي، اش يعني ال total horizontal
+
+283
+00:22:52,310 --> 00:22:59,010
+effect أربع وستة من عشرة based in before right eye
+
+284
+00:22:59,010 --> 00:23:05,510
+or left eye،
+
+285
+00:23:05,510 --> 00:23:10,920
+بمعنى آخر، كأني بقولحصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار
+
+286
+00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:19,060
+حصيلة
+
+287
+00:23:19,060 --> 00:23:21,240
+اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي
+
+288
+00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:22,800
+صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار
+
+289
+00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:26,090
+حصيلة اللي صارthat the left eye does not have any
+
+290
+00:23:26,090 --> 00:23:28,830
+prism in front of it and that there is a prism 4
+
+291
+00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,430
+or 6 out of 10 prisms in front of the right eye
+
+292
+00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:33,870
+and it is as if the picture here remained in front
+
+293
+00:23:33,870 --> 00:23:36,510
+of the eye directly and the picture here moved to
+
+294
+00:23:36,510 --> 00:23:39,650
+the right towards the apex by 4 or 6 out of 10
+
+295
+00:23:39,650 --> 00:23:44,570
+prisms by 4 or 6 out of 10 prisms or that the
+
+296
+00:23:44,570 --> 00:23:46,810
+picture of the right eye is straight in front of
+
+297
+00:23:46,810 --> 00:23:50,510
+it and the picture of the left eye increased by 4
+
+298
+00:23:50,510 --> 00:23:56,260
+or 6 out of 10 prismsلشمال باتجاه ال apex يعني لو
+
+299
+00:23:56,260 --> 00:24:01,340
+في شخصين عندى واحد اتحرك متر هنا و واحد اتحرك متر
+
+300
+00:24:01,340 --> 00:24:05,420
+او او اتنين متر هنا ع الشمال يعني هذا اتحرك خلينا
+
+301
+00:24:05,420 --> 00:24:10,780
+نرسمها بالأسهم عشان توضيح الفكرة هى شخص اتحرك متر
+
+302
+00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:19,830
+و هى شخص اخر اتحرك متريين نرسم سهم طوله مرتينبقدر
+
+303
+00:24:19,830 --> 00:24:23,390
+أقول إن الشخص الأول ضال واقف مكانه و الشخص التاني
+
+304
+00:24:23,390 --> 00:24:26,910
+اتحرك على شماله تلاتة متر أو بقدر أقول الشخص
+
+305
+00:24:26,910 --> 00:24:31,270
+التاني واقف و الشخص الأول اتحرك على يمينه تلاتة
+
+306
+00:24:31,270 --> 00:24:34,530
+متر لأن المسافة بينهم تلاتة متر هذا بينفع و هذا
+
+307
+00:24:34,530 --> 00:24:37,400
+بينفع و في ال charismatic effectis an total
+
+308
+00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:41,600
+horizontal prismatic effect عبارة عن أربع وستة من
+
+309
+00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,560
+عشرة جماعة لأن ال apex عكس ال apex الصورة هاي
+
+310
+00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:48,180
+هتروح هيك و الصورة هاي هتروح هيك جديش راحت الصورة
+
+311
+00:24:48,180 --> 00:24:51,960
+هيك مثلا بمقدار تلاتة prism جديش راحت الصورة هيك
+
+312
+00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:57,330
+بمقدار واحد وستة من عشرة prism يعنيYou can imagine
+
+313
+00:24:57,330 --> 00:25:01,610
+that one image is fixed and the other one is 4 or
+
+314
+00:25:01,610 --> 00:25:04,790
+6 out of 10 prism This is for the horizontal
+
+315
+00:25:04,790 --> 00:25:09,650
+prismatic effect, the total We are not done with
+
+316
+00:25:09,650 --> 00:25:11,150
+the horizontal yet, but we want to move to the
+
+317
+00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:13,630
+vertical But we want to know if the horizontal is
+
+318
+00:25:13,630 --> 00:25:16,430
+annoying or not, we will come back to it after a
+
+319
+00:25:16,430 --> 00:25:20,610
+while We come to the total vertical prismatic
+
+320
+00:25:20,610 --> 00:25:40,920
+effectthe total vertical prismatic effect vertical
+
+321
+00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:42,240
+effect is equal to
+
+322
+00:25:56,140 --> 00:26:00,180
+نيجي احنا نشوف عنا إيش هنا، هنا base up و هنا base
+
+323
+00:26:00,180 --> 00:26:03,800
+up ال prism، base up و base up، نشوف ال prism اللي
+
+324
+00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:05,220
+base و up كيف وضعه
+
+325
+00:26:35,030 --> 00:26:42,150
+BaseUpEffect أمام العين اليمين و BaseUpEffect أمام
+
+326
+00:26:42,150 --> 00:26:50,110
+العين الشمال، هيك طالع معنا BaseUpEffect
+
+327
+00:26:50,110 --> 00:26:56,690
+و BaseUpEffect فبالتالي الت��تين BaseUpEffect
+
+328
+00:27:10,010 --> 00:27:14,670
+بشوف الفارق بينهم، بشوف الفارق بينهم، طيب، مين
+
+329
+00:27:14,670 --> 00:27:18,540
+أكتر؟who landed more under the right eye? three or
+
+330
+00:27:18,540 --> 00:27:21,500
+six out of ten prisms compared to one or six out
+
+331
+00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,400
