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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 12 new columns ({'article_a', 'event_order_b', 'class', 'article_b', 'event_b', 'event_id_a', 'event_id_b', 'score', 'event_order_a', 'article_id_a', 'event_a', 'article_id_b'}) and 6 missing columns ({'choice_c', 'choice_b', 'choice_d', 'choice_a', 'effect', 'correct'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/angelika/CRAB/pairwise_causality.jsonl (at revision d9f97c1fad37a3c19104cb2245190ac1225c99c6)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2011, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 585, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2302, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2256, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
topic_id: int64
article_id_a: int64
article_a: string
event_id_a: int64
event_order_a: int64
event_a: string
article_id_b: int64
article_b: string
event_id_b: int64
event_order_b: int64
event_b: string
score: int64
class: string
to
{'topic_id': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'effect': {'effect_id': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'article_effect': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'effect': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}, 'choice_a': {'article_a': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'event_a': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'score_a': Value(dtype='int64', id=None)}, 'choice_b': {'article_b': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'event_b': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'score_b': Value(dtype='int64', id=None)}, 'choice_c': {'article_c': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'event_c': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'score_c': Value(dtype='int64', id=None)}, 'choice_d': {'article_d': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'event_d': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'score_d': Value(dtype='int64', id=None)}, 'correct': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1321, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 935, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1027, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1122, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1882, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2013, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 12 new columns ({'article_a', 'event_order_b', 'class', 'article_b', 'event_b', 'event_id_a', 'event_id_b', 'score', 'event_order_a', 'article_id_a', 'event_a', 'article_id_b'}) and 6 missing columns ({'choice_c', 'choice_b', 'choice_d', 'choice_a', 'effect', 'correct'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/angelika/CRAB/pairwise_causality.jsonl (at revision d9f97c1fad37a3c19104cb2245190ac1225c99c6)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
topic_id
int64 | effect
dict | choice_a
dict | choice_b
dict | choice_c
dict | choice_d
dict | correct
string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 | {
"effect_id": 6,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"effect": "The U.K. broke its national record for the highest temperature ever registered."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Temperatures in Tokyo have been setting records for the month of June.",
"score_a": 10
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nMore than 125 million Americans are under heat warnings and advisories on Monday evening as a dangerous heat wave that began in the Southwest covers more real estate in the Central and Southern U.S.\\n\\nThe big picture: The National Weather Service (NWS) is warning that a \"dangerous\" combination of heat and humidity will affect the majority of the lower 48 states before the week is over, and there are few signs the heat will abate after that.\\n\\nAll of Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Illinois, Iowa and Indiana are under heat warnings plus parts of at least a dozen other states.\\nThe heat wave is courtesy of a strong area of high pressure, or heat dome, that is slowly moving east across the Central U.S.\\nThe heat dome is likely to shift eastward during the first part of the week, but then careen back west in a see-saw pattern, setting up hotter conditions again for the Upper Plains and Central states later in the week.\\nClimate change is causing heat waves such as this one to be more severe, frequent and longer-lasting than just a few decades ago.\\n\\nWhy it matters: Heat waves are the deadliest type of severe weather hazard in the U.S., and they especially target low-income residents who may lack access to air conditioning. They are also particularly dangerous for outdoor workers.\\n\\nThreat level: As of Monday morning, heat watches, advisories and warnings were in effect from the Carolinas to Texas, extending north into Wisconsin and Minnesota and south to the Gulf Coast.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Climate change is happening wolrdwide. ",
"score_b": 88
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Italy's longest river, the Po, reduced to little more than a trickle in places.",
"score_c": 9
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Temperatures in Tokyo have been setting records for the month of June.",
"score_d": 10
} | B |
59 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"effect": "Investigators carried out a hundred witness hearings during the preliminary investigation. "
} | {
"article_a": "A fire that devastated Notre Dame Cathedral in the heart of Paris was brought under control by firefighters in the early hours of Tuesday morning, though officials warned there were still residual fires to put out.\\n\\nThousands of Parisians watched in horror from behind police cordons as a ferocious blaze devastated Notre Dame Cathedral on Monday night, destroying its spire and a large part of the roof.\\n\\nAn investigation has been opened by the prosecutor’s office, but police said it began accidentally and may be linked to building work at the cathedral. The 850-year-old gothic masterpiece had been undergoing restoration work.\\n\\nThe French president, Emmanuel Macron, attended the scene and later gave a speech in which he vowed that the cathedral would be rebuilt, as fire crews said the landmark’s rectangular bell towers and structure of the building had been saved.\\nMacron said “the worst had been avoided” thanks to hundreds of brave firefighters who battled for hours and who would continue working through the night. One firefighter was severely injured but no other casualties were reported.\\n\\n“What happened tonight in Paris, in this cathedral, is a terrible event,” the president said, vowing to raise funds worldwide and bring the best talents from around the world to reconstruct the building in its entirety.\\n\\n“Notre Dame is our history, our literature, part of our psyche, the place of all our great events, our epidemics, our wars, our liberations, the epicentre of our lives ... So I solemnly say tonight: we will rebuild it together.”",
"event_a": "Firefighters battle for hours, one severely injured, no other casualties",
"score_a": 54
} | {
"article_b": "\\nEmmanuel Macron has announced he wants to see Notre Dame cathedral rebuilt “more beautiful than before” within five years, but there are warnings that the repairs could take decades and will involve substantial challenges.\\n\\nThe main problems include the sourcing of materials and painstaking work to preserve elements of the church that have survived the fire but might have been badly damaged by it, experts have warned.\\n\\nEric Fischer, who heads a foundation restoring the 1,000-year-old Strasbourg Cathedral that recently underwent a three-year facelift, said he thought rebuilding Notre Dame would probably take several decades.\\n\\n“The damage will be significant,” Fischer said.\\n\\nAudrey Azoulay, director-general of Unesco, the UN’ cultural organisation, said restoring Notre Dame “will last a long time and cost a lot of money”.\\n\\nDonations have poured in from around the world for the restoration efforts, with more than €800m (£692m) pledged as French tycoons and global corporations announced they would donate.\\n\\n“The fire at Notre Dame reminds us that our history never stops and we will always have challenges to overcome,” Macron said on Tuesday night. “We will rebuild Notre Dame, more beautiful than before – and I want it done in the next five years. We can do it. After the time of testing comes a time of reflection and then of action.”\\n\\nFrench authorities revealed on Tuesday that the cathedral was within “15 to 30 minutes” of complete destruction as firefighters battled to stop flames reaching its gothic bell towers.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Emmanuel Macron announces an ambition for Notre Dame to be rebuilt within five years.",
"score_b": 21
} | {
"article_c": "When you combine an international event with the rapid dissemination of news on social media, too often you get loads of misinformation and, sometimes, completely fabricated conspiracy theories.\\n\\nUnfortunately, such is the case with the massive fire that nearly destroyed the historic Notre Dame cathedral in Paris on April 15.\\n\\nFrench authorities said they have not found evidence of arson and terrorism, and they are treating the fire as an accident that may be linked to an ongoing 6 million-euro renovation project on the church.\\n\\nThat still didn’t stop some internet users from suggesting it was some kind of terrorist act – as did one low-quality video clip posted to Facebook by the page \"Equinox News Network.\"\\n\\nThe 18-second clip shows a man walking in one of the cathedral’s towers not long after the fire started. The video’s caption says: \"No workers present at the time that the Notre Dame Cathedral fire started......So who is this guy dressed in Muslim garb??\"\\n\\nThe video post was flagged as part of Facebook’s efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed. (Read more about our partnership with Facebook.)\\n\\nThe person in the picture isn’t dressed in \"Muslim garb\" — the person is a firefighter.\\n\\nThe clip was plucked from CNBC’s three-hour livestream of the fire and can be seen around the 42-minute mark.",
"event_c": "Several false claims spread about the fire, including that it was intentional or terrorism-related. ",
"score_c": 45
} | {
"article_d": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris suffered a devastating fire.",
"score_d": 97
} | D |
6 | {
"effect_id": 9,
"article_effect": "The collapse of Silicon Valley Bank continues to reverberate, hitting bank stocks, revealing hidden stresses, knocking on to Credit Suisse, and setting off a political blame-game.\\n\\n\\nWhy the $212bn tech-lender abruptly collapsed, triggering the most significant financial crisis since 2008, has no single answer. Was it, as some argue, the result of Trump-era regulation rollbacks, risk mismanagement at the bank, sharp interest rate rises after a decade of ultra-low borrowing costs, or perhaps a combination of all three?\\n\\nFederal investigations have begun and lawsuits have been filed and no doubt new issues at the bank will emerge. But for now, here are the main reasons experts believed SVB failed.\\n\\nThe Vermont senator Bernie Sanders argues that the culprit was an “absurd” 2018 law, supported by Congress and signed by Donald Trump, that undid some of the credit requirements imposed under the Dodd-Frank banking legislation brought in after the 2008 banking crisis.\\n\\nDodd-Frank required that banks with at least $50bn in assets – banks considered “systemically important” – undergo an annual Federal Reserve “stress test” and maintain certain levels of capital as well as plans for a living will if they failed.\\n\\nSVB’s chief executive, Greg Becker, argued before Congress in 2015 that the $50bn threshold (SVB held $40bn at the time) was unnecessary and his bank, like other “mid-sized” or regional banks, “does not present systemic risks”.\\n\\nTrump said the new bill went a “long way toward fixing” Dodd-Frank, which he called a “job-killer”. ",
"effect": "Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) is shut down by regulators."
