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1483327

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubridge%20baronets

Troubridge baronets

The Troubridge Baronetcy, of Plymouth, is a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 30 November 1799 for Captain Thomas Troubridge, a distinguished officer of the Royal Navy, who later became an admiral. The second baronet was also a Royal Navy admiral and sat as Member of Parliament for Sandwich. The third baronet fought with distinction in the Crimean War, in which he was severely wounded. The family surname is pronounced "Troobridge". Troubridge baronets, of Plymouth (1799) Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet (1758–1807) Sir Edward Thomas Troubridge, 2nd Baronet (1787–1852) Sir Thomas St Vincent Hope Cochrane Troubridge, 3rd Baronet (1815–1862) Sir Thomas Herbert Cochrane Troubridge, 4th Baronet (13 September 1860 – 5 December 1938). Troubridge married Laura Gurney in 1893, and had one son, the fifth Baronet, and two daughters. Sir (Thomas) St Vincent Wallace Troubridge, 5th Baronet (15 November 1895 – 16 December 1963). Troubridge married Pamela Clough in 1939, but had no issue. Sir Peter Troubridge, 6th Baronet (6 June 1927 – 27 September 1988). Troubridge was the eldest son of Admiral Sir Thomas Hope Troubridge (1895–1949), and succeeded his cousin in the baronetcy in 1963. He married the Hon. Venetia Daphne Weeks, daughter of Ronald Weeks, 1st Baron Weeks, in 1954, and had issue one son, the seventh Baronet, and two daughters. Sir Thomas Troubridge, 7th Baronet (born 1955), educated at Eton College and Durham University (University College), former Partner at PriceWaterhouseCoopers and now serves on the board of St Mark's Hospital. Troubridge has been married since 1984 to the Hon. Rosemary Douglas-Pennant (born 1957), younger daughter of Malcolm Douglas-Pennant, 6th Baron Penrhyn, and has issue. The heir to the baronetcy is his elder son Edward Peter Troubridge (born 10 August 1989) Other members of the family Edward Norwich Troubridge, second son of the second baronet, was a captain in the Royal Navy. Laura, Lady Troubridge, wife of the fourth baronet, was a writer for Mills and Boon and author of The Book of Etiquette (1926). Admiral Sir Ernest Troubridge (1862–1926), was a younger son of the third baronet and grandfather of the sixth. At the outbreak of the First World War he was second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet, but his career was blighted by the Goeben affair. His estranged wife Una Vincenzo, Lady Troubridge was most famous as the partner of the author Radclyffe Hall. Thomas Troubridge, a banker who was the first husband of Princess Michael of Kent, was a younger brother of the sixth baronet. Footnotes References Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, Baronetcies in the Baronetage of Great Britain 1799 establishments in Great Britain Troubridge family

1483333

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finbar%20of%20Cork

Finbar of Cork

Saint Finbar, Finbarr, Finnbar, or Finnbarr, in Irish Fionnbharra, very often abbreviated to Barra, (c. 550–25 September 623) was Bishop of Cork and abbot of a monastery in what is now the city of Cork, Ireland. He is patron saint of the city and of the Diocese of Cork. His feast day is 25 September. Life Having lived in Templemartin, which is near Bandon and originally named Lóchán (modern form, Loan), he was the son of Amergin of Maigh Seóla, a skilled craftsman originally from Galway. He studied in Ossory, corresponding approximately to the present County Kilkenny. He was renamed "Fionnbharra" (Fairhead in Irish), reportedly when, on being tonsured, the presiding cleric remarked: "Is fionn barr (find barr, in the Irish of the time) Lócháin", meaning, "Fair is the crest of Loan"), and he then became known as "Findbarr" ("Fionnbarra" in modern Irish). He went on pilgrimage to Rome with some of the monks, visiting St David in Wales on the way back. On completion of his education he returned home and lived for some time on an island in the small lake, then called Loch Irce. The island is now called Gougane Barra (the little rock-fissure of Finnbarr). He is reputed to have built small churches in various other places, including one in Ballineadig, County Cork, called Cell na Cluaine, anglicised as Cellnaclona and sometimes referred to as Cloyne, causing it to be confused with Cloyne (Cluain Uamha) in east Cork. He settled for about the last seventeen years of his life in the area then known as Corcach Mór na Mumhan (the Great Marsh of Munster), now the city of Cork, where he gathered around him monks and students. This became an important centre of learning, giving rise to the phrase Ionad Bairre Sgoil na Mumhan. "Where Finbar taught let Munster learn", is the motto of today's University College Cork in English, though this is not a translation of the Irish motto "Ionad Bairre Sgoil na Mumhan" which means "Finbarr's foundation, the School of Munster". The church and monastery he founded in 606 were on a limestone cliff above the River Lee, an area now known as Gill Abbey, after a 12th-century Bishop of Cork, Giolla Aedha Ó Muidhin. It continued to be the site of the cathedral of his diocese. The present building on the site, owned by the Church of Ireland, is called Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. The people of Cork often refer to the nearby Catholic church, also dedicated to St Finbar, in Dunbar Street in the South Parish as 'the South Chapel', distinguishing it from the North Cathedral, the Catholic Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Anne, sometimes called 'the North Chapel'. Finbar died at Cell na Cluaine, while returning from a visit to Gougane Barra. He was buried in the cemetery attached to his church in Cork. Legacy There are at least six St. Finbar's schools in England, Chelsea, and Australia – at Ashgrove, Byron Bay, Invermay, Tasmania, Sans Souci (South Sydney, spelt St Finbar), East Brighton (Melbourne), Quilpie (South West Queensland), and Glenbrook, in the Blue Mountains. There is a St. Finbarr's school in Lagos, Nigeria. There is also a St. Finn Barr school and church in San Francisco, California. There is a parish & school named for the saint in Burbank, California. The original cathedral of the Diocese of Charleston, South Carolina, in the United States was named in honour of St. Finbar and remained standing until the Great Fire of Charleston during the Civil War. It is believed to have been named so because John England, the first bishop of Charleston, was originally from the County Cork and was consecrated a bishop in Saint Fin Barre's Church before travelling to the United States. In Coventry, England, St Finbarr's Social Club was named in honour of the saint during the late 1980's attracting large numbers from an Irish background to socialise. Upon demolition in 2006, a new housing scheme was completed in 2008 on the same site with the road name of Finbarr Close. Other Saint Finbars There are five Irish saints named Finnbarr. One scholar has theorized that the Cork saint is identical with Finnian of Moville, a teacher of Colm Cille. Scotland has place names that refer to Saint Finnbarr, perhaps due to devotion to him having been carried there by disciples. One such place is the Gaelic-speaking island of Barra, where there is a ruined church called Cille Bharra (Church of Finnbarr). Tradition identifies that Finnbarr with the Cork saint, but it has been argued that he was Scottish. References Christian clergy from County Cork 7th-century Christian saints Medieval saints of Munster 550 births 620 deaths 6th-century Irish Christian clergy 7th-century Irish bishops

1483345

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila%20Richard%20Lukacs

Attila Richard Lukacs

Attila Richard Lukács (born 1962) is a Canadian artist. Lukács gained international attention via his E-werk series—a collection of very large figure paintings that he created in the 1980s and 90s, while living in Berlin. The paintings featured nude and semi-nude skinheads, who were depicted in heroic and classical poses in chiaroscuro, reminiscent of Renaissance art. The paintings were considered provocative due to their depictions of homosexuality, sadomasochism and fascistic symbolism. Biography Lukács was born in Edmonton, Alberta and grew up in Calgary. He is the second of three sons born to Joseph and Helen Lukács. His parents fled Hungary in 1956. His father worked as a petroleum engineer. Having shown an interest in art since he was a young child, Lukács was encouraged by his father to apply to the fine arts program at the University of Victoria. Lukács did not enjoy his time at the university and enrolled at the Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design in Vancouver in 1983. Later that same year he had his first solo exhibition titled Prime Cuts, held at the Unit/Pitt Gallery in Vancouver. As described by Tom Barrett of the Vancouver Sun: "The front of the gallery was fixed up to imitate a butcher shop. Inside, thick paintings of raw, red hunks of meat hung from the walls." In 1984, Lukács took part in Futura Bold, a joint exhibition with fellow Emily Carr attendees Angela Grossmann, Graham Gillmore and Derek Root. The following year the four artists' work, along with four other artists, was displayed at the Vancouver Art Gallery under the name Young Romantics. Lukács graduated from Emily Carr in 1985 and moved to Berlin the following year. While living in Berlin, Lukács had a studio residency at the , an old hospital that was converted into a collection of artist studio spaces. During this time he became interested in the skinhead subculture and used skinheads as models for his paintings, eventually socializing with and dressing like them. In a 1988 interview with Canadian Art magazine, Lukács said: "I definitely do not consider myself an official member of that society. I'm more like a voyeur." Lukács work during his stay in Berlin was considered provocative because many of his paintings featured homoerotic and sadomasochistic motifs, mixed with military and fascistic symbolism. He drew inspiration in part from his childhood fascination with military cadets and memories of poring over military catalogues after having asked his father to send him to military school. Lukács first exhibited his E-werk series in 1994, which consisted of six massive canvases that he had been created since 1986. The collection got its name from Lukacs' favourite Berlin nightclub (whose name is in turn the abbreviation of the German expression for a power plant.) The paintings depicted male figures in various poses, both classical and at times erotic, who also embody neo-Nazi esthetics and symbology, such as shaven heads, Doc Marten boots, bomber jackets, tattoos and swastikas. The collection garnered Lukács international attention and praise. Lukács moved to New York in 1996 and held several shows at the Phyllis Kind Gallery. His 1999 exhibition, Arbor Vitae, featured a series of thirteen black-on-white renditions of a single tree and marked a dramatic departure from the style of his earlier works. Lukács did not find the success that he had hoped for on the New York art scene and suffered from a worsening addiction to methamphetamine. He left New York for Maui in 2001 to recover. While there, much of his work focused on paintings of flowers. Lukács returned to Canada in late 2002. Drawing Out the Demons, a biographical documentary film about the artist was released in 2004. The film was nominated for two Gemini awards the following year in the categories of Best Direction in a Documentary Program, for director David Vaisbord, and Best Performing Arts Program or Series or Arts Documentary Program or Series, for producers Trish Dolman and Stephanie Symns. The documentary opens in the summer of 2001 and documents Lukács' journey from New York to addiction recovery in Maui, then on to Calgary and back to Vancouver. The photographic exhibition Attila Polaroids: Attila Richard Lukács and Michael Morris premiered in 2008. It featured over 3,000 Polaroids taken by Lukács of the studio models that were used as figure studies for his paintings while living in Berlin and New York between 1986 and 1996. The collection was curated by artist Michael Morris, whose monograph accompanied the photographs on exhibition. In the mid to late 2010s, Lukács' paintings were featured in the exhibitions Drama Queer: seducing social change and About Face: Stonewall, Revolt and New Queer Art, curated by American art historian Jonathan David Katz. Artistic style Lukács' work of the 1980s and 90s featured very large canvasses with thick applications of oil paint, along with other textural media such as tar, feathers, and gold leaf. Some of these canvasses were in the range of 13 feet high. The heroic and classical themes present in his work during his time in Berlin—along with his use of bold lighting, or chiaroscuro, to highlight the male form—prompted comparisons of Lukács' work to that of Rembrandt, Caravaggio and Goya. His 1999 series, Arbor Vitae, featured a collection of black-on-white paintings of a single tree from a variety of perspectives. The paintings were a departure from his Berlin works and were based on the photographic work of Alexander Rodchenko, who was known for pointing his camera sharply downward or upwards when capturing subjects. In addition to his use of oil paint and tar, these paintings also featured applications of varathane and roofing cement. His series Myths About my Garden from 1999 and Of Monkeys and Men from 2003 were both painted in a style influenced by Persian miniature and Indian miniature painting. In the 2010s Lukács began producing more abstract paintings as well as sculptural and installation artworks. Accolades In 1990, Pamela Young of Maclean's magazine called Lukács "the most renowned Canadian artist of the under-30 generation." In 1996, Michael Scott of the Vancouver Sun said of the E-werk collection: "Without a doubt, they establish Lukács as one of the three or four most important artists Canada has produced in the past 50 years." In her 1999 book Canadian Art in the Twentieth Century, Canadian art historian Joan Murray described Lukács as "an important painter in Canada." American art historian Jonathan David Katz has referred to Lukács as "one of the world’s greatest living artists." Lukács' commentary on the homoerotic label Journalists and critics have used the word homoerotic to described Lukács' art, particularly in reference to his paintings of the 1980s and 90s. Lukács commented on this descriptor in a 1988 interview with Canadian Art magazine: In a 1992 interview with Robert Enright of Border Crossings magazine, he said: Lukács said in a 2016 interview with the Vancouver Courier: Collections Lukács' work has been collected by institutions such as the National Gallery of Canada, the Art Gallery of Ontario and the Vancouver Art Gallery. One of Lukacs' paintings is included in the Crown Collection, which consists of furniture, artwork, and decorative items used to furnish and decorate Canada's official residences. Private collectors of his work include musician Elton John, film director Fred Schepisi and Canadian entrepreneur Salah Bachir. Bibliography Polaroids: Attila Richard Lukacs and Michael Morris (2010, Arsenal Pulp Press; ) References External links Official site 1962 births Living people 20th-century Canadian painters Canadian male painters 21st-century Canadian painters Artists from Edmonton Artists from Vancouver Canadian gay artists Canadian people of Hungarian descent Emily Carr University of Art and Design alumni 21st-century Canadian LGBTQ people 20th-century Canadian male artists 21st-century Canadian male artists

