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2723898

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20otro%20lado%20del%20r%C3%ADo

Al otro lado del río

"Al otro lado del río" () is a song, written and performed by Uruguayan singer Jorge Drexler for the film The Motorcycle Diaries (2004). Besides the film's soundtrack, it can also be found in Drexler's seventh album Eco; in the soundtrack the bassist Jeff Eckels also performed. Credits and personnel Written and Performed by Jorge Drexler Produced by Jorge Drexler and Leo Sidran Guitar, Programming and Vocals: Jorge Drexler Bass: Jeff Eckels Cello: Carina Voly Violin: John Vriesacker Background Vocals: Ana Laan Percussion, Programming, Piano: Leo Sidran Piano: Ben Sidran Recorded and Mixed by Mark Haines at Smart Studios, Madison, WI Additional Recording by Hector Coulon at UML Studios Academy Award "Al otro lado del río" received the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 77th Academy Awards, becoming the first song in Spanish, the second in a foreign language, to receive such an honor, and the first by a Uruguayan artist. The Oscars ceremony producers would not let the then relatively unknown Drexler perform the song during the show for fear of losing ratings. Instead, the song was performed by the more well known Carlos Santana and Antonio Banderas, who were introduced by Salma Hayek. Drexler's acceptance speech for the award consisted of him singing a few lines of his song a cappella, and closed by simply saying Chau! (). Awards and nominations Won: Academy Award for Best Original Song Nominated: Latin Grammy Award for Song of the Year References External links Lyrics (in original Spanish) and English translation 2004 songs Jorge Drexler songs Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs Spanish-language songs Songs written by Jorge Drexler Latin pop songs

2723900

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHinn

PHinn

pHinn (a.k.a. Erkki Rautio) of Tampere, Finland is the founder and Webmaster of pHinnWeb, a WWW site dedicated to Finnish electronic music, techno music, avantgarde, experimental music, rave culture and underground culture. pHinn also works as a DJ, occasionally as a freelance writer, is an outsider artist creating surrealism/pop art-influenced collage art, and is alongside Mike Not the member of electro music act Kompleksi where he sings, writes lyrics and music. pHinn's earlier musical project was Club Telex Noise Ensemble in 2001. pHinn has been one of the founder members and organisers of Tampere's Club Telex (with Mikko "mini" Niemelä of Polytron) and Eclectro Lounge (with Mike Not) nights for electro music and other electronic sounds. He has also a run a small CD-R label called pHinnMilk Recordings (2001-). In 1999 German De:Bug techno magazine featured pHinn in its "E-Mail Legends" series. The City magazine of Tampere chose pHinn in 2001 as "The Best Underground Man of Tampere" and in 2007 Aamulehti chose pHinn as "The Best DJ of Tampere". pHinn has also written and co-directed, with musician Janne Perttula (Heroin and Your Veins, UltraNoir), a film noir-inspired short movie called Kirje ("The Letter", 2015). pHinnWeb pHinnWeb is a Finnish website that was started in April 1996 by pHinn. Its purpose is to spread information on electronic music, techno music, avantgarde, experimental music and independent music in Finland; of artists, record labels, clubs and so on. The peculiar spelling of pHinnWeb's name is a reference to acid house culture where "f" was often spelled as "ph" or "pH". pHinnWeb is also concerned with underground culture and arts in Finland and around the world. Among some of the non-Finnish artists featured at pHinnWeb one might mention, for example, Chicks on Speed and Jonathan Saul Kane. As part of its activities, pHinnWeb runs an English-language electronic mailing list on Yahoo! Groups. pHinnMilk Recordings pHinnMilk Recordings, a small record label publishing CD-Rs, was founded in 2001 in Tampere, Finland as the publishing outlet of pHinnWeb. Discography Club Telex Noise Ensemble: Just To Disturb You A Little Bit CD-R (phnnmlk-0, June 2001) Virtalähde: Virka- ja väkivalta CD-R (phnnmlk-1, March 2002) Kohinatuotanto (a.k.a. Noise Production): Äänikemia CD-R (phnnmlk-2, May 2002) Club Telex Noise Ensemble vs various artists: CTNERMX CD-R (phnnmlk-3, March 2003) Unidentified Sound Objects: Richard D. Anderson Album CD-R (phnnmlk-4, January 2005) Kompleksi: Sister Longlegs Dances In The Disco digital download (phnnmlk-5, August 2007) Filmography Kirje. A short film, co-directed with Janne Perttula (February 2015) Official links pHinnWeb pHinnMilk Recordings Finnish musicians Finnish journalists Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

