akshay0701/DocumentIDEFICS_QA · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 7 10	query stringclasses 1 value	answers stringlengths 7 2.87k
train_0	What is described in this image?	Table 1 The main phase transition temperatures (Tm), full width at half maximum (ΔT1/ 2) and enthalpies of the main phase transitions (ΔH) for increased cholecalciferol concentrations in DPPC MLVs.
train_1	What is described in this image?	Table 4 The thermal denaturation parameters of HEWL-PR/PG systems with various proportion.
train_2	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4. DSC thermograms of CMC-CHPS films.
train_3	What is described in this image?	Fig. 5 Thermal hysteresis values as functions of thermal cycling rate and cycle number
train_4	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4. DMA data for the same thermoplastic starch as in Fig. 3: storage modulus (E %), loss modulus (E¦) and tan d.
train_5	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2 –Differential scanning calorimetry thermographs of the tested files. A, R-Motion file; B, OneCurve file; C, HyFlex EDM file. TaggedEnd
train_6	What is described in this image?	Fig. 7. Microphotographs of corn starch samples – K1 (a), K2 (b), and K3 (c). K1 (untreated), K2 (ultrasound bath – 15 min), and K3 (ultrasound bath – 30 min).
train_7	What is described in this image?	Table 3 Calculated formation energy of Co3X with the L12 structure, Co3X with the D019 structure and CoX with the B2 structure by the first-principles method using constituent pure elements as reference state. Calculated lattice constant with experimental data [30] and calculated magnetic moment are also shown.
train_8	What is described in this image?	Figure 7. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis of kraft lignin purification fractions: L1 (blue), L2 (red), L3 (green), and L4 (purple).
train_9	What is described in this image?	Fig. 11. lnða=T2Þ versus ð1000=TÞ for Ge20Te80 glass at different x.
train_10	What is described in this image?	Figure 4. Glass transition stage on DSC heating curve, scanning rate of 10 °C/min, initial (Tgonset), medium (Tgmid) and end (Tgend) temperature
train_11	What is described in this image?	Table 2 Onset temperatures and enthalpies of transition (melting and solidification) for three samples of AA 99%, AA99.5%, and PT151® including standard uncertainties, p= (101.1 ± 0.6) kPa.
train_12	What is described in this image?	Fig. 6 A typical thermogram and pressure history of methanol vapor pressure measurement.
train_13	What is described in this image?	Fig. 13. Temperature-modulated DSC, sample pre-cured for 240 min at 180 C, underlying heating rate 10 K/min, modulation amplitude 1.6 K, modulation period 60 s.
train_14	What is described in this image?	Figure 3. Normalized Raman spectra (3000-2800 cm-1) of DL-norvaline at several temperatures as indicated.
train_15	What is described in this image?	Table 1 Glass transition temperature and melting parameters of PVA and PVA/graphene nanocomposites.
train_16	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4.18 Schematic representation of comparison of IR spectra of unknown compound with that of known one
train_17	What is described in this image?	FIG. 6. Specific heat excess in (a) PZ single crystal26 and PZ nanopowder in heating (red plots) and cooling cycles (blue plots), (b) 0.98PZ-0.02BF (green triangles) and 0.96PZ-0.04BF (brown circles) nanopowders both in heating cycle. T1, TC, T2 indicates the phase transition temperature points.
train_18	What is described in this image?	Fig. 7. XRD profiles of (a) neat PLA, (b) PLA/GF-5, (c) PLA/GF-10, (d) PLA/GF-15, a
train_19	What is described in this image?	Figure 11. Temperature dependence of loss factor tan δ (a) and storage modulus E0 (b) of ESL thermosets. The equivalent ratios of epoxide to anhydride are 1:0.5, 1:0.4, and 1:0.3.
train_20	What is described in this image?	Table 3. Thermal Characteristics of STZ, SDM and PVP
train_21	What is described in this image?	Fig. 13.3 Schematic representation of wet packing of column
train_22	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4. Dependence of (negative) phase angle at 1008C (i.e. in glassy state) on frequency for polycarbonate (11.80 mg) evaluated by dynamic ADSC with an amplitude AT 1.0 K and an average heating rate b 0.5 K/min. The dashed line represents the relationship between and ! defined by Eq. (10).
train_23	What is described in this image?	Figure 5. 2D-SAXS of melt-quenched PLLA-PEG-PLLA copolymer (a) and its corresponding one-dimensional profile (b).
train_24	What is described in this image?	Figure 2. Isochronal dielectric loss, ε”, as a function of temperature for PHB before and after processing by extrusion from 10–1 to 105 Hz.
train_25	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2. TEM micrograph of CNW. The sample was obtained by evaporating CNW water solution (ca. 2.7 10 6 wt.%) on a formvar-coated copper grid.