+of ten prisms as long as the two apex agree, it
+
+332
+00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:27,940
+means that we agree here the two apex in the
+
+333
+00:27:27,940 --> 00:27:30,260
+horizontal were different, we agree and this is a
+
+334
+00:27:30,260 --> 00:27:33,780
+rule of thumb of course if they are opposite, we
+
+335
+00:27:33,780 --> 00:27:36,420
+agree if they are the same thing, we agree okay
+
+336
+00:27:36,420 --> 00:27:40,680
+now let's see three or six out of ten prisms
+
+337
+00:27:52,160 --> 00:27:58,480
+three and six out of ten prism minus one and six
+
+338
+00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,660
+out of ten prism one and six out of ten prism
+
+339
+00:28:02,660 --> 00:28:07,540
+equals two prism diopter two prism diopter so the
+
+340
+00:28:07,540 --> 00:28:11,940
+total vertical effect is two prism diopter but now
+
+341
+00:28:11,940 --> 00:28:15,020
+it is very important to put base up or base down
+
+342
+00:28:15,020 --> 00:28:18,900
+as if it says that the picture of the right eye is
+
+343
+00:28:18,900 --> 00:28:22,940
+downA lot, three or six out of ten prisms, and the
+
+344
+00:28:22,940 --> 00:28:26,180
+picture of the left eye came down less than it, so
+
+345
+00:28:26,180 --> 00:28:28,340
+who came down more than the other? The picture of
+
+346
+00:28:28,340 --> 00:28:31,000
+the right eye. How much does it differ from the
+
+347
+00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:34,340
+picture of the left eye? Two prisms lower than it,
+
+348
+00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:36,940
+which means more than two prisms, which means that
+
+349
+00:28:36,940 --> 00:28:39,780
+the picture went down more because the prism in
+
+350
+00:28:39,780 --> 00:28:41,860
+front of the right eye is stronger than the prism
+
+351
+00:28:41,860 --> 00:28:43,960
+in front of the left eye, and as if the eye came
+
+352
+00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:48,830
+downتنين او اذا كان تخيل ان هذه ثابتة ما نزلتش هذه
+
+353
+00:28:48,830 --> 00:28:52,410
+طلعت بالنسبة لها اتنين يعني الصورة بالنسبة للعين
+
+354
+00:28:52,410 --> 00:28:58,730
+حقيقة حقيقة الصورة بالنسبة للعينتين نزلت هذه نزلت
+
+355
+00:28:58,730 --> 00:29:03,070
+وهذه نزلت بس هذه نزلت تلاتة وستة من عشرة هذه نزلت
+
+356
+00:29:03,070 --> 00:29:08,980
+واحد وستة من عشرة طيب نيجي احنا على مثالالدرج
+
+357
+00:29:08,980 --> 00:29:13,940
+قولنا شخصين واجفين على نفس الدرجة واحد نزل درجتين
+
+358
+00:29:13,940 --> 00:29:19,340
+وواحد نزل أربع درجات الشخص رقم اتنين اللي نزل أربع
+
+359
+00:29:19,340 --> 00:29:24,800
+درجات بقدر أقول عنه منخفض منخفض عن زميله بدرجتين
+
+360
+00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:29,260
+أو بقدر أقول زميله مرتفع عنه كأنه أعلى منه بدرجتين
+
+361
+00:29:29,260 --> 00:29:33,200
+رغم أنه نزل رغم أنه نزل فإما بقول اتنين present
+
+362
+00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:40,120
+based up before right eyemeans that the image is
+
+363
+00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:42,540
+still in front of the right eye compared to the
+
+364
+00:29:42,540 --> 00:29:45,360
+left eye which is down by 2 prisms because the
+
+365
+00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,540
+base up means the apex down base up before right
+
+366
+00:29:48,540 --> 00:29:59,430
+eye or 2 prisms base downbefore left eye. Why did
+
+367
+00:29:59,430 --> 00:30:02,430
+I say based down before left eye? Based down means
+
+368
+00:30:02,430 --> 00:30:05,210
+that the apex is coming up. Uncle, I see that the
+
+369
+00:30:05,210 --> 00:30:07,690
+apex is coming down. Yes, this is the left eye as
+
+370
+00:30:07,690 --> 00:30:12,790
+it is. But if it is compared to the right eye, its
+
+371
+00:30:12,790 --> 00:30:17,750
+shape is higher than the right eye. And we go back
+
+372
+00:30:17,750 --> 00:30:20,950
+to the example of the bike. We say that two people
+
+373
+00:30:20,950 --> 00:30:24,780
+went down.a person we call him Aysar and another
+
+374
+00:30:24,780 --> 00:30:27,700
+person we call him Ayman Ayman went down 4 degrees
+
+375
+00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:32,060
+and Aysar went down 2 degrees both of them really
+
+376
+00:30:32,060 --> 00:30:34,300
+went down and here the two pictures really went
+
+377
+00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:36,360
+down to the bottom because the apex of the prism
+
+378
+00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:38,920
+based up based up means that the apex is down
+
+379
+00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:40,160