} | {
"article_a": "On Wednesday, Silicon Valley Bank was a well-capitalized institution seeking to raise some funds.\\n\\nWithin 48 hours, a panic induced by the very venture capital community that SVB had served and nurtured ended the bank’s 40-year-run.\\n\\nRegulators shuttered SVB Friday and seized its deposits in the largest U.S. banking failure since the 2008 financial crisis and the second-largest ever. The company’s downward spiral began late Wednesday, when it surprised investors with news that it needed to raise $2.25 billion to shore up its balance sheet. What followed was the rapid collapse of a highly-respected bank that had grown alongside its technology clients.\\n\\nEven now, as the dust begins to settle on the second bank wind-down announced this week, members of the VC community are lamenting the role that other investors played in SVB’s demise.\\n\\n“This was a hysteria-induced bank run caused by VCs,” Ryan Falvey, a fintech investor at Restive Ventures, told CNBC. “This is going to go down as one of the ultimate cases of an industry cutting its nose off to spite its face.”\\n\\nThe episode is the latest fallout from the Federal Reserve’s actions to stem inflation with its most aggressive rate hiking campaign in four decades. The ramifications could be far-reaching, with concerns that startups may be unable to pay employees in coming days, venture investors may struggle to raise funds, and an already-battered sector could face a deeper malaise.",
"event_a": "SVB invested in technology companies (startups).",
"score_a": 21
} | {
"article_b": "The collapse of Silicon Valley Bank continues to reverberate, hitting bank stocks, revealing hidden stresses, knocking on to Credit Suisse, and setting off a political blame-game.\\n\\n\\nWhy the $212bn tech-lender abruptly collapsed, triggering the most significant financial crisis since 2008, has no single answer. Was it, as some argue, the result of Trump-era regulation rollbacks, risk mismanagement at the bank, sharp interest rate rises after a decade of ultra-low borrowing costs, or perhaps a combination of all three?\\n\\nFederal investigations have begun and lawsuits have been filed and no doubt new issues at the bank will emerge. But for now, here are the main reasons experts believed SVB failed.\\n\\nThe Vermont senator Bernie Sanders argues that the culprit was an “absurd” 2018 law, supported by Congress and signed by Donald Trump, that undid some of the credit requirements imposed under the Dodd-Frank banking legislation brought in after the 2008 banking crisis.\\n\\nDodd-Frank required that banks with at least $50bn in assets – banks considered “systemically important” – undergo an annual Federal Reserve “stress test” and maintain certain levels of capital as well as plans for a living will if they failed.\\n\\nSVB’s chief executive, Greg Becker, argued before Congress in 2015 that the $50bn threshold (SVB held $40bn at the time) was unnecessary and his bank, like other “mid-sized” or regional banks, “does not present systemic risks”.\\n\\nTrump said the new bill went a “long way toward fixing” Dodd-Frank, which he called a “job-killer”. ",
"event_b": "In 2018 a law was passed for banks to not be required to have a $50bn safety capital.",
"score_b": 18
} | {
"article_c": "Stefan Kalb was in the middle of a meeting around 1 p.m. on Thursday when a fellow company executive sent him a panicked Slack message: \"Do you know what\\'s happening at SVB?\"\\n\\nKalb, the CEO and co-founder of Seattle-based food management startup Shelf Engine, had been following news of a bank run at Silicon Valley Bank. Droves of depositors were attempting to pull out as much as $42 billion from the bank on Thursday alone, as fear spread that the bank was teetering on the brink of collapse.\\n\\nThe bank seemed to be on firm financial footing on Wednesday. The following day, it appeared to be under water.\\n\\nFor Shelf Engine, a 40-person startup founded in 2015 that uses artificial intelligence to help grocery stores reduce food waste, this was a big problem.\\n\\nNot only did Silicon Valley Bank help the company process checks and payments, but millions of dollars of the startup\\'s cash was locked up in the bank.\\n\\nKalb sprung into action. He and his team quickly opened an account at JPMorgan Chase and attempted to wire transfer every last penny out of Silicon Valley Bank.\\n\\n\"Unfortunately, our wire was not honored and our money is still at Silicon Valley Bank,\" Kalb, 37, said in an interview on Friday. \"We woke up this morning hoping the money would be in that JPMorgan bank account, and it was not.\"",
"event_c": "Executive sends panicked Slack message about Silicon Valley Bank (SVB)",
"score_c": 41
} | {
"article_d": "The collapse of Silicon Valley Bank continues to reverberate, hitting bank stocks, revealing hidden stresses, knocking on to Credit Suisse, and setting off a political blame-game.\\n\\n\\nWhy the $212bn tech-lender abruptly collapsed, triggering the most significant financial crisis since 2008, has no single answer. Was it, as some argue, the result of Trump-era regulation rollbacks, risk mismanagement at the bank, sharp interest rate rises after a decade of ultra-low borrowing costs, or perhaps a combination of all three?\\n\\nFederal investigations have begun and lawsuits have been filed and no doubt new issues at the bank will emerge. But for now, here are the main reasons experts believed SVB failed.\\n\\nThe Vermont senator Bernie Sanders argues that the culprit was an “absurd” 2018 law, supported by Congress and signed by Donald Trump, that undid some of the credit requirements imposed under the Dodd-Frank banking legislation brought in after the 2008 banking crisis.\\n\\nDodd-Frank required that banks with at least $50bn in assets – banks considered “systemically important” – undergo an annual Federal Reserve “stress test” and maintain certain levels of capital as well as plans for a living will if they failed.\\n\\nSVB’s chief executive, Greg Becker, argued before Congress in 2015 that the $50bn threshold (SVB held $40bn at the time) was unnecessary and his bank, like other “mid-sized” or regional banks, “does not present systemic risks”.\\n\\nTrump said the new bill went a “long way toward fixing” Dodd-Frank, which he called a “job-killer”. ",
"event_d": "Interest rates rise after a decade of ultra-low borrowing costs.",
"score_d": 31
} | C |
108 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"effect": "Prosecutors in Germany have issued international arrest warrants for the cofounders of a Panama-based law firm."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_a": "The documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes.",
"score_a": 89
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_b": "11.5 million files were leaked from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca.",
"score_b": 88
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nIceland’s embattled prime minister, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, has become the first major casualty of the Panama Papers, stepping aside from his office amid mounting public outrage that his family had sheltered money offshore.\\n\\nWhat was planned as a mass protest in Reykjavik on Tuesday evening turned to muted satisfaction as demonstrators vented their anger following revelations that Gunnlaugsson once owned – and his wife still owns – an offshore investment company with multimillion-pound claims on Iceland’s failed banks.\\n\\n“We were hoping parliament would be dissolved,” said Steingrimur Oli Einarsson, a fish oil trader, one of a few hundred to brave a freezing northeasterly wind on parliament square in downtown Reykjavik.\\n\\n“Of course we’re happy the prime minister has stepped down. But we are not satisfied with who is taking over from him, and with the fact that the government itself is still there.”\\n\\nGunnlaugsson’s office said in a statement that he was not resigning, but “handing over the office of prime minister for an unspecified time” to Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson, the agriculture and fisheries minister.\\n\\nGunnlaugsson was “very proud” of his success resurrecting Iceland’s economy after the 2008 financial crisis, the statement said, and “especially proud of his government’s handling of ... the creditors of the failed Icelandic banks”.\\n\\nOutside parliament, Sigrin Eiroksdottir, a pre-school teacher, said the occasion “doesn’t really feel like any kind of victory. There is so much still to put right in this country in terms of ethics, of how the world looks at us.”\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Iceland's Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson steps down amid public outrage over his family's offshore investments.",
"score_c": 25
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_d": "Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.",
"score_d": 98
} | D |
11 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nIn the midst of an unprecedented heat wave, the U.K. on Tuesday broke its national record for the highest temperature ever registered, with a provisional reading of 104.36°F (40.2°C) at London's Heathrow Airport, according to the country's weather service.\\n\\nWhy it matters: This is the first time the U.K. has breached this temperature that is more common in tropical and desert climates, and studies point to climate change as a key factor behind the scorchingly hot temperatures.\\n\\nHeat waves of this magnitude and duration can be deadly, and pose particular health risks to vulnerable groups like the elderly, those with preexisting medical conditions and anyone without access to cooling.\\nOnly about 3% of homes in the U.K. have air conditioning.\\nDriving the news: The U.K. Met Office warned that temperatures are expected to keep rising throughout the day. Multiple other locations have exceeded the 40-degree mark as well, including within the city of London.\\n\\nThe previous national temperature record, set in 2019, stood at 101.66°F (38.7°C). A provisional total of 34 weather stations broke that record on Tuesday, the Met Office reported.\\nAccording to climate scientist Simon Lee, 3 of the 4 hottest days in U.K. history have occurred during the last 4 years.\\nContext: Studies have shown that climate change is making heat waves like this one hotter than they otherwise would have been, as well as more frequent and longer-lasting.\\n\\n",
"effect": "British authorities have declared a \"national emergency\"."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Japan is asking 37 million people living in Tokyo to use less electricity.",
"score_a": 10
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Japan is asking 37 million people living in Tokyo to use less electricity.",
"score_b": 10
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Europe is experiencing extreme heat waves.",
"score_c": 90
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Italy's longest river, the Po, reduced to little more than a trickle in places.",
"score_d": 4
} | C |
108 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"effect": "Prosecutors in Germany have issued international arrest warrants for the cofounders of a Panama-based law firm."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nIceland’s embattled prime minister, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, has become the first major casualty of the Panama Papers, stepping aside from his office amid mounting public outrage that his family had sheltered money offshore.\\n\\nWhat was planned as a mass protest in Reykjavik on Tuesday evening turned to muted satisfaction as demonstrators vented their anger following revelations that Gunnlaugsson once owned – and his wife still owns – an offshore investment company with multimillion-pound claims on Iceland’s failed banks.\\n\\n“We were hoping parliament would be dissolved,” said Steingrimur Oli Einarsson, a fish oil trader, one of a few hundred to brave a freezing northeasterly wind on parliament square in downtown Reykjavik.\\n\\n“Of course we’re happy the prime minister has stepped down. But we are not satisfied with who is taking over from him, and with the fact that the government itself is still there.”\\n\\nGunnlaugsson’s office said in a statement that he was not resigning, but “handing over the office of prime minister for an unspecified time” to Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson, the agriculture and fisheries minister.\\n\\nGunnlaugsson was “very proud” of his success resurrecting Iceland’s economy after the 2008 financial crisis, the statement said, and “especially proud of his government’s handling of ... the creditors of the failed Icelandic banks”.\\n\\nOutside parliament, Sigrin Eiroksdottir, a pre-school teacher, said the occasion “doesn’t really feel like any kind of victory. There is so much still to put right in this country in terms of ethics, of how the world looks at us.”\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Iceland's Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson steps down amid public outrage over his family's offshore investments.",
"score_a": 25
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nIcelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson resigned on Tuesday, after documents leaked from a Panama-based law firm revealed that his wife possesses a secret offshore account worth millions of dollars.\\n\\nThe money is housed in a shell corporation called Wintris, which had bought bonds in Icelandic banks. So when Iceland\\'s financial sector collapsed in 2008, Wintris became a creditor to those banks. In 2013, Gunnlaugsson became the prime minister, having run partly on a promise to get tougher with Iceland\\'s remaining foreign creditors.\\n\\nSo what Icelandic voters didn\\'t know when they elected him in 2013, but have learned with this week\\'s \"Panama Papers\" revelations, is that Gunnlaugsson\\'s own wife was secretly one of the creditors he\\'d promised to crack down on — an enormous and undisclosed conflict of interest.\\n\\nWhen the truth came out this week, it led to mass protests on Monday calling for Gunnlaugsson\\'s resignation. He stepped down the next day.\\n\\nWhat happened in Iceland shows the political power of the Panama Papers, but it also shows the degree to which the political turmoil from the 2008 financial crisis is, in some ways, still ongoing in that country.\\n\\nWhat\\'s more, if Gunnlaugsson\\'s resignation leads Iceland to schedule new elections soon, that vote could end up empowering a radical political party called the Pirate Party, a left-libertarian amalgam that\\'s obsessed with transparency and direct democracy.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Mass protests on Monday called for Gunnlaugsson's resignation.",
"score_b": 30
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_c": "11.5 million files were leaked from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca.",
"score_c": 88
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nReports published this week on the secretive industry that banks and lawyers use to hide the financial holdings of some of the world’s top leaders and billionaires brought a powerful global response, including the resignation of one prime minister, while the White House and U.S. agencies reacted more cautiously.\\n\\nPresident Barack Obama addressed the massive leak of documents, which led to the reporting, on Tuesday during a press conference about business tax reform.\\n\\n“There is no doubt that the problem of global tax avoidance generally, is a huge problem,” the president said. The president also noted in his remarks that the problem is not unique to other nations. “There are folks here in America who are taking advantage of the same stuff. A lot of it is legal, but that’s exactly the problem,” the president added. “It’s not that they’re breaking the laws, it’s that the laws are so poorly designed that they allow people, if they’ve got enough lawyers and enough accountants, to wiggle out of responsibilities that ordinary citizens are having to abide by.”\\n\\nThe Justice Department, which is investigating alleged corruption in the world’s top soccer body, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), said it may focus more on the financial dealings raised in the reporting based on the documents.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "The Justice Department is investigating alleged corruption in the world’s top soccer body, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).",
"score_d": 35
} | C |
6 | {
"effect_id": 12,
"article_effect": "Another Bay Area bank was affected Monday by uncertainty in the financial markets following the failure of Silicon Valley Bank on Friday.\\n\\nStock in San Francisco-based First Republic Bank sank nearly 62% Monday and shares of other regional banks suffered losses, reportedly. First Republic has 86 locations across the country. Its Midpeninsula offices include two in Menlo Park and one each in Los Altos, Mountain View, Palo Alto and Redwood City.\\n\\nOn Sunday, regulators seized Signature Bank in New York after it failed.\\n\\nBut a San Jose State University professor of finance and accounting does not see the failure of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank as signs of a coming crisis.\\n\\n\"I don\\'t think it is a huge contagion issue,\" said assistant professor Matthew Faulkner. \"It\\'s more toward an isolated incident.\"\\n\\nOver the weekend and Monday, top federal officials including President Joseph Biden appeared to be getting ahead of the issue.\\n\\nBiden sought to ease American\\'s fears by making all deposits held by Silicon Valley Bank customers available regardless of the amount of their deposits, federal officials said over the weekend.\\n\\nThat includes businesses who must pay their employees and their bills, officials said.\\n\\n\"Americans can have confidence that the banking system is safe,\" Biden said Monday morning. \"Your deposits will be there when you need them.\"\\n\\nInvestors will not be protected, Biden said. According to the president, they took a risk and \"that\\'s how capitalism works.\"\\n\\nTaxpayers will not be on the hook for the losses.",
"effect": "First Republic Bank's stock plummets."