train_26	What is described in this image?	Figure 4. Real-time evolution of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity, ε00(f), during isothermal cold-crystallization: only some representative loss spectra are illustrated, the two first spectra being 180 s apart and the following being 360 s apart. The α-process dominates the spectra, and the secondary relaxation influences the spectra in the high frequency side, while a low frequency process is needed to adequately simulate the loss data. Solid lines are the overall fit where a sum of 3 HN individual processes was considered (see text); these 3 HNprocesses are exemplified forTcr = 220 K for the spectrum taken at 720 s (thicker solid line). For Tcr = 219 K, the logarithmic derivative of the real permittivity is represented for some crystallization times as gray thicker solid lines, allowing one to eliminate the conductivity contribution from ε00. For Tcr = 221 K, POM microphotographs taken at the initial time and after 1800 s were included; a scale-up of the grainy morphology observed at tcr = 1800 s is shown later in Figure 7. The inset represents the evolution of the respective real part ε0(f).
train_27	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4 Cole–Cole plot of C0 electrolyte at a 313 K, b 323 K, c 333 K, and d 343 K
train_28	What is described in this image?	Fig. 7. Thermal conductivity enhancement as a function of kMLG/kpcm.
train_29	What is described in this image?	Table 1 Characteristic parameters for the crystallization of the Cu0.3(SSe20)0.7 chalcogenide glass
train_30	What is described in this image?	Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of (a) as-received -SiC nanoparticles; (b) -SiC coated with acid and oxidative agent; PPy nanocomposites with a particle loading of (c) 25%, (d) 10%, (e) 5%, and (f) 1.8%; and (g) pure polypyrrole.
train_31	What is described in this image?	Figure 3. DSC curve for alkanol C14H29OH.
train_32	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4. Variations of compressive strength as a function of NMK content at 28 days of curing.
train_33	What is described in this image?	Fig. 5. DSC curves of pure SAT and modified SAT samples with 2.0 wt% DHPD and different contents of CMC additive during the melting process.
train_34	What is described in this image?	Fig. 10. Storage and loss moduli for SEBS as a function of temp
train_35	What is described in this image?	Fig. 1. Ricinolein, major component of castor oil.
train_36	What is described in this image?	Fig. 5 Exponent n for the Bean and Rodbell model. Temperature dependence of the field exponent of the magnetic entropy change for cases ranging from SOPT (η≤ 1) to FOPT (η > 1) shows that values above 2
train_37	What is described in this image?	Table 2 DSC data of neat PLA and PLA blends.
train_38	What is described in this image?	Fig. 6. Comparison of the reversing heat flow curves for CAS1 through the glass transition obtained with varying (a) underlying heating rate for constant modulation amplitude (A=5K) and period (P=150 s) and (b) frequency for constant heating rate (β=2K/min) and amplitude (A=5K).
train_39	What is described in this image?	Fig. 8. OCM images of droplet containing 25 mM sodium citrate buffer without and with 100 mM cryoprotectant upon heating at various rates taken before complete melting (scale bar indicates 500 µm).
train_40	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2. Variation in relative tan(d) with temperature by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, (A) for untreated milled straw at ambient atmospheric moisture, and (B) untreated milled straw in water saturated condition, (C) water saturated straw residue from auto-hydrothermal treatment at 200 C, and (D) water saturated residue from autoclave acid-hydrothermal treatment with 0.1 M H2SO4 at 121 C.
train_41	What is described in this image?	Figure 8. DSC results for poly(methyl acrylate) in the dry (1) state and in various other states of rehydration. Curve 2 is for a partially hydrated sample, and curve 3 is for a nearly fully hydrated sample. Curve 4, suppressed on the vertical scale by 100-fold, represents the problem incurred when the rehydration process is allowed to progress to the point of water whitening (blushing).
train_42	What is described in this image?	Figure 11. Relative length change of Fe1.5Y0.5Mo3O12 and Fe1.2Y0.8Mo3O12 with temperature.
train_43	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4. First derivative trace of DSC heating curve of cod mince with different water content. The water content was (a) 0.83, (b) 0.80, (c) 0.75, (d) 0.70, (e) 0.68, (f) 0.49 and (g) 0.22 g water/g wet sample. DSC protocol: cooled to 140 C (hold for 2min), heated to 20 C (hold for 10min), cooled to 140 C (hold for 2min) and heated to 15 C. Scanning rate was 10 C/min in heating runs and 30 C/min in cooling runs.
train_44	What is described in this image?	Fig. 3. TEM, SAED, and HRTEM micrographs of as-cast Mg98Ho1.5Fe0.5 alloy after full hydrogen absorption (a, b) and full hydrogen desorption (c, d).
train_45	What is described in this image?	Fig. 5. DSC thermograms of the neat and SAPO-34.
train_46	What is described in this image?	Fig. 9. The onset of Triton X-100-induced solubilization of sterol-free and sterol-containing POPC vesicles (representative plots). Aliquots (5 Al) of a 10 mM Triton X-100 solution were injected into a cuvette initially containing 1.5 ml of vesicle suspension. The initial phospholipid concentration was 0.5 mM. The intensity of the scattered light was determined subsequent to every injection and the measured values were normalized to the initial intensity (100%).