2723901

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda%20Gibbs

Brenda Gibbs

Brenda Gibbs (; born 3 September 1947) is an Australian politician. Gibbs was elected to the Australian Senate for Queensland in 1996, representing the Australian Labor Party. Her first term began on 1 July 1996, she was not re-elected at the 2001 Australian federal election, and her term expired on 30 June 2002. Gibbs' husband Bob Gibbs had been a Queensland ALP Minister for all but two years between 1989 and 1999 and had a stint as Queensland ALP President in 1995. Footnotes References Brenda Gibbs, Senate Biography 1947 births Living people Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia Members of the Australian Senate Members of the Australian Senate for Queensland Women members of the Australian Senate 21st-century Australian politicians 21st-century Australian women politicians 20th-century Australian politicians English emigrants to Australia 20th-century Australian women politicians

2723907

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20Gonna%20Get%20Us

Not Gonna Get Us

"Not Gonna Get Us" is a song recorded by Russian music duo t.A.T.u. for their first English-language studio album, 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane (2002). It was originally released as "Nas Ne Dogonyat" (; translation: "[They] Won't Catch Us") on their debut album 200 По Встречной (2001). The song was written by Sergio Galoyan, Trevor Horn, Elena Kiper and Valery Polienko, while production was handled by Horn. The song was included on the duo's compilation album The Best (2006). Interscope Records released the English version on 21 April 2003 as the second single from the album. Musically, the song is a Eurodance-inspired song, and lyrically it talks about the group running away from people as they don't understand their love towards one another. "Not Gonna Get Us" received mixed to positive reviews from music critics, praising the production and highlighted the song as an album standout, however some critics were not impressed by the lyrical content. It was, however, a commercial success worldwide, peaking inside the top-ten in countries including Finland, Italy, Austria, Sweden, Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The single also peaked at number one on the US Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, becoming the duo's only number-one single on the US component charts. An accompanying music video was filmed for the single, where it starts with the girls getting a mugshot, until escaping to a truck, where they drive off through snow in Siberia. The video was directed by Ivan Shapovalov, who also features in a cameo appearance in the video as a construction worker. The song also received a minor controversial image, where it featured a more rebel image. The song has also been performed on all of the duo's concert tours, and was also performed at the 2003 MTV Movie Awards. In 2009, t.A.T.u. played a special concert featuring the song at the Eurovision Song Contest with a Russian Army Choir, the Alexandrov Ensemble. The words "нас не догонят" made their way into 2006 Russian Dictionary of Modern Quotes (Slovar sovremennykh tsitat). In February 2014, during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Sochi, t.A.T.u performed "Нас не догонят". Additionally, the song was sung later in the ceremony when Russia's competitors entered the stadium. Background and composition Prior to becoming t.A.T.u. Yulia and Lena had auditioned as members of Neposedi, a group produced by Ivan Shapolavov and his business partner Alexander Voitinskyi. Shapolavov has said the two girls stood out from the rest of those who auditioned; however, 14-year-old Katina was initially the only one chosen for the band. While the album was in development, their producer Alexander Voitinskyi left the production, leaving the album unreleased. However, Shapolavov later signed Elena Kiper as the new co-producer and co-writer for the album, who had eventually written "Not Gonna Get Us". There is also the Russian counterpart entitled "Nas Ne Dogonyat". The song was written by Elena Kiper, Ivan Shapovalov, Valeriy Polienko and Sergio Galoyan, while production was handled by Trevor Horn. The song was included in the groups compilation album The Best (2006). The song was added to their YouTube channel five years later on 6 February 2008. "Not Gonna Get Us" is a eurodance-inspired song. The song incorporates influences from pop, dance-pop, eurodance and rock music. Lyrically, it talks about teenage lovers, which was usually exampled by Volkova and Katina, as people did not understand their love towards each other, so they run away from people to start fresh. CD single information Various CD singles were released, along with legal digital downloads for the song, plus an official music video was made. The song did appear on a promo CD released in Poland in 2003, along with other singles of the album, though the CD is not considered an official single for this song. The song would only be made available as an individual legal download when the band's debut album was released on iTunes in 2004. It can also be legally downloaded individually off their greatest hits album, The Best. There was a promotional CD single which was released in Poland by Universal Music Polska, the Polish label for |Universal Music. However, it was used as an A-Side for "Ya Soshla S Uma" at the time. Critical reception "Not Gonna Get Us" received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic highlighted the track on the album saying it was an "exhausting offering hit" but continued saying; "Well, it's easy not to be into it when Julia and Lena appear to have been run through a marketing processor so they could become two Sapphic tarts who sing songs with suggestive titles like "Not Gonna Get Us", "Show Me Love" and "All the Things She Said" (it's likely a coincidence that the latter two share titles with songs by Robyn and Simple Minds, respectively, but perhaps not) [...]