1483355

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Troubridge

Edward Troubridge

Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Thomas Troubridge, 2nd Baronet, ( – 7 October 1852) was an officer of the British Royal Navy who served in the French Revolutionary, Napoleonic and War of 1812. He later served for fifteen years as the member of parliament for Sandwich, Kent. Biography Family background and early life Troubridge was the only son of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge, Bt., and Frances Northall, the daughter of Captain John Northall. He was educated at Dr. Charles Burney's school at Greenwich. Wartime naval career Troubridge entered the Navy on 21 January 1797 as a volunteer on board the ship , the guard ship at Plymouth under the command of Captain Richard Boger. He was discharged in April 1799, and in January 1801 joined the ship , Captain George Murray, as a midshipman. He followed Murray into the , seeing action at the battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801, and subsequently into , until transferred in May 1802 to , Captain James Oughton, for a short time. In July 1803, he joined the , flagship of Lord Nelson in the Mediterranean, and in August 1804, moved into the frigate , Captain Ross Donnelly, serving until February 1805. On 22 February 1806 he was promoted to lieutenant aboard the , his father's flagship in the East Indies, and in March was appointed acting-commander of the 18-gun brig-sloop . On 4 July 1806 Harrier and the frigate , Captain Charles Elphinstone, destroyed the Dutch East India Company brig Christian Elizabeth under the fort of Manado. Two days later, off the island of Tidore, the two ships captured the Dutch 12-gun Belgica. On 26 July they fought a Dutch squadron off Sulawesi, consisting of the 40-gun frigate Pallas, the 20-gun corvette William, and the armed Indiamen Vittoria and Batavia, both richly laden. Only the William escaped capture. His share of the prize money for the captures was £26,000. In a letter to John Markham at the Admiralty following the action his father commented: "Elphinstone says Tom in the Harrier behaved like a brave, good fellow; had he done otherwise I would with great composure put a pistol ball through his nob..." In August 1806 Troubridge was appointed acting-captain of the frigate Macassar (formerly the Dutch Pallas), moving to the Greyhound in October. His promotion to commander was confirmed on 5 September 1806, and to post-captain on 28 November 1807. Sir Thomas Troubridge was superseded as commander-in-chief in the East Indies by Sir Edward Pellew, and appointed commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope. At Madras his flagship Blenheim was inspected and found to be unfit for further service, being hogged and taking on water even when at anchor. Despite the protests of her captain, Austin Bissell, Troubridge insisted on taking her to the Cape. Blenheim sailed on 12 January 1807, in company with the frigate , Captain George Pigot, and the sloop Harrier. On 5 February Harrier lost contact with the other ships near the island of Rodrigues. They were never seen again. Pellew ordered Troubridge in Greyhound to search for the missing ships. Starting at Rodrigues, he retraced their course to the Île de France, sending an officer ashore under a flag of truce to gain information. The French authorities informed him that the ships had been sighted at some distance off the Île Bourbon. At Île Sainte-Marie off Madagascar they learned that the ships had put into the harbour to take on water and fresh meat, before sailing for the Cape. There being no further sightings it was assumed that the ships had foundered during a storm. On the death of his father, Troubridge succeeded to the baronetcy. He was invalided home in January 1808. On 5 February 1813 Troubridge was appointed to the 38-gun frigate , for service in the War of 1812 against the United States. Armide, in company with , captured the 17-gun American privateer Herald on 15 August 1814, and the next day Armide alone captured the French 16-gun letter of marque Invincible. During the operations against New Orleans in January 1815 Troubridge served as commander of the Naval Brigade, and was highly praised for his efforts. Armide was paid off in May 1815. Post-war career After the war Troubridge bought the estate "Rockville" near North Berwick, but he and his family spent most of the next 15 years living in Italy, France and Belgium. They eventually returned to England in December 1830, and Troubridge applied to the Admiralty for a command. In March 1831 he was appointed commander-in-chief at Cork, flying his flag in the frigate , which he joined on 15 April. However, at the request of the government he stood in the general election of 1831, and was elected second member for the town and port of Sandwich in May. He spent much of the rest of the year on leave of absence from his ship in order to attend Parliament and vote in favour of the Great Reform Act. On 30 June 1831 Troubridge was appointed naval aide-de-camp to King William, and remained in that post for Queen Victoria until 1841. In March 1832 he was ordered to take Stag to Madeira to observe developments in the Portuguese Civil War. By July 1832 Stag was cruising off the Portuguese coast. When offered command of on foreign service, he turned it down, wishing to remain in Stag, but in October 1832 he found himself unemployed. Troubridge was re-elected to Parliament in the 1832 election, and again in 1835 and 1841, serving until 1847. Troubridge served on the Board of Admiralty from 22 April 1835 serving as Fourth Naval Lord until 1837, then as Third Naval Lord until June 1841, and then briefly as Second Naval Lord before he resigned from the Admiralty on 23 August 1841 to take command of the 84-gun ship in the Mediterranean. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath by the newly crowned Queen Victoria on 20 July 1838. He was promoted to rear admiral on 23 November 1841, and was also a Deputy Lieutenant for Haddingtonshire. Troubridge died on 7 October 1852, at his house in Eaton Place, Belgravia. Personal life On 18 October 1810, he married Anna Maria Cochrane, the daughter of Admiral the Honourable Sir Alexander Cochrane, sister of Rear Admiral Sir Thomas John Cochrane, and cousin of Vice-Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald. They had four sons and three daughters, including: Major Sir Thomas St. Vincent Hope Cochrane Troubridge, 3rd baronet. Captain Edward Norwich Troubridge, RN, who died serving in China in 1850. Charlotte Frances Troubridge (d 25 March 1900, aged 74), who lived in Kensington. Arms References Notes Bibliography External links |- |- |- |- Year of birth uncertain 1852 deaths Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain Deputy lieutenants of East Lothian Royal Navy rear admirals Lords of the Admiralty Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars Royal Navy personnel of the War of 1812 Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars Companions of the Order of the Bath Tory MPs (pre-1834) Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1831–1832 UK MPs 1832–1835 UK MPs 1835–1837 UK MPs 1837–1841 UK MPs 1841–1847 Troubridge family

1483362

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockney

Mockney

Mockney (a portmanteau of "mock" and "cockney") is an affected accent and form of speech in imitation of cockney or working-class London speech, or a person with such an accent. A stereotypical mockney speaker comes from an upper-middle-class background. A person speaking with a mockney accent might adopt cockney pronunciation but retain standard grammatical forms, whereas the genuine cockney speaker uses non-standard forms (e.g. negative concord). Details The first published use of the word according to the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1967. It is an affectation sometimes adopted for aesthetic or theatrical purposes, and at other times just to sound "cool", to generate street credibility, or to give the false impression that the speaker rose from humble beginnings and became prominent through hard work and some innate talent rather than the education, contacts and other advantages that a privileged background tends to bring. Britpop band Blur was said to have a "mockney, down-the-dogs blokey charm". Mick Jagger is often accused of being the first celebrity in modern times to overplay his regional accent in order to boost his street credibility. One explanation of dialect adoption given in social linguistics is the desire for prestige, that a person is likely to adopt speech patterns (including accent, vocabulary, dialect or even language) which they perceive to be prestigious. The concept of communication accommodation, either upwards or downwards in idiolect, can be seen in many social interactions. One can put someone at ease by speaking in a familiar tone or intonation, or one can intimidate or alienate someone by speaking more formally. For example, in a courtroom, a more formal voice register with technical legal jargon can be used to intimidate a defendant. In contrast, mockney seeks to lower the perceived socio-economic class of the speaker. Notable people described as using mockney speech Lily Allen Russell Brand Nigel Kennedy Kate Nash Tim Roth Joe Strummer Jamie Oliver See also Class tourism Mummerset Mock language Received Pronunciation Sociolinguistics Mid-Atlantic accent References External links Wot’s He Sayin’? British pop reclaims its accent. English language in England Pejorative terms for people English language in London

1483363

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Scott

Cyril Scott

Cyril Meir Scott (27 September 1879 – 31 December 1970) was an English composer, writer, poet, and occultist. He created around four hundred musical compositions including piano, violin, cello concertos, symphonies, and operas. He also wrote around 20 pamphlets and books on occult topics and natural health. Biography Scott was born in Oxton, Cheshire to Henry Scott (1843-1918), shipper and scholar of Greek and Hebrew, and Mary (née Griffiths), an amateur pianist of Welsh origin. He showed a talent for music from an early age and was sent to the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt, Germany to study piano in 1892 at age 12. He studied with Iwan Knorr and belonged to the Frankfurt Group, a circle of composers who studied at the Hoch Conservatory in the late 1890s. At 20, the German poet Stefan George helped Scott organize a performance of Scott's first symphony. He played his Piano Quartet with Fritz Kreisler, Emil Kreuz, and Ludwig Lebell in St. James' Hall in 1903. In 1902 he met the pianist Evelyn Suart, with whom he had a long artistic association. She championed his music, premiering many of his works, and introducing him to his publisher, Elkin, with whom he remained for the rest of his life. Evelyn Suart was also a Christian Scientist, and it was through her that Scott became interested in metaphysics. Scott dedicated his Scherzo, Op. 25 to Evelyn Suart. Music His experiments in free rhythm, generated by expanding musical motifs, above all in his First Piano Sonata of 1909, appear to have exerted an influence on Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring (see The Cyril Scott Companion, pp. 45–47). He used to be known as 'the English Debussy', though this reflected little knowledge of Scott and little understanding of Debussy. Alternative medicine Scott had an interest in alternative medicine, health foods, occultism, naturopathy, philosophy and yoga. In a series of books and pamphlets, he urged the sick, even those with cancer, to trust diet and alternative medicine and avoid trained medics and surgery. Scott was an alternative cancer treatment advocate and authored two works on this subject. He also recommended people to consume black molasses and cider vinegar. Compositions (selective list) Dramatic Opera The Alchemist (1917–18) The Saint of the Mountain (1924–25) The Shrine (c. 1925–26) Maureen O'Mara (1945) Ballet The Incompetent Apothecary (1923) Karma (1924) Masque of the Red Death (1930) Incidental music Othello (1920) Return to Nature (1920) Smetse Smee (c. 1925–26) Susannah and the Elders (1937) Orchestral Symphony No. 1 in G major (1899) Pelleas and Melisanda, overture, Op. 5 (1900) [later revised as Op. 20] Lyric Suite, Op. 6 (1900) Heroic Suite, Op. 7 (c. 1900) Christmas Overture (c. 1900) Symphony No. 2 in A minor (1901–02) [withdrawn and revised as Three Symphonic Dances] Princess Maleine, overture, Op. 18 (1902) [withdrawn and revised as Festival Overture] Aglavaine et Sélysette, overture, Op. 21 (c. 1902) Rhapsody for orchestra No. 1, Op. 32 (1904) Aubade, Op. 77 (1905, revised c. 1911) Three Symphonic Dances, Op. 22 (c. 1907) [revised from Symphony No. 2] Egypt, ballet suite (1913) Two Passacaglias on Irish Themes (1914) Britain's War March (1914) Suite Fantastique, for chamber orchestra (c. 1928) Neptune, poem of the sea (1933, revised 1935) [originally titled Disaster at Sea] Symphony No. 3, The Muses, with chorus (1937) Ode descantique, for string orchestra (c. 1940) Hourglass Suite, for chamber orchestra (c. 1949) Symphony No. 4 (1951–52) Neapolitan Rhapsody (1959) Sinfonietta for organ, harp and strings (1962) Concertante works Piano Concerto in D major, Op. 10 (1900) Cello Concerto, Op. 19 (1902) Piano Concerto No. 1 (1913–14) Violin Concerto (c. 1925) Philomel, for cello and orchestra (c. 1925) Double concerto for violin, cello and orchestra (1926) The Melodist and the Nightingale, for cello and orchestra (1929) Early One Morning for piano and orchestra (1930–31, revised 1962) Concertino for two pianos and orchestra (1931) Double concerto for two violins and orchestra (1931) Passacaglia Festevole, for two pianos and orchestra (c. 1935) Cello Concerto (1937) Concerto for harpsichord and orchestra (1937) Concerto for oboe and strings (1946) Concertino for bassoon, flute and strings (1951) Piano Concerto No. 2 (1958) Choral music Magnificat, for soloists, chorus orchestra and organ (1899) The Ballad of Fair Helen of Kirkonnel, for baritone, chorus and orchestra, Op. 8 (1900) My Captain, for voice and piano, Op. 38 (1904) Nativity Hymn, for soloists, chorus and orchestra (1913–14) La belle dame sans merci, for baritone, chorus and orchestra (1915–17) Festival Overture, for chorus and orchestra (1929) Mystic Ode, for chorus and chamber orchestra (1932) Summerland, for chorus and orchestra (1935) Ode to Great Men, for tenor, female chorus and orchestra (1936) Hymn to Unity, for soloists, chorus and orchestra (1947) Chamber music Piano Trio in E minor, Op. 3 (c. 1899) Piano Quartet in E minor, Op. 16 (1899) String Quartet, Op. 12 (c. 1900) Sextet for piano and strings, Op. 26 (c. 1903, rev. 1914 as Quintet, performed and later withdrawn) String Quartet, Op. 28 (c. 1903) String Quartet in F major, Op. 31 (c. 1904) Violin Sonata No. 1 in C major, Op. 59 (1908) String Quartet No. 1 (1919) String Quintet No. 1 (1919) Piano Trio No. 1 (c. 1920, publ. 1922) Piano Quintet No. 1 (1920, publ. 1924, previous Quintets had been performed, but later withdrawn) Quintet for flute, harp, violin, viola and cello (1926) String Trio No. 1 (1931) Sonata Lirica for violin and piano (1937) Viola Sonata (1939, revised 1953) String Trio No. 2 (1949) Piano Trio No. 2 (1950) Violin Sonata No. 2, Sonata Melodica (1950) Cello Sonata (1950) String Quartet No. 2 (1951) Quintet for clarinet and strings (1951) Piano Quintet No. 2 (1952) String Quintet No. 2 (1953) Violin Sonata No. 3 (1955) Trio for clarinet, cello and piano (c. 1955) Violin Sonata No. 4 (1956) Piano Trio No. 3 (1957) String Quartet No. 3 (1961) Flute Sonata (1961) Trio Pastorale for flute, cello and piano (1961) String Quartet No. 4 (1964) Piano solo Piano Sonata in D major, Op.17 (1901)(W 329) Handelian Rhapsody, for piano (revision, ed. Percy Grainger), Op. 17 (1909) (W 134) Scherzo, Op.25 (1904) 2 Pierrot Pieces, Op.35 (1904) 2 Piano Pieces, Op.37 (1904) Solitude, Op.40–1 (1904) Vesperale, Op.40–2 (1904) Chimes, Op.40–3 (1904) Lotus Land, Op.47–1 (1905) Columbine, Op.47–2 (1905) Summerland, Op.54 (1907) 2 Alpine Sketches, Op.58 (1908) Dance Nègre (1908) Sphinx, Op.63 (1908) Piano Sonata No.1, Op.66 (1909) 4 Piano Pieces, Op.67 (1909–10) Piano Suite, Op.71–1 (1910) Water-Wagtail (1910) Berceuse in E-flat (1911) Pierrette (1912) 3 British Melodies (1912) Rainbow Trout (1916) Piano Sonata No.2 (1935) Piano Sonata No.3 (1956) Other instrumental solo The Ecstatic Shepherd, for solo flute (c. 1922) Celtic Fantasy, for solo harp (1926) Sonatina, for solo guitar (c. 1927) (commissioned by Andrés Segovia) Idyll, for solo violin (1928) Literature Prose 1917 The Philosophy of Modernism, in its Connection with Music 1920 The Initiate: Some Impressions of a Great Soul (Anon.) 1920 The Adept of Galilee – A Story and an Argument (Anon.) 1924 Autobiography: My Years of Indiscretion 1927 The Initiate in the New World (Anon.) 1928 The Art of Making a Perfect Husband 1930 Childishness: A Study in Adult Conduct 1932 The Initiate in the Dark Cycle (Anon.) 1933 Vision of the Nazarene (Anon.) 1933 Music: Its Secret Influence Throughout the Ages 1936 The Greater Awareness 1939 Man is my Theme 1939 The Ghost of a Smile 1942 The Christian Paradox 1952 Die Tragoedie Stefan George 1953 Man the Unruly Child 1953 Simpler and Safer Remedies for Grievous Ills 1953 The Boy Who Saw True 1969 Autobiography: Bone of Contention Alternative medicine 1939 Victory Over Cancer: Without Radium Or Surgery 1940 Health, Diet and Commonsense 1938 Doctors, Disease and Health 1946 Crude Black Molasses 1946 Medicine, Rational and Irrational 1948 Cider Vinegar 1953 Simpler and Safer Remedies for Grievous Ills 1955 Sleeplessness: Its Prevention and Cure by Harmless Methods 1956 Constipation and Commonsense 1968 Cancer Prevention: Fallacies and Some Reassuring Facts Occultism 1935 Outline of Modern Occultism 1957 Occultism: An Alternative to Scientific Humanism Poetry 190? The Shadows of Silence and the Songs of Yesterday 1907 The Grave of Eros and the Book of Mournful Melodies 1909 Translation: The Flowers of Evil (Charles Baudelaire) 1910 Translation: Poems of Stefan George (Selections from his Works) 1910 The Voice of the Ancient 1912 The Vales of Unity 1915 The Celestial Aftermath: A Springtime of the Heart and Faraway Songs 1943 The Poems of playboy Bibliography Hull, A. Eaglefield: Cyril Scott. Composer, Poet and Philosopher. London, 1918. Scott, Cyril: Bone of Contention: the Autobiography of Cyril Scott. New York, 1969. Sampsel, Laurie J.: Cyril Scott: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood, 2000. Collins, Sarah. The Aesthetic Life of Cyril Scott. Boydell, 2013. Scott, Desmond, and others (edd.), The Cyril Scott Companion. Boydell, 2018. See also The Initiate, by Cyril Scott References External links Cyril Scott (official website) Sheet music by Scott 1879 births 1970 deaths 19th-century British composers 19th-century classical composers 19th-century classical pianists 19th-century English musicians 19th-century English male musicians 20th-century English male musicians 20th-century classical composers 20th-century classical pianists 20th-century English composers Alternative cancer treatment advocates Alternative medicine activists English male pianists Composers for piano English classical composers English classical pianists English occult writers English opera composers English male classical pianists English male opera composers Hoch Conservatory alumni English occultists Writers from Birkenhead Musicians from Birkenhead Pupils of Iwan Knorr