train_47	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves (a) heating, (b) cooling; for EHN treated PB10P10 biodiesel blends.
train_48	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the MoS2, pure PVA and PVA3 nanocomposite.
train_49	What is described in this image?	Figure 6. FT-IR spectra for crosslinked PEGDA/LiTFSI PEM as a function of LiTFSI salt concentration ranging from 0 (100/0) to 67 wt % (33/67 equiv to 28 mol %): (a) CH2 symmetric and asymmetric stretching at 2864 cm−1, (b) C−O−C symmetric and asymmetric stretching at 1091 cm−1, (c) CH2 rocking of both trans (848 cm−1) and gauche (944 cm−1) modes of the O−CH2−CH2−O bond at 0−40 wt % salt concentrations and (d) 40−67 wt % salt concentrations.
train_50	What is described in this image?	Table 1 Reported Precipitated CO2 Kraft Lignin Molecular Weight Values for Two Areas of the Elution Curve Measured by Light Scattering
train_51	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4. Evaluation of activation energy (Eq. 1) for α-relaxation in trehalose and sucrose.
train_52	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2 FT-IR spectra of (a) sucrose linseedate (SL) and epoxidized sucrose linseedate (ESL); (b) sucrose soyate B6 (SSB6) and epoxidized sucrose soyate B6 (ESSB6).
train_53	What is described in this image?	Fig. 7. Isothermal crystallization of neat and modified PLA and PBAT polymers at 75 C during 60 min.
train_54	What is described in this image?	Figure 5. Tg,onset* of the fully gelatinized starch gels at different water contents: (a) waxy corn starch, (b) normal corn starch, (c) potato starch, and (d) pea starch. Error bars extend one standard deviation above and below the average.
train_55	What is described in this image?	Table 1 Literature values for the temperature of the solid–solid phase transitions of rubidium nitrate
train_56	What is described in this image?	Fig. 1. XRD patterns of wool fibers, KP3 particles and KP5 particles.
train_57	What is described in this image?	Figure 6. DSC curve of an Al0.78Si0.22 sample, heating rate of 10 ◦C · min−1.
train_58	What is described in this image?	Fig. 13 Photographic sequence during thermolysis of 0.5LiBH4–0.5KBH4 at 10 1C minute 1 under argon and evolved gases maintained at 1 bar.
train_59	What is described in this image?	Figure 16. Calorimetric 1stS (upper) and 2ndS (lower) curves for PVP film with average thickness of about 0.8 nm. TANN ) 80 °C. Curves are smoothed for clarity by 31-point second-order polynomial Savitzky-Golay filter. The 2ndS curve is the average of eight scans. The heating/cooling rate ratio is about 25 for 2ndS curve and about 20 000 for 1stS curve. Curves offset for clarity.
train_60	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4 XRD patterns of neat chitosan films (a), with 20 % GLY (b), 40 % GLY (c), 20 % SOR (d) and 40 % SOR (e)
train_61	What is described in this image?	Fig. 5 From top to bottom: ratio of growth rate of felodipine in the absence of any polymer to that of felodipine in the presence of 3% PVP (o), 3% PVP/VA (*), 3% HPMCAS (D) and 3% PVAc (,). Polymer effectiveness increases with decreasing temperature. Solid lines represent best fit lines following linear regression.
train_62	What is described in this image?	Table 3 The mechanical properties of the 50% reduction steel after different annealing processes.
train_63	What is described in this image?	Figure 8: DSC of the eutectic mixture of capric acid: menthol at the mass ratio of 1:4. Note: The unit of measurement of x-axis is oC
train_64	What is described in this image?	Figure 6. First DSC and dilatometry cycles (right) of Ti–21.5Nb in relation to the Ti–Nb phase diagrams (left). Gray areas represent the miscibility gaps in the metastable ω/β phase diagram.
train_65	What is described in this image?	Fig. 1. SEM images: (a–b) EG particles; (c–d) the LiNO3/KCl–EG composite.
train_66	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2. Typical melting peaks of the input function Φ(t) (dashed curves) and the heat flow Φm(t) (solid curve) according to Eq. (11). (a): Curves of two different heating rates. The melting events start at t0. The dotted lines are the tangents for determination of the onset temperature. The slope of these lines is the same than that of the input functions. (b): Peak with tangents ϑ to determine the onset. For the peak with te-t0 > 3⋅τlag is the onset at t0+τlag. For the narrower peak the onset shifts to shorter times.
train_67	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4. SEM images of pure salt eutectic (the base of nanofluid (Li2CO3: K2CO3)).
train_68	What is described in this image?	Fig. 7. Total mass loss profiles of the PCMs.
train_69	What is described in this image?	Table 3 Assignment of Bands in FT-Raman Spectra of Softwood and Hardwood Milled Wood Lignins (MWLs)
train_70	What is described in this image?	Figure 3. Surface tension of PHMB in water, measured by the pendant drop method. The black lines represent curve fitting for power law (triangles) and exponential decay (squares).
train_71	What is described in this image?	Figure 8. SEM images (a, b) and EDS (c, d) data of quenched front (φ = 1.25).