+which means that the picture will go down and the
+
+380
+00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:43,960
+picture will go down but the picture of the eye
+
+381
+00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:47,180
+that Ayman went down 4 degrees which means that
+
+382
+00:30:47,180 --> 00:30:50,480
+Aysar went down 2 degrees Ayman went down lower
+
+383
+00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:53,780
+which means that he went down moreOr we can say
+
+384
+00:30:53,780 --> 00:30:57,560
+that Aisar is higher although he went down, higher
+
+385
+00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:03,920
+by two degrees than for Ain or for Ayman So, both
+
+386
+00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:06,500
+pictures went down because based up, based up, but
+
+387
+00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:08,580
+this one went down more, I can consider this one
+
+388
+00:31:08,580 --> 00:31:10,880
+as if this one did not go down at all and this one
+
+389
+00:31:10,880 --> 00:31:14,060
+went up by two prisms, what does it mean that it
+
+390
+00:31:14,060 --> 00:31:17,260
+went up as if it was based down a prism? Okay, so
+
+391
+00:31:17,260 --> 00:31:22,600
+my last point in this matter remainedHow much a
+
+392
+00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,860
+person can handle a total vertical effect, let's
+
+393
+00:31:26,860 --> 00:31:29,680
+say from two prisms to three prisms, so the result
+
+394
+00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:32,620
+here I have two prisms, so a person can handle it
+
+395
+00:31:32,620 --> 00:31:36,520
+If more than three prisms, if more than three
+
+396
+00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:39,940
+prisms, I had a problem and it became a vertical
+
+397
+00:31:39,940 --> 00:31:43,520
+diplopia In other words, if the optician who
+
+398
+00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:47,050
+shoots the lenses makes a mistakeلو بس عمل
+
+399
+00:31:47,050 --> 00:31:50,170
+vertical decentration في ال right eye وطلع معاه
+
+400
+00:31:50,170 --> 00:31:53,970
+تلاتة وستة من عشرة وماعملش vertical decentration
+
+401
+00:31:53,970 --> 00:31:58,290
+في ال left eye كان صار مشكلة بس هذا الخطأ اللي حدث
+
+402
+00:31:58,290 --> 00:32:02,150
+في ال left eye يعني خفف من ال total vertical
+
+403
+00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:06,090
+effect اذا vertical effect مش problematic لل
+
+404
+00:32:06,090 --> 00:32:09,110
+patient طيب ال horizontal effect اربعة وستة من
+
+405
+00:32:09,110 --> 00:32:12,890
+عشرةtheir group, of course the horizontal effect,
+
+406
+00:32:13,290 --> 00:32:17,550
+a person can bear more than 10 or sometimes 15 or
+
+407
+00:32:17,550 --> 00:32:20,970
+sometimes 20 prisms depending on the direction of
+
+408
+00:32:20,970 --> 00:32:23,930
+the base of the prism, so neither the horizontal
+
+409
+00:32:23,930 --> 00:32:27,070
+effect is affected nor the vertical effect is
+
+410
+00:32:27,070 --> 00:32:29,610
+affected, why? Because they are within the range
+
+411
+00:32:29,610 --> 00:32:32,730
+that a person can bear, and this is how the matter
+
+412
+00:32:32,730 --> 00:32:34,230
+is completed, and may God give you wellness and
+
+413
+00:32:34,230 --> 00:32:36,470
+peace, and mercy from God and blessings
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/OSUPUrFrhtg_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+1
+00:00:01,850 --> 00:00:02,730
+In the name of God, the most gracious, the most
+
+2
+00:00:02,730 --> 00:00:06,170
+merciful We have an example We want to calculate
+
+3
+00:00:06,170 --> 00:00:09,930
+the vergence and the reduced vergence of the light
+
+4
+00:00:09,930 --> 00:00:13,090
+that started from a point point source that I
+
+5
+00:00:13,090 --> 00:00:16,330
+pointed out This point started from this point and
+
+6
+00:00:16,330 --> 00:00:18,870
+the light went through the air After 10
+
+7
+00:00:18,870 --> 00:00:20,710
+centimeters, we want to calculate the vergence and
+
+8
+00:00:20,710 --> 00:00:22,810
+the reduced vergence We say that the vergence is
+
+9
+00:00:22,810 --> 00:00:24,810
+the inverse of the distance The calculation is
+
+10
+00:00:24,810 --> 00:00:30,710
+done in the form of vergence equals one over the
+
+11
+00:00:30,710 --> 00:00:31,110
+distance
+
+12
+00:00:38,510 --> 00:00:41,010
+Divergent light is a negative divergence that
+
+13
+00:00:41,010 --> 00:00:46,070
+takes a negative sign. 1 over 10 cm becomes 1
+
+14
+00:00:46,070 --> 00:00:48,550
+meter, which is 1 out of 10 meters.