} | {
"article_a": "Another Bay Area bank was affected Monday by uncertainty in the financial markets following the failure of Silicon Valley Bank on Friday.\\n\\nStock in San Francisco-based First Republic Bank sank nearly 62% Monday and shares of other regional banks suffered losses, reportedly. First Republic has 86 locations across the country. Its Midpeninsula offices include two in Menlo Park and one each in Los Altos, Mountain View, Palo Alto and Redwood City.\\n\\nOn Sunday, regulators seized Signature Bank in New York after it failed.\\n\\nBut a San Jose State University professor of finance and accounting does not see the failure of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank as signs of a coming crisis.\\n\\n\"I don\\'t think it is a huge contagion issue,\" said assistant professor Matthew Faulkner. \"It\\'s more toward an isolated incident.\"\\n\\nOver the weekend and Monday, top federal officials including President Joseph Biden appeared to be getting ahead of the issue.\\n\\nBiden sought to ease American\\'s fears by making all deposits held by Silicon Valley Bank customers available regardless of the amount of their deposits, federal officials said over the weekend.\\n\\nThat includes businesses who must pay their employees and their bills, officials said.\\n\\n\"Americans can have confidence that the banking system is safe,\" Biden said Monday morning. \"Your deposits will be there when you need them.\"\\n\\nInvestors will not be protected, Biden said. According to the president, they took a risk and \"that\\'s how capitalism works.\"\\n\\nTaxpayers will not be on the hook for the losses.",
"event_a": "Regulators seized Signature Bank in New York on Sunday.",
"score_a": 89
} | {
"article_b": "President Biden says customers of U.S. banks should have confidence that their money will be there when they need it, as he seeks to limit the damage done by the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank and other problems. He also promised accountability for leaders and investors of banks that fail.\\n\\nBiden\\'s words didn\\'t prevent anxiety over the banking emergency from hammering stock prices of financial institutions on Monday morning. The pain was particularly acute for regional and middle-sized banks.\\n\\nThe banking emergency has prompted federal regulators to take extraordinary actions to close two banks and guarantee all their deposits.\\n\\nBecause of those actions, Biden said, \"every American should feel confident that their deposits will be there if and when they need them.\"\\n\\nCompanies with accounts at the collapsed banks \"can breathe easier, knowing they\\'ll be able to pay their workers and pay their bills,\" Biden said. \"Their hardworking employees can breathe easier as well.\"\\n\\nBiden spoke from the White House at 9 a.m. ET Monday, just 30 minutes before the New York stock market opened. But one hour into trading, a number of banking stocks were down.\\n\\nMany eyes are on First Republic Bank, the San Francisco institution whose clients include tech companies and wealthy investors. The bank\\'s stock plummeted below the $20 mark early Monday — one week after it closed at $122.\\n\\nBank of America and Wells Fargo also saw their stock prices slip, both of them falling by 4% or more in the first hour of trading.",
"event_b": "President Biden speaks on the banking emergency and assures customers of U.S. banks that their money will be there when they need it",
"score_b": 52
} | {
"article_c": "On Wednesday, Silicon Valley Bank was a well-capitalized institution seeking to raise some funds.\\n\\nWithin 48 hours, a panic induced by the very venture capital community that SVB had served and nurtured ended the bank’s 40-year-run.\\n\\nRegulators shuttered SVB Friday and seized its deposits in the largest U.S. banking failure since the 2008 financial crisis and the second-largest ever. The company’s downward spiral began late Wednesday, when it surprised investors with news that it needed to raise $2.25 billion to shore up its balance sheet. What followed was the rapid collapse of a highly-respected bank that had grown alongside its technology clients.\\n\\nEven now, as the dust begins to settle on the second bank wind-down announced this week, members of the VC community are lamenting the role that other investors played in SVB’s demise.\\n\\n“This was a hysteria-induced bank run caused by VCs,” Ryan Falvey, a fintech investor at Restive Ventures, told CNBC. “This is going to go down as one of the ultimate cases of an industry cutting its nose off to spite its face.”\\n\\nThe episode is the latest fallout from the Federal Reserve’s actions to stem inflation with its most aggressive rate hiking campaign in four decades. The ramifications could be far-reaching, with concerns that startups may be unable to pay employees in coming days, venture investors may struggle to raise funds, and an already-battered sector could face a deeper malaise.",
"event_c": "Silicon Valley Bank attempted to raise $2.25 billion from investors.",
"score_c": 37
} | {
"article_d": "Wall Street is worried about what may be next to topple following the second- and third-largest bank failures in U.S. history, and stocks are swinging sharply Monday as investors scramble to find someplace safe to park their money.\\n\\nThe S&P 500 was virtually unchanged in morning trading, but only after tumbling 1.4% at the open. The sharpest drops were again coming from banks. Investors are worried that a relentless rise in interest rates meant to get inflation under control are approaching a tipping point and may be cracking the banking system.\\n\\n\\nThe U.S. government announced a plan late Sunday meant to shore up the banking industry following the collapses of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank since Friday.\\n\\nThe most pressure is on the regional banks a couple steps below in size of the massive, “too-big-to-fail” banks that helped take down the economy in 2007 and 2008. Shares of First Republic plunged 78%, even after the bank said Sunday it had strengthened its finances with cash from the Federal Reserve and JPMorgan Chase.\\n\\nHuge banks, which have been repeatedly stress-tested by regulators following the 2008 financial crisis, weren’t down as much. JPMorgan Chase fell 0.7%, and Bank of America dropped 3.7%.\\n\\n“So far, it seems that the potential problem banks are few, and importantly do not extend to the so-called systemically important banks,” analysts at ING said.",
"event_d": "The U.S. government announced a plan late Sunday meant to shore up the banking industry.",
"score_d": 54
} | A |
59 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"effect": "Investigators carried out a hundred witness hearings during the preliminary investigation. "
} | {
"article_a": "Notre Dame Cathedral, one of the world\\'s most famous churches, erupted in flames Monday in Paris, losing its spire but remaining otherwise largely intact after firefighters worked through the night to contain the fire.\\n\\nThe commander of the Paris firefighter brigade, Jean-Claude Gallet, said Monday night that the cathedral\\'s main structure and two towers of the cathedral had been saved. Firefighters said they had contained the flames by early morning local time, and the fire was entirely out by midmorning, Gallet confirmed to NPR.\\n\\n\\nFlames leaped through the roof and dark smoke billowed into the sky on Monday afternoon. Observers gasped as the spire fell. The roof collapsed shortly afterward.\\n\\n\"Pray,\" Archbishop of Paris Michel Aupetit wrote. \"If you wish, you can ring the bells of your churches to invite prayer.\"\\n\\nAs night fell on Paris and the fire continued to burn, people knelt and sang \"Ave Maria\" as they watched the blaze.\\n\\nOnly one firefighter was reported to be seriously injured.\\n\\nPresident Emmanuel Macron said, \"Notre Dame is our history, our literature, part of our psyche\" and pledged that the iconic cathedral will be rebuilt.\\n\\n\"Let\\'s be proud, because we built this cathedral more than 800 years ago, we\\'ve built it and, throughout the centuries, let it grow and improved it. So I solemnly say tonight: We will rebuild it together.\"\\nThe fire broke out during Holy Week for the world\\'s Roman Catholics. At least four Masses a day take place at the cathedral.",
"event_a": "Observers sang \"Ave Maria\" as they watched the blaze.",
"score_a": 41
} | {
"article_b": "Notre Dame Cathedral, one of the world\\'s most famous churches, erupted in flames Monday in Paris, losing its spire but remaining otherwise largely intact after firefighters worked through the night to contain the fire.\\n\\nThe commander of the Paris firefighter brigade, Jean-Claude Gallet, said Monday night that the cathedral\\'s main structure and two towers of the cathedral had been saved. Firefighters said they had contained the flames by early morning local time, and the fire was entirely out by midmorning, Gallet confirmed to NPR.\\n\\n\\nFlames leaped through the roof and dark smoke billowed into the sky on Monday afternoon. Observers gasped as the spire fell. The roof collapsed shortly afterward.\\n\\n\"Pray,\" Archbishop of Paris Michel Aupetit wrote. \"If you wish, you can ring the bells of your churches to invite prayer.\"\\n\\nAs night fell on Paris and the fire continued to burn, people knelt and sang \"Ave Maria\" as they watched the blaze.\\n\\nOnly one firefighter was reported to be seriously injured.\\n\\nPresident Emmanuel Macron said, \"Notre Dame is our history, our literature, part of our psyche\" and pledged that the iconic cathedral will be rebuilt.\\n\\n\"Let\\'s be proud, because we built this cathedral more than 800 years ago, we\\'ve built it and, throughout the centuries, let it grow and improved it. So I solemnly say tonight: We will rebuild it together.\"\\nThe fire broke out during Holy Week for the world\\'s Roman Catholics. At least four Masses a day take place at the cathedral.",
"event_b": "Firefighters had contained the flames by early morning local time, and the fire was entirely out by midmorning",
"score_b": 42
} | {
"article_c": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris suffered a devastating fire.",
"score_c": 97
} | {
"article_d": "When you combine an international event with the rapid dissemination of news on social media, too often you get loads of misinformation and, sometimes, completely fabricated conspiracy theories.\\n\\nUnfortunately, such is the case with the massive fire that nearly destroyed the historic Notre Dame cathedral in Paris on April 15.\\n\\nFrench authorities said they have not found evidence of arson and terrorism, and they are treating the fire as an accident that may be linked to an ongoing 6 million-euro renovation project on the church.\\n\\nThat still didn’t stop some internet users from suggesting it was some kind of terrorist act – as did one low-quality video clip posted to Facebook by the page \"Equinox News Network.\"\\n\\nThe 18-second clip shows a man walking in one of the cathedral’s towers not long after the fire started. The video’s caption says: \"No workers present at the time that the Notre Dame Cathedral fire started......So who is this guy dressed in Muslim garb??\"\\n\\nThe video post was flagged as part of Facebook’s efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed. (Read more about our partnership with Facebook.)\\n\\nThe person in the picture isn’t dressed in \"Muslim garb\" — the person is a firefighter.\\n\\nThe clip was plucked from CNBC’s three-hour livestream of the fire and can be seen around the 42-minute mark.",
"event_d": "Several false claims spread about the fire, including that it was intentional or terrorism-related. ",
"score_d": 45
} | C |
108 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"effect": "Prosecutors in Germany have issued international arrest warrants for the cofounders of a Panama-based law firm."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nReports published this week on the secretive industry that banks and lawyers use to hide the financial holdings of some of the world’s top leaders and billionaires brought a powerful global response, including the resignation of one prime minister, while the White House and U.S. agencies reacted more cautiously.\\n\\nPresident Barack Obama addressed the massive leak of documents, which led to the reporting, on Tuesday during a press conference about business tax reform.\\n\\n“There is no doubt that the problem of global tax avoidance generally, is a huge problem,” the president said. The president also noted in his remarks that the problem is not unique to other nations. “There are folks here in America who are taking advantage of the same stuff. A lot of it is legal, but that’s exactly the problem,” the president added. “It’s not that they’re breaking the laws, it’s that the laws are so poorly designed that they allow people, if they’ve got enough lawyers and enough accountants, to wiggle out of responsibilities that ordinary citizens are having to abide by.”\\n\\nThe Justice Department, which is investigating alleged corruption in the world’s top soccer body, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), said it may focus more on the financial dealings raised in the reporting based on the documents.\\n\\n",
"event_a": "The Justice Department is investigating alleged corruption in the world’s top soccer body, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).",
"score_a": 35
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nThe new head of world football has been caught up in the sport’s corruption scandal because of documents that have been revealed by the Panama Papers leak.\\n\\nFiles seen by the Guardian will raise questions about the role Fifa’s president, Gianni Infantino, played in deals that were concluded when he was director of legal services at Uefa, European football’s governing body.\\n\\nAccording to records, Uefa concluded offshore deals with one of the indicted figures at the heart of an alleged “World Cup of fraud” despite previously insisting it had no dealings with any of them.\\n\\nThe emergence of the contracts from 2003 and 2006, which were co-signed by Infantino, link Uefa for the first time to one of the companies involved in the huge unfolding scandal that has brought down former Fifa president Sepp Blatter.\\n\\nUefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.\\n\\nIt said the contracts were all above board. Fifa has previously insisted Infantino had no dealings with any of the officials currently under investigation – or their companies. Infantino said he was “dismayed” by the reports and “will not accept that my integrity is being doubted”.\\n\\nThe disclosures are based on the leak of 11m documents from the files of the offshore financial law firm Mossack Fonseca, which were obtained by Süddeutsche Zeitung and shared by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists with the Guardian and other news organisations.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Uefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.",
"score_b": 21
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nThe new head of world football has been caught up in the sport’s corruption scandal because of documents that have been revealed by the Panama Papers leak.\\n\\nFiles seen by the Guardian will raise questions about the role Fifa’s president, Gianni Infantino, played in deals that were concluded when he was director of legal services at Uefa, European football’s governing body.\\n\\nAccording to records, Uefa concluded offshore deals with one of the indicted figures at the heart of an alleged “World Cup of fraud” despite previously insisting it had no dealings with any of them.\\n\\nThe emergence of the contracts from 2003 and 2006, which were co-signed by Infantino, link Uefa for the first time to one of the companies involved in the huge unfolding scandal that has brought down former Fifa president Sepp Blatter.\\n\\nUefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.\\n\\nIt said the contracts were all above board. Fifa has previously insisted Infantino had no dealings with any of the officials currently under investigation – or their companies. Infantino said he was “dismayed” by the reports and “will not accept that my integrity is being doubted”.\\n\\nThe disclosures are based on the leak of 11m documents from the files of the offshore financial law firm Mossack Fonseca, which were obtained by Süddeutsche Zeitung and shared by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists with the Guardian and other news organisations.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Uefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.",
"score_c": 21