train_72	What is described in this image?	Table 5. Selected Crystallographic Parameters and Refinement Details from Powder Data for Compounds 4−6III
train_73	What is described in this image?	Fig. 1. X-Ray powder diffraction pattern of as-grown ε-Ga2O3 thin film.
train_74	What is described in this image?	Figure 1. FTIR spectra of TPI1 and the intermediate poly(amic acid), TPA1. Transmittance scales offset for clarity.
train_75	What is described in this image?	Fig. 5. Variation of elastic modulus versus UV-exposure time.
train_76	What is described in this image?	Fig. 10 – SEM micrographs from fractured surfaces of flexural spe PEEK/laser (1.0 wt%) + PEES/glass fiber. (a) and (c) were taken fro correspond to matrix-rich areas. The dashed arrows point out S
train_77	What is described in this image?	Fig. 14.4 Schematic representation of total-volume injection method for sample injection into the column
train_78	What is described in this image?	Table 8 Size intervals, average sizes pores and anisotropy index for analysed materials.
train_79	What is described in this image?	Fig. 10 Identification of three phases in the microstructure of Bit-C using AFM (scale of left figure is 10 9 10 lm) showing phase contrast left and topography right, The left picture shows a freshly prepared sample, the right picture shows the same sample aged at room temperature for about 3 weeks (courtesy Lab 8)
train_80	What is described in this image?	Fig. 4 Exemplary curves DSC of ice melting in pores of the modified silica gels series Si-xm-liq (a) and course of temperature changes Tonset and Tmax (b)
train_81	What is described in this image?	Figure 4. An extended classification system for compounds based on their nucleation and crystal growth rate behavior.
train_82	What is described in this image?	Figure 4. Consecutive shape-memory process of thermoplastic polyimide. The changes in strain, stress, and temperature in stresscontrolled tensile process of TP0 are demonstrated.
train_83	What is described in this image?	Table 1 Chemical composition of the cement (%).
train_84	What is described in this image?	Fig. 8. DSC curves of SPCMs after different thermal cycles.
train_85	What is described in this image?	Figure 1. Schematic diagram of heat-flow DSC measurement cell.
train_86	What is described in this image?	Fig. 5. The IR spectra at 1550–1800 cm21 of pure PMMA, pure PMAAM and PMAAM-co-PMMA copolymers with different PMAAM contents at room temperature.
train_87	What is described in this image?	Figure 1. Dynamic mechanical measurements on PS, PPO, and a 50:50 mixture (the individual points). The arrows indicate the distinct glass transitions inferred for the mixture, as discussed in ref. 6.
train_88	What is described in this image?	Figure 3. Van’t Hoff’s plots for absorption and desorption of Mg99Ni1 (squares) compared with the results from Stampfer et al.15 for MgH2 (circles). Closed symbols, desorption; open symbols, absorption.
train_89	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2. The heat flow curves of DGG1, measured by Flash DSC 2+. (a): Collection of heating curves at 1000 K/s after different cooling. (b): Evaluation of the glass transition temperature for selected cooling rates. (c) Shift of the peak maximum temperature during heating in the case of βh = −βc.
train_90	What is described in this image?	Table 2 Tensile properties of PLA filaments
train_91	What is described in this image?	Table 1 A comparison of all melting point data obtained from DSC and SThM
train_92	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2. Size-exclusion chromatograms of (a) epoxidized canola oil, (b) Liprol™ 270 and (c) Liprol™ 320 polyol.
train_93	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2. Schematic enthalpy-temperature and specific heat capacity vs. temperature diagrams for: (a) the glass transition showing the cooling (1), isothermal annealing (2) and heating (3) stages of a thermal cycle; (b) the cold crystallisation process with enthalpy of crystallisation DHc; and (c) the melting process, with enthalpy of fusion DHf. (Remember that the heat capacity of a material is equal to the first derivative of its enthalpy with respect to temperature.)
train_94	What is described in this image?	Figure 3. UV−vis absorption spectral changes of thin films of (a) a6, (b) b6, (c) c6, and (d) d6 during irradiation with UV light at 40 mW cm−2 (left) and visible light at 25 mW cm−2 (right).
train_95	What is described in this image?	Fig. 2. Determination of phase change parameters on DSC curve.
train_96	What is described in this image?	Figure 9. Tpa as a function of rate of heating (upper line) and reheating (lower line).
train_97	What is described in this image?	Fig. 7. Imaginary part of the dielectric function (e00) versus frequency (f) at the selected temperatures indicated on the plot, for pure PMMA and PMMA/0.5 wt.% MWCNT nanocomposite.
train_98	What is described in this image?	Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of gelatin, nanocellulose (CNC and CNF) and bionanocomposites containing 10 wt.% of nanocellulose.
train_99	What is described in this image?	Fig. 3. Total heat flow and apparent heat capacity resulting from an TMDSC experiment for an open pan (curves a and d) and a 50 mm pierced lid pan (curves b and c), respectively. Underlying heating rate 1 K/min.