." Popdirt commented that the "high-pitched helium voices" on the song work at "complementing the sensitivity they feel for each other and the reckless abandonment of the outside world perfectly". Furthermore, Pitchfork listed this as the 33rd best single of 2003. The song was nominated "Best Russian Act" on the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards. Chart performance "Not Gonna Get Us" was released in Europe in 2003. In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number seven, where it eventually peaked. It stayed in the charts for eight weeks in total. The song also sold over 43,000 copies there. The song also peaked at number ten on the Irish Singles Chart. In the European markets, it was a success. In Sweden, it debuted at number ten, peaked at number nine and stayed in the charts for nine weeks. In Finland, it debuted at number three and stayed in the charts for five weeks. In Italy, it debuted at number four and stayed in the charts for a total of seven weeks. In Austria, it debuted at number 22. After two weeks, it rose and peaked at number five for two non-consecutive weeks. It stayed in the charts for sixteen weeks in total. In Switzerland, the song debuted at number 37. The next week, it rose and peaked at 18, and stayed in the charts for 18 weeks in total. The song peaked at numbers twelve and ten in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia). The song reached number ten in the Europe Official Top 100. In Oceania, it received more moderate success. The song debuted at number 11 on the Australian Singles Chart, where it eventually peaked and stayed in the charts for 11 weeks. It was certified gold by ARIA, selling over 35,000 copies. The song spent only a sole week in the New Zealand Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 25, becoming the group's poorest performing single in the country. It was the group's last single to chart in New Zealand. The song was eventually released in North America, charting in Canada and the United States. The single version peaked at number 31 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart. Dave Audé then released a remix of the single in the United States, which peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs Chart, where it became the group's first and only number one in North America (although a Dave Audé remix of t.A.T.u. member Lena Katina's solo release 'Never Forget' also topped the US Hot Dance Club Songs Chart in 2012). Not Gonna Get Us also managed to peak at 35 on the US Top 40 Mainstream Charts. Music video The video starts off with Julia and Lena's mugshots being placed on screen, with the truck's engine starting up and steam surrounding the two girls and the vehicle. They then are outside in a snowy environment, where they steal a large truck and ride off through an airfield, breaking through a fence while singing. The two girls later find themselves in snow-covered Siberia. They run over a construction worker in the middle of the road, who is played by Ivan Shapovalov. After breaking through another fence, some family photos of both the girls as young children are shown during the video. Towards the end, Yulia and Lena climb to the roof of the truck and stand on top, hugging and smiling as they continue to sing the song, until they crack the lens of the camera as they leave. The song was directed by their former producer Ivan Shapovalov. The music video is also the same music video taken from the Russian version "Nas Ne Dogonyat". The English music video for this song is a re-edited version of the Russian video, altered to remove the lip synching (usually by adding a broken glass shot over the shots of them singing). A video game was created by a fan based on the music video. In the game, the band is inside a truck trying to get away from the bad guys. The game course also features land mines that the player must dodge. It was uploaded by a user on game-sharing web site Newgrounds. Media appearances In the 2009 film, Thick as Thieves the song is played twice. First in a club in Russian, on the first encounter of the characters played by Antonio Banderas and Radha Mitchell and at the end of the film in English when they meet again in the same club. It also appears in Lilya 4-ever and Chechenia Warrior 3. A Russian/English remix of this song used during Russian team's entrance at Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Track listings European CD single "Not Gonna Get Us" (radio version) – 3:38 "Not Gonna Get Us" (Dave Audé's Extension 119 Vocal Edit) – 3:54 European maxi-single "Not Gonna Get Us" (radio version) – 3:38 "Not Gonna Get Us" (Dave Audé's Extension 119 Vocal Edit) – 3:54 "All the Things She Said" (DJ Monk After School Special) – 6:04 "All the Things She Said" (Blackpulke Remix) – 4:13 "Not Gonna Get Us" (video) – 4:13 French CD single – "Not Gonna Get Us (Part 2)" "Not Gonna Get Us (original version extended mix by Guéna LG & RLS) – 6:20 "Not Gonna Get Us (Generates-A-Yippee Mix by Guéna LG & RLS) – 6:56 "Not Gonna Get Us (Hardrum Mix Re-Edit by Guéna LG & RLS) – 5:39 "Not Gonna Get Us (Larry Tee Electroclash Mix) – 6:17 "Not Gonna Get Us (Richard Morel's Pink Noise Vocal Mix) – 8:09 UK enhanced CD single "Not Gonna Get Us" (radio version) – 3:36 "Ne Ver, Ne Boisia" (Eurovision 2003) – 3:03 "All the Things She Said" (Running & Spinning Mix by Guéna LG & RLS) – 6:12 Not Gonna Get Us (CD-ROM video) US 12-inch single A1. "Not Gonna Get Us" (E-Smoove Banga Mix) – 8:02 A2. "Not Gonna Get Us" (album version) – 4:22 B1. "Not Gonna Get Us" (Thick Dick Vocal) – 7:17 B2. "Not Gonna Get Us" (Thick Dick Banga Dub) – 7:57 US promo CD single "Not Gonna Get Us" (radio edit 01) – 3:33 "Not Gonna Get Us" (radio edit 02) – 3:18 Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications See also List of number-one dance singles of 2003 (U.S.) List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s Release history Cover versions and derivatives "Not Gonna Get Us" was sampled in the song "Miss Love Tantei" by W. The song was used as the closing song in the 2008 film, The Code, which had Russian characters and clubs as central to the plot. The song was covered by Japanese singer Maki Nomiya on her 2005 album Party People. In 2014, Tori Amos covered the song in Moscow while on her Unrepentant Geraldines Tour. In 2004, a cover of the song by Eurobeat artist Dave Rodgers was featured on Super Eurobeat Vol.147 References 2001 songs 2003 singles English-language Russian songs Eurodance songs Interscope Records singles Number-one singles in Romania Song recordings produced by Trevor Horn Songs written by Elena Kiper Songs written by Ivan Shapovalov Songs written by Sergio Galoyan Songs written by Trevor Horn Songs written by Valery Polienko T.A.T.u. songs Universal Music Group singles