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nDavid Cameron has finally admitted he benefited from a Panama-based offshore trust set up by his late father.\\n\\nAfter three days of stalling and four partial statements issued by Downing Street he confessed that he owned shares in the tax haven fund, which he sold for £31,500 just before becoming prime minister in 2010.\\n\\nIn a specially arranged interview with ITV News’ Robert Peston he confirmed a direct link to his father’s UK-tax avoiding fund, details of which were exposed in the Panama Papers revelations in the Guardian this week.\\n\\nAdmitting it had been “a difficult few days”, the prime minister said he held the shares together with his wife, Samantha, from 1997 and during his time as leader of the opposition. They were sold in January 2010 for a profit of £19,000.\\n\\nHe paid income tax on the dividends but there was no capital gains tax payable and he said he sold up before entering Downing Street “because I didn’t want anyone to say you have other agendas or vested interests”.\\n\\nBut the interview appeared unlikely to end scrutiny of Cameron’s tax affairs.\\n\\nThe Labour MP John Mann, a member of the Treasury select committee, said the prime minister should resign, claiming that Cameron had “covered up and misled”.\\n\\nCameron also admitted he did not know whether the £300,000 he inherited from his father had benefited from tax haven status due to part of his estate being based in a unit trust in Jersey.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "David Cameron admits to owning shares in a Panama-based offshore trust set up by his late father.",
"score_d": 19
} | A |
11 | {
"effect_id": 8,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nMore than 125 million Americans are under heat warnings and advisories on Monday evening as a dangerous heat wave that began in the Southwest covers more real estate in the Central and Southern U.S.\\n\\nThe big picture: The National Weather Service (NWS) is warning that a \"dangerous\" combination of heat and humidity will affect the majority of the lower 48 states before the week is over, and there are few signs the heat will abate after that.\\n\\nAll of Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Illinois, Iowa and Indiana are under heat warnings plus parts of at least a dozen other states.\\nThe heat wave is courtesy of a strong area of high pressure, or heat dome, that is slowly moving east across the Central U.S.\\nThe heat dome is likely to shift eastward during the first part of the week, but then careen back west in a see-saw pattern, setting up hotter conditions again for the Upper Plains and Central states later in the week.\\nClimate change is causing heat waves such as this one to be more severe, frequent and longer-lasting than just a few decades ago.\\n\\nWhy it matters: Heat waves are the deadliest type of severe weather hazard in the U.S., and they especially target low-income residents who may lack access to air conditioning. They are also particularly dangerous for outdoor workers.\\n\\nThreat level: As of Monday morning, heat watches, advisories and warnings were in effect from the Carolinas to Texas, extending north into Wisconsin and Minnesota and south to the Gulf Coast.\\n\\n",
"effect": "Californians are enduring a historic heat wave."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nAn unprecedented heat wave is underway in France and the U.K. that is likely to topple all-time national high temperature records and potentially kill several thousand people. The scorching heat is moving north into a more vulnerable region after tormenting Spain and Portugal.\\n\\nWhy it matters: This is a climate change-related public health emergency. Already, hundreds are dead from heat-related causes in Portugal and Spain and the toll is likely to climb much further.\\n\\nThe big picture: The U.K. Met Office is forecasting the country's first-ever occurrence of 104°F (40°C) temperatures during this event, with a high of 97°F in London on Monday.\\n\\nThe U.K.'s national temperature record stands at 101.66°F (38.7°C) set in 2019. That is likely to fall as early as Monday.\\nAccording to Meteo France, even higher temperatures occurred there on Monday, with a preliminary peak of 108.68°F(42.6°C) in Biscarosse, a town in the country's southwest.\\nThe air mass responsible for this extreme event originated in northwest Africa, with a heat dome and an area of low pressure just west of Iberia acting as a heat funnel.\\n\\nContext: Attribution studies of individual heat waves have shown that by increasing the global average surface temperature by about 1.2°C in the past century, human-induced climate change has dramatically boosted the odds of extreme heat events, along with their intensity and duration.\\n\\nResearch has even shown certain heat extremes would have been virtually impossible without human-caused climate change.\\n",
"event_a": "Hundreds are dead from heat-related causes in Portugal and Spain and the toll is likely to climb further.",
"score_a": 19
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "More than 1,000 firefighters battled two blazes in southwestern France.",
"score_b": 5
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nBritish authorities have described the extreme heat as a \"national emergency\" and southern Britain is under an “extreme” heat warning for the first time on record.\\nIn Spain, 237 deaths occurred due to high temperatures last week, according to the country\\'s Carlos III Institute, which records temperature-related fatalities daily.\\nThe chances of temperatures like those forecast for next week are already 10 times higher than they would have been without the influence of human activity, said Nikos Christidis, a Met Office climate scientist.\\n\\nAn ongoing heat wave is fueling wildfires, causing heat-related deaths and breaking records in Western Europe.\\n\\nBritish authorities are issuing dire warnings, as temperatures may reach 104 degrees Fahrenheit in southern Britain, a region usually known for moderate summer heat, with July highs in the 70s. It\\'s the first time such a forecast has been made in the area.\\n\\nThe heat poses a serious health risk, as people will need to take precautions to avoid heat-related illness. In Britain, few homes, apartments, schools or small businesses have air conditioning, making residents particularly vulnerable.\\n\\nExtreme heat is also endangering the environment and homes, with wildfires raging in Portugal, Spain and France.\\n\\nBritish authorities have described it as a \"national emergency\" and southern Britain is under an “extreme” heat warning for the first time on record.\\n\\nLondon Underground subway passengers are being advised not to travel Monday and Tuesday, because the heat is expected to affect rails and might cause delays, authorities said.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "British authorities have declared a \"national emergency\".",
"score_c": 27
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.",
"score_d": 7
} | C |
108 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"effect": "Prosecutors in Germany have issued international arrest warrants for the cofounders of a Panama-based law firm."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_a": "Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.",
"score_a": 98
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nThe new head of world football has been caught up in the sport’s corruption scandal because of documents that have been revealed by the Panama Papers leak.\\n\\nFiles seen by the Guardian will raise questions about the role Fifa’s president, Gianni Infantino, played in deals that were concluded when he was director of legal services at Uefa, European football’s governing body.\\n\\nAccording to records, Uefa concluded offshore deals with one of the indicted figures at the heart of an alleged “World Cup of fraud” despite previously insisting it had no dealings with any of them.\\n\\nThe emergence of the contracts from 2003 and 2006, which were co-signed by Infantino, link Uefa for the first time to one of the companies involved in the huge unfolding scandal that has brought down former Fifa president Sepp Blatter.\\n\\nUefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.\\n\\nIt said the contracts were all above board. Fifa has previously insisted Infantino had no dealings with any of the officials currently under investigation – or their companies. Infantino said he was “dismayed” by the reports and “will not accept that my integrity is being doubted”.\\n\\nThe disclosures are based on the leak of 11m documents from the files of the offshore financial law firm Mossack Fonseca, which were obtained by Süddeutsche Zeitung and shared by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists with the Guardian and other news organisations.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Uefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.",
"score_b": 21
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nThe new head of world football has been caught up in the sport’s corruption scandal because of documents that have been revealed by the Panama Papers leak.\\n\\nFiles seen by the Guardian will raise questions about the role Fifa’s president, Gianni Infantino, played in deals that were concluded when he was director of legal services at Uefa, European football’s governing body.\\n\\nAccording to records, Uefa concluded offshore deals with one of the indicted figures at the heart of an alleged “World Cup of fraud” despite previously insisting it had no dealings with any of them.\\n\\nThe emergence of the contracts from 2003 and 2006, which were co-signed by Infantino, link Uefa for the first time to one of the companies involved in the huge unfolding scandal that has brought down former Fifa president Sepp Blatter.\\n\\nUefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.\\n\\nIt said the contracts were all above board. Fifa has previously insisted Infantino had no dealings with any of the officials currently under investigation – or their companies. Infantino said he was “dismayed” by the reports and “will not accept that my integrity is being doubted”.\\n\\nThe disclosures are based on the leak of 11m documents from the files of the offshore financial law firm Mossack Fonseca, which were obtained by Süddeutsche Zeitung and shared by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists with the Guardian and other news organisations.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Uefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.",
"score_c": 21
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nDavid Cameron has finally admitted he benefited from a Panama-based offshore trust set up by his late father.\\n\\nAfter three days of stalling and four partial statements issued by Downing Street he confessed that he owned shares in the tax haven fund, which he sold for £31,500 just before becoming prime minister in 2010.\\n\\nIn a specially arranged interview with ITV News’ Robert Peston he confirmed a direct link to his father’s UK-tax avoiding fund, details of which were exposed in the Panama Papers revelations in the Guardian this week.\\n\\nAdmitting it had been “a difficult few days”, the prime minister said he held the shares together with his wife, Samantha, from 1997 and during his time as leader of the opposition. They were sold in January 2010 for a profit of £19,000.\\n\\nHe paid income tax on the dividends but there was no capital gains tax payable and he said he sold up before entering Downing Street “because I didn’t want anyone to say you have other agendas or vested interests”.\\n\\nBut the interview appeared unlikely to end scrutiny of Cameron’s tax affairs.\\n\\nThe Labour MP John Mann, a member of the Treasury select committee, said the prime minister should resign, claiming that Cameron had “covered up and misled”.\\n\\nCameron also admitted he did not know whether the £300,000 he inherited from his father had benefited from tax haven status due to part of his estate being based in a unit trust in Jersey.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "David Cameron admits to owning shares in a Panama-based offshore trust set up by his late father.",
"score_d": 19
} | A |
59 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"effect": "Investigators carried out a hundred witness hearings during the preliminary investigation. "
} | {
"article_a": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Jackson's article published innuendo suggesting a \"Muslim attack\" was responsible.",
"score_a": 39
} | {
"article_b": "\\nEmmanuel Macron has announced he wants to see Notre Dame cathedral rebuilt “more beautiful than before” within five years, but there are warnings that the repairs could take decades and will involve substantial challenges.\\n\\nThe main problems include the sourcing of materials and painstaking work to preserve elements of the church that have survived the fire but might have been badly damaged by it, experts have warned.\\n\\nEric Fischer, who heads a foundation restoring the 1,000-year-old Strasbourg Cathedral that recently underwent a three-year facelift, said he thought rebuilding Notre Dame would probably take several decades.\\n\\n“The damage will be significant,” Fischer said.\\n\\nAudrey Azoulay, director-general of Unesco, the UN’ cultural organisation, said restoring Notre Dame “will last a long time and cost a lot of money”.\\n\\nDonations have poured in from around the world for the restoration efforts, with more than €800m (£692m) pledged as French tycoons and global corporations announced they would donate.\\n\\n“The fire at Notre Dame reminds us that our history never stops and we will always have challenges to overcome,” Macron said on Tuesday night. “We will rebuild Notre Dame, more beautiful than before – and I want it done in the next five years. We can do it. After the time of testing comes a time of reflection and then of action.”\\n\\nFrench authorities revealed on Tuesday that the cathedral was within “15 to 30 minutes” of complete destruction as firefighters battled to stop flames reaching its gothic bell towers.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Global corporations and wealthy French individuals pledge over €800 million in donations.",
"score_b": 20
} | {
"article_c": "\\nEmmanuel Macron has announced he wants to see Notre Dame cathedral rebuilt “more beautiful than before” within five years, but there are warnings that the repairs could take decades and will involve substantial challenges.\\n\\nThe main problems include the sourcing of materials and painstaking work to preserve elements of the church that have survived the fire but might have been badly damaged by it, experts have warned.\\n\\nEric Fischer, who heads a foundation restoring the 1,000-year-old Strasbourg Cathedral that recently underwent a three-year facelift, said he thought rebuilding Notre Dame would probably take several decades.\\n\\n“The damage will be significant,” Fischer said.\\n\\nAudrey Azoulay, director-general of Unesco, the UN’ cultural organisation, said restoring Notre Dame “will last a long time and cost a lot of money”.\\n\\nDonations have poured in from around the world for the restoration efforts, with more than €800m (£692m) pledged as French tycoons and global corporations announced they would donate.\\n\\n“The fire at Notre Dame reminds us that our history never stops and we will always have challenges to overcome,” Macron said on Tuesday night. “We will rebuild Notre Dame, more beautiful than before – and I want it done in the next five years. We can do it. After the time of testing comes a time of reflection and then of action.”\\n\\nFrench authorities revealed on Tuesday that the cathedral was within “15 to 30 minutes” of complete destruction as firefighters battled to stop flames reaching its gothic bell towers.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Emmanuel Macron announces an ambition for Notre Dame to be rebuilt within five years.",
"score_c": 21
} | {
"article_d": "\\nEmmanuel Macron has announced he wants to see Notre Dame cathedral rebuilt “more beautiful than before” within five years, but there are warnings that the repairs could take decades and will involve substantial challenges.\\n\\nThe main problems include the sourcing of materials and painstaking work to preserve elements of the church that have survived the fire but might have been badly damaged by it, experts have warned.\\n\\nEric Fischer, who heads a foundation restoring the 1,000-year-old Strasbourg Cathedral that recently underwent a three-year facelift, said he thought rebuilding Notre Dame would probably take several decades.\\n\\n“The damage will be significant,” Fischer said.\\n\\nAudrey Azoulay, director-general of Unesco, the UN’ cultural organisation, said restoring Notre Dame “will last a long time and cost a lot of money”.\\n\\nDonations have poured in from around the world for the restoration efforts, with more than €800m (£692m) pledged as French tycoons and global corporations announced they would donate.\\n\\n“The fire at Notre Dame reminds us that our history never stops and we will always have challenges to overcome,” Macron said on Tuesday night. “We will rebuild Notre Dame, more beautiful than before – and I want it done in the next five years. We can do it. After the time of testing comes a time of reflection and then of action.”\\n\\nFrench authorities revealed on Tuesday that the cathedral was within “15 to 30 minutes” of complete destruction as firefighters battled to stop flames reaching its gothic bell towers.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Emmanuel Macron announces an ambition for Notre Dame to be rebuilt within five years.",
"score_d": 21
} | A |
108 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"effect": "Prosecutors in Germany have issued international arrest warrants for the cofounders of a Panama-based law firm."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_a": "11.5 million files were leaked from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca.",