train_0

What is described in this image?

Table 1 The main phase transition temperatures (Tm), full width at half maximum (ΔT1/ 2) and enthalpies of the main phase transitions (ΔH) for increased cholecalciferol concentrations in DPPC MLVs.

train_1

What is described in this image?

Table 4 The thermal denaturation parameters of HEWL-PR/PG systems with various proportion.

train_2

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4. DSC thermograms of CMC-CHPS films.

train_3

What is described in this image?

Fig. 5 Thermal hysteresis values as functions of thermal cycling rate and cycle number

train_4

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4. DMA data for the same thermoplastic starch as in Fig. 3: storage modulus (E %), loss modulus (E¦) and tan d.

train_5

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2 –Differential scanning calorimetry thermographs of the tested files. A, R-Motion file; B, OneCurve file; C, HyFlex EDM file. TaggedEnd

train_6

What is described in this image?

Fig. 7. Microphotographs of corn starch samples – K1 (a), K2 (b), and K3 (c). K1 (untreated), K2 (ultrasound bath – 15 min), and K3 (ultrasound bath – 30 min).

train_7

What is described in this image?

Table 3 Calculated formation energy of Co3X with the L12 structure, Co3X with the D019 structure and CoX with the B2 structure by the first-principles method using constituent pure elements as reference state. Calculated lattice constant with experimental data [30] and calculated magnetic moment are also shown.

train_8

What is described in this image?

Figure 7. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis of kraft lignin purification fractions: L1 (blue), L2 (red), L3 (green), and L4 (purple).

train_9

What is described in this image?

Fig. 11. lnða=T2Þ versus ð1000=TÞ for Ge20Te80 glass at different x.

train_10

What is described in this image?

Figure 4. Glass transition stage on DSC heating curve, scanning rate of 10 °C/min, initial (Tgonset), medium (Tgmid) and end (Tgend) temperature

train_11

What is described in this image?

Table 2 Onset temperatures and enthalpies of transition (melting and solidification) for three samples of AA 99%, AA99.5%, and PT151® including standard uncertainties, p= (101.1 ± 0.6) kPa.

train_12

What is described in this image?

Fig. 6 A typical thermogram and pressure history of methanol vapor pressure measurement.

train_13

What is described in this image?

Fig. 13. Temperature-modulated DSC, sample pre-cured for 240 min at 180 C, underlying heating rate 10 K/min, modulation amplitude 1.6 K, modulation period 60 s.

train_14

What is described in this image?

Figure 3. Normalized Raman spectra (3000-2800 cm-1) of DL-norvaline at several temperatures as indicated.

train_15

What is described in this image?

Table 1 Glass transition temperature and melting parameters of PVA and PVA/graphene nanocomposites.

train_16

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4.18 Schematic representation of comparison of IR spectra of unknown compound with that of known one

train_17

What is described in this image?

FIG. 6. Specific heat excess in (a) PZ single crystal26 and PZ nanopowder in heating (red plots) and cooling cycles (blue plots), (b) 0.98PZ-0.02BF (green triangles) and 0.96PZ-0.04BF (brown circles) nanopowders both in heating cycle. T1, TC, T2 indicates the phase transition temperature points.

train_18

What is described in this image?

Fig. 7. XRD profiles of (a) neat PLA, (b) PLA/GF-5, (c) PLA/GF-10, (d) PLA/GF-15, a

train_19

What is described in this image?

Figure 11. Temperature dependence of loss factor tan δ (a) and storage modulus E0 (b) of ESL thermosets. The equivalent ratios of epoxide to anhydride are 1:0.5, 1:0.4, and 1:0.3.

train_20

What is described in this image?

Table 3. Thermal Characteristics of STZ, SDM and PVP

train_21

What is described in this image?

Fig. 13.3 Schematic representation of wet packing of column

train_22

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4. Dependence of (negative) phase angle at 1008C (i.e. in glassy state) on frequency for polycarbonate (11.80 mg) evaluated by dynamic ADSC with an amplitude AT 1.0 K and an average heating rate b 0.5 K/min. The dashed line represents the relationship between and ! defined by Eq. (10).

train_23

What is described in this image?

Figure 5. 2D-SAXS of melt-quenched PLLA-PEG-PLLA copolymer (a) and its corresponding one-dimensional profile (b).

train_24

What is described in this image?

Figure 2. Isochronal dielectric loss, ε”, as a function of temperature for PHB before and after processing by extrusion from 10–1 to 105 Hz.

train_25

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2. TEM micrograph of CNW. The sample was obtained by evaporating CNW water solution (ca. 2.7 10 6 wt.%) on a formvar-coated copper grid.

train_26

What is described in this image?