2723909

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex%20Fufia%20Caninia

Lex Fufia Caninia

In ancient Rome, the lex Fufia Caninia (also Furia ~ or Fusia ~, 2 BC) was one of the laws that national assemblies had to pass, after they were requested to do so by Caesar Augustus. This law, along with the lex Aelia Sentia, placed limitations on manumissions, as to how many slaves could be freed at one time. In numerical terms, this meant that a master who had three slaves could free only two; one who had between four and ten could free only half of them; one with eleven to thirty could free only a third, and so on. Manumissions above these limits were not valid. The limitations were established at the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire, at a time when the number of manumissions was so large that they were perceived as a challenge to a social system that was founded on slavery. References Relevant articles Roman Law Status in Roman legal system List of Roman laws Lex Aelia Sentia External links The Roman Law Library, incl. Leges 2 BC 1st century BC in law Roman law

2723911

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20Cove

Iron Cove

Iron Cove is a bay on the Parramatta River, in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately due west of Sydney's central business district. It is surrounded by the suburbs of Birchgrove, Balmain, Rozelle, Lilyfield, Haberfield, Five Dock, Rodd Point, Russell Lea and Drummoyne. The bay extends from Longnose Point to the south-west and is fed by the Hawthorne Canal and the Iron Cove Creek. History William Dawes recorded the name of this place as Go-mo-ra in the language of the local people. In the early days of the colony of New South Wales, the area was sometimes known as Long Cove, presumably for its long narrow shape. The origin of the name 'Iron Cove' is unclear. On the 1822 survey map of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) by John Septimus Roe, Lieut. R.N. it is noted as Iron—stone Cove. Iron Cove appears to be a shortening of this name that perhaps referred to the reddy coloured iron oxides in the stone, known as laterites. In his book on Sydney Harbour, P.R. Stephensen suggests that the name is derived from the iron shackles worn by convicts from Cockatoo Island who were forced to work in the area around the bay from 1839. However, he goes on to note that this is merely "a surmise". Another possible explanation for the name is that it was derived from the Ironbark trees that used to grow there. The island in the middle of the bay is called Rodd Island, in honour of Brent Clements Rodd. Iron Cove is crossed by the Iron Cove Bridge, which was first opened in 1882 and links Rozelle and Balmain to Drummoyne. The original bridge was replaced in the 1950s. The Australian warships HMAS Ballarat and HMAS Goulburn were broken up for scrap in the bay in 1953. There are a number of smaller bays with Iron Cove, such as Sisters Bay and Half Moon Bay on the northern shores. The concrete channelised Iron Cove Creek runs into the western end of the bay, and Hawthorne Canal runs off the southern part of the bay. The land around the bay is mostly made up of publicly accessible foreshore or parkland. This forms a jogging circuit known as The Bay Run. Pollution According to the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, this bay and its catchment area are the most heavily polluted in Sydney Harbour. In particular, very high levels of copper, zinc, and lead have been detected in the bay. Some of this pollution is contained in road dust, which is washed into the bay in stormwater. Iron Cove Creek (Dobroyd Canal) also suffers from organic and hydrocarbon pollutants. A proposal has been put forward for a water filtration device to be installed at Iron Cove Creek. According to Professor Gavin Birch from the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, "This device is specifically designed to stop those contaminants [heavy metals, organic pollutants and hydrocarbons] actually reaching Sydney Harbour." Gallery References Further reading Blaxell, Gregory. The River: Sydney Cove to Parramatta. Eastwood, N.S.W.: Brush Farm Historical Society, 2004. . Bays of New South Wales Coves of Australia Inner West