+
+15
+00:00:51,310 --> 00:00:56,290
+Minus 1 over 1 out of 10 equals minus 10and when
+
+16
+00:00:56,290 --> 00:00:58,790
+the meter is in the right place, it becomes meter
+
+17
+00:00:58,790 --> 00:01:04,510
+cos minus one meter cos minus one and then it
+
+18
+00:01:04,510 --> 00:01:09,850
+becomes minus meter
+
+19
+00:01:09,850 --> 00:01:14,210
+cos minus one this
+
+20
+00:01:14,210 --> 00:01:18,970
+is the variance let's make it smaller by minus one
+
+21
+00:01:18,970 --> 00:01:23,170
+which is cosWe say one meter minus one. Of course,
+
+22
+00:01:23,410 --> 00:01:35,110
+one meter minus one is equal to minus
+
+23
+00:01:35,110 --> 00:01:35,690
+ten
+
+24
+00:01:42,360 --> 00:01:45,080
+because the meter must be less than 1 which is
+
+25
+00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,500
+equal to minus 10 diopters minus 10 diopters is
+
+26
+00:01:48,500 --> 00:01:51,280
+the vergence the reduced vergence the reduced
+
+27
+00:01:51,280 --> 00:02:00,200
+vergence is equal to the vergence times the
+
+28
+00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:03,160
+refractive index which is n times n which is equal
+
+29
+00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:07,660
+to refractive index 1 which is minus 10 diopters
+
+30
+00:02:07,660 --> 00:02:22,650
+times 1تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+31
+00:02:22,650 --> 00:02:24,030
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+32
+00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:24,030
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+33
+00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:24,030
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+34
+00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:24,030
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+35
+00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:24,030
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+36
+00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:24,390
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+37
+00:02:24,390 --> 00:02:24,390
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+38
+00:02:24,390 --> 00:02:26,450
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+39
+00:02:26,450 --> 00:02:29,150
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرةEnded the matter,
+
+40
+00:02:29,350 --> 00:02:31,950
+minus 10 diopters, the vergence of light at a
+
+41
+00:02:31,950 --> 00:02:34,810
+distance of 10 cm from the starting point, and the
+
+42
+00:02:34,810 --> 00:02:38,350
+reduced vergence at this distance, minus 10
+
+43
+00:02:38,350 --> 00:02:40,830
+diopters. May Allah give you health and peace, and
+
+44
+00:02:40,830 --> 00:02:42,330
+His mercy and blessings are upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/RX_7k_oEJf0.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1003 @@
+
+1
+00:00:02,190 --> 00:00:06,670
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نستكمل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:06,670 --> 00:00:11,410
+Geometric Optics واتحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال
+
+3
+00:00:11,410 --> 00:00:15,470
+Transphase Magnification واتوصلنا أن ال Transphase
+
+4
+00:00:15,470 --> 00:00:19,490
+Magnification إما بيساوي ال image H على ال object
+
+5
+00:00:19,490 --> 00:00:24,500
+H أو by another equation that is equal to image
+
+6
+00:00:24,500 --> 00:00:28,180
+distance over object distance and we said that we
+
+7
+00:00:28,180 --> 00:00:30,400
+have to take care of the signs that are necessary
+
+8
+00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:33,760
+if we use the heights, let's say image hat over
+
+9
+00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:38,220
+object hat, every height under the optical axis
+
+10
+00:00:38,220 --> 00:00:41,620
+takes minus sign and every height above the
+
+11
+00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:45,960
+optical axis takes plus sign regardless of the
+
+12
+00:00:45,960 --> 00:00:49,140
+height of the image or object when we move to the
+
+13
+00:00:49,140 --> 00:00:52,380
+second equation which transfers magnification
+
+14
+00:00:52,380 --> 00:00:55,580
+which is image distance over object distance we
+
+15
+00:00:55,580 --> 00:00:57,520
+say that the distance to the right of the optical
+
+16
+00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:00,080
+system or the right of the lens is considered plus
+
+17
+00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,940
+and the distance to the left of the optical system
+
+18
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:06,620
+is considered minus today we will take angular
+
+19
+00:01:06,620 --> 00:01:13,540
+magnification which is the ratio of angular height
+
+20
+00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,990
+subtended by an object seen by the eye through a
+
+21
+00:01:17,990 --> 00:01:22,050
+magnifying lens to the angular head subtended by
+
+22
+00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:26,470
+the same object viewed without the magnifying lens
+
+23
+00:01:26,470 --> 00:01:33,520
+لو احنا قلنا احنا حابين نطلع على object معين on a
+
+24
+00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:37,460
+certain object using a lens, using a lens If we go
+
+25
+00:01:37,460 --> 00:01:40,400
+to the magnifying glass, it will be clearer Using
+
+26
+00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:43,020
+a lens, we will see this lens which is the
+
+27
+00:01:43,020 --> 00:01:45,860
+magnifier or the magnifying glass or the blast
+
+28
+00:01:45,860 --> 00:01:50,340
+lens We see this magnified body If we remove the
+
+29
+00:01:50,340 --> 00:01:54,300
+lens and try to look at it, we see its true size
+
+30
+00:01:54,300 --> 00:02:00,520
+Actually, the angular magnification Or the angle of
+
+31
+00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:03,620
+magnification, the angle of magnification is the
+
+32
+00:02:03,620 --> 00:02:07,100
+ratio of the angle of magnification, the angular
+
+33
+00:02:07,100 --> 00:02:08,280
+height, which means how much is the angle of
+
+34
+00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:14,220
+magnification that this body does with me by means
+
+35
+00:02:14,220 --> 00:02:17,160
+of a magnifying glass, not its height or the angle
+
+36
+00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:19,840
+it makes with my eye without the magnifying glass
+
+37
+00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:25,880
+Now, this is the person who looks at this body or
+
+38
+00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:28,060
+the image of this body Why do we say image?