Figure 4. Real-time evolution of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity, ε00(f), during isothermal cold-crystallization: only some representative loss spectra are illustrated, the two first spectra being 180 s apart and the following being 360 s apart. The α-process dominates the spectra, and the secondary relaxation influences the spectra in the high frequency side, while a low frequency process is needed to adequately simulate the loss data. Solid lines are the overall fit where a sum of 3 HN individual processes was considered (see text); these 3 HNprocesses are exemplified forTcr = 220 K for the spectrum taken at 720 s (thicker solid line). For Tcr = 219 K, the logarithmic derivative of the real permittivity is represented for some crystallization times as gray thicker solid lines, allowing one to eliminate the conductivity contribution from ε00. For Tcr = 221 K, POM microphotographs taken at the initial time and after 1800 s were included; a scale-up of the grainy morphology observed at tcr = 1800 s is shown later in Figure 7. The inset represents the evolution of the respective real part ε0(f).

train_27

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4 Cole–Cole plot of C0 electrolyte at a 313 K, b 323 K, c 333 K, and d 343 K

train_28

What is described in this image?

Fig. 7. Thermal conductivity enhancement as a function of kMLG/kpcm.

train_29

What is described in this image?

Table 1 Characteristic parameters for the crystallization of the Cu0.3(SSe20)0.7 chalcogenide glass

train_30

What is described in this image?

Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of (a) as-received -SiC nanoparticles; (b) -SiC coated with acid and oxidative agent; PPy nanocomposites with a particle loading of (c) 25%, (d) 10%, (e) 5%, and (f) 1.8%; and (g) pure polypyrrole.

train_31

What is described in this image?

Figure 3. DSC curve for alkanol C14H29OH.

train_32

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4. Variations of compressive strength as a function of NMK content at 28 days of curing.

train_33

What is described in this image?

Fig. 5. DSC curves of pure SAT and modified SAT samples with 2.0 wt% DHPD and different contents of CMC additive during the melting process.

train_34

What is described in this image?

Fig. 10. Storage and loss moduli for SEBS as a function of temp

train_35

What is described in this image?

Fig. 1. Ricinolein, major component of castor oil.

train_36

What is described in this image?

Fig. 5 Exponent n for the Bean and Rodbell model. Temperature dependence of the field exponent of the magnetic entropy change for cases ranging from SOPT (η≤ 1) to FOPT (η > 1) shows that values above 2

train_37

What is described in this image?

Table 2 DSC data of neat PLA and PLA blends.

train_38

What is described in this image?

Fig. 6. Comparison of the reversing heat flow curves for CAS1 through the glass transition obtained with varying (a) underlying heating rate for constant modulation amplitude (A=5K) and period (P=150 s) and (b) frequency for constant heating rate (β=2K/min) and amplitude (A=5K).

train_39

What is described in this image?

Fig. 8. OCM images of droplet containing 25 mM sodium citrate buffer without and with 100 mM cryoprotectant upon heating at various rates taken before complete melting (scale bar indicates 500 µm).

train_40

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2. Variation in relative tan(d) with temperature by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, (A) for untreated milled straw at ambient atmospheric moisture, and (B) untreated milled straw in water saturated condition, (C) water saturated straw residue from auto-hydrothermal treatment at 200 C, and (D) water saturated residue from autoclave acid-hydrothermal treatment with 0.1 M H2SO4 at 121 C.

train_41

What is described in this image?

Figure 8. DSC results for poly(methyl acrylate) in the dry (1) state and in various other states of rehydration. Curve 2 is for a partially hydrated sample, and curve 3 is for a nearly fully hydrated sample. Curve 4, suppressed on the vertical scale by 100-fold, represents the problem incurred when the rehydration process is allowed to progress to the point of water whitening (blushing).

train_42

What is described in this image?

Figure 11. Relative length change of Fe1.5Y0.5Mo3O12 and Fe1.2Y0.8Mo3O12 with temperature.

train_43

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4. First derivative trace of DSC heating curve of cod mince with different water content. The water content was (a) 0.83, (b) 0.80, (c) 0.75, (d) 0.70, (e) 0.68, (f) 0.49 and (g) 0.22 g water/g wet sample. DSC protocol: cooled to 140 C (hold for 2min), heated to 20 C (hold for 10min), cooled to 140 C (hold for 2min) and heated to 15 C. Scanning rate was 10 C/min in heating runs and 30 C/min in cooling runs.

train_44

What is described in this image?

Fig. 3. TEM, SAED, and HRTEM micrographs of as-cast Mg98Ho1.5Fe0.5 alloy after full hydrogen absorption (a, b) and full hydrogen desorption (c, d).

train_45

What is described in this image?

Fig. 5. DSC thermograms of the neat and SAPO-34.

train_46

What is described in this image?

Fig. 9. The onset of Triton X-100-induced solubilization of sterol-free and sterol-containing POPC vesicles (representative plots). Aliquots (5 Al) of a 10 mM Triton X-100 solution were injected into a cuvette initially containing 1.5 ml of vesicle suspension. The initial phospholipid concentration was 0.5 mM. The intensity of the scattered light was determined subsequent to every injection and the measured values were normalized to the initial intensity (100%).

train_47

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves (a) heating, (b) cooling; for EHN treated PB10P10 biodiesel blends.

train_48

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the MoS2, pure PVA and PVA3 nanocomposite.

train_49

What is described in this image?