2723913

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20butcherbird

Grey butcherbird

The grey butcherbird (Cracticus torquatus) is a widely distributed species endemic to Australia. It occurs in a range of different habitats including arid, semi-arid and temperate zones. It is found across southern Australia, but is absent from the deserts of central Australia and the monsoon tropics of northern Australia. It has a characteristic "rollicking" birdsong. It appears to be adapting well to city living, and can be encountered in the suburbs of many Australian cities including Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney. The grey butcherbird preys on small vertebrates including other birds. Other birds in the same family include the Australian magpie, the currawongs, woodswallows and other members of the butcherbird genus Cracticus. Taxonomy The grey butcherbird was first described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Lanius torquatus. Closely related species include the silver-backed butcherbird (Cracticus argenteus) and the black-backed butcherbird (Cracticus mentalis). The silver-backed butcherbird (Cracticus argenteus) from Arnhem Land and northwestern Australia over to Port Hedland, originally described by John Gould in 1841, was later deemed to be a subspecies of the grey butcherbird. Recently, however, it has again been re-described as a separate species. The silver-backed butcherbird has two subspecies C. argenteus argenteus and C. a. colletti. The black-backed butcherbird occurs in Australia on the Cape York Peninsula and in Papua New Guinea and has two subspecies. Subspecies The grey butcherbird has three subspecies: C. t. torquatus in south-east Australia C. t. cinereus is restricted to the island of Tasmania. C. t. leucopterus is widespread; its distribution stretches from the west to the east coast of Australia. Description The grey butcherbird is a small grey, black and white bird with a weight of 90 grams (3.2 oz), a body length between 27–30 cm (10.6-11.8 in) and a wing span expanding 37–43 cm (14.6-16.9 in). The grey butcherbird is smaller than the Pied Butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis). The adult grey butcherbird has a black head, top and sides; and a white chin and throat through to the lower hindneck. The upperbody is mostly dark grey with streaks of narrow white bands that extends across the uppertail-coverts at the base of the tail. The uppertail is black with narrow white tips. The wings are grey with large areas of white and the underside of the wing is also white. The tip of the beak has a slight downwards hook. Both the male and female grey butcherbirds are similar in appearance, but the female is slightly smaller in size. The juvenile is slightly different from the adult, as the juvenile does not have a black head, instead the head is a dark brown with fine streaks on the forehead and ear-covers and white loral spots that meet the eyes and bill, as well as having an off-white chin and throat. The upperbody is dark brown with streaks, and the uppertail-coverts are also a dark brown and have a brownish colour at the base of the uppertail. Juvenile's beaks are completely dark grey and often the hook at the tip of the beak is not obvious. The juvenile grey butcherbird is commonly mistaken for a small kingfisher. Song All members of the territorial group contribute to the territorial song, a loud and rollicking song with both musical and harsh elements. The song can be sung by only one member, but more often it is sung in duet or as a group. Some duets are antiphonal where it is not obvious that two or more birds are singing. Most songs are sung with more than one phase and are sung antiphonally. These songs consist of different group members singing different phases sequentially, but sometimes there are some overlap. Some songs have been known to last up to 15 minutes. During this time, there is no vocal interaction with groups from other territories. Breeding and habitat The grey butcherbird usually breed in single territorial pairs from July to January. Both sexes defend their territories and nest throughout the year. The female incubates the eggs while the nestlings and fledglings are fed by both parents. The nest is a shallow, bowl-shaped made from sticks and twigs. The nest is lined with grasses and other soft fibres. Nests are normally located within 10 m (32.8 ft) off the ground. The grey butcherbird is found in a range of habitats, from eucalypt forests and woodlands, mallee and acacia shrublands, rainforests and riparian vegetation to urban areas and residential townships. The denser forests tend to be the favour for inland areas. Behaviour and diet Grey butcherbirds feed on invertebrates, mainly insects; small vertebrates, including other small birds and their nestlings and lizards; and occasionally fruit and small seeds. Uneaten food can be stored in the fork of a branch to be consumed later. Uneaten food and food that is too large to be eaten whole can also be impaled or stored for later. Grey butcherbirds sit in branches and wait for prey. Prey is captured by the grey butcherbird sally-pouncing the prey on the ground. Small birds and insects can be captured in flight by using sally-striking. The grey butcherbird ambushes the foraging birds while they are on the ground, usually approaching and attacking them from behind. The grey butcherbird either feeds alone, in pairs or in small family groups. Gallery Various images of butcherbirds in different contexts: References External links Grey butcherbird videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection grey butcherbird Endemic birds of Australia grey butcherbird Birds of Victoria (Australia)

