text
stringlengths
0
3.52k
Annex 1D: Sample list of district reporting sites ................................ ................................ ......... 94
Annex 1E: Laboratory functions by health system level ................................ ................................ .. 95
Annex 1F: Responsibilities of Laboratory Focal Persons at All Levels ................................ ........... 98
Annex 1G: List of Natio nal Reference laboratories for confirming priority diseases, conditions and
events ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 100
Annex 1H: Sample verification tool for unusual health events ................................ ...................... 102
SECTION 2: REPORT PRIORITY DISEASES, CONDITIONS AND EVENTS ..................... 104
2.0 Report priority diseases, conditions and events ................................ ................................ ........ 104
2.1 Immediate reportable diseases, conditions and events ................................ .............................. 105
2.1.1 Report case -based information to the next level ................................ ................................ 106
2.1.2 Notifying a potential PHEIC under IHR (2005) ................................ ................................ 108
2.1.3 Reporting events from community sources ................................ ................................ ........ 108
2.2 Summarize immediate and weekl y reportable diseases ................................ ............................ 109
2.2.1 Weekly reporting of immediate notifiable diseases ................................ ........................... 109
2.2.2 Zero reporting ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 110
2.3 Report monthly and quarterly rou tine summary information for other diseases of public health
importance ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 110
2.4 Improve routine reporting practices ................................ ................................ .......................... 111
2.4.1 Support supervision to improve reporting at health facilities ................................ ............ 111
2.4.2 Keeping records and procedures for managing reporti ng forms ................................ ........ 112
2.4.3 Perform periodic checks on data quality ................................ ................................ ............ 112
2.4.4 Enhance linkages to strengthen community -based surveillance ................................ ........ 113
2.4.5 Strengthen linkages between Laboratory and Surveillance information ........................... 113
2.4.6 Promote a One Health approach to strengthen rep orting ................................ ................... 114
2.5 Data protection and security to protect patients confidentially ................................ ................. 114
Annexes to SECTION 2 ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 115
Annex 2A: IHR 2005 Decision Instrument ................................ ................................ ..................... 116
Annex 2B: Algorithm of reporting immediate notifiable diseases/conditions/events .................... 117
Annex 2C: Community alert reporting form ................................ ................................ ................... 118
Annex 2D: Commun ity-Based Surveillance (CBS) Suspected Diseases and Public Health Events
Monthly Log Sheet ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 120
Annex 2E: Reporting Structure for comm unity alert and verification ................................ ............ 121
Annex 2F: Generic case -based reporting form ................................ ................................ ............... 122
Annex 2G: Sample case -based laboratory reporting form ................................ .............................. 124
Annex 2H: Weekly summary reporting form ................................ ................................ ................. 125
Annex 2I: IDSR reports and data sharing logbook ................................ ................................ ......... 132
Annex 2J: District level IDSR data quality audit checklist ................................ ............................. 133
Annex 2K: Maternal and perinatal death -reporting form reporting forms ................................ ...... 136
Annex 2L: Ministry of Health Epidemiological week format, 2019 -2020 ................................ ..... 140
SECTION 3: ANALYSE AND INTERPRET DATA ................................ ................................ .... 144
3.0 Analyse data ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 144
3.1 Receive, handle and store data from health facilities ................................ ................................ 145
3.1.1 Receive data ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 145
3.1.2 Enter and clean data ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 146
3.2 Analyse data by time, place and person ................................ ................................ .................... 147
3.2.1 Measures of central tendency and dispersion ................................ ................................ ..... 148
3.2.2 Analyse data by time ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 151
3.2.3 Analyse data by place ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 154
3.2.4 Analyse data by person ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 155
3.2.5 Make a tab le for person analysis ................................ ................................ ........................ 157
3.2.6 Calculate the percentage of cases occurring within a given age group .............................. 158
3.2.7 Calculate the attack rates ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 160
3.2.8 Calculate a case fatality rate ................................ ................................ ............................... 160
3.3 Alert and action thresholds for public health action ................................ ................................ . 161
3.4 Draw conclusions from the findings to generate information ................................ ................... 162
3.5 Summarize and use the analysis to improve public health action ................................ ............. 164
Annexes for S ECTION 3 ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 164
Annex 3A: Plan for routine analysis of surveillance information ................................ ................... 165
Annex 3B: How to manually make a line graph ................................ ................................ ............. 167
SECTION 4: INV ESTIGATE SUSPECTED OUTBREAKS AND OTHER PUBLIC HEALTH
EVENTS 169
4.0 Investigate suspected outbreaks and other public health events ................................ ............... 169
4.0.1 Purpose of an investigation ................................ ................................ ................................ 169
4.0.2 Decision to investigate a reported outbreak or public health event ................................ ... 172
4.0.3 Verify the reported information ................................ ................................ ......................... 172
4.0.4 Record reported outbreaks , public health events and alerts ................................ ............... 173
4.1 Prepare to conduct an outbreak investigation ................................ ................................ ........... 173
4.1.1 Mobilize National and District Rapi d Response Team (NRRT/DRRT) ............................ 173
4.1.2 Specify tasks for the RRT members ................................ ................................ ................... 174
4.1.3 Define super vision and communication lines ................................ ................................ .... 175
4.1.4 Decide where the investigation will take place ................................ ................................ .. 175
4.1.5 Obtain the required authorizations ................................ ................................ ..................... 175
4.1.6 Finalize forms and methods for collecting information and specimens ............................. 175
4.1.7 Arrange transportation and other logistics ................................ ................................ ......... 176
4.1.8 Gather supplies for collecting laboratory specimens ................................ ......................... 176
4.2 Verify and confirm the outbreak or event ................................ ................................ ................. 176
4.2.1 Review the clinical and exposure history ................................ ................................ ........... 176
4.2.2 Coll ect laboratory specimens and obtain laboratory results to confirm the diagnosis ....... 177
4.3 Define and search for additional cases ................................ ................................ ...................... 177
4.3.1 Define a case ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 177
4.3.2 Isolate and manage cases ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 178
4.3.3 Search for additional cases and contacts ................................ ................................ ............ 178
4.3.4 Quar antine contacts of highly infectious diseases ................................ ............................. 179
4.4 Develop a line list ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 179
4.5 Analyse data about the outbreak ................................ ................................ ............................... 180
4.5.1 Interpret results of th e analysis ................................ ................................ .......................... 180
4.5.2 Analyse data and generate hypothesis ................................ ................................ ................ 183
4.6 Report wri ting and dissemination of findings ................................ ................................ ........... 184
4.7 Implement prevention and control measures ................................ ................................ ............ 184
4.8 Conduct an assessment to determine if the event is a potential Public Health Emergency of
Inter national Concern (PHEIC) ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 185
4.8.1 Maintain and intensify surveillance ................................ ................................ ................... 185
4.9 Conducting regular risk assessment after the outbreak has been confirmed ............................. 186
Annexes to S ECTION 4 ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 187
Annex 4A: District log of suspected outbreaks and alerts ................................ .............................. 188
Annex 4B: Checklist of laboratory supplies for use in an outbreak investigation .......................... 189
Annex 4C: Recommended list of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ................................ ....... 191