Figure 6. FT-IR spectra for crosslinked PEGDA/LiTFSI PEM as a function of LiTFSI salt concentration ranging from 0 (100/0) to 67 wt % (33/67 equiv to 28 mol %): (a) CH2 symmetric and asymmetric stretching at 2864 cm−1, (b) C−O−C symmetric and asymmetric stretching at 1091 cm−1, (c) CH2 rocking of both trans (848 cm−1) and gauche (944 cm−1) modes of the O−CH2−CH2−O bond at 0−40 wt % salt concentrations and (d) 40−67 wt % salt concentrations.

train_50

What is described in this image?

Table 1 Reported Precipitated CO2 Kraft Lignin Molecular Weight Values for Two Areas of the Elution Curve Measured by Light Scattering

train_51

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4. Evaluation of activation energy (Eq. 1) for α-relaxation in trehalose and sucrose.

train_52

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2 FT-IR spectra of (a) sucrose linseedate (SL) and epoxidized sucrose linseedate (ESL); (b) sucrose soyate B6 (SSB6) and epoxidized sucrose soyate B6 (ESSB6).

train_53

What is described in this image?

Fig. 7. Isothermal crystallization of neat and modified PLA and PBAT polymers at 75 C during 60 min.

train_54

What is described in this image?

Figure 5. Tg,onset* of the fully gelatinized starch gels at different water contents: (a) waxy corn starch, (b) normal corn starch, (c) potato starch, and (d) pea starch. Error bars extend one standard deviation above and below the average.

train_55

What is described in this image?

Table 1 Literature values for the temperature of the solid–solid phase transitions of rubidium nitrate

train_56

What is described in this image?

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of wool fibers, KP3 particles and KP5 particles.

train_57

What is described in this image?

Figure 6. DSC curve of an Al0.78Si0.22 sample, heating rate of 10 ◦C · min−1.

train_58

What is described in this image?

Fig. 13 Photographic sequence during thermolysis of 0.5LiBH4–0.5KBH4 at 10 1C minute 1 under argon and evolved gases maintained at 1 bar.

train_59

What is described in this image?

Figure 16. Calorimetric 1stS (upper) and 2ndS (lower) curves for PVP film with average thickness of about 0.8 nm. TANN ) 80 °C. Curves are smoothed for clarity by 31-point second-order polynomial Savitzky-Golay filter. The 2ndS curve is the average of eight scans. The heating/cooling rate ratio is about 25 for 2ndS curve and about 20 000 for 1stS curve. Curves offset for clarity.

train_60

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4 XRD patterns of neat chitosan films (a), with 20 % GLY (b), 40 % GLY (c), 20 % SOR (d) and 40 % SOR (e)

train_61

What is described in this image?

Fig. 5 From top to bottom: ratio of growth rate of felodipine in the absence of any polymer to that of felodipine in the presence of 3% PVP (o), 3% PVP/VA (*), 3% HPMCAS (D) and 3% PVAc (,). Polymer effectiveness increases with decreasing temperature. Solid lines represent best fit lines following linear regression.

train_62

What is described in this image?

Table 3 The mechanical properties of the 50% reduction steel after different annealing processes.

train_63

What is described in this image?

Figure 8: DSC of the eutectic mixture of capric acid: menthol at the mass ratio of 1:4. Note: The unit of measurement of x-axis is oC

train_64

What is described in this image?

Figure 6. First DSC and dilatometry cycles (right) of Ti–21.5Nb in relation to the Ti–Nb phase diagrams (left). Gray areas represent the miscibility gaps in the metastable ω/β phase diagram.

train_65

What is described in this image?

Fig. 1. SEM images: (a–b) EG particles; (c–d) the LiNO3/KCl–EG composite.

train_66

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2. Typical melting peaks of the input function Φ(t) (dashed curves) and the heat flow Φm(t) (solid curve) according to Eq. (11). (a): Curves of two different heating rates. The melting events start at t0. The dotted lines are the tangents for determination of the onset temperature. The slope of these lines is the same than that of the input functions. (b): Peak with tangents ϑ to determine the onset. For the peak with te-t0 > 3⋅τlag is the onset at t0+τlag. For the narrower peak the onset shifts to shorter times.

train_67

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4. SEM images of pure salt eutectic (the base of nanofluid (Li2CO3: K2CO3)).

train_68

What is described in this image?

Fig. 7. Total mass loss profiles of the PCMs.

train_69

What is described in this image?

Table 3 Assignment of Bands in FT-Raman Spectra of Softwood and Hardwood Milled Wood Lignins (MWLs)

train_70

What is described in this image?

Figure 3. Surface tension of PHMB in water, measured by the pendant drop method. The black lines represent curve fitting for power law (triangles) and exponential decay (squares).

train_71

What is described in this image?