1483371

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKee%20Foods

McKee Foods

McKee Foods Corporation is a privately held and family-owned American snack food and granola manufacturer headquartered in Collegedale, Tennessee. The corporation is the maker of Drake's Cakes, Fieldstone Bakery snacks and cereal, Little Debbie snacks, and Sunbelt Bakery granola and cereal. The company also formerly operated Heartland Brands. History The company was founded during the Great Depression by Oather Dorris "O.D." McKee and Ruth McKee. Oather started out selling cakes from his 1928 Whippet in the Chattanooga area. Wanting to expand, he bought a small bakery, Jack's Cookie Company. The bakery did well for a few years, but O.D. was still looking to expand. His father-in-law, however, did not share his ideas. O.D. decided to sell his business and start over. The McKees moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, into a new bakery designed by O.D. After some time, they sold the Charlotte plant. They moved back to Chattanooga in the early 1950s when Cecil King, Ruth's brother, was in poor health and needed help. They decided to buy back the bakery, which was renamed McKee Baking Company from King's Bakery in 1962, and run it themselves. McKee Baking Company moved to Collegedale in 1957. In 1991, McKee Baking Company became McKee Foods Corporation. Ellsworth McKee, the son of company-founder O.D. McKee, took over, but retired from day-to-day operations in September 2012 and retains the position of company chairman. It was announced on January 28, 2013, that McKee Foods would pay $27.5 million for Hostess Brands' Drake's brand, which includes Ring Dings, Yodels, and Devil Dogs products. The bankruptcy court approved the purchase on April 9, 2013. As of 2013, McKee ships more than 900 million cartons of Little Debbie products each year. Brands Little Debbie Little Debbie products are primarily cookie and cake-based dessert snacks. They come in dozens of varieties, including the top-selling Swiss Cake Rolls, Nutty Bars, Fudge Rounds, Cloud Cakes, Cosmic Brownies, Zebra Cakes, and Oatmeal Creme Pies. Little Debbie products are available in most discount, grocery, and convenience stores, both in boxes and as individually wrapped items. In 1960, company founders O.D. and Ruth McKee decided to name a product after one of their grandchildren, four-year-old Debbie. Now Debbie McKee-Fowler serves as Executive Vice-President and serves on the McKee Foods Board of Directors. The original image of Debbie used on packaging and advertising, which began on August 23, 1960, was based on a black-and-white photo. Full-color portraits of Little Debbie started later in 1960. Artist Pearl Mann of Atlanta created the original color artwork. Following instructions, she made the little girl look older, around 8 or 9. Minor changes were made to the logo in 1985 and again in 2013. The Little Debbie brand has sponsored NASCAR teams since the 1990s, most notably the Wood Brothers No. 21 Ford Fusion in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series from 2006 to 2008. The brand switched to the No. 47 JTG Daugherty Racing team in the 2009 season, after sponsoring both teams in 2008. From sundown Friday to sundown Saturday, known as the Sabbath, the Little Debbie logos are covered or removed, and the crew wears non-Little Debbie attire as a condition of sponsorship because McKee Foods was founded and is run by owners who are Seventh-day Adventists. As of late 2022, the cakes will not be sold in US Department of Defense, Defense Commissary Agency and Navy Exchange commissaries. McKee has said that the regulatory standards required of McKee Foods are too costly to continue supplying the commissaries. Also as of late-2022, the cakes will not be sold in Canada. The company said that their only distributor chose to "terminate their business relationship" and McKee was not actively looking for another Canadian distributor. Drake's Drake's is a baking company in Wayne, New Jersey. Originally an independent company, Drake's was owned by Hostess from 1998 to 2012; McKee Foods acquired Drake's line when Hostess liquidated in bankruptcy in 2012. The Drake's brand distributes snack cakes such as Ring Dings, Yodels, Devil Dogs, Yankee Doodles, Sunny Doodles, Funny Bones, and coffee cake. Their mascot is Webster, a smiling drake (a male duck) holding a spoon and wearing a chef's hat and neckerchief. Fieldstone Bakery Products sold under the Fieldstone Bakery brand include whole grain snacks, granola, pastries, and cookies. Sunbelt Bakery Sunbelt Bakery products include a variety of granola bars, fruit snacks, and cereals. Heartland Brands The company previously sold granola cereals and pie crusts under the Heartland brand. McKee acquired the brand, which dated to 1968, in 1998. The brand was in use until at least 2018. Bakeries Gentry, Arkansas Stuarts Draft, Virginia Collegedale, Tennessee Kingman, Arizona References External links McKee Foods website Little Debbie Snacks website Sunbelt Bakery website Snack food manufacturers of the United States Manufacturing companies based in Tennessee Food and drink companies based in Tennessee Privately held companies based in Tennessee Southern Adventist University American brands Seventh-day Adventist food and drink companies American companies established in 1928 Food and drink companies established in 1928 1928 establishments in Tennessee Hamilton County, Tennessee Family-owned companies of the United States

1483377

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD%20%28disambiguation%29

SSD (disambiguation)

A solid-state drive is a type of data storage device which uses semiconductor memory rather than magnetic media. SSD may also refer to: Science and technology Saturated-surface-dry, aggregate or porous solid condition Singular spectrum decomposition, a method of decomposing nonlinear and non-stationary time series as a form of singular spectrum analysis Biology and medicine Schizophrenia spectrum disorders Signal-sensing domain, in molecular biology Sterol-sensing domain, a protein domain Speech sound disorder Sexual size dimorphism Single-sided deafness Somatic symptom disorder A brand name for Silver sulfadiazine antibacterial Computing Server-side decoration of windows, an alternative to client-side decoration Solid-state drive Single-shot multibox detection, computer vision object detection System sequence diagram in software engineering Mathematics Schwartz sequential dropping, an electoral system Other uses Sardar Sarovar Dam, Gujarat, India Scalextric Sport Digital, toy cars Singapore School for the Deaf South Sudan (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code: SSD) SSD (band), Boston, US, 1981–1985 Siroi language (ISO code: ssd), of Papua New Guinea Special School District of St. Louis County Stansted Airport railway station (National Rail code: SSD) Social Security Disability Insurance (SSD or SSDI), US State Security Department, North Korean secret police United States–Russia Strategic Stability Dialogue, meetings to reduce the risk of US–Russia nuclear war

1483385

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas%20Geirnaert

Jonas Geirnaert

Jonas Geirnaert (born 28 July 1982) is a Belgian animator. He studied animation at the KASK in Ghent. In May 2004, he won the Short Film Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival with his animated short Flatlife (11 min). The first minute of the film was the only portion with sound because it was a student project that was unfinished at the time of the selection entry deadline. Although Flatlife has no political message, Jonas' previous movie, The All-American Alphabet, clearly has one. On stage in Cannes, Jonas had a message for all Americans: "Don't vote Bush". While such statements were popular at the time, Geirnaert's political leanings were far-left, as he was a member of the marxist Workers Party of Belgium. In the fall of 2005, Geirnaert made the TV comedy series Neveneffecten for Canvas (public Flemish television) with his fellow comedians Lieven Scheire, Koen De Poorter and Jelle De Beule. In 2011, this same group of four made the television show BASTA which also offered satirical critique on current cultural phenomenon, like help desks, uncritical journalism, television call games, the production of meat and internet scammers. Through their actions, some of the more fraudulent abuses have been put to a stop, e.g. the de facto illegal television calling games have been banned from television in Flanders. Filmography Basta (2011) Kabouter Wesley (2009) Willy's en marjetten (2006) Neveneffecten (2005) Flatlife (2004) The All-American Alphabet (2002) References External links Kabouter Wesley Official Site Neveneffecten 1982 births Living people Belgian film directors Belgian animated film directors Belgian television directors Belgian animators Belgian comics artists Belgian male actors Belgian male comedians Belgian television presenters Belgian surrealist artists People from Wachtebeke