"score_a": 88
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nProsecutors in Germany have issued international arrest warrants for the cofounders of a Panama-based law firm behind the offshore tax scam that was exposed by the so-called Panama Papers leak.\\n\\nGerman-born Jürgen Mossack and Ramon Fonseca are being sought by Cologne prosecutors on charges of accessory to tax evasion and forming a criminal organization, German public broadcasters NDR and WDR, as well as national newspaper the Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ) reported on Tuesday.\\n\\nCologne prosecutors confirmed that they had issued international arrest warrants for two people but declined to provide further information.\\n\\nThe 2016 Panama Papers leak included a collection of 11 million secret financial documents taken from law firm Mossack Fonscesca.\\n\\nThe documents showed how some of the world's richest people hid their money in shell corporations — some of which were used for illegal purposes.\\n\\nThe documents leak — initially to the SZ and the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) – had wide-reaching repercussions. Several country leaders stepped down following the revelations and others came under close scrutiny.\\n\\nUS federal prosecutors have also alleged that law firm Mossack Fonseca conspired to circumvent US law to maintain the wealth of its clients and conceal tax dollars owed to the Internal Revenue Service.\\n\\nHowever, Fonseca maintained the firm, which closed in 2018, had no control over how its clients may have used offshore vehicles created for them.\\n\\nBoth Mossack and Fonseca have Panamanian citizenship, NDR reported. Panama does not extradite its own citizens so it is unclear whether either will ever be brought to Germany for trial.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Panamanian lawyers closed the offshore law firm and had no control over how its clients may have used the offshores he created for them.",
"score_b": 38
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nIcelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson resigned on Tuesday, after documents leaked from a Panama-based law firm revealed that his wife possesses a secret offshore account worth millions of dollars.\\n\\nThe money is housed in a shell corporation called Wintris, which had bought bonds in Icelandic banks. So when Iceland\\'s financial sector collapsed in 2008, Wintris became a creditor to those banks. In 2013, Gunnlaugsson became the prime minister, having run partly on a promise to get tougher with Iceland\\'s remaining foreign creditors.\\n\\nSo what Icelandic voters didn\\'t know when they elected him in 2013, but have learned with this week\\'s \"Panama Papers\" revelations, is that Gunnlaugsson\\'s own wife was secretly one of the creditors he\\'d promised to crack down on — an enormous and undisclosed conflict of interest.\\n\\nWhen the truth came out this week, it led to mass protests on Monday calling for Gunnlaugsson\\'s resignation. He stepped down the next day.\\n\\nWhat happened in Iceland shows the political power of the Panama Papers, but it also shows the degree to which the political turmoil from the 2008 financial crisis is, in some ways, still ongoing in that country.\\n\\nWhat\\'s more, if Gunnlaugsson\\'s resignation leads Iceland to schedule new elections soon, that vote could end up empowering a radical political party called the Pirate Party, a left-libertarian amalgam that\\'s obsessed with transparency and direct democracy.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Mass protests on Monday called for Gunnlaugsson's resignation.",
"score_c": 30
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nA network of secret offshore deals and vast loans worth $2bn has laid a trail to Russia’s president, Vladimir Putin.\\n\\nAn unprecedented leak of documents shows how this money has made members of Putin’s close circle fabulously wealthy.\\n\\nThough the president’s name does not appear in any of the records, the data reveals a pattern – his friends have earned millions from deals that seemingly could not have been secured without his patronage.\\n\\nThe documents suggest Putin’s family has benefited from this money – his friends’ fortunes appear his to spend.\\n\\nThe files are part of an unprecedented leak of millions of papers from the database of Mossack Fonseca, the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm. They show how the rich and powerful are able to exploit secret offshore tax regimes in myriad ways.\\n\\nThe offshore trail starts in Panama, darts through Russia, Switzerland and Cyprus – and includes a private ski resort where Putin’s younger daughter, Katerina, got married in 2013.\\n\\nThe Panama Papers shine a particular spotlight on Sergei Roldugin, who is Putin’s best friend. Roldugin introduced Putin to the woman he subsequently married, Lyudmila, and is godfather to Putin’s older daughter, Maria.\\n\\nA professional musician, he has apparently accumulated a fortune – having been placed in ostensible control of a series of assets worth at least $100m, possibly more.\\n\\nRoldugin appears to have been picked for this role because of his lesser profile. He has denied in documents to bank officials in Switzerland and Luxembourg that he is close to any Russian public figures. ",
"event_d": "Roldugin has denied that he is close to any Russian public figures.",
"score_d": 28
} | A |
11 | {
"effect_id": 8,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nMore than 125 million Americans are under heat warnings and advisories on Monday evening as a dangerous heat wave that began in the Southwest covers more real estate in the Central and Southern U.S.\\n\\nThe big picture: The National Weather Service (NWS) is warning that a \"dangerous\" combination of heat and humidity will affect the majority of the lower 48 states before the week is over, and there are few signs the heat will abate after that.\\n\\nAll of Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Illinois, Iowa and Indiana are under heat warnings plus parts of at least a dozen other states.\\nThe heat wave is courtesy of a strong area of high pressure, or heat dome, that is slowly moving east across the Central U.S.\\nThe heat dome is likely to shift eastward during the first part of the week, but then careen back west in a see-saw pattern, setting up hotter conditions again for the Upper Plains and Central states later in the week.\\nClimate change is causing heat waves such as this one to be more severe, frequent and longer-lasting than just a few decades ago.\\n\\nWhy it matters: Heat waves are the deadliest type of severe weather hazard in the U.S., and they especially target low-income residents who may lack access to air conditioning. They are also particularly dangerous for outdoor workers.\\n\\nThreat level: As of Monday morning, heat watches, advisories and warnings were in effect from the Carolinas to Texas, extending north into Wisconsin and Minnesota and south to the Gulf Coast.\\n\\n",
"effect": "Californians are enduring a historic heat wave."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nAn unprecedented heat wave is underway in France and the U.K. that is likely to topple all-time national high temperature records and potentially kill several thousand people. The scorching heat is moving north into a more vulnerable region after tormenting Spain and Portugal.\\n\\nWhy it matters: This is a climate change-related public health emergency. Already, hundreds are dead from heat-related causes in Portugal and Spain and the toll is likely to climb much further.\\n\\nThe big picture: The U.K. Met Office is forecasting the country's first-ever occurrence of 104°F (40°C) temperatures during this event, with a high of 97°F in London on Monday.\\n\\nThe U.K.'s national temperature record stands at 101.66°F (38.7°C) set in 2019. That is likely to fall as early as Monday.\\nAccording to Meteo France, even higher temperatures occurred there on Monday, with a preliminary peak of 108.68°F(42.6°C) in Biscarosse, a town in the country's southwest.\\nThe air mass responsible for this extreme event originated in northwest Africa, with a heat dome and an area of low pressure just west of Iberia acting as a heat funnel.\\n\\nContext: Attribution studies of individual heat waves have shown that by increasing the global average surface temperature by about 1.2°C in the past century, human-induced climate change has dramatically boosted the odds of extreme heat events, along with their intensity and duration.\\n\\nResearch has even shown certain heat extremes would have been virtually impossible without human-caused climate change.\\n",
"event_a": "Hundreds are dead from heat-related causes in Portugal and Spain and the toll is likely to climb further.",
"score_a": 19
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nMore than 125 million Americans are under heat warnings and advisories on Monday evening as a dangerous heat wave that began in the Southwest covers more real estate in the Central and Southern U.S.\\n\\nThe big picture: The National Weather Service (NWS) is warning that a \"dangerous\" combination of heat and humidity will affect the majority of the lower 48 states before the week is over, and there are few signs the heat will abate after that.\\n\\nAll of Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Illinois, Iowa and Indiana are under heat warnings plus parts of at least a dozen other states.\\nThe heat wave is courtesy of a strong area of high pressure, or heat dome, that is slowly moving east across the Central U.S.\\nThe heat dome is likely to shift eastward during the first part of the week, but then careen back west in a see-saw pattern, setting up hotter conditions again for the Upper Plains and Central states later in the week.\\nClimate change is causing heat waves such as this one to be more severe, frequent and longer-lasting than just a few decades ago.\\n\\nWhy it matters: Heat waves are the deadliest type of severe weather hazard in the U.S., and they especially target low-income residents who may lack access to air conditioning. They are also particularly dangerous for outdoor workers.\\n\\nThreat level: As of Monday morning, heat watches, advisories and warnings were in effect from the Carolinas to Texas, extending north into Wisconsin and Minnesota and south to the Gulf Coast.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "The US is experiencing more severe, frequent, and longer-lasting heat waves than just a few decades ago.",
"score_b": 86
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "More than 1,000 firefighters battled two blazes in southwestern France.",
"score_c": 5
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nIn the midst of an unprecedented heat wave, the U.K. on Tuesday broke its national record for the highest temperature ever registered, with a provisional reading of 104.36°F (40.2°C) at London's Heathrow Airport, according to the country's weather service.\\n\\nWhy it matters: This is the first time the U.K. has breached this temperature that is more common in tropical and desert climates, and studies point to climate change as a key factor behind the scorchingly hot temperatures.\\n\\nHeat waves of this magnitude and duration can be deadly, and pose particular health risks to vulnerable groups like the elderly, those with preexisting medical conditions and anyone without access to cooling.\\nOnly about 3% of homes in the U.K. have air conditioning.\\nDriving the news: The U.K. Met Office warned that temperatures are expected to keep rising throughout the day. Multiple other locations have exceeded the 40-degree mark as well, including within the city of London.\\n\\nThe previous national temperature record, set in 2019, stood at 101.66°F (38.7°C). A provisional total of 34 weather stations broke that record on Tuesday, the Met Office reported.\\nAccording to climate scientist Simon Lee, 3 of the 4 hottest days in U.K. history have occurred during the last 4 years.\\nContext: Studies have shown that climate change is making heat waves like this one hotter than they otherwise would have been, as well as more frequent and longer-lasting.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "The U.K. broke its national record for the highest temperature ever registered.",
"score_d": 13
} | B |
48 | {
"effect_id": 14,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nViolence has erupted in cities across the US on the sixth night of protests sparked by the death in police custody of African-American George Floyd.\\n\\nDozens of cities imposed curfews, but many people ignored them, leading to stand-offs and clashes.\\n\\nRiot police faced off with protesters in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and LA, firing tear gas and pepper bullets to try to disperse crowds.\\n\\nPolice vehicles were set on fire and shops were looted in several cities.\\n\\nThe country is experiencing the most widespread racial turbulence and civil unrest since the backlash to the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968.\\n\\nThe outpouring of anger began last Tuesday after a video showed Mr Floyd being arrested in Minneapolis and a white police officer continuing to kneel on his neck even after he pleaded he could not breathe and fell unconscious.\\n\\nMore than 75 cities have seen protests, with streets only days ago deserted because of coronavirus full of demonstrators marching shoulder to shoulder. Some US officials have warned of protest-connected virus outbreaks.\\n\\nThe Floyd case has reignited deep-seated anger over police killings of black Americans and racism. It follows the high-profile cases of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Eric Garner in New York and others that have driven the Black Lives Matter movement.\\n\\nFor many, the outrage also reflects years of frustration over socio-economic inequality and discrimination, not least in Minneapolis itself, where George Floyd died.\\n\\n",
"effect": "Black Lives Matters protesters in Bristol pulled down a statue of the slave trader Edward Colston."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nViolence has erupted in cities across the US on the sixth night of protests sparked by the death in police custody of African-American George Floyd.\\n\\nDozens of cities imposed curfews, but many people ignored them, leading to stand-offs and clashes.\\n\\nRiot police faced off with protesters in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and LA, firing tear gas and pepper bullets to try to disperse crowds.\\n\\nPolice vehicles were set on fire and shops were looted in several cities.\\n\\nThe country is experiencing the most widespread racial turbulence and civil unrest since the backlash to the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968.\\n\\nThe outpouring of anger began last Tuesday after a video showed Mr Floyd being arrested in Minneapolis and a white police officer continuing to kneel on his neck even after he pleaded he could not breathe and fell unconscious.\\n\\nMore than 75 cities have seen protests, with streets only days ago deserted because of coronavirus full of demonstrators marching shoulder to shoulder. Some US officials have warned of protest-connected virus outbreaks.\\n\\nThe Floyd case has reignited deep-seated anger over police killings of black Americans and racism. It follows the high-profile cases of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Eric Garner in New York and others that have driven the Black Lives Matter movement.\\n\\nFor many, the outrage also reflects years of frustration over socio-economic inequality and discrimination, not least in Minneapolis itself, where George Floyd died.\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Curfews imposed in many cities, but largely ignored by protesters.",
"score_a": 9
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nViolence has erupted in cities across the US on the sixth night of protests sparked by the death in police custody of African-American George Floyd.\\n\\nDozens of cities imposed curfews, but many people ignored them, leading to stand-offs and clashes.\\n\\nRiot police faced off with protesters in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and LA, firing tear gas and pepper bullets to try to disperse crowds.\\n\\nPolice vehicles were set on fire and shops were looted in several cities.\\n\\nThe country is experiencing the most widespread racial turbulence and civil unrest since the backlash to the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968.\\n\\nThe outpouring of anger began last Tuesday after a video showed Mr Floyd being arrested in Minneapolis and a white police officer continuing to kneel on his neck even after he pleaded he could not breathe and fell unconscious.\\n\\nMore than 75 cities have seen protests, with streets only days ago deserted because of coronavirus full of demonstrators marching shoulder to shoulder. Some US officials have warned of protest-connected virus outbreaks.\\n\\nThe Floyd case has reignited deep-seated anger over police killings of black Americans and racism. It follows the high-profile cases of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Eric Garner in New York and others that have driven the Black Lives Matter movement.\\n\\nFor many, the outrage also reflects years of frustration over socio-economic inequality and discrimination, not least in Minneapolis itself, where George Floyd died.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Protests sparked by the death of George Floyd in police custody erupt in cities across the US.",