Figure 8. SEM images (a, b) and EDS (c, d) data of quenched front (φ = 1.25).

train_72

What is described in this image?

Table 5. Selected Crystallographic Parameters and Refinement Details from Powder Data for Compounds 4−6III

train_73

What is described in this image?

Fig. 1. X-Ray powder diffraction pattern of as-grown ε-Ga2O3 thin film.

train_74

What is described in this image?

Figure 1. FTIR spectra of TPI1 and the intermediate poly(amic acid), TPA1. Transmittance scales offset for clarity.

train_75

What is described in this image?

Fig. 5. Variation of elastic modulus versus UV-exposure time.

train_76

What is described in this image?

Fig. 10 – SEM micrographs from fractured surfaces of flexural spe PEEK/laser (1.0 wt%) + PEES/glass fiber. (a) and (c) were taken fro correspond to matrix-rich areas. The dashed arrows point out S

train_77

What is described in this image?

Fig. 14.4 Schematic representation of total-volume injection method for sample injection into the column

train_78

What is described in this image?

Table 8 Size intervals, average sizes pores and anisotropy index for analysed materials.

train_79

What is described in this image?

Fig. 10 Identification of three phases in the microstructure of Bit-C using AFM (scale of left figure is 10 9 10 lm) showing phase contrast left and topography right, The left picture shows a freshly prepared sample, the right picture shows the same sample aged at room temperature for about 3 weeks (courtesy Lab 8)

train_80

What is described in this image?

Fig. 4 Exemplary curves DSC of ice melting in pores of the modified silica gels series Si-xm-liq (a) and course of temperature changes Tonset and Tmax (b)

train_81

What is described in this image?

Figure 4. An extended classification system for compounds based on their nucleation and crystal growth rate behavior.

train_82

What is described in this image?

Figure 4. Consecutive shape-memory process of thermoplastic polyimide. The changes in strain, stress, and temperature in stresscontrolled tensile process of TP0 are demonstrated.

train_83

What is described in this image?

Table 1 Chemical composition of the cement (%).

train_84

What is described in this image?

Fig. 8. DSC curves of SPCMs after different thermal cycles.

train_85

What is described in this image?

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of heat-flow DSC measurement cell.

train_86

What is described in this image?

Fig. 5. The IR spectra at 1550–1800 cm21 of pure PMMA, pure PMAAM and PMAAM-co-PMMA copolymers with different PMAAM contents at room temperature.

train_87

What is described in this image?

Figure 1. Dynamic mechanical measurements on PS, PPO, and a 50:50 mixture (the individual points). The arrows indicate the distinct glass transitions inferred for the mixture, as discussed in ref. 6.

train_88

What is described in this image?

Figure 3. Van’t Hoff’s plots for absorption and desorption of Mg99Ni1 (squares) compared with the results from Stampfer et al.15 for MgH2 (circles). Closed symbols, desorption; open symbols, absorption.

train_89

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2. The heat flow curves of DGG1, measured by Flash DSC 2+. (a): Collection of heating curves at 1000 K/s after different cooling. (b): Evaluation of the glass transition temperature for selected cooling rates. (c) Shift of the peak maximum temperature during heating in the case of βh = −βc.

train_90

What is described in this image?

Table 2 Tensile properties of PLA filaments

train_91

What is described in this image?

Table 1 A comparison of all melting point data obtained from DSC and SThM

train_92

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2. Size-exclusion chromatograms of (a) epoxidized canola oil, (b) Liprol™ 270 and (c) Liprol™ 320 polyol.

train_93

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2. Schematic enthalpy-temperature and specific heat capacity vs. temperature diagrams for: (a) the glass transition showing the cooling (1), isothermal annealing (2) and heating (3) stages of a thermal cycle; (b) the cold crystallisation process with enthalpy of crystallisation DHc; and (c) the melting process, with enthalpy of fusion DHf. (Remember that the heat capacity of a material is equal to the first derivative of its enthalpy with respect to temperature.)

train_94

What is described in this image?

Figure 3. UV−vis absorption spectral changes of thin films of (a) a6, (b) b6, (c) c6, and (d) d6 during irradiation with UV light at 40 mW cm−2 (left) and visible light at 25 mW cm−2 (right).

train_95

What is described in this image?

Fig. 2. Determination of phase change parameters on DSC curve.

train_96

What is described in this image?

Figure 9. Tpa as a function of rate of heating (upper line) and reheating (lower line).

train_97

What is described in this image?

Fig. 7. Imaginary part of the dielectric function (e00) versus frequency (f) at the selected temperatures indicated on the plot, for pure PMMA and PMMA/0.5 wt.% MWCNT nanocomposite.

train_98

What is described in this image?

Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of gelatin, nanocellulose (CNC and CNF) and bionanocomposites containing 10 wt.% of nanocellulose.

train_99

What is described in this image?

Fig. 3. Total heat flow and apparent heat capacity resulting from an TMDSC experiment for an open pan (curves a and d) and a 50 mm pierced lid pan (curves b and c), respectively. Underlying heating rate 1 K/min.