+
+39
+00:02:28,160 --> 00:02:31,430
+Because through the lens we see the image ما بنشوف
+
+40
+00:02:31,430 --> 00:02:34,930
+الجسم الحقيقي يعني كل إنسان بتطلع من خلال عدسة
+
+41
+00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:40,950
+بشوف صورة الجسم اللي هو بتطلع عليه فبالتالي الآن
+
+42
+00:02:40,950 --> 00:02:44,050
+أنا بتطلع من خلال هذه العدسة المكبرة أو ال
+
+43
+00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:48,790
+magnifier بطلع
+
+44
+00:02:48,790 --> 00:02:53,870
+و بشوف جداش بعمل مع عيني مع عيني
+
+45
+00:02:58,460 --> 00:03:03,100
+فبالتالي بعمل زاوية معينة مع عيني، هذه الزاوية
+
+46
+00:03:03,100 --> 00:03:07,520
+بدنا نفرض إنه و أنا بتطلع عليه من ال magnifier عمل
+
+47
+00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:12,220
+زاوية أربعين degree، أربعين degree مع عيني، من قمة
+
+48
+00:03:12,220 --> 00:03:17,060
+هذا الصورة، لا أسفلها It makes an angle with my eye
+
+49
+00:03:17,060 --> 00:03:21,960
+that is 40 degrees. Okay, I removed the magnifying
+
+50
+00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:24,720
+glass and started looking at the body directly, so
+
+51
+00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:29,260
+we assume that it makes an angle with my eye that
+
+52
+00:03:29,260 --> 00:03:32,540
+is 20 degrees. So with the magnifying glass, it
+
+53
+00:03:32,540 --> 00:03:36,410
+made 40 degrees with an angle of 40 degrees without
+
+54
+00:03:36,410 --> 00:03:39,450
+the magnified lens being 20 degrees so the
+
+55
+00:03:39,450 --> 00:03:42,290
+magnification ratio of the angle is approximately
+
+56
+00:03:42,290 --> 00:03:45,510
+2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+57
+00:03:45,510 --> 00:03:45,630
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+58
+00:03:45,630 --> 00:03:45,970
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+59
+00:03:45,970 --> 00:03:47,210
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+60
+00:03:47,210 --> 00:03:47,710
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+61
+00:03:47,710 --> 00:03:49,070
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+62
+00:03:49,070 --> 00:03:49,150
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+63
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:51,450
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 times 2
+
+64
+00:03:51,450 --> 00:04:01,670
+times 2 times 2 times 2 times or the angle without
+
+65
+00:04:01,670 --> 00:04:04,750
+the magnifying lens, without the magnifying lens,
+
+66
+00:04:05,050 --> 00:04:08,570
+so this is what is meant by angular magnification
+
+67
+00:04:08,570 --> 00:04:14,010
+So,
+
+68
+00:04:14,170 --> 00:04:18,110
+the ratio of angular height subtended, which is
+
+69
+00:04:18,110 --> 00:04:22,360
+done by an object بواسطة الجسم seen by the eye
+
+70
+00:04:22,360 --> 00:04:26,720
+through a magnifying lens على ال angular head
+
+71
+00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:30,620
+subtended المعمول by the same object viewed
+
+72
+00:04:30,620 --> 00:04:34,880
+without magnifying lens يعني أنا اتطلعت على جسم
+
+73
+00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,720
+بدون أي واسطة بدون عدسات و هذا الجسم اللي أنا
+
+74
+00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:43,060
+بتطلع عليه عمل
+
+75
+00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:47,260
+زاوية معيني زاوية معينة بعدين قررت أشوف هذا الجسم
+
+76
+00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:53,540
+by using a magnifier or a magnifying glass So I
+
+77
+00:04:53,540 --> 00:04:56,640
+saw this body magnified Why did I see it
+
+78
+00:04:56,640 --> 00:04:59,740
+magnified? Because the magnifying glass made a
+
+79
+00:04:59,740 --> 00:05:02,300
+picture of it This picture makes an angle with my
+
+80
+00:05:02,300 --> 00:05:08,960
+eye bigger than what the real body made without
+
+81
+00:05:08,960 --> 00:05:12,880
+the magnifying glass So the real body made 10
+
+82
+00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:15,620
+degrees with my eye at a distance of one meter I
+
+83
+00:05:15,620 --> 00:05:17,520
+will leave the object at a distance of one meter,
+
+84
+00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:20,700
+but I will use in my vision a magnifying glass Now
+
+85
+00:05:20,700 --> 00:05:26,800
+I saw it magnified a lot because the magnifying
+
+86
+00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:28,960
+glass made a picture of it This picture makes a
+
+87
+00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:32,660
+corner with an eye of 25 degrees So without the
+
+88
+00:05:32,660 --> 00:05:35,960
+magnifying glass, the object itself works with an
+
+89
+00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:40,200
+eye of 10 degrees Through the magnifying glass, a
+
+90
+00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:41,860