1483386

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Greyson

John Greyson

John Greyson (born March 13, 1960) is a Canadian director, writer, video artist, producer, and political activist, whose work frequently deals with queer characters and themes. He was part of a loosely affiliated group of filmmakers to emerge in the 1980s from Toronto known as the Toronto New Wave. Greyson has won accolades and achieved critical success with his films—most notably Zero Patience (1993) and Lilies (1996). His outspoken persona, activism, and public image have also attracted international press and controversy. Greyson is also a professor at York University's film school, where he teaches film and video theory, film production, and editing. Early life Greyson was born in Nelson, British Columbia, the son of Dorothy F. (née Auterson) and Richard I. Greyson. He was raised in London, Ontario, before moving to Toronto in 1978, where he became a writer for The Body Politic and other local arts and culture magazines, as well as a video and performance artist. Career He directed several short films, including The Perils of Pedagogy, Kipling Meets the Cowboy and Moscow Does Not Believe in Queers, before releasing his first feature film, Pissoir, in 1988. Pissoir is a response to the homophobic climate of the period and, particularly, to police entrapment of men in public washrooms (toilets) and parks and police raids on gay bathhouses. Greyson's next film was The Making of Monsters, a short musical film produced during Greyson's residency at the Canadian Film Centre in 1991. The film deals with the 1985 murder by five adolescent males of Kenneth Zeller, a high school teacher and librarian, when he was allegedly cruising for sexual encounters in Toronto's High Park. The film is a fictional documentary about the making of a movie-of-the-week, entitled Monsters, in which the young murderers are depicted as psychopathic monsters, rather than normal teenage boys. The film features Marxist literary critic Georg Lukács as the producer of Monsters, with Bertolt Brecht (played by a catfish) as director. Greyson's film was pulled from distribution when the estate of Kurt Weill objected to its use of the tune of Mack the Knife. Greyson had originally received copyright permission to use the tune, but it was withdrawn, apparently because Weill's estate objected to the film's homosexual themes. Although copyright is no longer an issue, having lapsed in 2000, fifty years after Weill's death, the film has not yet been re-released by the Canadian Film Development Corporation. Greyson is best known for the feature-length films Zero Patience and Lilies. His other films include Un©ut (1997), The Law of Enclosures (1999), and Proteus (2003). He has also directed for television, including episodes of Queer as Folk, Made in Canada, and Paradise Falls. In 2003, Greyson and composer David Wall created Fig Trees, a video opera for gallery installation, about the struggles of South African AIDS activist Zackie Achmat. In 2009, a film version of Fig Trees was released. This film, a feature-length documentary opera, premiered at the Berlinale as part of its Panorama section, where it won the Teddy Award for Best Documentary. In 2007, Greyson was the recipient of the Bell Award in Video Art. The award committee stated: "John Greyson is perhaps best known to a general public as a feature film director. He shoots his 'film' projects on video with trademark video post-production techniques, thus colonizing the space of cinema with the aesthetics of video. An incisive social and political critic, Mr. Greyson is in fact one of the leaders in the AIDS activist video movement, among others. Mr. Greyson has supported the practice in many ways and he influences many emerging artists." In 2013, Greyson released Murder in Passing, a murder mystery series which aired as 30-second episodes on Pattison Outdoor Advertising's video screens in the Toronto Transit Commission subway system and as a web series. In 2020, he released the short film Prurient as part of the Greetings from Isolation project. In 2021, his experimental short International Dawn Chorus Day had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Teddy Award for best LGBTQ-themed short film. Notable films Zero Patience Zero Patience is a 1993 musical film which challenged AIDS orthodoxy. Zero Patience is a response particularly to Randy Shilts' 1987 book And the Band Played On, which notoriously (and erroneously) traced the arrival of HIV/AIDS in North America to a single person, a Canadian airline attendant named Gaetan Dugas. Based on a single flawed epidemiological cluster study, the conclusions of Shilts' book were very problematic for the narrative of blame they created, suggesting both that particular individuals were at fault (for example, that Dugas willfully spread HIV, although he actually died before the virus was identified and the study in which he participated was one of several that allowed scientists to determine that HIV was sexually transmitted) and that monogamy and the 'normalization' of gay male sexual practices were the proper and adequate response (as opposed to a focus on safer sex practices). Zero Patience features a gay ghost named Patient Zero who returns to Toronto to hook up with Sir Richard Francis Burton who, through an "unfortunate encounter with the fountain of youth" has lived to become the Chief Taxidermist at the Museum of Natural History. Burton is engaged in creating a "Hall of Contagion." When he loses his central exhibit, the Düsseldorf Plague Rat, he casts around for a replacement, lighting upon Patient Zero. In a comedy of errors, Zero and Burton come together, fall in love and attempt to figure out what to do about Burton's earlier attempts to defame Zero as a "sexual serial killer." A number of sub-plots centre around specific criticisms of the social response to AIDS by politicians, doctors and pharmaceutical companies. There is a not entirely sympathetic ACT UP group engaged in a protest against the manufacturer of ZP0 (a reference to AZT), a teacher who is losing his sight to CMV and several scenes involving his students, and a number of scenes involving the animal and human inhabitants of the dioramas in the Hall of Contagion. Most of these feature lively and thought-provoking musical numbers, but none have drawn critical attention as much as the "Butthole Duet" in which Burton's and Zero's anuses sing about the social perception of anal sex and its relationship to the discourses circulating around AIDS in the 80s and early 90s. Widely misunderstood by film reviewers, the song refers to a number of academic responses to the popular perception of AIDS as a "gay disease" and the now discredited belief that the anus was more vulnerable to HIV than the vagina, particularly Leo Bersani's article "Is the Rectum a Grave?" Bersani thoroughly discredits the notion that anal sex is inherently diseased; Greyson takes this one step further to argue that an unreasonable bias against anal sex is linked to patriarchy. The central scene in Zero Patience, however, is probably the scene in which Zero looks through a microscope at a slide of his own blood. What he sees is the subject of an Esther Williams-like song-and-dance number throughout which Zero converses with Miss HIV (Michael Callen). Both lyrically and in conversation, Miss HIV informs Zero that he was not the first, that he did not bring HIV/AIDS to North America, and that his participation in the infamous cluster study helped to prove that HIV is transmissible by sex and thus place an emphasis on safer sex that saved countless lives. Lilies In 1996, Greyson released his most famous film, Lilies, an adaptation of Michel Marc Bouchard's play Les feluettes, ou un drame romantique. The film screened at numerous festivals, including Sundance, and received critical acclaim; it was nominated for 14 awards Genie Awards at the 17th ceremony, winning four, including Best Picture. The film also won a number of other awards, including the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film. Lilies''' romanticism, lyrical story-telling and gorgeous cinematography all combined to make the film both more accessible to 'mainstream' audiences and more popular with critics than Greyson's more controversial and more intellectually demanding works, like Zero Patience. Following the dual chronology of Bouchard's play, Greyson's film (for which Bouchard wrote the screenplay) moves between two time periods: the film's 'present' in 1952 and the events that took place in the town of Roberval, Quebec in 1912. The film begins with a visit by Bishop Bilodeau (Marcel Sabourin) to a prison chapel where he is supposed to hear the confession of convicted murderer Simon (Aubert Pallascio). Both men were at school together in 1912 when a fire supposedly set by Simon took the life of a third schoolmate, and Simon's lover, Vallier (Danny Gilmore). However, this apparently simple story become quickly more complicated when the prison chaplain (Ian D. Clark) and the prisoners lock Bilodeau into the confessional booth and proceed to stage the true story of Vallier's death before their captive's eyes. Greyson's directorial style is very much in evidence in Lilies. The film moves freely between realist and magic realist modes, making witty use of deceptively simple cinematic techniques, such as the way in which the camera tracks the removal of the roof of the confessional booth, apparently contained within the prison building, only to reveal the blue skies of summer-time Roberval and the arrival of the hot air balloon and its Parisian balloonist, Lydie-Anne (Alexander Chapman), which precipitates the events that lead up to Vallier's death. The narrative involves Simon's difficulties in resolving his love for Vallier in the face of homophobic Roberval (his father beats him viciously when he hears that Simon (played as a younger man by Jason Cadieux) and Valliers have been seen kissing, even though they are acting out roles in the school play), a love further complicated by the young Bilodeau's (Matthew Ferguson) tortuously repressed desire for Simon and by the sophisticated attractions of Lydie-Anne, whose femininity allows Simon to dream of a safely heterosexual future. While the narrative, involving as it does a religious school and schoolboy sexuality, clearly has echoes of Catholic child abuse scandals, the story deliberately involves telling a story reminiscent of Mount Cashel, choosing instead to focus on the intensity and romanticism of the young men's love for each other. The narrative is enhanced by the visual style of the film, particularly the choice to cast only men in all of the roles. Of course, this makes perfect sense, since—on one level—all of the historical characters are being 'played' by the 1952 prisoners. This doubling is further enhanced by the decision to allow the male actors playing women to wear female clothing, but making no attempt whatsoever at realistic drag, relying instead on stellar performances by actors Alexander Chapman as Lydie-Anne, Brent Carver as the Countess de Tilly (Vallier's mother) and Remy Girard as the Baroness. Fig TreesFig Trees is a feature-length documentary opera about the struggles of AIDS activists Tim McCaskell of Toronto and Zackie Achmat of Cape Town, as they fight for access to treatment drugs. In 1999, South African AIDS activist Zackie Achmat went on a treatment strike, refusing to take his pills until they were widely available to all South Africans. This symbolic act became a cause celebre, helping build his group Treatment Action Campaign into a national movement - yet with each passing month, Zackie grew sicker. The feature film Fig Trees (2009) has been the recipient of a number of awards, including the Teddy for Best Documentary at the Berlinale, and the Best Canadian Feature award at the Toronto Inside Out Film Festival. Controversies Opposition to 2009 TIFF for highlighting of Tel Aviv In September 2009, Greyson withdrew his short documentary, Covered, from the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) festival to protest the festival's inaugural City to City Spotlight on the city of Tel Aviv. In a letter to TIFF Greyson wrote that his protest "isn't against the film or filmmakers" chosen but against the City to City program, specifically, and "the smug business-as-usual aura it promotes." Greyson cited an August 2008 article in the Canadian Jewish News in which Israeli consul-general Amir Gissin stated that Israel would have a major presence at the TIFF as a culmination of his year-long Brand Israel campaign to re-engineer the country's image and that TIFF should not be a participant in such a PR exercise. Greyson also argued that "my protest isn't against the films of filmmakers you've chosen... [but] is against the Spotlight itself" and the failure of the festival to include Palestinian voices. Greyson also wrote that he was protesting TIFF's decision "to pointedly ignore the international economic boycott campaign against Israel" and that "By ignoring this boycott, TIFF has emphatically taken sides – and in the process, forced every filmmaker and audience member who opposes the occupation to cross a type of picket line." He cited Israel's Gaza War and the expansion of settlements as reasons for his withdrawal, accusing the festival of: "an ostrich-like indifference to the realities (cinematic and otherwise) of the region", and comparing the Spotlight on Tel Aviv to "celebrating Montgomery buses in 1963 ... Chilean wines in 1973 ... or South African fruit in 1991". Greyson's stance and the proceeding Toronto Declaration immediately triggered international debate."Pro-Palestinian letter has uncovered debate," by Antonia Zerbisias, The Toronto Star, September 9, 2009 Criticism Greyson's actions drew criticism from a number of sources. Cameron Bailey, one of the festival's co-directors, stated that "The City to City series was conceived and curated entirely independently. There was no pressure from any outside source. Contrary to rumours or mistaken media reports, this focus is a product only of TIFF's programming decisions. We value that independence and would never compromise it." Bailey also argued that "[Mr. Greyson] writes that his protest isn't against the films or filmmakers we have chosen, but against the spotlight itself. By that reasoning, no films programmed within this series would have met his approval, no matter what they contained." Canadian filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici argued that Greyson's letter was "full of lies" and says the festival "shouldn't be intimidated by this coalition of lies." Columnist George Jonas, writing in the National Post, argued that Greyson was engaging in "mental gymnastics," and described Greyson's line of reasoning as follows: "Who, us, objecting to Israeli films? Perish the thought. We're only objecting to Israeli propaganda. Okay; what's Israeli propaganda? Well, the Israeli films we're objecting to." Jonas also asked rhetorically "What Israeli film wouldn't be Israeli propaganda for Greyson?" Jonas also argued "To hear [Greyson] object to "state-subsidized propaganda" is ironic, to say the least. As an activist-filmmaker, he has been a propagandist for the values of the ultra-liberal state and its shibboleths throughout his career." Robert Lantos, a Canadian film producer, sharply criticized Greyson, stating that "the (Toronto) festival has been free from the pressure of those whose fascist agenda is to impose their views on others, stifle the voices they don't like and interfere with people's right to see whatever they wish and make up their own minds. Until now." He also suggested that Greyson is "an opportunist eagerly leaping on the 'Israel apartheid' bandwagon in order to garner more attention for his film than it would have ever received had it played at the festival." Greyson later posted a response to Lantos that was published in Rabble.ca. Greyson stated that "From the start, our protest was against the Tel Aviv Spotlight frame, not the films – so we emphatically stressed that we weren't boycotting either the films or filmmakers, or calling on anyone else to pull their films." Greyson also criticized "the opportunism of TIFF, which seems increasingly eager to court dubious partnerships, such as the Israeli consulate's Brand Israel Campaign" and asked "the extent of Israeli sponsorship." He accused Lantos of "hiding behind...inflammatory buzzwords" Patrick Goldstein, a film critic and columnist for the Los Angeles Times wrote that he thinks "it's especially unhealthy to ... accuse a festival of being a propaganda vehicle, as the Toronto protesters have, just because it is promoting another country's film culture. Even though I happen to agree with Greyson that the Israeli occupation and the spread of illegal settlements is a terrible thing – both for the Palestinians and, in the long run, for Israel – I can't imagine a less auspicious forum for belittling any country's artistic accomplishments than a film festival." He concluded: A number of Hollywood celebrities circulated a letter on September 15, 2009, protesting a petition calling for a boycott of the Toronto International Film Festival over a Tel Aviv-themed event. The letter, which appeared simultaneously in the Los Angeles Times and the Toronto Star was signed, among others, by Jerry Seinfeld, Sacha Baron Cohen, Natalie Portman, Jason Alexander, Lisa Kudrow, Lenny Kravitz, Patricia Heaton, Jacob Richler, Noah Richler, George F. Walker and Moses Znaimer. The letter said: Support A letter for support for Greyson, termed the Toronto Declaration, was signed by more than 50 people, including Israeli filmmaker Udi Aloni, director Ken Loach, musician David Byrne, actors Danny Glover and Jane Fonda, author Alice Walker and journalist Naomi Klein. The letter argues that: Fonda would later reconsider her position and released a publicity statement on the matter. "I signed the letter without reading it carefully enough, without asking myself if some of the wording wouldn't exacerbate the situation rather than bring about constructive dialogue," Fonda wrote on the Huffington Post website. She added that the suffering of both sides should be articulated. Journalist, author and activist Naomi Klein went on to write an op-ed piece in The Globe and Mail, clarifying the intention of the support of Greyson's stance articulated in the Toronto Declaration: "Contrary to the many misrepresentations, the letter is not calling for a boycott of the festival. It is a simple message of solidarity that says: We don't feel like partying with Israel this year." Greyson's act was termed "courageous" by Judy Rebick who argued that it "is a significant contribution to the Palestinian solidarity movement and the Boycott Divestment and Sanction strategy that it has adopted to shine a light on the inexcusable aggression of Israel against the Palestinian people." Palestinian director Annemarie Jacir, agreed with Greyson's stance and argued that the planned Tel Aviv spotlight will ignore Palestinian filmmakers who live in Tel Aviv and "even more importantly those who are indigenous to that specific area and whose families were exiled and ethnically cleansed from Jaffa/Tel Aviv." Elle Flanders, a Toronto-based self-described filmmaker who grew up in Israel, also supported Greyson, stating that "We have been accused of politicizing culture but it has been the festival and the Israeli government that has done this." She also stated that the protest was "wildly misconstrued by opposing voices" and that "We in fact defend Israeli filmmakers' rights to screen along with the rest of the festival, rather than as representatives of their government." Participation in Gaza Flotilla In summer 2011, Greyson traveled to Greece to participate in the Freedom Flotilla II, specifically joining with the "Tahrir," the Canadian member of the Flotilla. Arrest in Egypt In summer 2013, Greyson traveled to Egypt, where he and Dr. Tarek Loubani, a 33-year-old emergency room doctor from London, Ontario, were detained without charges, in a cell with 38 other people. Reports indicate the two were on their way to Gaza to carry out medical relief work, but were forced to remain in Cairo as the crossing was closed. They remained in detention from August 16 to October 5, 2013. Greyson's union, the York University Faculty Association, ran a campaign via LabourStart in an effort to force the Egyptian government to release him. Greyson and Loubani began a hunger strike on September 16 to protest their treatment. The Canadian government announced on October 5 that Greyson and Loubani had been released, however they were unable to board a flight to Frankfurt due to remaining on a no-fly list issued by government prosecutors. On October 10, Greyson and Loubani were cleared for departure and left Egypt for home the next day. Personal life Greyson is openly gay. His partner is Canadian visual artist Stephen Andrews, who he has lived with since the 1990s. They have been referred to as a "power couple" in Canada's art scene. The Art Gallery of Ontario recently installed a retrospective of Andrews' work exploring AIDS, surveillance, war, memory and chaos theory. Awards The University of Toronto's Citizenship Award, for contribution to awareness and education around issues of sexual diversity Filmography Further reading Brasell, R. Bruce. "Queer Nationalism and the Musical Fag Bashing of John Greyson's the Making of 'Monsters'." Wide Angle: A Film Quarterly of Theory, Criticism, and Practice 16.3 (1995): 26–36. Cagle, Robert L. "'Tell the Story of My Life ...': The Making of Meaning, 'Monsters,' and Music in John Greyson's Zero Patience." The Velvet Light Trap 35 (1995): 69–81. Dellamora, Richard. "John Greyson's 'Zero Patience' in the Canadian Firmament: Cultural practice/cultural Studies." University of Toronto Quarterly 64.4 (1995): 526(10)-536. Gittings, Christopher E. "Zero Patience, Genre, Difference, and Ideology: Singing and Dancing Queer Nation." Cinema Journal 41.1 (2001): 28–39. Gittings, Christopher. "Activism and Aesthetics: The Work of John Greyson." Great Canadian Film Directors. Ed. George (ed and introd). Melnyk. Edmonton, AB: U of Alberta P, xviii, 2007. 125–147. Guthmann, Edward. "John Greyson." The Advocate (The national gay & lesbian newsmagazine).742 (1997): 71(1)-72. Hallas, Roger. "The Genealogical Pedagogy of John Greyson's Zero Patience." Canadian Journal of Film Studies/Revue Canadienne d'Etudes Cinématographiques 12.1 (2003): 16–37. Howe, Lawrence. "The Epistemology of Adaptation in John Greyson's Lilies." Canadian Journal of Film Studies/Revue Canadienne d'Etudes Cinématographiques 15.2 (2006): 44–61. "John Greyson: Filmmaker." Contemporary Canadian Biographies (2000): NA. Knabe, Susan and Wendy Gay Pearson. 'Zero Patience.' Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 2011. APP Queer Film Classics Series. Kotwal, Kaizaad. "An Interview with John Greyson." Film Journal 1.6 (2003): [no pagination]. Loiselle, A. "The Corpse Lies in 'Lilies': The Stage, the Screen, and the Dead Body." .76 (2002). McGann, Nadine L. "A Kiss is Not a Kiss: An Interview with John Greyson." Afterimage 19.6 (1992): 10(4)-14. Morris, Gary. "'My Penis! Where is My Penis?' John Greyson's Uncut." Bright Lights Film Journal 24 (1999): (no pagination). Ramsay, Christine. "Greyson, Grierson, Godard, God: Reflections on the Cinema of John Greyson." North of Everything: English-Canadian Cinema since 1980''. Ed. William (ed and introd). Beard, Jerry (ed and introd). White, and Seth (foreword) Feldman. Edmonton, AB: U of Alberta P, xxiii, 2002. 192–205. References External links 1960 births Film directors from British Columbia Film directors from London, Ontario Film directors from Toronto Canadian gay writers People from Nelson, British Columbia Canadian LGBTQ film directors Living people Academic staff of York University Canadian Film Centre alumni Canadian LGBTQ screenwriters 20th-century Canadian screenwriters 21st-century Canadian screenwriters Canadian male screenwriters Writers from London, Ontario Screenwriters from Toronto Gay screenwriters 21st-century Canadian LGBTQ people 20th-century Canadian LGBTQ people Screenwriters from British Columbia