"score_b": 97
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nViolence has erupted in cities across the US on the sixth night of protests sparked by the death in police custody of African-American George Floyd.\\n\\nDozens of cities imposed curfews, but many people ignored them, leading to stand-offs and clashes.\\n\\nRiot police faced off with protesters in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and LA, firing tear gas and pepper bullets to try to disperse crowds.\\n\\nPolice vehicles were set on fire and shops were looted in several cities.\\n\\nThe country is experiencing the most widespread racial turbulence and civil unrest since the backlash to the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968.\\n\\nThe outpouring of anger began last Tuesday after a video showed Mr Floyd being arrested in Minneapolis and a white police officer continuing to kneel on his neck even after he pleaded he could not breathe and fell unconscious.\\n\\nMore than 75 cities have seen protests, with streets only days ago deserted because of coronavirus full of demonstrators marching shoulder to shoulder. Some US officials have warned of protest-connected virus outbreaks.\\n\\nThe Floyd case has reignited deep-seated anger over police killings of black Americans and racism. It follows the high-profile cases of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Eric Garner in New York and others that have driven the Black Lives Matter movement.\\n\\nFor many, the outrage also reflects years of frustration over socio-economic inequality and discrimination, not least in Minneapolis itself, where George Floyd died.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Americans are frustrated over socio-economic inequality and discrimination for years.",
"score_c": 34
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nViolence has erupted in cities across the US on the sixth night of protests sparked by the death in police custody of African-American George Floyd.\\n\\nDozens of cities imposed curfews, but many people ignored them, leading to stand-offs and clashes.\\n\\nRiot police faced off with protesters in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and LA, firing tear gas and pepper bullets to try to disperse crowds.\\n\\nPolice vehicles were set on fire and shops were looted in several cities.\\n\\nThe country is experiencing the most widespread racial turbulence and civil unrest since the backlash to the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968.\\n\\nThe outpouring of anger began last Tuesday after a video showed Mr Floyd being arrested in Minneapolis and a white police officer continuing to kneel on his neck even after he pleaded he could not breathe and fell unconscious.\\n\\nMore than 75 cities have seen protests, with streets only days ago deserted because of coronavirus full of demonstrators marching shoulder to shoulder. Some US officials have warned of protest-connected virus outbreaks.\\n\\nThe Floyd case has reignited deep-seated anger over police killings of black Americans and racism. It follows the high-profile cases of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Eric Garner in New York and others that have driven the Black Lives Matter movement.\\n\\nFor many, the outrage also reflects years of frustration over socio-economic inequality and discrimination, not least in Minneapolis itself, where George Floyd died.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Americans had a deep-seated anger over police killings of black Americans and racism.",
"score_d": 32
} | B |
11 | {
"effect_id": 6,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"effect": "Temperatures topped 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) across much of Spain and Portugal on Wednesday."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Japan’s power supply has been tight.",
"score_a": 7
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nMore than 125 million Americans are under heat warnings and advisories on Monday evening as a dangerous heat wave that began in the Southwest covers more real estate in the Central and Southern U.S.\\n\\nThe big picture: The National Weather Service (NWS) is warning that a \"dangerous\" combination of heat and humidity will affect the majority of the lower 48 states before the week is over, and there are few signs the heat will abate after that.\\n\\nAll of Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Illinois, Iowa and Indiana are under heat warnings plus parts of at least a dozen other states.\\nThe heat wave is courtesy of a strong area of high pressure, or heat dome, that is slowly moving east across the Central U.S.\\nThe heat dome is likely to shift eastward during the first part of the week, but then careen back west in a see-saw pattern, setting up hotter conditions again for the Upper Plains and Central states later in the week.\\nClimate change is causing heat waves such as this one to be more severe, frequent and longer-lasting than just a few decades ago.\\n\\nWhy it matters: Heat waves are the deadliest type of severe weather hazard in the U.S., and they especially target low-income residents who may lack access to air conditioning. They are also particularly dangerous for outdoor workers.\\n\\nThreat level: As of Monday morning, heat watches, advisories and warnings were in effect from the Carolinas to Texas, extending north into Wisconsin and Minnesota and south to the Gulf Coast.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "The US is experiencing more severe, frequent, and longer-lasting heat waves than just a few decades ago.",
"score_b": 30
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Japan forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations.",
"score_c": 12
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "In March an earthquake happened in the northeast of Japan.",
"score_d": 10
} | B |
6 | {
"effect_id": 12,
"article_effect": "Another Bay Area bank was affected Monday by uncertainty in the financial markets following the failure of Silicon Valley Bank on Friday.\\n\\nStock in San Francisco-based First Republic Bank sank nearly 62% Monday and shares of other regional banks suffered losses, reportedly. First Republic has 86 locations across the country. Its Midpeninsula offices include two in Menlo Park and one each in Los Altos, Mountain View, Palo Alto and Redwood City.\\n\\nOn Sunday, regulators seized Signature Bank in New York after it failed.\\n\\nBut a San Jose State University professor of finance and accounting does not see the failure of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank as signs of a coming crisis.\\n\\n\"I don\\'t think it is a huge contagion issue,\" said assistant professor Matthew Faulkner. \"It\\'s more toward an isolated incident.\"\\n\\nOver the weekend and Monday, top federal officials including President Joseph Biden appeared to be getting ahead of the issue.\\n\\nBiden sought to ease American\\'s fears by making all deposits held by Silicon Valley Bank customers available regardless of the amount of their deposits, federal officials said over the weekend.\\n\\nThat includes businesses who must pay their employees and their bills, officials said.\\n\\n\"Americans can have confidence that the banking system is safe,\" Biden said Monday morning. \"Your deposits will be there when you need them.\"\\n\\nInvestors will not be protected, Biden said. According to the president, they took a risk and \"that\\'s how capitalism works.\"\\n\\nTaxpayers will not be on the hook for the losses.",
"effect": "First Republic Bank's stock plummets."
} | {
"article_a": "Stefan Kalb was in the middle of a meeting around 1 p.m. on Thursday when a fellow company executive sent him a panicked Slack message: \"Do you know what\\'s happening at SVB?\"\\n\\nKalb, the CEO and co-founder of Seattle-based food management startup Shelf Engine, had been following news of a bank run at Silicon Valley Bank. Droves of depositors were attempting to pull out as much as $42 billion from the bank on Thursday alone, as fear spread that the bank was teetering on the brink of collapse.\\n\\nThe bank seemed to be on firm financial footing on Wednesday. The following day, it appeared to be under water.\\n\\nFor Shelf Engine, a 40-person startup founded in 2015 that uses artificial intelligence to help grocery stores reduce food waste, this was a big problem.\\n\\nNot only did Silicon Valley Bank help the company process checks and payments, but millions of dollars of the startup\\'s cash was locked up in the bank.\\n\\nKalb sprung into action. He and his team quickly opened an account at JPMorgan Chase and attempted to wire transfer every last penny out of Silicon Valley Bank.\\n\\n\"Unfortunately, our wire was not honored and our money is still at Silicon Valley Bank,\" Kalb, 37, said in an interview on Friday. \"We woke up this morning hoping the money would be in that JPMorgan bank account, and it was not.\"",
"event_a": "Executive sends panicked Slack message about Silicon Valley Bank (SVB)",
"score_a": 36
} | {
"article_b": "The collapse of Silicon Valley Bank continues to reverberate, hitting bank stocks, revealing hidden stresses, knocking on to Credit Suisse, and setting off a political blame-game.\\n\\n\\nWhy the $212bn tech-lender abruptly collapsed, triggering the most significant financial crisis since 2008, has no single answer. Was it, as some argue, the result of Trump-era regulation rollbacks, risk mismanagement at the bank, sharp interest rate rises after a decade of ultra-low borrowing costs, or perhaps a combination of all three?\\n\\nFederal investigations have begun and lawsuits have been filed and no doubt new issues at the bank will emerge. But for now, here are the main reasons experts believed SVB failed.\\n\\nThe Vermont senator Bernie Sanders argues that the culprit was an “absurd” 2018 law, supported by Congress and signed by Donald Trump, that undid some of the credit requirements imposed under the Dodd-Frank banking legislation brought in after the 2008 banking crisis.\\n\\nDodd-Frank required that banks with at least $50bn in assets – banks considered “systemically important” – undergo an annual Federal Reserve “stress test” and maintain certain levels of capital as well as plans for a living will if they failed.\\n\\nSVB’s chief executive, Greg Becker, argued before Congress in 2015 that the $50bn threshold (SVB held $40bn at the time) was unnecessary and his bank, like other “mid-sized” or regional banks, “does not present systemic risks”.\\n\\nTrump said the new bill went a “long way toward fixing” Dodd-Frank, which he called a “job-killer”. ",
"event_b": "Interest rates rise after a decade of ultra-low borrowing costs.",
"score_b": 27
} | {
"article_c": "Another Bay Area bank was affected Monday by uncertainty in the financial markets following the failure of Silicon Valley Bank on Friday.\\n\\nStock in San Francisco-based First Republic Bank sank nearly 62% Monday and shares of other regional banks suffered losses, reportedly. First Republic has 86 locations across the country. Its Midpeninsula offices include two in Menlo Park and one each in Los Altos, Mountain View, Palo Alto and Redwood City.\\n\\nOn Sunday, regulators seized Signature Bank in New York after it failed.\\n\\nBut a San Jose State University professor of finance and accounting does not see the failure of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank as signs of a coming crisis.\\n\\n\"I don\\'t think it is a huge contagion issue,\" said assistant professor Matthew Faulkner. \"It\\'s more toward an isolated incident.\"\\n\\nOver the weekend and Monday, top federal officials including President Joseph Biden appeared to be getting ahead of the issue.\\n\\nBiden sought to ease American\\'s fears by making all deposits held by Silicon Valley Bank customers available regardless of the amount of their deposits, federal officials said over the weekend.\\n\\nThat includes businesses who must pay their employees and their bills, officials said.\\n\\n\"Americans can have confidence that the banking system is safe,\" Biden said Monday morning. \"Your deposits will be there when you need them.\"\\n\\nInvestors will not be protected, Biden said. According to the president, they took a risk and \"that\\'s how capitalism works.\"\\n\\nTaxpayers will not be on the hook for the losses.",
"event_c": "Regulators seized Signature Bank in New York on Sunday.",
"score_c": 89
} | {
"article_d": "Stefan Kalb was in the middle of a meeting around 1 p.m. on Thursday when a fellow company executive sent him a panicked Slack message: \"Do you know what\\'s happening at SVB?\"\\n\\nKalb, the CEO and co-founder of Seattle-based food management startup Shelf Engine, had been following news of a bank run at Silicon Valley Bank. Droves of depositors were attempting to pull out as much as $42 billion from the bank on Thursday alone, as fear spread that the bank was teetering on the brink of collapse.\\n\\nThe bank seemed to be on firm financial footing on Wednesday. The following day, it appeared to be under water.\\n\\nFor Shelf Engine, a 40-person startup founded in 2015 that uses artificial intelligence to help grocery stores reduce food waste, this was a big problem.\\n\\nNot only did Silicon Valley Bank help the company process checks and payments, but millions of dollars of the startup\\'s cash was locked up in the bank.\\n\\nKalb sprung into action. He and his team quickly opened an account at JPMorgan Chase and attempted to wire transfer every last penny out of Silicon Valley Bank.\\n\\n\"Unfortunately, our wire was not honored and our money is still at Silicon Valley Bank,\" Kalb, 37, said in an interview on Friday. \"We woke up this morning hoping the money would be in that JPMorgan bank account, and it was not.\"",
"event_d": "CEO & co-founder of startup \"Shelf Engine\" attempts to wire transfer their money out of SVB",
"score_d": 15
} | C |
108 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"effect": "Prosecutors in Germany have issued international arrest warrants for the cofounders of a Panama-based law firm."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_a": "11.5 million files were leaked from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca.",
"score_a": 88
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nPakistan’s supreme court has removed the prime minister, Nawaz Sharif, from office in a unanimous verdict over corruption allegations that will further upset the country’s unstable political landscape.\\n\\nThe verdict by the five-member court caps a year of political controversy over corruption allegations unleashed by the 2016 Panama Papers leak.\\n\\nThe governing party, the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), said Sharif had stepped down immediately. The party must now choose an interim prime minister to be accepted by parliament.\\n\\nThe ruling will throw the governing party and the country at large into turmoil ahead of elections due next year.\\n\\nThe 10-year disqualification of Sharif cut short the third tenure of a man who has been a leading figure in Pakistani politics for nearly three decades since his first term from 1990 to 1993.\\n\\nIt is the most serious political ramification yet of the Panama Papers leak, which detailed financial dealings of the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca.\\n\\nThe papers linked Sharif’s children to the purchase of London property through offshore companies in the British Virgin Islands in the early 1990s. At that time the children were minors, and the purchase is assumed to have been made by Sharif.\\n\\nLast year, Sharif told parliament that his family wealth had been acquired legally in the decades before he entered politics.\\n\\nHassan Askari Rizvi, a political analyst, said the judgment had been expected. ",
"event_b": "Pakistan’s Supreme Court unanimously removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from office over corruption allegations.",
"score_b": 33
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nDavid Cameron has finally admitted he benefited from a Panama-based offshore trust set up by his late father.\\n\\nAfter three days of stalling and four partial statements issued by Downing Street he confessed that he owned shares in the tax haven fund, which he sold for £31,500 just before becoming prime minister in 2010.\\n\\nIn a specially arranged interview with ITV News’ Robert Peston he confirmed a direct link to his father’s UK-tax avoiding fund, details of which were exposed in the Panama Papers revelations in the Guardian this week.\\n\\nAdmitting it had been “a difficult few days”, the prime minister said he held the shares together with his wife, Samantha, from 1997 and during his time as leader of the opposition. They were sold in January 2010 for a profit of £19,000.\\n\\nHe paid income tax on the dividends but there was no capital gains tax payable and he said he sold up before entering Downing Street “because I didn’t want anyone to say you have other agendas or vested interests”.\\n\\nBut the interview appeared unlikely to end scrutiny of Cameron’s tax affairs.\\n\\nThe Labour MP John Mann, a member of the Treasury select committee, said the prime minister should resign, claiming that Cameron had “covered up and misled”.\\n\\nCameron also admitted he did not know whether the £300,000 he inherited from his father had benefited from tax haven status due to part of his estate being based in a unit trust in Jersey.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "David Cameron admits to owning shares in a Panama-based offshore trust set up by his late father.",