2723917

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecourse%20Ground

Racecourse Ground

The Racecourse Ground (), branded as My Racecourse (), in Wrexham, Wales, is the home of Wrexham A.F.C. It is the world's oldest international football stadium that still hosts international matches, having hosted Wales' first home international match in 1877, and has hosted more Wales international matches than any other ground. The record attendance at the ground was set in 1957, when Wrexham hosted a match against Manchester United in front of 34,445 spectators. The Racecourse Ground is the largest stadium in north Wales and the fifth largest in Wales. The ground is sometimes used by the Football Association of Wales for home international games. The ground has also been used by North Wales Crusaders rugby league club, Scarlets rugby union club and Liverpool Reserves. In the early days, the ground was used for cricket and horse racing. Concerts returned to the Racecourse in 2016 when the Stereophonics performed. History Wrexham Football Club have played at the Racecourse Ground since being formed in the local Turf Hotel public house in October 1864. However, Wrexham played their home games in the 1881–82 and 1882–83 seasons at the Recreation Ground in Rhosddu due to an increase in rent from the then owners, Wrexham Cricket Club, while also changing the name to Wrexham Athletic for one season. Before the club was formed the ground was mainly used for cricket and occasionally, horse racing. 1952 saw the laying down of concrete terracing on the ever-popular Kop end, which is now the oldest part of the ground. Five years later was to see the largest ever attendance at the Racecourse when 34,445 people gathered to witness an FA Cup fourth-round tie against Manchester United. On 30 September 1959, the Racecourse saw the switching-on of the newly installed floodlights. After promotion to the old Second Division in 1978 the Border Stand was built, taking its name from the Border Breweries which owned the ground. This part of the ground is now known as the Eric Roberts Builders Stand, where visiting supporters are normally seated. The latest addition to the ground was achieved in 1999 after Grant Aid from Sport Lot, the Welsh Development Agency and the Football Trust together with local sponsorship allowed for the construction of a new stand on the Mold Road side of the ground. The new structure was originally named the Pryce Griffiths Stand after the then chairman (but since renamed the Mold Road Stand after the then chairman sold the club to Alex Hamilton) has a capacity of 3,500 and also contains hospitality and conferencing facilities. The development also saw the Paddock areas of the Sainsbury's Stand and the Eric Roberts Builders Stand become all-seated, bringing the current capacity up to 15,500 and thus allowing international football and rugby union to once again be played at the Racecourse. In 2002 then Wrexham F.C. chairman William Pryce Griffiths secured a 125-year lease on the Racecourse with Wolverhampton Dudley Breweries for £750,000, and a peppercorn annual rent of £1. The club hosted TNS vs Liverpool in a UEFA Champions League qualifier in 2005. On 26 June 2002, the freehold to the Racecourse Ground was acquired by Wrexham A.F.C. from Wolverhampton Dudley Breweries for £300,000. On the same day, the ownership of the freehold was transferred by the chairman, Alex Hamilton, from Wrexham A.F.C. to another of his companies, Damens Ltd, for a nominal fee. After this controversial change in ownership, the 125-year lease on the Racecourse held by Wrexham F.C. was renegotiated. The new lease stated that Damens Ltd could evict Wrexham F.C. from the Racecourse Ground upon 12 months' notice and payment of £1,000,000. The new lease also saw the club's annual rent increase from £1 to £30,000. In 2004 Wrexham F.C. was given a years' notice to quit the ground; this triggered a furious reaction from fans – in a legal case running through to March 2006 the High Court ruled that the ownership of the freehold of the ground had been improperly transferred, and ownership of the ground reverted to the club's then-administrators (the club having gone into administration in December 2004 with debts of £2,600,000). On 19 May 2014, work began at the Racecourse; this included a new pitch and sprinkler system, and changing rooms for players and officials. The medical and treatment facilities were also upgraded, together with improved seating for disabled supporters, better floodlighting and removal of cambers at the ‘Kop’ end of the ground. The results mean the stadium has been reclassified to Category 3 level, meaning it is able to host international football matches. Wrexham Village Ltd With the club's emergence from Administration in May 