1483387

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallal

Kallal

According to rabbinical sources, the kallal was a small stone urn kept in the Tabernacle and later in the Jewish temple in Jerusalem which contained the ashes of a red heifer. The Hebrew Bible does not mention any urn in the Numbers 19 account. Kallal is the Aramaic word for a stone vessel or pitcher. Alternatively, kallal is also used for large jars for washing. Mishnah The kalal is mentioned specifically in the Mishnah (Parah 3:3, Eduyot 7:5), Hebrew Rabbinic writings describe vessels hidden under the direction of Jeremiah seven years prior to the destruction of Solomon's Temple, because the dangers of Babylonian conquest were imminent. The vessels that were hidden included the Ark of the Covenant and the Tabernacle fittings, the stone tablets of Moses, the altar (with cherubim) for the daily and seasonal sacrifices, the menorah (candelabra), the kallal and numerous vessels of the priests. Dead Sea Scrolls Mainstream scholarship does not recognise any mention of the kallal vessels in the Dead Sea Scrolls. However Vendyl Jones of the Vendyl Jones Research Institute interpreted the Copper Scroll in the Archaeological Museum of Jordan to contain mention of sixty-four lost objects buried in the "Cave of the Column" mentioned in the Copper Scroll, including a kallal buried behind a pillar, which would be a reference to the kallal of ashes in the Mishnah. Jones died without finding such an urn, and his findings and readings of the Copper Scroll have not been accepted. References Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Jewish mysticism Jewish ritual objects Urns

1483392

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20in%20the%20Afternoon

Nick in the Afternoon

Nick in the Afternoon was a programming block on Nickelodeon that aired from 1995 to 1998 on weekday afternoons during the summer. It was hosted by Stick Stickly, a Mr. Bill-like popsicle stick puppeteered by Rick Lyon and voiced by New Yorker Paul Christie (who would later voice Noggin mascot, Moose A. Moose until 2012). This all takes place in the 8-foot Stickopolis, a mini city for popsicle sticks, which is located next to Nickelodeon Studios. It included places like Fodor's Fashions (named after Agi Fodor, Stick's creator), Abby's Attic (named after Abby Miller, producer), Brad's Garage (named after Brad Pope, prop maker and puppeteer), Rick Rickly's Dance Studio (named after Rick Lyon, assisting puppeteer), Dave's Diner (named after Rick Lyon's friend David Regan), Stickbuck's Café, and Stickolini Brothers Pizza. Tim Lagasse designed and built all of Stick’s sets and props with Jim Napolitano's help. The 1998 stint ran from July until August. Henry and June's Summer replaced this Nickelodeon summer block a year later. Stick Stickly was later revived for the TeenNick 1990s' block The '90s Are All That. Regular segments During its first summer, the programming consisted of normal Nickelodeon shows that would have aired regardless, but come its second summer, Nick in the Afternoon made some key changes. Instead, it showed preselected Nicktoons with added segments such as "U-Pick" (viewers pick what show and episode they want to see) and U-Dip (viewers pick which substance Stick Stickly is dipped in or any substance at all using their bare feet). Viewers occasionally chose a program that had not been aired on Nick in many years, for example You Can't Do That on Television, or from time to time would select a Nick at Nite program such as I Love Lucy, The Munsters, or The Brady Bunch. The preselected segments were indicated by a dial using Stickly as the spinner, so as to keep the cartoons a surprise. Stump Stick is which Stick had to answer a riddle asked by a famous Nickelodeon celebrity correctly, or he'd have to wear a Dunce Cap. This usually resulted in Stick not knowing the answer, and not even getting the joke. Dip Stick is where Stick would be blindfolded and dipped into some kind of substance having to guess what he was being dipped into. Substances included Mayonnaise, Slime, Gak, Mashed Potatoes, Gravy, Toothpaste and others. Segments similar to skit were Flop Stick and Splatter Stick, where Stick was dipped into substances in alternative ways, using different devices. Stickly would often be subject to U-Dip, where viewers pick which substance he is dipped in or any substance at all using their bare feet. Holly's News where Holly B. Wood reported the latest news about Nickelodeon, Nick in the Afternoon and Stickopolis. She sometimes even held interviews with Nickelodeon celebrities such as Rosie O' Donnell and Melissa Joan Hart. Characters Stick Stickly is the host of Nick in the Afternoon. He is a fun-loving popsicle stick who likes to encourage kids on the show. created by Agi Fodor and Karen Kuflik, that appears on the television network Nickelodeon. He has googly eyes, a jelly bean nose, and a small mouth. He also really liked rubber bands and asked viewers to send in them for his birthday, using them then to make a large rubber band ball. His idol is "Super Stick" and his catchphrase is "Simmer Down". Woodknot Stickly is Stick's twin brother who once had a fight with him which caused Woodknot to run away from home. Stick embarked on a daring quest to find him in the "Oh, Brother" special. Holly B. Wood is one of Stick's friends and Stick's love interest. Stick Lady is a female stick. Newscaster is a female stick that interviews Stick. Evil Stick is an evil lookalike of Stick Stickly who tried to take over the block. Stick Stickly's address When giving viewers the address at which they could write him, Stick Stickly was a part of included contest promotionals for Kraft Foods and Toys "R" Us. Outside of Nick in the Afternoon and the two specials, Stick also served as the host for various special marathons, such as Nonstop Nicktoons Weekend. He would also appear in "Stick Witness News" promos, in which he would give reports on shows being added to Nickelodeon's line-up, or let viewers know about contests or programming events they could write in to. He would sing a little (and easily memorized) jingle forming his write-in requests: "Write to me/Stick Stickly/PO Box 963/New York City/New York State/10108." After the Internet became mainstream, a note stating "...or e-mail me at nick.com" was added to the end. Stick Stickly on The '90s Are All That Stick Stickly segments from the block have been used in promotions for The '90s Are All That, and on September 6, 2011, during The '90s Are All That block, a commercial announced that Stick Stickly would be returning to television on Friday October 7, 2011 at midnight. The following week, it was announced via a separate ad that he would host every Friday for the block's version of U-Pick. On his debut night, it became apparent that his segments were adapted for his new target demographic, both in terms of more mature language and humor and in terms of modern technology. The character has been updated for modern times, with a vocabulary that not only makes frequent reference to modern amenities such as Facebook, flat screen TVs and Jersey Shore, but also has been updated with a more adult sense of humor to reflect the older late-night audience. Stickly hosts "U-Pick with Stick" each Friday, where users on The '90s Are All That website can request up to four shows to be seen. The winning "pick," which is decided by an online vote (another sign of modern times), is announced by Stick Stickly. Stickly is also taking questions by use of a Twitter hash tag, #POBox963, a reference to his old 1990s era jingle from Nick in the Afternoon. It was later announced in December 2011 that U-Dip would also make a return, joining a long list of objects dropped on New Year's Eve at midnight. He was joined by correspondents Woodknot and Face. Stickly's appearances were placed on hiatus in March 2012. He temporarily returned to host 1990s Game Show Week on August 5, 2013, then returned to U-Pick on a regular weekly basis in June 2015. Stick Stickly made an on-air appearance on The '90s Are All That from August 5–8, 2013, in which he hosted the "'90s Game Show Week" on the block, and returned to doing U-Picks in June 2015 as part of "Stick's Summer Down Adventures" which aired on Wednesday nights from June 17–July 15, 2015 (the last week being Stick's Picks). This was the result of the re-branding of '90s Are All That with The Splat. On February 8, 2016, TeenNick's block The Splat, had a "U-Pick" week, where Twitter users could ask to play certain shows using the hashtag, #UPickTheSplat. The whole event was hosted by Stick Stickly and featured classic Nick in the Afternoon "U-Dip" segments during commercial breaks. Episodes References See also U Pick Live Nick Studio 10 External links Stick Stickly Returns! 90s are all that with Stick Stickly! American television shows featuring puppetry Nickelodeon programming blocks 1995 American television series debuts 1998 American television series endings Television programming blocks in the United States

1483400

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20of%20Requests

Court of Requests

The Court of Requests was a minor equity court in England and Wales. It was instituted by King Richard III in his 1484 parliament. It first became a formal tribunal with some Privy Council elements under Henry VII, hearing cases from the poor and from servants of the King. It quickly became popular for its low cost of bringing a case and rapid processing time, earning the disapproval of the common law judges. Two formal judges, the "Masters of Requests Ordinary", were appointed towards the end of Henry VIII's reign, with an additional two "Masters of Requests Extraordinary" appointed under Elizabeth I to allow two judges to accompany her on her travels around England (Latin: Regiae Majestati a Supplicum Libellis Magister). Two more ordinary masters were appointed under James I of England, with the increasing volume of cases bringing a wave of complaints as the court's business and backlog grew. The court became embroiled in a dispute with the common law courts during the late 16th century, who were angry at the amount of business deserting them for the Court of Requests. During the 1590s they went on the offensive, overwriting many decisions made by the Requests and preventing them from imprisoning anyone. It is commonly accepted that this was a death-blow for the court, which, dependent on the Privy Seal for authority, died when the English Civil War made the seal invalid. History The precise origins of the Court of Requests are unknown. Spence traces it back to the reign of Richard II, Leadam, rejecting Spence's case, claims there is no official record of the court's existence before 1493, Pollard writes (based on documents discovered after Leadam's work) that it was in existence from at least 1465, while Alexander writes that it first appeared during the reign of the House of York, and Kleineke states that it was created in 1485 by Richard III. Whatever its origin, the court was created as part of the Privy Council, following an order by the Lord Privy Seal that complaints and cases brought to the council by the poor should be expedited. This was as part of the Privy Council; it first became an independent tribunal with some Privy Council elements under Henry VII, with jurisdiction mainly over matters of equity. The court became increasingly popular due to the lack of cost in bringing a case to it and the speed at which it processed them, in contrast with the slow and expensive common law courts, arousing the ire of common law lawyers and judges. The court originally followed the monarch on his travels around England, visiting Sheen, Langley and Woodstock in 1494. Under Thomas Wolsey the court became fixed in Westminster, hearing cases from poor people and from the servants of the king. It met at the White Hall of the Palace of Westminster and was often referred to as the Court of White Hall. Towards the end of Henry VIII's reign, the court assumed a more professional status with the appointment of two "Masters of Requests Ordinary" to serve as its judges, where the Lord Privy Seal alone had previously heard and delivered judgements. Two additional "Masters of Requests Extraordinary" were appointed under Elizabeth I to accompany her on her progresses around England. Under James I two further Ordinary Masters were appointed, but despite this the court was criticised for the backlog arising from its increasing business. When the court formally became an independent body in the 16th century, free of Privy Council control, it immediately became vulnerable to attack by the common-law courts, which asserted that it had no formal jurisdiction and that the Court of Chancery was an appropriate equitable body for cases. It was technically true that the court, as it was no longer part of the Privy Council, could not claim jurisdiction based on tradition, but in 1597 Sir Julius Caesar (then a Master of Requests Ordinary) gave examples of times when the common law courts had recognised the Court of Requests' jurisdiction as recently as 1585. The common law courts change of heart was undoubtedly due to the large amount of business deserting them for the Court of Requests, and in 1590 they went on the offensive; writs of habeas corpus were issued for people imprisoned for contempt of court in the Requests, judgments were issued in cases the Court of Requests were dealing with and it was decided that jailing an individual based on a writ from the Court of Requests constituted false imprisonment. Most academics accept that the court never recovered from these blows, and when the English Civil War made the privy seal inoperative, the court "died a natural death". The post of Master of Requests was abolished in 1685. Other courts of requests Another court of requests was by act of the Common Council of the City of London on 1 February 1518. It had jurisdiction over small debts under 40 shillings between citizens and tradesmen of the City of London. The judges of the court were two aldermen and four ancient discreet commoners. It was also called the Court of Conscience in the Guild Hall, where it met. Under James I, acts of Parliament were passed regulating its procedure 1 Jas. 1. c. 14 and 3 Jas. 1. c. 15. These were the first Acts of Parliament that gave validity to a court of requests. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth century small claims courts were established in various parts of England called "court of requests". The first of these was found in Southwark by 22 Geo. 2. c. 47. They were abolished by the County Courts Act 1846. See also List of Masters of Requests – Chronological list of Masters of Requests Court of equity References Bibliography Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales Courts of equity 1480s establishments in England 1640s disestablishments in England Courts and tribunals established in the 1480s Courts and tribunals disestablished in the 1640s Palace of Westminster