+picture was created of it This picture works with
+
+91
+00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:46,010
+an eye of 25 degrees اذا نسبة التكبير الزاوي أو ال
+
+92
+00:05:46,010 --> 00:05:51,030
+angular magnification مرتين و نص بدل عشرة صار خمسة
+
+93
+00:05:51,030 --> 00:05:54,950
+و عشرين يعني كبر مرتين و نص أو صار الزاوية اللي
+
+94
+00:05:54,950 --> 00:06:00,810
+بيعملها مع عيني مرتين و نص ضعف ما كانت أول على
+
+95
+00:06:00,810 --> 00:06:08,130
+فكرة أي شيء بدأ أشوفه بعيني لازم يعمل ارتفاع زاوية
+
+96
+00:06:08,130 --> 00:06:12,590
+زاوية مع العين لو أنا انسان واقف واقف بالقرب مني I
+
+97
+00:06:12,590 --> 00:06:17,610
+will see that he is 1.70 meters tall. This person
+
+98
+00:06:17,610 --> 00:06:20,770
+started walking away from me while I was watching
+
+99
+00:06:20,770 --> 00:06:24,250
+him. He became 100 meters or 200 meters away. I
+
+100
+00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:27,430
+started to see that his size is very small. What
+
+101
+00:06:27,430 --> 00:06:29,990
+is the reason? Did his size really change or did
+
+102
+00:06:29,990 --> 00:06:33,070
+his height really increase? The truth is no, his
+
+103
+00:06:33,070 --> 00:06:36,110
+height is the same, it does not change, okay? But
+
+104
+00:06:36,110 --> 00:06:38,830
+what changes is that when he became far away, the
+
+105
+00:06:38,830 --> 00:06:43,010
+angle that he makes with my eye صغيرة كتير فبالتالي
+
+106
+00:06:43,010 --> 00:06:51,850
+يعني أصبح يعني يبدو ليه صغيرة أصبح يبدو ليه صغيرة
+
+107
+00:06:52,090 --> 00:06:54,730
+Another example on this topic clarifies the idea,
+
+108
+00:06:55,010 --> 00:06:59,290
+if I hold a metal metal piece and I look at the
+
+109
+00:06:59,290 --> 00:07:03,190
+sun and I start to put the metal piece and bring
+
+110
+00:07:03,190 --> 00:07:05,590
+it closer to my eye, there will be a certain
+
+111
+00:07:05,590 --> 00:07:08,610
+moment that through the metal piece I completely
+
+112
+00:07:08,610 --> 00:07:11,750
+hide the sun's rays, I keep trying and trying
+
+113
+00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:16,790
+until I only see the metal piece and not the sun's
+
+114
+00:07:16,790 --> 00:07:19,890
+rays at all Does it mean that the metal piece is
+
+115
+00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:23,030
+bigger than the sun? Of course not, because the
+
+116
+00:07:23,030 --> 00:07:25,630
+sun is bigger than the ball of earth, than the
+
+117
+00:07:25,630 --> 00:07:28,430
+earth ball, all of them are about a million times
+
+118
+00:07:28,430 --> 00:07:30,690
+bigger than it, that is nine times inside it,
+
+119
+00:07:30,990 --> 00:07:34,190
+about a million earth balls, but what does it mean
+
+120
+00:07:34,190 --> 00:07:38,760
+that this small metal piece So it covered the huge
+
+121
+00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:45,440
+sun because of the huge distance from the earth
+
+122
+00:07:45,440 --> 00:07:49,480
+which is 150 million kilometers, it makes a
+
+123
+00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:52,160
+certain angle with my eye Now when I tried the
+
+124
+00:07:52,160 --> 00:07:55,780
+metal piece in front of my eye and I reached a
+
+125
+00:07:55,780 --> 00:08:00,140
+certain distance, the metal piece made a certain
+
+126
+00:08:00,140 --> 00:08:03,050
+angle with my eye bigger than what the sun made, so
+
+127
+00:08:03,050 --> 00:08:07,310
+it became bigger and covered the sun's axis in a
+
+128
+00:08:07,310 --> 00:08:11,830
+big way in a big way now this is the idea of
+
+129
+00:08:11,830 --> 00:08:14,030
+angular magnification and the idea of angular
+
+130
+00:08:14,030 --> 00:08:19,510
+magnification that it is the ratio of the angle
+
+131
+00:08:19,510 --> 00:08:23,830
+that the body makes or the shape of the body by
+
+132
+00:08:23,830 --> 00:08:33,090
+using magnifier with إلى الزاوية اللى بيعملها الجسم
+
+133
+00:08:33,090 --> 00:08:36,690
+نفسه بدون ال magnifier بدون ال magnifier By
+
+134
+00:08:36,690 --> 00:08:40,330
+convention, the standard viewing distance for this
+
+135
+00:08:40,330 --> 00:08:44,710
+comparison is خمسة و عشرين سانتي Scientists came to
+
+136
+00:08:44,710 --> 00:08:47,250
+know that we need to fix the distance, to
+
+137
+00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:50,350
+calculate the angular magnification I can
+
+138
+00:08:50,350 --> 00:08:52,310
+calculate it on any distance, but they came to
+
+139
+00:08:52,310 --> 00:08:55,810
+know that the standard distance is 25 centimeters
+
+140
+00:08:55,810 --> 00:08:57,850
+or a quarter of a meter, a quarter of a meter So
+
+141
+00:08:57,850 --> 00:09:00,110
+if you want to know the angular magnification,
+
+142
+00:09:00,230 --> 00:09:04,790
+which you do with any lens, any lens I go and get
+
+143
+00:09:04,790 --> 00:09:07,970
+a body a quarter of a meter away, I look at this
+
+144