2006, ownership of the ground passed new company, Wrexham Football Club (2006) Ltd, owned by Geoff Moss and Ian Roberts. They passed ownership of the football ground to a new holding company Wrexham Village Ltd, which owned both the new football club company, and later purchased the rugby league club Crusaders from its owners in Bridgend, South Wales. Thus the new company had two tenants for the stadium. To put a permanent cash injection into the sporting clubs, Wrexham Village proposed in 2008 a joint venture development with a yet to be chosen third party, to develop a student village area near the site of the KOP stand. The £40 million project would be developed in conjunction with Glyndŵr University to house over 800 students, and take place in two phases. The club would benefit from either land-lease income, or joint ownership within the development and hence rental income direct from the tenants. However, due to the global recession, the company found it hard to find a development partner, and the land and project was eventually sold freehold in 2009 to another company owned by Moss and Roberts. In August 2011, after a period of instability at Wrexham Village Ltd, the owning company of the stadium and both the football and rugby league clubs, the company agreed to sell the stadium and associated training grounds to Glyndŵr University. The proposed deal, subject to completion and contract under the financial terms agreed by both parties, will allow both sporting teams to continue using the facilities. The purchase of the ground also resulted in the re-branding of the stadium, incorporating the university's name. Wrexham A.F.C. signs a 99-year Racecourse Stadium lease In August 2016 Wrexham Glyndwr University and Wrexham A.F.C. signed a contract that signaled a new future for the Racecourse. The university – which purchased the landmark in 2011, saving it from possible extinction – handed operational control of the ground over to the football club as part a 99-year lease. Stadium details Stands The Kop: the all-standing home stand is named after the Battle of Spion Kop, as many grounds in the UK used to have ends named similarly. Behind the goal, it is known officially as the Crispin Lane End or "Town End". With a capacity of 5,000, the Spion Kop was the largest all-standing terrace in the English Football League. It is currently decommissioned and is used for advertising purposes. Wrexham Lager Stand, capacity 4,200, backing onto where Yale College used to be. It was built in 1972 in preparation for the club's first venture into Europe, and also provided new dressing rooms, club offices and entertainment suites. The Centenary Club is also located here. The stand is officially sponsored by Marston's beer. The club held a lottery during the 2009–10 season with the winner getting to name the stand for a season. The winning ticket resulted in the stand being called the Loyal Canadian Red Stand. For the 2010–11 season it has been renamed the Cash4Gold Stand. Wrexrent Stand: formerly the Marston's Stand/Tech End. It holds 2,800 spectators and provides the supporters with excellent views of the pitch and excellent acoustics. From the 2007–08 season home fans will be located in this stand and away fans moved to the wing of the Yale Stand, with the exception of games where a large away attendance is anticipated. Macron Stand: the newest stand, capacity 3,500, was secured with lottery funding, and built over the old Mold Road stand in 1999. The stand possesses a TV studio and eight fully equipped private boxes, and has a restaurant called "The Changing Rooms"; there is also a club shop which is run by the Supporters' Trust adjacent to the stand. The stand was initially named after the chairman Pryce Griffiths, but was renamed as the Mold Road Stand, following Pryce Griffith's endorsement of Alex Hamilton's redevelopment scheme. A family area, sponsored by Nando's was introduced in the 2009–10 season, located to the area of the stand nearest to the Kop. For the 2010–11 season, as part of the Crusaders presence, the stand was renamed the Greene King Stand Disabled facilities In January 2018 Wrexham Football Club hired its first disability liaison officer (Kerry Evans). Wrexham have 38 disabled places available at the front of the Mold Road Stand. There are 22 parking spaces in the Glyndwr University car park (next door) also two disabled toilets are available, plus low-counter refreshment kiosks, with steward assistance if required. Admission is £12 for disabled supporters (£5 concessions) and helpers are admitted free of charge. The stadium has eight allocated spaces for those who are visually impaired; the commentary provided is also broadcast to the local hospital. In October 2013, the stadium hosted the United Kingdom's first 'autism