1483403

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20planet

Carbon planet

A carbon planet is a hypothetical type of planet that contains more carbon than oxygen. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Marc Kuchner and Sara Seager coined the term "carbon planet" in 2005 and investigated such planets following the suggestion of Katharina Lodders that Jupiter formed from a carbon-rich core. Prior investigations of planets with high carbon-to-oxygen ratios include Fegley & Cameron 1987. Carbon planets could form if protoplanetary discs are carbon-rich and oxygen-poor. They would develop differently from Earth, Mars, and Venus, which are composed mostly of silicon–oxygen compounds. Different planetary systems have different carbon-to-oxygen ratios, with the Solar System's terrestrial planets closer to being "oxygen planets" with C/O molar ratio of 0.55. In 2020, survey of the 249 nearby solar analog stars found 12% of stars have C/O ratios above 0.65, making them candidates for the carbon-rich planetary systems. The exoplanet 55 Cancri e, orbiting a host star with C/O molar ratio of 0.78, is a possible example of a carbon planet. Definition Such a planet would probably have an iron-rich core like the known terrestrial planets. Surrounding that would be molten silicon carbide and titanium carbide. Above that, a layer of carbon in the form of graphite, possibly with a kilometers-thick substratum of diamond if there is sufficient pressure. During volcanic eruptions, it is possible that diamonds from the interior could come up to the surface, resulting in mountains of diamonds and silicon carbides. The surface would contain frozen or liquid hydrocarbons (e.g., tar and methane) and carbon monoxide. A weather cycle is hypothetically possible on carbon planets with an atmosphere, provided that the average surface temperature is below 77 °C. However, carbon planets will probably be devoid of water, which cannot form because any oxygen delivered by comets or asteroids will react with the carbon on the surface. The atmosphere on a relatively cool carbon planet would consist primarily of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide with a significant amount of carbon smog. Composition Carbon planets are predicted to be of similar diameter to silicate and water planets of the same mass, potentially making them difficult to distinguish. The equivalents of geologic features on Earth may also be present, but with different compositions. For instance, the rivers might consist of oils. If the temperature is low enough (below 350 K), then gasses may be able to photochemically synthesize into long-chain hydrocarbons, which could rain down onto the surface. In 2011, NASA cancelled a mission, called TPF, which was to be an observatory much bigger than the Hubble Space Telescope that would have been able to detect such planets. The spectra of carbon planets would lack water, but show the presence of carbonaceous substances, such as carbon monoxide. Possible candidates Draugr, Poltergeist and Phobetor The pulsar planets Draugr, Poltergeist and Phobetor may be carbon planets that formed from the disruption of a carbon-producing star. Carbon planets might also be located near the Galactic Center or globular clusters orbiting the galaxy, where stars have a higher carbon-to-oxygen ratio than the Sun. When old stars die, they spew out large quantities of carbon. As time passes and more and more generations of stars end, the concentration of carbon, and carbon planets, will increase. Janssen In October 2012, it was announced that Janssen showed evidence for being a carbon planet. It has eight times the mass of Earth and twice the radius. Research indicates that the planet is "covered in graphite and diamond rather than water and granite". It orbits the star Copernicus once every 18 hours. Other carbon-rich objects In August 2011, Matthew Bailes and his team of experts from Swinburne University of Technology in Australia reported that the millisecond pulsar PSR J1719-1438 may have a binary companion star that has been crushed into a much smaller planet made largely of solid diamond. They deduced that a small companion planet must be orbiting the pulsar and causing a detectable gravitational pull. Further examination revealed that although the planet is relatively small (60,000 km diameter, or five times bigger than the Earth) its mass is slightly more than that of Jupiter. The high density of the planet gave the team a clue to its likely makeup of carbon and oxygen—and suggested the crystalline form of the elements. However, this "planet" is hypothesized to be the remains of an evaporated white dwarf companion, being only the remnant inner core. According to some definitions of planet, this would not qualify because it formed as a star. At a distance of pc (approximately 870 light-years), PSR J2222−0137 is a nearby intermediate-mass binary pulsar whose low-mass neutron star's companion is a white dwarf (PSR J2222−0137 B). The white dwarf has a relatively large mass of and a temperature less than 3,000 K, meaning it is likely crystallized, leading to this Earth-sized white dwarf being described as a "diamond-star". Brown dwarfs Planets around brown dwarfs are likely to be carbon planets depleted of water. See also Extraterrestrial diamonds Helium planet, another form of mass-lost white dwarf becoming a planet Iron planet Ocean planet WASP-12b WASP-103b References Hypothetical planet types Carbon

1483405

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Gibbons

James Gibbons

James Cardinal Gibbons (July 23, 1834 – March 24, 1921) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Apostolic Vicar of North Carolina from 1868 to 1872, Bishop of Richmond from 1872 to 1877, and as Archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 until his death. Gibbons was consecrated a bishop on August 16, 1868, at the Baltimore Cathedral. The principal consecrator was Archbishop Martin J. Spalding. He was 34 years of age, serving as the first apostolic vicar of North Carolina. He attended the First Vatican Council in Rome where he voted in favor of defining the dogma of papal infallibility. In 1872, Gibbons was named Bishop of Richmond by Pope Pius IX. In 1877, Gibbons was appointed Archbishop of Baltimore, the oldest episcopal see in the United States. During his 44 years as Baltimore's archbishop, Gibbons became one of the most recognizable Catholic figures in the country. He defended the rights of organized labor and helped convince Pope Leo XIII to give his consent to labor unions. In 1886, Gibbons was appointed to the College of Cardinals, becoming the second cardinal in American history, after Cardinal John McCloskey, archbishop of New York. Early life and education James Gibbons was born on July 23, 1834, in Baltimore, Maryland, the fourth of six children, to Thomas and Bridget (née Walsh) Gibbons. His parents were from Tourmackeady, County Mayo, in Ireland. The family left Ireland to settle in Canada, then moved to the United States. After contracting tuberculosis in 1839, Thomas returned with the family back to Ireland, hoping the Irish climate would help him recover. He opened a grocery store in Ballinrobe, where James Gibbons worked as a child. Slight of build and a little under than average height, James Gibbons suffered from gastric problems and consequent periods of anxiety and clinical depression. Thomas Gibbons died in Ireland in 1847; in 1853, Bridget Gibbons moved the family back to the United States, settling in New Orleans, Louisiana. While attending a Catholic retreat in New Orleans, Gibbons heard a sermon by Reverend Clarence A. Walworth, co-founder of the Paulist Fathers. Inspired to become a priest, Gibbons in 1855 entered St. Charles College in Ellicott City, Maryland. After graduating from St. Charles in 1857, he went to St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore. He suffered a severe attack of malaria while at St. Mary's, leaving him so debilitated that the staff doubted his ability to handle the priesthood. Priesthood Having recovered from his malaria, Gibbons was ordained a priest on June 30, 1861, for the Archdiocese of Baltimore by Archbishop Francis Kenrick at St. Mary's Seminary. After Gibbons' ordination, the archdiocese assigned him as curate at St. Patrick's Parish in the Fells Point section of Baltimore for six weeks. They then named him the first pastor of St. Brigid's Parish and as pastor of St. Lawrence Parish, both in Baltimore. During the American Civil War, Gibbons served as a chaplain for Confederate Army prisoners at Fort McHenry in Baltimore. In 1865, Archbishop Martin Spalding appointed Gibbons as his personal secretary. Gibbons helped Spalding prepare for the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in October 1866. At Spalding's prompting, the Council fathers recommended the Vatican created an apostolic vicariate for North Carolina and appoint Gibbons head to it. Episcopal career Apostolic Vicar of North Carolina On March 3, 1868, Pope Pius IX appointed Gibbons as the first apostolic vicar of North Carolina and titular bishop of Adramyttium. He received his episcopal consecration on August 15, 1868, from Spalding, with Bishops Patrick Lynch and Michael Domenec serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of the Assumption in Baltimore Cathedral. At age 34, he was one of the youngest Catholic bishops in the world and was known as "the boy bishop." Gibbons' vicariate contained fewer than 700 Catholics spread over the state of North Carolina. During his first four weeks in office, he traveled almost a thousand miles, visiting towns and mission stations and administering sacraments. During his road trip, Gibbons befriended many Protestants, and was invited to preach at Protestant churches. Gibbons made a number of converts to Catholicism. Gibbons became a popular American religious figure, gathering crowds for his sermons on diverse topics that could apply to Christianity as a whole. Over his lifetime, Gibbons met every American president, from Andrew Johnson to Warren G. Harding, and served as an adviser to several of them. During the Second Plenary Council in 1866, Gibbons advocated for the creation of a Catholic university in the United States to educate priests and laymen. However, the proposal remained in limbo for the next 19 years. In 1869 and 1870 Gibbons attended the First Vatican Council in Rome. Gibbons voted in favor of the doctrine of papal infallibility. He assumed the additional duties of apostolic administrator for the Diocese of Richmond, Virginia, in January 1872. Bishop of Richmond Gibbons was named by Pius IX as the fourth bishop of the Diocese of Richmond on July 30, 1872. He was installed as bishop on October 20, 1872. Coadjutor Archbishop and Archbishop of Baltimore On May 29, 1877, Pius IX named Gibbons as coadjutor archbishop of the archdiocese of Baltimore. He automatically succeeded as archbishop on October 3, 1877, after the death of Archbishop James Bayley. For the first twenty years of his administration, Gibbons had no auxiliary bishop to assist him. He therefore travelled extensively throughout the archdiocese, coming to know the priests and parishioners very well. Cardinal Priest On June 7, 1886, Pope Leo XIII created Gibbons as a cardinal priest and on March 17, 1887, assigned him the titular church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. He was the second American cardinal after Cardinal John McCloskey. In 1885, the bishops in the Third Plenary Council in Baltimore decided to build the Catholic University of America in the District of Columbia. The university opened on March 7, 1889, with Gibbons serving as its first chancellor. In 1903, Gibbons became the first American cardinal to participate in a papal conclave. He would have participated in the 1914 conclave but he arrived late. During World War I, Gibbons was instrumental in the establishment of the National Catholic War Council. He allowed Reverend William A Hemmick to serve American troops in France during the war. Hemmick became known as the patriot priest of Picardy. At the end of the war, Gibbons supported American participation in the new League of Nations. James Gibbons died on March 24, 1921, in Baltimore at age 86. Viewpoints Americanism In 1899, Gibbons became embroiled in a controversy with the Vatican about a biography of Reverend Isaac Hecker, the founder of the Paulist Fathers. A biography, Life of Isaac Hecker, had recently been published in French. The Vatican decided that the preface to the French edition contained controversial opinions about individualism and liberalism. The translator, Abbé Félix Klein, had attributed those views to Hecker. The book inflamed an ongoing dispute over Americanism, liberal attitudes on obedience to papal authority in the United States that the Vatican considered a heresy. On January 22, 1899, Leo XIII sent Gibbons an encyclical, Testem benevolentiae nostrae ("Concerning New Opinions, Virtue, Nature and Grace, with Regard to Americanism"). The encyclical condemned the Hecker biography for Americanism. In response, Gibbons and other American church leaders assured the pope that the opinions in the book preface belonged to Klein, not Hecker. They further asserted that Hecker never promoted any deviation from or minimization of Catholic doctrines. Relations with Jews During his tenures in North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland, Gibbons established cordial relationships with local rabbis. In an 1890 letter, Gibbons said:For my part I cannot well conceive how Christians can entertain other than most kindly sentiments toward the Hebrew race, when I consider how much we are indebted to them. We have from them the inspired volume of the Old Testament which has been consolation in all ages to devout souls. Christ our Lord, the Founder of our religion, His Blessed Mother, as well as the apostles, were all Jews according to the flesh. These facts attach me strongly to the Jewish race.In 1890, Gibbons condemned pogroms targeting Jews in the Russian Empire. In 1903, he condemned the Kishinev pogrom in present day Chișinău, Moldova, in which rioters killed 49 Jews and injured hundreds more. He pleaded for the public to assist Russia's Jews. When Jewish leaders in 1915 in Ohio were opposing a state law that would promote bible readings in public schools, Gibbons sent them a letter of support. During World War I, he supported American Jewish Relief fundraising in Baltimore. Women's suffrage Gibbons initially opposed the women's suffrage movement in the United States. However, when the nineteenth amendment to the US Constitution passed in 1920, allowing women to vote, Gibbons urged women to exercise that right, describing it "...not only as a right but as a strict social duty." Organized labor Gibbons advocated for the protection of working people and their right to organize in labor unions. He believed that industrials in America's eastern cities were exploiting Catholic immigrant workers. He was once quoted as saying, "It is the right of laboring classes to protect themselves, and the duty of the whole people to find a remedy against avarice, oppression, and corruption." Gibbons played a key role in the granting of papal permission for Catholics to join labor unions. Regarding manual labour Gibbons said that "the Savior of mankind never conferred a greater temporal boon on mankind than by ennobling and sanctifying manual labor, and by rescuing it from the stigma of degradation which had been branded upon it", adding that "Christ is ushered Into the world not amid pomp and splendor of imperial majesty, but amid the environments of an humble child of toil. He is the reputed son of an artisan, and his early manhood is spent in a mechanic’s shop". He concluded that "every honest labor is laudable, thanks to the example and teaching of Christ". In Rome in 1887 Gibbons implored the Vatican not to condemn the Knights of Labor and defended the rights of workers to organise. Colonialism In early 1904, Congolese activists established the Congo Reform Association in England to protest atrocities and injustices against the people of the Congo Free State in Africa. It was a colony under the direct control of King Leopold II, the Catholic king of Belgium. In October 1904, organizers were staging the 13th Universal Peace Congress in Boston, Massachusetts, with Congo being on the agenda. The Belgian Government protested this topic because the organizers had not invited Leopold II to send a representative. At the request of the Belgians, Gibbons wrote a letter to the organizers, asking them to drop discussion of Congo. Gibbons' efforts not only failed to sway the organizers, but made him the target of much criticism. Gibbons responded to his critics, saying "I fear, that this agitation against King Leopold's administration is animated partly by religious jealousy and partly by commercial rivalry." He feared that the British Government, along with British merchants and Protestant missionaries, were conspiring to expel Catholic missionaries from the Congo. According to the historian John Tracy Ellis, rival business and religious interests were indeed supporting the Congo Reform Association. However, Leopold was exploiting and oppressing the Congolese population. Furthermore, Gibbons had based his support on the views of the Belgian government and intermittent reports from Catholic missionaries. Said Ellie; "For one of the few times in Gibbons' long life, his normally keen judgment went astray and exposed him to the charge of partisanship and of ignorance of the facts governing an issue. The cardinal should have steered clear of the case."Author Adam Hochschild’s book, King Leopold’s Ghost, gives a less flattering account of Gibbons' involvement with the Congo issue; "[King Leopold’s] representatives in Rome successfully convinced the Vatican that this Catholic king was being set upon by unscrupulous Protestant missionaries. A stream of messages in Latin flowed from the Holy See across the Atlantic to the designated Catholic point-man for Leopold in the United States, James Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore. Cardinal Gibbons believed that the Congo reform crusade was the work of "only a handful of discontented men... depending largely upon the untrustworthy hearsay of the natives." Leopold later awarded Gibbons with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown for his assistance. His support of Leopold gained the recognition of Pope Pius X. Works The Faith of Our Fathers During his many speaking engagements as a priest, Gibbons' audiences included many Protestants wanting to learn about Catholicism. He wanted to recommend books on Catholicism to interested Protestants, but he found the existing apologetical works to be inadequate for Americans. To fill that need, Gibbons in 1875 published The Faith of Our Fathers: A Plain Exposition and Vindication of the Church Founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ. Understanding that many Americans viewed their faith as coming directly from the Bible, Gibbons took pains to explain the biblical roots of Catholic doctrine and rituals. He also wanted to show readers that Catholicism was an American faith, rebutting the claims by anti-Catholic nativists that Catholicism was a heretical belief imposed by Europeans. The first printing of 10,000 copies, a large number for that era, sold out quickly. By 1879, 50,000 copies had been sold. Sales reached 1,400,000 by 1917 and it remained the most popular book in the United States until the publication of the novel Gone With the Wind in 1939. Other Publications Our Christian Heritage (1889) The Ambassador of Christ (1896) Discourses and Sermons (1908) A Retrospect of Fifty Years (1916) Gibbons wrote essays for the North American Review and Putnams' Monthly. He was also a contributor to the Catholic Encyclopedia. See also Catholic Church in the United States Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States James Cardinal Gibbons Medal List of Catholic bishops of the United States Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops Papal infallibility References Further reading Ellis, John T., The Life of James Cardinal Gibbons Archbishop of Baltimore, 1834–1921 (1952) Shea, John Gilmary. The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in the United States, (New York: The Office of Catholic Publications, 1886), 82–84. Will, Allen S., Life of Cardinal Gibbons (1922). External links Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore Works Gibbons, James Card. "Personal Reminiscences of the Vatican Council." The North American Review 158, no. 449 (1894): 385–400. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25103307. Gibbons, J. Card. "The Teacher’s Duty to the Pupil." The North American Review 163, no. 476 (1896): 56–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25118675. Gibbons, J. Card. "Catholic Christianity." The North American Review 173, no. 536 (1901): 78–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25105190. Gibbons, J. Card. "Lynch Law: Its Causes and Remedy." The North American Review 181, no. 587 (1905): 502–9. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25105465. Gibbons, James Card. "International Peace." The North American Review 185, no. 616 (1907): 252–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25105893. Gibbons, J. Card. "The Church and the Republic." The North American Review 189, no. 640 (1909): 321–36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25106311. via Google Books via Google Books via Google Books Pastoral Letter of 1919 Gibbons (August 1920): Preface for American Catholics in the war; National Catholic war council, 1917–1921 Biographies (in the one‑volume abridgment by Francis L. Broderick) Movie footage Conversation with Theodore Roosevelt at Liberty Loan Drive (MPEG 8 mb.) Another angle on the same event at Sagamore Hill (QuickTime 3mb) Photographs James Cardinal Gibbons (Catholic University Archives) Cardinal Gibbons (Maryland Historical Society) Cardinal Gibbons Day October 16, 1911 (MHS) Cardinal Gibbons & Theodore Roosevelt (MHS) Golden Jubilee Celebration at Basilica of the Assumption (MHS) Service in progress at Basilica (MHS) Cardinal Gibbons' Cortege passes Washington Monument (MHS) 1834 births 1921 deaths 19th-century Irish people 19th-century American cardinals 20th-century American cardinals Roman Catholic archbishops of Baltimore Roman Catholic bishops of Richmond American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent Religious leaders from Baltimore Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh Catholic University of America people Pope Leo XIII Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII Burials at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary St. Charles College (Maryland) alumni St. Mary's Seminary and University alumni American military chaplains Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia People from Ballinrobe 20th-century American Roman Catholic bishops 19th-century American Roman Catholic priests