+00:09:07,970 --> 00:09:10,770
+body a quarter of a meter away with the naked eye
+
+145
+00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:13,740
+and I see how much it makes an angle with my eye
+
+146
+00:09:13,740 --> 00:09:17,020
+and then I put a magnifier in front of my eye and
+
+147
+00:09:17,020 --> 00:09:19,900
+I see this object which is the same object at a
+
+148
+00:09:19,900 --> 00:09:22,460
+distance of 25 centimeters I see its image now
+
+149
+00:09:22,460 --> 00:09:25,240
+through the magnifier how much it made an angle
+
+150
+00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:28,660
+with my eye the magnification ratio in this angle
+
+151
+00:09:28,660 --> 00:09:31,480
+is considered the angular magnification that is if
+
+152
+00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:33,580
+this object which is at a distance of 25
+
+153
+00:09:33,580 --> 00:09:36,220
+centimeters made an angle with my eye of 10
+
+154
+00:09:36,220 --> 00:09:42,750
+degrees and through the magnifier عمل خمسين دجري او
+
+155
+00:09:42,750 --> 00:09:46,770
+صورته عملت خمسين دجري معناته الزاوية كبرت خمس مرات
+
+156
+00:09:46,770 --> 00:09:50,450
+فبتالي ال angular magnification ضرب خمسة اذا for
+
+157
+00:09:50,450 --> 00:09:54,330
+a small angle the angular magnification provided
+
+158
+00:09:54,330 --> 00:09:58,770
+by a simple magnifier is independent of the actual
+
+159
+00:09:58,770 --> 00:10:03,200
+object site means in the small angles that are
+
+160
+00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:05,960
+processed with the eye through the bodies it has
+
+161
+00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:08,240
+nothing to do with the size of the real body
+
+162
+00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:12,700
+rather we bring the angular magnification through
+
+163
+00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:16,580
+a very simple equation you say that the angular
+
+164
+00:10:16,580 --> 00:10:19,060
+magnification is equal to a quarter from where did
+
+165
+00:10:19,060 --> 00:10:20,820
+the word quarter come from? from a quarter of a
+
+166
+00:10:20,820 --> 00:10:23,840
+meter the measurements in the geometric optics are
+
+167
+00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:26,560
+all in meters not in centimeters what happened in
+
+168
+00:10:26,560 --> 00:10:28,940
+the manuscripts and this is what happened in the
+
+169
+00:10:28,940 --> 00:10:33,550
+prismatics هنيجيها في وقتها، اذا ربع متر ضرب ال P
+
+170
+00:10:33,550 --> 00:10:37,170
+اللي هو ال power بتاعة ال magnifier، يعني لو انا
+
+171
+00:10:37,170 --> 00:10:41,570
+عندى .. لو انا عندى magnifier .. magnifier قوته
+
+172
+00:10:41,570 --> 00:10:45,490
+plus عشرين، طبعا هنا المعادلة ربع في P يعني يسوى P
+
+173
+00:10:45,490 --> 00:10:49,490
+على اربع، هنافسة M تسوى P على اربع، يعني عشان نعرف
+
+174
+00:10:49,490 --> 00:10:53,350
+ال magnification تاع اي magnifier تاع اي magnifier
+
+175
+00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:59,040
+عشان نعرف ال magnification تاع أي magnifier، بنجسم
+
+176
+00:10:59,040 --> 00:11:02,740
+ال power تاعت ال magnifier على أربعة، على أربعة لو
+
+177
+00:11:02,740 --> 00:11:06,420
+ال magnifier plusو عشرين، بنجسمه عشرين على أربعة
+
+178
+00:11:06,420 --> 00:11:10,780
+يعني ضرب خمسة، ضرب خمسة، إيش يعني ضرب خمسة؟ يعني
+
+179
+00:11:10,780 --> 00:11:15,870
+لو بدأ أستخدم هذا ال magnifier لرؤية object ما It
+
+180
+00:11:15,870 --> 00:11:18,850
+will make a magnification in the angle that this
+
+181
+00:11:18,850 --> 00:11:23,370
+object makes with my eye by 5 times, 20 by 4 Of
+
+182
+00:11:23,370 --> 00:11:26,730
+course, it is known in advance that as long as it
+
+183
+00:11:26,730 --> 00:11:29,810
+is divided by 4, it means that the distance is a
+
+184
+00:11:29,810 --> 00:11:31,750
+quarter of a meter, which is the approximate
+
+185
+00:11:31,750 --> 00:11:34,030
+distance on it And it is the approximate distance
+
+186
+00:11:34,030 --> 00:11:38,130
+on it Of course, it is clear from the picture that
+
+187
+00:11:38,130 --> 00:11:41,260
+through the magnifier, the angle is greater هذه
+
+188
+00:11:41,260 --> 00:11:44,460
+الزاوية اللى بعملها معينى بدون ال magnifier وهذه
+
+189
+00:11:44,460 --> 00:11:48,060
+الزاوية اللى بتعملها صورة الجسم الان بنتبطل نحكى
+
+190
+00:11:48,060 --> 00:11:51,140
+عن الجسم لإنه أنا بتطلع من خلال ال magnifier أنا
+
+191
+00:11:51,1
+
+223
+00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:53,000
+axial magnification هل الصورة اطمططت ولا انكمشت
+
+224
+00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:57,080
+بالعرض؟ هذا بيسموه ال axial ايش؟ magnification ال
+
+225
+00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:04,100
+axial magnification طيب ال axial magnification is
+
+226
+00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:09,320
+measured along the optical axis او is known ..