"score_c": 19
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_d": "An offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain.",
"score_d": 22
} | A |
108 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"effect": "Prosecutors in Germany have issued international arrest warrants for the cofounders of a Panama-based law firm."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nThe new head of world football has been caught up in the sport’s corruption scandal because of documents that have been revealed by the Panama Papers leak.\\n\\nFiles seen by the Guardian will raise questions about the role Fifa’s president, Gianni Infantino, played in deals that were concluded when he was director of legal services at Uefa, European football’s governing body.\\n\\nAccording to records, Uefa concluded offshore deals with one of the indicted figures at the heart of an alleged “World Cup of fraud” despite previously insisting it had no dealings with any of them.\\n\\nThe emergence of the contracts from 2003 and 2006, which were co-signed by Infantino, link Uefa for the first time to one of the companies involved in the huge unfolding scandal that has brought down former Fifa president Sepp Blatter.\\n\\nUefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.\\n\\nIt said the contracts were all above board. Fifa has previously insisted Infantino had no dealings with any of the officials currently under investigation – or their companies. Infantino said he was “dismayed” by the reports and “will not accept that my integrity is being doubted”.\\n\\nThe disclosures are based on the leak of 11m documents from the files of the offshore financial law firm Mossack Fonseca, which were obtained by Süddeutsche Zeitung and shared by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists with the Guardian and other news organisations.\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Uefa has denied any wrongdoing by any of its officials or any other marketing partner.",
"score_a": 21
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nThe Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.\\n\\nWhat do they reveal?\\nThe documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.\\n\\nA $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.\\n\\nAmong national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.\\n\\nAn offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its paperwork. ",
"event_b": "Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.",
"score_b": 98
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nA network of secret offshore deals and vast loans worth $2bn has laid a trail to Russia’s president, Vladimir Putin.\\n\\nAn unprecedented leak of documents shows how this money has made members of Putin’s close circle fabulously wealthy.\\n\\nThough the president’s name does not appear in any of the records, the data reveals a pattern – his friends have earned millions from deals that seemingly could not have been secured without his patronage.\\n\\nThe documents suggest Putin’s family has benefited from this money – his friends’ fortunes appear his to spend.\\n\\nThe files are part of an unprecedented leak of millions of papers from the database of Mossack Fonseca, the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm. They show how the rich and powerful are able to exploit secret offshore tax regimes in myriad ways.\\n\\nThe offshore trail starts in Panama, darts through Russia, Switzerland and Cyprus – and includes a private ski resort where Putin’s younger daughter, Katerina, got married in 2013.\\n\\nThe Panama Papers shine a particular spotlight on Sergei Roldugin, who is Putin’s best friend. Roldugin introduced Putin to the woman he subsequently married, Lyudmila, and is godfather to Putin’s older daughter, Maria.\\n\\nA professional musician, he has apparently accumulated a fortune – having been placed in ostensible control of a series of assets worth at least $100m, possibly more.\\n\\nRoldugin appears to have been picked for this role because of his lesser profile. He has denied in documents to bank officials in Switzerland and Luxembourg that he is close to any Russian public figures. ",
"event_c": "Roldugin has denied that he is close to any Russian public figures.",
"score_c": 28
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nDavid Cameron has finally admitted he benefited from a Panama-based offshore trust set up by his late father.\\n\\nAfter three days of stalling and four partial statements issued by Downing Street he confessed that he owned shares in the tax haven fund, which he sold for £31,500 just before becoming prime minister in 2010.\\n\\nIn a specially arranged interview with ITV News’ Robert Peston he confirmed a direct link to his father’s UK-tax avoiding fund, details of which were exposed in the Panama Papers revelations in the Guardian this week.\\n\\nAdmitting it had been “a difficult few days”, the prime minister said he held the shares together with his wife, Samantha, from 1997 and during his time as leader of the opposition. They were sold in January 2010 for a profit of £19,000.\\n\\nHe paid income tax on the dividends but there was no capital gains tax payable and he said he sold up before entering Downing Street “because I didn’t want anyone to say you have other agendas or vested interests”.\\n\\nBut the interview appeared unlikely to end scrutiny of Cameron’s tax affairs.\\n\\nThe Labour MP John Mann, a member of the Treasury select committee, said the prime minister should resign, claiming that Cameron had “covered up and misled”.\\n\\nCameron also admitted he did not know whether the £300,000 he inherited from his father had benefited from tax haven status due to part of his estate being based in a unit trust in Jersey.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "David Cameron admits to owning shares in a Panama-based offshore trust set up by his late father.",
"score_d": 19
} | B |
11 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nIn the midst of an unprecedented heat wave, the U.K. on Tuesday broke its national record for the highest temperature ever registered, with a provisional reading of 104.36°F (40.2°C) at London's Heathrow Airport, according to the country's weather service.\\n\\nWhy it matters: This is the first time the U.K. has breached this temperature that is more common in tropical and desert climates, and studies point to climate change as a key factor behind the scorchingly hot temperatures.\\n\\nHeat waves of this magnitude and duration can be deadly, and pose particular health risks to vulnerable groups like the elderly, those with preexisting medical conditions and anyone without access to cooling.\\nOnly about 3% of homes in the U.K. have air conditioning.\\nDriving the news: The U.K. Met Office warned that temperatures are expected to keep rising throughout the day. Multiple other locations have exceeded the 40-degree mark as well, including within the city of London.\\n\\nThe previous national temperature record, set in 2019, stood at 101.66°F (38.7°C). A provisional total of 34 weather stations broke that record on Tuesday, the Met Office reported.\\nAccording to climate scientist Simon Lee, 3 of the 4 hottest days in U.K. history have occurred during the last 4 years.\\nContext: Studies have shown that climate change is making heat waves like this one hotter than they otherwise would have been, as well as more frequent and longer-lasting.\\n\\n",
"effect": "British authorities have declared a \"national emergency\"."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nNew records have been set as temperatures topped 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) across much of Spain and Portugal Wednesday amid a persistent heat wave across western Europe.\\n\\nIn northwest Spain, the city of Ourense set its all-time temperature record of 43.2 degrees Celsius (109.76 degrees Fahrenheit) on Tuesday, according to Spain’s meteorological agency, AEMET.\\n\\nOn Wednesday, Zamora set its own record after reaching 41.1 degrees Celsius (105.98 degrees Fahrenheit), according to climate statistician Max Herrera. Soria set a record of 38.7 degrees Celsius (101.66 degrees Fahrenheit) that same day.\\n\\nThe central Portuguese town of Lousã set an all-time record of 46.3 degrees Celsius (115.34 degrees Fahrenheit) and Lisbon set a July record of 41.4 degrees Celsius (106.52 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nBut the worst is yet to come.\\n\\nOfficials in Spain and Portugal are bracing themselves for the hottest day of the heat wave so far.\\n\\nTemperatures are set to reach around 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit) in parts of western and southern Spain, according to AEMET. In its afternoon update, AEMET warned that Spain is set to experience its hottest day of the heat wave on Thursday.\\n\\nSimilar is being said of Portugal. Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa told reporters that Thursday is set to be the “most serious day” for Portugal as far as the extreme weather is concerned, warning that the country needs “to be more careful than ever to avoid new occurrences.”\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Temperatures topped 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) across much of Spain and Portugal on Wednesday.",
"score_a": 23
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Japan is asking 37 million people living in Tokyo to use less electricity.",
"score_b": 10
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.",
"score_c": 47
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Temperatures in Tokyo have been setting records for the month of June.",
"score_d": 11
} | C |
11 | {
"effect_id": 6,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"effect": "The U.K. broke its national record for the highest temperature ever registered."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_a": "Temperatures in Tokyo have been setting records for the month of June.",
"score_a": 10
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nJapan is asking some 37 million people living in and around Tokyo to use less electricity and ration air conditioning even amid a record heat wave that has seen temperatures in some parts of the country pass 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).\\n\\nThe government urged citizens in the capital to turn off lights and power switches for three hours in the afternoon and to use air conditioning “appropriately,” as the country struggles with growing power shortages.\\n\\nThe request comes despite experts warning that record-setting temperatures could continue for weeks.\\n\\n“Please save as much power as possible, such as by turning off lights that are not in use,” the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said Monday. It said appropriate uses of air conditioning included to “prevent heatstroke.”\\n\\nJapan’s power supply has been tight since March, when an earthquake in the northeast forced some nuclear power plants to suspend operations. At the same time demand is at its highest since 2011, when Japan was hit by the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. The ministry warned the mismatch between supply and demand is becoming “severe.”\\n\\nBut with recent temperatures soaring to dangerous levels, rationing electricity will not be easy.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, Tokyo experienced scorching heat for a fourth successive day after setting records for the month of June at the weekend.\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Temperatures in Tokyo have been setting records for the month of June.",
"score_b": 10
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nMore than 125 million Americans are under heat warnings and advisories on Monday evening as a dangerous heat wave that began in the Southwest covers more real estate in the Central and Southern U.S.\\n\\nThe big picture: The National Weather Service (NWS) is warning that a \"dangerous\" combination of heat and humidity will affect the majority of the lower 48 states before the week is over, and there are few signs the heat will abate after that.\\n\\nAll of Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Illinois, Iowa and Indiana are under heat warnings plus parts of at least a dozen other states.\\nThe heat wave is courtesy of a strong area of high pressure, or heat dome, that is slowly moving east across the Central U.S.\\nThe heat dome is likely to shift eastward during the first part of the week, but then careen back west in a see-saw pattern, setting up hotter conditions again for the Upper Plains and Central states later in the week.\\nClimate change is causing heat waves such as this one to be more severe, frequent and longer-lasting than just a few decades ago.\\n\\nWhy it matters: Heat waves are the deadliest type of severe weather hazard in the U.S., and they especially target low-income residents who may lack access to air conditioning. They are also particularly dangerous for outdoor workers.\\n\\nThreat level: As of Monday morning, heat watches, advisories and warnings were in effect from the Carolinas to Texas, extending north into Wisconsin and Minnesota and south to the Gulf Coast.\\n\\n",
"event_c": "A strong area of high pressure, or heat dome, is slowly moving east across the Central U.S.",
"score_c": 28
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nHundreds more people were evacuated from their homes as wildfires blistered land in France, Spain and Portugal on Friday, while officials in Europe issued health warnings for the heatwave in the coming days.\\n\\nMore than 1,000 firefighters, supported by water-bomber aircraft, have battled since Tuesday to control two blazes in southwestern France that have been fanned by scorching heat, tinder-box conditions and strong winds.\\n\\nWhile temperatures dipped a little in Portugal, they were still expected to top 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in some places, with five districts on red alert and more than 1,000 firefighters tackling 17 wildfires, authorities said.\\n\\nIn Spain, a new wildfire broke out in the south of the country after blazes in the west in the past week.\\n\\nMore than 400 people were evacuated from the hills of Mijas, a town popular with northern European tourists in the province of Malaga. Beachgoers in Torremolinos, some 20 km away, could see plumes of smoke rising above the hotels lining the coast.\\n\\nMeanwhile, the worst drought in over 70 years reduced Italy's longest river, the Po, to little more than a trickle in places, with temperatures expected to rise next week.\\n\\nOfficials are worried about the effects on people's health and on healthcare systems already challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as the searing heat sweeps the continent, with warnings issued for worse to come in Britain in particular.\\n\\nThe World Meteorological Organization said the heatwave would worsen air quality, especially in towns and cities.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Europe is experiencing extreme heat waves.",
"score_d": 93
} | D |
90 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\n\\nEquifax says a giant cybersecurity breach compromised the personal information of as many as 143 million Americans — almost half the country.\\nCyber criminals have accessed sensitive information -- including names, social security numbers, birth dates, addresses, and the numbers of some driver\\'s licenses.\\n\\nAdditionally, Equifax said that credit card numbers for about 209,000 U.S. customers were exposed, as was \"personal identifying information\" on roughly 182,000 U.S. customers involved in credit report disputes. Residents in the U.K. and Canada were also impacted.\\n\\nThe breach occurred between mid-May and July, Equifax said. The company said it discovered the hack on July 29.\\n\\nThe data breach is one of the worst ever, by its reach and by the kind of information exposed to the public.\\n\\n\"This is clearly a disappointing event for our company, and one that strikes at the heart of who we are and what we do,\" said Equifax chairman and CEO Richard F. Smith.\\n\\nEquifax is one of three nationwide credit-reporting companies that track and rates the financial history of U.S. consumers. The companies are supplied with data about loans, loan payments and credit cards, as well as information on everything from child support payments, credit limits, missed rent and utilities payments, addresses and employer history, which all factor into credit scores.\\n\\nUnlike other data breaches, not all of the people affected by the Equifax breach may be aware that they\\'re customers of the company. ",
"effect": "Equifax reports a massive cybersecurity breach that compromised the personal information of up to 143 million Americans."