1483407

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%20Identity%20Protocol

Host Identity Protocol

The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) is a host identification technology for use on Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The Internet has two main name spaces, IP addresses and the Domain Name System. HIP separates the end-point identifier and locator roles of IP addresses. It introduces a Host Identity (HI) name space, based on a public key security infrastructure. The Host Identity Protocol provides secure methods for IP multihoming and mobile computing. In networks that implement the Host Identity Protocol, all occurrences of IP addresses in applications are eliminated and replaced with cryptographic host identifiers. The cryptographic keys are typically, but not necessarily, self-generated. The effect of eliminating IP addresses in application and transport layers is a decoupling of the transport layer from the internetworking layer (Internet Layer) in TCP/IP. HIP was specified in the IETF HIP working group. An Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) HIP research group looks at the broader impacts of HIP. The working group is chartered to produce Requests for Comments on the "Experimental" track, but it is understood that their quality and security properties should match the standards track requirements. The main purpose for producing Experimental documents instead of standards track ones are the unknown effects that the mechanisms may have on applications and on the Internet in the large. RFC references - Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Architecture (early "informational" snapshot, obsoleted by RFC 9063) - Host Identity Protocol base (Obsoleted by RFC 7401) - Using the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Transport Format with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) (Obsoleted by RFC 7402) - Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Registration Extension (obsoleted by RFC 8003) - Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Rendezvous Extension (obsoleted by RFC 8004) - Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Domain Name System (DNS) Extension (obsoleted by RFC 8005) - End-Host Mobility and Multihoming with the Host Identity Protocol - NAT and Firewall Traversal Issues of Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Communication - Basic Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers - Host identity protocol version 2 (HIPv2) (updated by RFC 8002) - Using the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) transport format with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) - Host Identity Protocol Certificates - Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Registration Extension - Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Rendezvous Extension - Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Domain Name System (DNS) Extension - Host Mobility with the Host Identity Protocol - Host Multihoming with the Host Identity Protocol - Native NAT Traversal Mode for the Host Identity Protocol - Host Identity Protocol Architecture See also Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) IPsec Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) Mobile IP (MIP) Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) References External links IETF HIP working group IRTF HIP research group OpenHIP project How HIP works - InfraHIP project archive HIP simulation framework for OMNeT++. Internet protocols Multihoming Cryptographic protocols Computer network security IPsec

1483417

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanoecidae

Titanoecidae

Titanoecidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Pekka T. Lehtinen in 1967. It is fairly widespread in the New World and Eurasia with five genera and more than 50 species worldwide. These are mostly dark-colored builders of "woolly" (cribellate) silk webs. Several species are found at relatively high altitudes in mountain ranges and may be very common in such habitats. Genera , the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera: Anuvinda Lehtinen, 1967 – Asia Goeldia Keyserling, 1891 – South America, Mexico Nurscia Simon, 1874 – Asia, Europe Pandava Lehtinen, 1967 – Asia, Africa, Papua New Guinea Titanoeca Thorell, 1870 – Asia, North America, Europe, Ecuador, Algeria See also List of Titanoecidae species Titanoecoidea References External links Arachnology Home Pages: Araneae Araneomorphae families Taxa named by Pekka T. Lehtinen

1483425

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Starer

Robert Starer

Robert Starer (8 January 1924 in Vienna – 22 April 2001 in Kingston, New York) was an Austrian-born American composer, pianist and educator. Robert Starer began studying the piano at age 4 and continued his studies at the Vienna State Academy. After the 1938 plebiscite in which Austria voted for annexation by Nazi Germany, Starer left for Palestine and studied at the Jerusalem Conservatory with Josef Tal. In World War II he served in the British Royal Air Force, and in 1947 he settled in the United States. He studied composition at the Juilliard School in New York City with Frederick Jacobi, then with Aaron Copland in 1948 and received a postgraduate degree from Juilliard in 1949. Starer became an American citizen in 1957. Robert Starer taught at the Juilliard School, Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York where he became a distinguished professor in 1986. He was married, had one child, Daniel, and resided in Woodstock, New York until his death. He lived with writer Gail Godwin for some thirty years; the two collaborated on several librettos. Starer was prolific and composed in many genres. His music was characterized by chromaticism and driving rhythms. His vocal works, whether set to English or Hebrew texts, were particularly praised. He composed the score for Martha Graham's 1962 ballet Phaedra. He also wrote four operas, The Intruder (1956), Pantagleize (1967), The Last Lover (1975), and Apollonia (1979). Notable concertos include Violin Concerto which was written for Itzhak Perlman and recorded by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Seiji Ozawa, conductor, and his Cello Concerto, commissioned by Janos Starker and recorded by Pro Arte Chamber Orchestra, Leon Botstein, conductor. One of Starer's better-known pieces is Even and Odds for young pianists. He is also known for his pieces entitled Sketches in Color, as well as his sight-reading training manual, Rhythmic Training. Among Starer's students was Talib Rasul Hakim. Starer died on April 22, 2001, in Kingston New York, and he is buried in Artists Cemetery, Woodstock, Ulster County, New York. References Other sources Jaques Cattell Press (Ed.): Who's who in American Music. Classical. First edition. R. R. Bowker, New York, 1983. Darryl Lyman: Great Jews in Music. J. D. Publishers, Middle Village, New York, 1986. Stanley Sadie, H. Wiley Hitchcock (Ed.): The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Grove's Dictionaries of Music, New York, New York, 1986. External links Gail Godwin's Official Website Robert Starer interview by Bruce Duffie, March 21, 1987 David Dubal interview with Robert Starer, WNCN-FM, 7-Oct-1984 Robert Starer (in German) from the online-archive of the Österreichischen Mediathek 1924 births 2001 deaths 20th-century classical composers 20th-century American composers 20th-century American male musicians Austrian classical composers Austrian opera composers American male opera composers Jewish classical composers American classical composers Musicians from Vienna Austrian emigrants to the United States American people of Austrian-Jewish descent Juilliard School alumni Brooklyn College faculty CUNY Graduate Center faculty People from Woodstock, New York Austrian male classical composers Classical musicians from New York (state) Albany Records artists Jewish American classical composers