+
+227
+00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:13,890
+also is known as longitudinal magnification
+
+228
+00:14:13,890 --> 00:14:16,990
+measured along the optical axis for small
+
+229
+00:14:16,990 --> 00:14:20,010
+distances around the image plane Axial
+
+230
+00:14:20,010 --> 00:14:23,350
+magnification is the square of the transverse
+
+231
+00:14:23,350 --> 00:14:27,350
+magnification The equation of axial magnification
+
+232
+00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:31,390
+is equal to transverse magnification squared
+
+233
+00:14:31,390 --> 00:14:35,730
+Transverse magnification squared To summarize all
+
+234
+00:14:35,730 --> 00:14:38,870
+the things that we talked about, we say as follows
+
+235
+00:14:38,870 --> 00:14:41,810
+We have three types of magnification, and
+
+236
+00:14:41,810 --> 00:14:44,850
+magnification is the first attribute of the image
+
+237
+00:14:45,410 --> 00:14:48,330
+The magnification is the first attribute of the
+
+238
+00:14:48,330 --> 00:14:50,010
+image attributes We have the transfers
+
+239
+00:14:50,010 --> 00:14:54,730
+magnification whose equation is equal to image
+
+240
+00:14:54,730 --> 00:14:58,290
+height over object height or equal to image
+
+241
+00:14:58,290 --> 00:15:01,540
+distance over object distance We have another kind
+
+242
+00:15:01,540 --> 00:15:05,560
+of magnification which is angular magnification
+
+243
+00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:09,520
+Which is the ratio of the angle of any object
+
+244
+00:15:09,520 --> 00:15:14,960
+through a magnifying glass to the angle of the
+
+245
+00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:17,800
+same object without the magnifying glass And if
+
+246
+00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:20,900
+the term and the consensus is that the distance
+
+247
+00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:24,160
+should be constant 25 cm which is a quarter of a
+
+248
+00:15:24,160 --> 00:15:28,430
+meter Sometimes the angular magnification is equal
+
+249
+00:15:28,430 --> 00:15:31,050
+to a quarter of P, where P is the power of the
+
+250
+00:15:31,050 --> 00:15:34,670
+magnifier Or it can be modified mathematically,
+
+251
+00:15:34,970 --> 00:15:38,330
+where M is equal to 1 over 4 into P, where P is
+
+252
+00:15:38,330 --> 00:15:42,930
+equal to 4, which is the power of the magnifier We
+
+253
+00:15:42,930 --> 00:15:45,690
+say that the angular magnification of a magnifier
+
+254
+00:15:45,690 --> 00:15:48,430
+with a force of 20 is equal to 5, because it is 20
+
+255
+00:15:48,430 --> 00:15:51,350
+over 4. Okay, for a magnifier with a force of 10,
+
+256
+00:15:51,510 --> 00:15:55,530
+10 over 4 is 2 and a half times, what does 2 and a
+
+257
+00:15:55,530 --> 00:15:57,550
+half times mean? It means that through this
+
+258
+00:15:57,550 --> 00:16:00,990
+magnifier, a body standing a quarter of a meter
+
+259
+00:16:00,990 --> 00:16:04,730
+away, through the magnifier, makes an angle twice
+
+260
+00:16:04,730 --> 00:16:07,390
+and a half times larger than the angle it makes
+
+261
+00:16:07,390 --> 00:16:10,310
+without the magnifier. The third type of
+
+262
+00:16:10,310 --> 00:16:15,130
+magnification is axial magnification, which is the
+
+263
+00:16:15,130 --> 00:16:20,390
+latitude or the longitudinal along the optical
+
+264
+00:16:20,390 --> 00:16:25,410
+axis in the image compared to the object And we
+
+265
+00:16:25,410 --> 00:16:27,710
+said, how do we know that the image is vertically
+
+266
+00:16:27,710 --> 00:16:31,670
+flattened or vertically flattened? We say as
+
+267
+00:16:31,670 --> 00:16:36,160
+follows that by .. by .. by ..The closest point or
+
+268
+00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:38,560
+the most .. which means that the left is anterior
+
+269
+00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:40,740
+because we start from the left and go to the right
+
+270
+00:16:40,740 --> 00:16:44,000
+Here we say anterior, which means that the more to
+
+271
+00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:47,660
+the left, the more anterior it is, and the more to
+
+272
+00:16:47,660 --> 00:16:50,480
+the right, the more posterior it is The most
+
+273
+00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:53,420
+advanced point in the object and the most distant
+
+274
+00:16:53,420 --> 00:16:57,640
+point in the object We compare them with the most
+
+275
+00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:01,460
+advanced point in the image and the most distant
+
+276
+00:17:01,460 --> 00:17:04,810
+point in the image We see if the image is stretched
+
+277
+00:17:04,810 --> 00:17:09,190
+or flattened or remained as it is Unless the
+
+278
+00:17:09,190 --> 00:17:13,690
+magnification equation is equal to the transverse
+
+279
+00:17:13,690 --> 00:17:16,930
+magnification square Transverse magnification
+
+280
+00:17:16,930 --> 00:17:20,930
+square We will stop in the next lecture, we will
+
+281
+00:17:20,930 --> 00:17:24,310
+start with the image location and give you the
+
+282
+00:17:24,310 --> 00:17:24,510
+example