} | {
"article_a": "\\n\\nEquifax says a giant cybersecurity breach compromised the personal information of as many as 143 million Americans — almost half the country.\\nCyber criminals have accessed sensitive information -- including names, social security numbers, birth dates, addresses, and the numbers of some driver\\'s licenses.\\n\\nAdditionally, Equifax said that credit card numbers for about 209,000 U.S. customers were exposed, as was \"personal identifying information\" on roughly 182,000 U.S. customers involved in credit report disputes. Residents in the U.K. and Canada were also impacted.\\n\\nThe breach occurred between mid-May and July, Equifax said. The company said it discovered the hack on July 29.\\n\\nThe data breach is one of the worst ever, by its reach and by the kind of information exposed to the public.\\n\\n\"This is clearly a disappointing event for our company, and one that strikes at the heart of who we are and what we do,\" said Equifax chairman and CEO Richard F. Smith.\\n\\nEquifax is one of three nationwide credit-reporting companies that track and rates the financial history of U.S. consumers. The companies are supplied with data about loans, loan payments and credit cards, as well as information on everything from child support payments, credit limits, missed rent and utilities payments, addresses and employer history, which all factor into credit scores.\\n\\nUnlike other data breaches, not all of the people affected by the Equifax breach may be aware that they\\'re customers of the company. ",
"event_a": "Cyber criminals accessed sensitive information such as names, social security numbers, birth dates, addresses, and driver's license numbers.",
"score_a": 92
} | {
"article_b": "\\n\\nThe blows keep coming for Equifax (NYSE:EFX) as shares continue to tumble and the Federal Trade Commission announced plans to open an investigation into the credit reporting company Thursday after the company went public with its massive security breach last week, putting 143 million American’s personal data at risk.\\n\\nIn case you missed all drama, here’s a timeline of events, involving one of the biggest security breaches of all time.\\n\\nMid-May through July 2017 – This is the time frame in which Equifax says hackers gained unauthorized access to its data.\\n\\nThursday, July 29 – Equifax discovers the hack and immediately stopped the intrusion.\\n\\nTuesday, August 1 & Wednesday, August 2– Three top executives from Equifax sell nearly $2 million worth of company stock.\\n\\nThursday, September 7 – Equifax officially alerts the public about the cybersecurity incident and provides a dedicated website for consumers to check if they were affected. Later on that night, the company also issues a statement saying the three executives “had no knowledge that an intrusion had occurred at the time they sold their shares.”\\n\\nFriday, September 8 –Shares of Equifax shed more than 13% of their value in trading. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) tears into the company on social media for trying to push customers to give up their right to sue.\\n\\n\\n.@Equifax is forcing you to give up your right to join a class action against the company if you want their credit protection product. pic.twitter.com/anu0SE58wg\\n\\n— Elizabeth Warren (@SenWarren) September 8, 2017\\n",
"event_b": "Equifax discovers the hack and stops the intrusion.",
"score_b": 55
} | {
"article_c": "\\n\\nThe Equifax data breach that leaked information on the now-145 million people was caused by a vulnerability in Apache's Struts system. Trouble is, the software provider supplied a patch back in March that should have eliminated that vulnerability. But Equifax's former CEO (who suddenly retired last week) told the House Energy and Commerce Committee that a single IT technician was at fault for the whole thing after they failed to install the patch.\\n\\nWhile speaking to the committee (video below), former CEO Richard Smith outlined the company's normal procedure for new patches: Have a technician install it and then scan the system for any remaining vulnerabilities. Apparently, both the human and computer steps failed.\\n\\nAs Smith outlines in his written testimony (PDF), the Department of Homeland Security's Computer Emergency Readiness Team (CERT) sent Equifax (alongside many other companies) a notice on March 8th, 2017 about the vulnerability in certain versions of Apache Struts. Equifax sent out an internal mass-email, which should have required its internal IT team to fix the vulnerability within 48 hours, but that didn't happen. An automatic scan for vulnerabilities on March 15th also failed to indicate that Equifax was using a Struts version that had the vulnerability.\\n\\nBased on Equifax's postmortem investigations, the hacker that exploited this exact weakness likely first used it to pry into Equifax on May 13th, and then continued until July 30th, and Equifax's security tools were none the wiser.",
"event_c": "DHS CERT sent Equifax notice about vulnerability on March 8th.",
"score_c": 28
} | {
"article_d": "\\n\\nIf you\\'re an American with a credit history -- and at least 143 million are -- you probably already know your Equifax data, including at least your name, social security number, birthdate, and home address, may have been stolen.\\n\\nWho\\'s to blame?\\n\\nAccording to an unsubstantiated report by equity research firm Baird, citing no evidence, the blame falls on the open-source server framework, Apache Struts. The firm\\'s source, per one report, is believed to be Equifax.\\n\\nApache Struts is a popular open-source software programming Model-View-Controller (MVC) framework for Java. It is not, as some headlines have had it, a vendor software program.\\n\\nIt\\'s also not proven that Struts was the source of the hole the hackers drove through.\\n\\nIn fact, several headlines -- some of which have since been retracted -- all source a single quote by a non-technical analyst from an Equifax source.\\n\\nNot only is that troubling journalistically, it\\'s problematic from a technical point of view. In case you haven\\'t noticed, Equifax appears to be utterly and completely clueless about their own technology. Equifax\\'s own data breach detector isn\\'t just useless: it\\'s untrustworthy.\\n\\nAdding insult to injury, the credit agency\\'s advice and support site looks, at first glance, to be a bogus, phishing-type site: \"equifaxsecurity2017.com.\" That domain name screams fake. And what does it ask for if you go there? The last six figures of your social security number and last name. In other words, exactly the kind of information a hacker might ask for.\\n\\nEquifax\\'s technical expertise, it has been shown, is less than acceptable.\\n\\n",
"event_d": "Equifax's advice and support site looks to be a bogus, phishing-type site.",
"score_d": 38
} | A |
59 | {
"effect_id": 1,
"article_effect": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"effect": "Investigators carried out a hundred witness hearings during the preliminary investigation. "
} | {
"article_a": "Notre Dame Cathedral, one of the world\\'s most famous churches, erupted in flames Monday in Paris, losing its spire but remaining otherwise largely intact after firefighters worked through the night to contain the fire.\\n\\nThe commander of the Paris firefighter brigade, Jean-Claude Gallet, said Monday night that the cathedral\\'s main structure and two towers of the cathedral had been saved. Firefighters said they had contained the flames by early morning local time, and the fire was entirely out by midmorning, Gallet confirmed to NPR.\\n\\n\\nFlames leaped through the roof and dark smoke billowed into the sky on Monday afternoon. Observers gasped as the spire fell. The roof collapsed shortly afterward.\\n\\n\"Pray,\" Archbishop of Paris Michel Aupetit wrote. \"If you wish, you can ring the bells of your churches to invite prayer.\"\\n\\nAs night fell on Paris and the fire continued to burn, people knelt and sang \"Ave Maria\" as they watched the blaze.\\n\\nOnly one firefighter was reported to be seriously injured.\\n\\nPresident Emmanuel Macron said, \"Notre Dame is our history, our literature, part of our psyche\" and pledged that the iconic cathedral will be rebuilt.\\n\\n\"Let\\'s be proud, because we built this cathedral more than 800 years ago, we\\'ve built it and, throughout the centuries, let it grow and improved it. So I solemnly say tonight: We will rebuild it together.\"\\nThe fire broke out during Holy Week for the world\\'s Roman Catholics. At least four Masses a day take place at the cathedral.",
"event_a": "Observers sang \"Ave Maria\" as they watched the blaze.",
"score_a": 41
} | {
"article_b": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"event_b": "Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris suffered a devastating fire.",
"score_b": 97
} | {
"article_c": "\\nThe devastating fire that ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 prompted unsubstantiated rumors online about who or what was to blame.\\n\\nBy Tuesday, for example, the website of former Fox News commentator Kevin Jackson had zeroed in on a whole group of people, running a headline that reads: “Muslim Ties to Notre Dame Fire.”\\n\\nWe could find no credible sources to support the incendiary suggestion that Muslims were responsible.\\n\\nThe French government said in a press release Tuesday the cause of the fire remained unknown, and Paris public prosecutor Remy Heitz told reporters that investigators were currently eyeing it as an accident.\\n\\nThe article on Jackson’s site, however, advances the unsupported idea of a “Muslim attack” through paragraphs of innuendo, not fact.\\n\\n“Was this a true accident? Or is someone trying to send Christians a message?” the article on theblacksphere.net reads. “Many people speculate this is a Muslim attack on Christianity. In 2016, a car parked outside Notre Dame was discovered. It contained full gas tanks and documents written in Arabic. Therefore, authorities were well-aware of the threats posed against Notre Dame.”\\n\\nBut there is no evidence tying that 2016 episode with this week’s fire, as some news outlets worked to make clear. The U.K.’s Telegraph, which covered the 2016 incident at the time, affixed an update to its story indicating: “This story is from 2016 and unrelated to the fire at Notre-Dame on April 15 2019.”\\n\\n",
"event_c": "Jackson's article published innuendo suggesting a \"Muslim attack\" was responsible.",
"score_c": 39
} | {
"article_d": "The catastrophic fire at the Notre Dame Cathedral could have been caused by a burning cigarette or an electrical malfunction, French prosecutors said Wednesday.\\n\\nA preliminary investigation into the April fire, which devastated large parts of the 850-year-old church, found no signs that the blaze was started deliberately, Paris prosecutor Remy Heitz said in a statement.\\n\\nInvestigators carried out a hundred witness hearings during the preliminary investigation, which concluded on Wednesday, Heitz said.\\n\\nProsecutors are now looking into the possibility of negligence and said they were opening a judicial investigation.\\n\\n“If certain failings – which may explain the scale of the fire – have been brought to light, the investigations carried out to this date have not been able to determine the causes of the fire,” Heitz said.\\n\\nHeitz said the judicial investigation would be carried out “on the grounds of involuntary damage by fire due to a manifestly deliberate breach of a duty of care or safety imposed by law or regulation, which occurred under conditions likely to expose persons to bodily harm.”",
"event_d": "There was possibly a burning cigarette or an electrical malfunction in Notre Dame.",
"score_d": 87
} | B |
End of preview.
CRAB: Causal Reasoning Assessment Benchmark
Citation
To cite 🦀 CRAB, please use:
@inproceedings{romanou2023crab,
title={CRAB: Assessing the Strength of Causal Relationships Between Real-world Events},
author={Angelika Romanou and Syrielle Montariol and Debjit Paul and Leo Laugier and Karl Aberer and Antoine Bosselut},
year={2023},
eprint={2311.04284},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
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