friendly' football match. A group of around 50 attended the Racecourse to watch the Reds play against Woking. Thanks to funding from the Wrexham Disabled Supporters Association (DSA), in August 2015, a new viewing platform was opened by Lord Faulkner of Worcester. Located at the rear of the Mold Road Stand, this further increased the number of places available to disabled fans, as well as providing protection from the elements. It has space for six users and carers. After the platform was opened, Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson praised the club in the House of Lords, saying "This is a club, my Lords, that genuinely cares about its spectators. My Lords, the big clubs are hiding." At the beginning of the 2018–19 season it was announced that the Racecourse is now autism friendly, for every home game each season, with allocated seating in a quieter area of the stadium (if required) and the club also providing ear defenders and a quiet hub to use if required and a dedicated steward who is on hand to help. The club became the first in Wales to win an autism-friendly award in 2018, which was awarded by the National Autistic Society. In November 2018, the DSA started the Audio Descriptive Commentary service, where blind or visually impaired supporters can listen to the game, live in the stadium. There are 10 handsets available, on a first come first served basis. Rugby League Domestic The ground was home to former Super League club Crusaders RL from 2010 after their departure from Brewery Field in Bridgend in South Wales. Crusaders were hoping to play at Rodney Parade in Newport but the deal fell through; they then decided to move to North Wales and a new franchise was created. Crusaders have enjoyed some well-attended games at the Racecourse Ground during 2010 with their opening engage Super League match against Leeds attracted over 10,000 people, with large local support. In 2011 Crusaders withdraw their Super League licence application and ultimately folded citing financial invalidity. 2012 saw the birth of a new club, born from the ashes of the old club. North Wales Crusaders currently play in the Co-operative Championship 1 competition. They are seen as a separate entity from the former club, and are starting their own chapter in rugby league history. From 2016, North Wales Crusaders no longer play at the Racecourse Ground. International International Rugby League games have also been staged at the ground. The stadium hosted Wales' clash with England in the 2012 Autumn International Series. In 2013, it held Wales' 2013 Rugby League World Cup home game with the USA on Sunday 3 November 2013, with the Tomahawks ending the home side's chance of a quarter-final appearance with a 24–16 win. The win by the USA, a team expected to be easily beaten in their first ever Rugby League World Cup, would see them return to Wrexham for a quarter-final clash against tournament favourites Australia, on Saturday 16 November 2013. As expected, the Kangaroos (who would go on to win the World Cup) defeated the USA 62–0, with 5,762 in attendance. As part of the 2014 Rugby League European Cup, the Racecourse Ground hosted the match between Wales and Ireland on 2 November. As of 2015, the Racecourse Ground has hosted nine Wales internationals. The results were as follows: Rugby Union internationals The Racecourse Ground has held four rugby union internationals. Three of them were Wales’ friendlies against Romania and won all three of them (70–21 30 August 1997, 40–3 on 3 October 1999 and 54–8 on 27 August 2003 which was a warm-up game before the 2003 Rugby World Cup. It also hosted a 1999 Rugby Union World Cup Pool 4 match between Japan and Samoa on 3 October 1999 with Samoa winning 43–9. The Racecourse has also played host to the Wales 'A' squad on numerous occasions. Other uses The first concert held at the stadium was held in July 1982. Motörhead headlined, with support from Twisted Sister, making their first UK appearance. Other concerts at the venue have included Stereophonics, as part of their Keep The Summer Alive tour, UB40, and Olly Murs. The stadium was used as a filming location in the 2015 television film Marvellous about the life of Neil Baldwin. Location The ground is located on Mold Road close to the A483 dual carriageway. Wrexham General railway station is adjacent to the ground. Attendances The five biggest attendances for Wrexham matches at the Racecourse have been: References Football venues in Wales Welsh Cup final venues Rugby union stadiums in Wales Rugby league stadiums in Wales Rugby League World Cup stadiums Rugby World Cup stadiums Wrexham Stadiums in Wrexham Wrexham A.F.C. Crusaders Rugby League Sport in Wrexham County Borough North Wales Crusaders Sports venues completed in 1864 English Football League venues