1483426

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle%20lock

Bicycle lock

A bicycle lock is a security device used to deter bicycle theft, either by simply locking one of the wheels or by fastening the bicycle to a fixed object, e.g., a bike rack. Locking devices vary in size and security, the most secure tending to be the largest, heaviest and least portable. Thus, like other security equipment, bicycle locks must balance the competing interests of security, portability, and cost. Some are made of particularly expensive materials chosen for their acceptable strength and low density. Types U-locks and D-locks A U-lock is a rigid metal ring in the shape of the letter U. The U part of the lock attaches to a crossbar section, and for this reason they are also called D-locks. To lock the bicycle, one locks it physically to some other object, such as a bike rack, parking meter or other pole installed securely in the solid ground. Merely locking the bike frame to the wheel is not recommended because, although it cannot be rolled away, the entire bicycle can still be lifted and carried away. U-locks are more secure than most other kinds of locking mechanism because they are more resistant to cutting with high-leverage hand tools such as bolt cutters. A common brute force method to break open U-locks is to use a long length (perhaps 2 metre) of pipe to twist the lock open (although this method is more commonly used to defeat chain and cable locks). Chain A chain lock is a chain with a lock. It often has a key or a combination lock attached to it. A long enough chain can pass through both wheels, the frame and attach the bicycle to an immovable object. Because of their inherent flexibility, chains are easier to secure around tricky-shaped objects than D-locks. Chains vary widely in their security level. If the chain is bought from a hardware store, it is most likely made from basic iron or steel and can easily be cut with a relatively inexpensive pair of bolt cutters. Chains specifically designed for bike security are often case hardened and may feature Hexagonal or Trapezoidal link surfaces more impervious to hand tools. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link, which may be the lock itself. Although a cheap keyed or combination lock may be an appropriate match for a hardware store chain, a case-hardened security chain necessitates a specialized lock such as a monobloc padlock or mini u-lock. Compared to other locks, chains tend to be the heaviest solution, especially in the case of long and/or tough chains. Cable locks Cable locks are in many ways similar to chain locks. Cable locks often come with the locking mechanism already permanently integrated. Otherwise, a length of cable with loops on both ends can also be used. The main advantage of cable locks over chains is the ease of transporting them. Simple cable locks, however, are only sufficient for use in low-risk areas. Even the largest diameter unprotected cable can be quickly cut with bolt cutters. More robust cable locks have overlapping steel jackets threaded over the cable. This can make it more difficult to cut the central cable. Many cyclists use a long cable to secure bicycle components (such as the wheels or seat) in conjunction with a U-lock or padlock to secure the frame. Special strong cables are available which are made with a loop at each end continuous with the cable, which enable linking with a locking device. A common design flaw among low-quality combination-lock cables allows thieves to peer into the grooves between the disks. This allows them to decipher the unlock combination while cycling through the individual numbers on each disk. Also, if the number of disks is low, the thief doesn't even need to peer into it and can simply use a brute-force attack (try every combination until it opens). Wheel lock Also called an O-lock, ring-lock or frame lock. This is a low security mechanism mounted on the frame that immobilizes the rear wheel by moving a steel bolt through the spokes to prevent motion. An O-lock prevents riding the bicycle but does not, by itself, secure the bicycle to a stationary object. This type of lock is effective and convenient for securing a bicycle against opportunistic theft, when the bike is left unattended momentarily. It forces the thief to carry the bicycle. It is a common way to secure bicycles when someone is at home, if their company provides indoor bicycle parking, and at railway station parking. The O-lock also conveniently secures the rear wheel: only locking the frame is needed, to secure both the frame and the rear wheel. Used in addition to a U-lock it can be a convenient second lock. Some models have an optional cable or chain that plugs into the body of the lock to enable the bicycle to be secured as well. Smart locks Smart locks use Bluetooth technology to allow a lock to be unlocked with a smartphone, and can send a notification if they are breached. Several smart bicycle locks have been produced through crowdfunding and sold as consumer products. Some bicycle-sharing systems also use them. Smart locks introduce added security risks through the possibility of hacking. Disc rotor locks Disc brakes are a popular braking system for bicycles, most notable for mountain bikes but recently there has been an increase in their popularity for road bikes, especially after the UCI approved them for use in professional races in May 2018. Disc rotor locks have been popular for motorcyclists for many years but with the proliferation of bicycles now using them smaller, more compact versions for bicycles have been created. They work by inserting a metal pin through the hole in the disc rotor between the seatstay and chainstay, preventing the wheel from rotating and virtually immobilising the rear wheel. The locks themselves are small, metal devices that sit around the edge of the disc rotor and are locked with a key insertion. Standards and tests Test standards that rate the effective security of bicycle locks are provided by various companies and organizations, depending on location. In the UK, a lock certified by Sold Secure or Thatcham is usually required in order to insure a bicycle or motorcycle against theft. Tests carried out on behalf of Cycle magazine showed that all of the bicycle locks tested, which had a variety of certifications, could be broken in less than 42 seconds. Cables and chains were breached using either small cable cutters or 36″ bolt croppers, and D-locks were breached using a stubby bottle jack. Of the locks tested, five had a Sold Secure Gold rating, varying in price from £25 to £100. Two of these Gold rated locks withstood only 10 seconds of attack. The Dutch consumer news show Kassa 3 published a four-minute show in which a former bicycle thief removed eight consumer-grade locks (cheaper than €30 / ≈$40) from a bike in times ranging from 10 to a maximum of 84 seconds. The locks included those from manufacturers ABUS, Hema and Halfords. Effectiveness Bicycle locks are only effective when they are used on secure objects. For example, a bicycle lock is useless when connected to a "sucker pole", which is a pole that gives the biker the appearance of security. A bicycle thief may target the bicycle because the pole can be quickly and easily dismantled, even in broad daylight. See also References External links Locks tested by ART Foundation Lock Locks (security device) Bicycle parking

1483429

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland%20Railroad

Disneyland Railroad

The Disneyland Railroad (DRR), formerly known as the Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad, is a 3-foot () narrow-gauge heritage railroad and attraction in the Disneyland theme park of the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, in the United States. Its route is long and encircles the majority of the park, with train stations in four different park areas. The rail line, which was constructed by WED Enterprises, operates with two steam locomotives built by WED and three historic steam locomotives originally built by Baldwin Locomotive Works. The ride takes roughly 18 minutes to complete a round trip on its mainline when three trains are running, and 20 minutes when four trains are running. Two to four trains can be in operation at any time, three on average. The attraction was conceived by Walt Disney, who drew inspiration from the ridable miniature Carolwood Pacific Railroad built in his backyard. The Disneyland Railroad opened to the public at Disneyland's grand opening on July 17, 1955. Since that time, multiple alterations have been made to its route, including the addition of two large dioramas in the late 1950s and mid-1960s. Several changes have been made to its rolling stock, including the conversion of one of its train cars into a parlor car in the mid-1970s, and the switch from diesel oil to biodiesel to fuel its locomotives in the late 2000s. The railroad has been consistently billed as one of Disneyland's top attractions, requiring a C ticket to ride when A, B, and C tickets were introduced in 1955, a D ticket to ride when those were introduced in 1956, and an E ticket to ride when those were introduced in 1959. The use of E tickets stood until a pay-one-price admission system was introduced in 1982. With an estimated 6.6 million passengers each year, the DRR has become one of the world's most popular steam-powered railroads. History Attraction concept origins Walt Disney, the creator of the concepts for Disneyland and the Disneyland Railroad, always had a strong fondness for trains. As a young boy, he wanted to become a train engineer like his father's cousin, Mike Martin, who told him stories about his experiences driving main-line trains on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. As a teenager, he obtained a news butcher job on the Missouri Pacific Railway, selling various products to train passengers, including newspapers, candy, and cigars. Many years later, after co-founding the Walt Disney Company with his older brother Roy O. Disney, he started playing polo. Fractured vertebrae and other injuries led him to abandon the sport on the advice of his doctor, who recommended a calmer recreational activity. Starting in late 1947, he developed an interest in model trains after purchasing several Lionel train sets. By 1948, Walt Disney's interest in model trains was evolving into an interest in larger, ridable miniature trains after observing the trains and backyard railroad layouts of several hobbyists, including Disney animator Ollie Johnston. In 1949, after purchasing of vacant land in the Holmby Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, he started construction on a new residence for himself and his family, and on the elaborate gauge ridable miniature Carolwood Pacific Railroad behind it. The railroad featured a set of freight cars pulled by the Lilly Belle, a 1:8-scale live steam locomotive named after Disney's wife Lillian and built by the Walt Disney Studios' machine shop team led by Roger E. Broggie. The locomotive's design, chosen by Walt Disney after seeing a smaller locomotive model with the same design at the home of rail historian Gerald M. Best, was based directly on copies of the blueprints for the Central Pacific No. 173, a steam locomotive rebuilt by the Central Pacific Railroad in 1872. The Lilly Belle first ran on the Carolwood Pacific Railroad on May 7, 1950. Walt Disney's backyard railroad attracted visitors interested in riding his miniature steam train, and on weekends, when the railroad was operating, he allowed them to do so, even allowing some to become "guest engineers" and drive the train. In early 1953, after a visitor drove the Lilly Belle too fast along a curve, causing it to derail and injure a five-year-old girl, Walt Disney, fearing the possibility of future accidents, closed down the Carolwood Pacific Railroad and placed the locomotive in storage. Prior to the incident that closed his railroad, Walt Disney consulted with Roger Broggie about the concept of including his ridable miniature train in a potential tour of Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, north of Downtown Los Angeles. Broggie, believing that there would be limited visitor capacity for the attraction, recommended to Disney that he make the train bigger in scale. The idea of a studio tour was eventually replaced by the idea of an amusement park named Disneyland across the street from the studio, and in one of its first design concepts at that proposed location, a miniature steam train ride was included, as well as a larger, narrow-gauge steam railroad attraction. During this time, Disney proposed that the narrow-gauge Crystal Springs & Southwestern Railroad, which the nearby Travel Town Museum in Griffith Park planned to build, be extended to run through Disneyland. Planned construction of the Ventura Freeway across land between the two sites, and rejection by the Burbank City Council of a new amusement park in their city, led Disney to look for a different location to build the park and its narrow-gauge railroad. Planning and construction By 1953, of orchard land in Anaheim in Orange County, southeast of Downtown Los Angeles, were chosen as the location for the planned Disneyland park, and on August 8, Walt Disney drew the triangular route for the future Disneyland Railroad (DRR) on the park's site plan. After financing for Disneyland was secured and all of the parcels of land at the Anaheim site were purchased, construction of the park and its railroad began in August 1954. In order to cut costs, a sponsorship deal was arranged with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF), and when it was finalized on March 29, 1955, the DRR was officially named Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad, paying $50,000 per year. The DRR was known by that name until September 30, 1974, when the AT&SF Railway's sponsorship ended due to the discontinuation of their passenger train business. Prior to the start of construction of the DRR, in the hope of saving money by buying already-existing trains for the attraction, Walt Disney tried to buy a set of gauge ridable miniature locomotives from William "Billy" Jones, but after Jones declined his offer, Disney decided that he wanted the railroad's rolling stock to be bigger and made from scratch. For this task, Disney again turned to Roger Broggie, who was confident that he and the Walt Disney Studios' machine shop team could use the design for Disney's 1:8-scale miniature Lilly Belle locomotive and enlarge it to build the DRR's locomotives. The exact size of the rolling stock for the new railroad was determined after Disney saw a set of narrow-gauge Oahu Railway and Land Company passenger cars that had recently arrived at the Travel Town Museum, whose dimensions Disney found to be favorable. The scale of the design for the DRR's passenger cars, based on the narrow-gauge passenger cars at the Travel Town Museum, was nominally 5:8-scale when compared to the size of rolling stock. The same scale was also chosen for the steam locomotives planned for the DRR, and when its locomotives and passenger cars were completed and paired with its narrow-gauge track, the railroad had nearly identical proportions to those of a conventional standard gauge railroad. Through WED Enterprises, a legally separate entity from Walt Disney Productions, Walt Disney retained personal ownership of the DRR and financed the creation of two trains to run on it in time for Disneyland's opening day. The names of both trains contained the word Retlaw, which is Walter spelled backwards. The first train, referred to by Disneyland employees as Retlaw 1, would be pulled by the No. 2 locomotive, which was given a turn-of-the-20th-century appearance with a straight smokestack (typical of coal-burning locomotives), a circular headlamp, and a small cowcatcher. The No. 2 locomotive would pull six 1890s-style passenger cars designed by Bob Gurr, consisting of a combine car, four coaches, and an observation coach. The second train, referred to by Disneyland employees as Retlaw 2, would be pulled by the No. 1 locomotive, which was given a late-19th-century appearance with a spark-arresting diamond smokestack (typical of wood-burning locomotives), a rectangular headlamp, and a large cowcatcher. The No. 1 locomotive would pull six freight cars consisting of three cattle cars, two gondolas, and a caboose. Walt Disney Studios built the train cars and most of the parts for the locomotives; Dixon Boiler Works built the locomotive boilers, and Wilmington Iron Works built the locomotive frames. Both locomotives were designed to run on diesel oil to generate steam. Final assembly of the locomotives and their tenders took place at the Disneyland site in the DRR's new roundhouse, which was built in one week by a construction crew directed by Park Construction Administrator Joe Fowler, a former US Navy rear admiral. The two original DRR trains cost over $240,000 to build, with the two locomotives costing over $40,000 each. Before the opening of Disneyland, a station in the Main Street, U.S.A. section and a station in the Frontierland section were built for the DRR. Main Street, U.S.A. Station, an example of Second Empire-style architecture, was built at the entrance to Disneyland using an original design that incorporated forced perspective elements on its upper levels to make it appear taller. Frontierland Station was built based on the design of the depot building located on the Grizzly Flats Railroad, a full-size narrow-gauge railroad owned by Disney animator Ward Kimball in his backyard. Besides the depot building, the DRR's functioning water tower was also built at Frontierland Station. Railroad-building expert Earl Vilmer created the track layout and operations for the DRR. Roger Broggie hired Vilmer because of his experience building railroads in Iran for the Allies during World War II, in France after the war, and later in Venezuela for U.S. Steel. Vilmer designed the operations of the DRR in such a way that each of its two trains would be assigned to a single station on the rail line, making only complete round trips possible. The Retlaw 1 passenger train pulled by the No. 2 locomotive only serviced Main Street, U.S.A. Station while the Retlaw 2 freight train pulled by the No. 1 locomotive only serviced Frontierland Station, and with sidings at both stations, each train would operate simultaneously and continue down the rail line even if the other train was stopped at its station. The first test run of the DRR's trains along the full length of its route occurred on July 10, 1955, one week before Disneyland's opening. The steam trains of the DRR were the first of Disneyland's attractions to become operational. On July 17, 1955, Disneyland and the Disneyland Railroad opened, and the day began with Walt Disney driving the DRR's No. 2 locomotive and its passenger train into Main Street, U.S.A. Station with California Governor Goodwin J. Knight and AT&SF Railway President Fred Gurley riding in the locomotive's cab. They were greeted at the station's platform by the park opening ceremony's host Art Linkletter, actor Ronald Reagan, and several television camera crews broadcasting the festivities nationwide. After exiting the locomotive, Linkletter briefly interviewed Disney, Knight, and Gurley before they walked towards the town square in the Main Street, U.S.A. section where Disney officially dedicated Disneyland. The DRR eventually became one of the most popular steam-powered railroads in the world with an estimated 6.6 million passengers each year. Additions in the late 1950s Shortly after the Disneyland Railroad opened, A, B, and C tickets were introduced in Disneyland for admission to its rides, and C tickets, the highest-ranked tickets, were required to ride the DRR. These tickets were joined by the higher-ranked D ticket in 1956, and D tickets from that point forward were needed to gain access to the DRR. One of the first additions to the DRR occurred in March 1956 when new covered shelters were built on each end of Frontierland Station's depot building. The shelters were added after the DRR's track on the western edge of its route, and the depot building standing next to it, were moved outwards. Also during 1956, the Fantasyland Depot, a new station with a Medieval theme and consisting of a covered platform with no station building, was created for the DRR in the Fantasyland section. By the time this new station was added, the DRR's system of having one train assigned to a single station and using sidings to pass trains stopped at stations was abandoned and replaced by the current system where each train stops at every station along the railroad's route. Fantasyland Depot was removed by July 1966 when the It's a Small World attraction, originally built for the 1964 New York World's Fair, was installed. By 1957, the DRR was becoming overwhelmed by ever-increasing crowds; Disney determined that a third train was needed. Instead of having another locomotive built from scratch to pull the train, Disney believed that costs could be saved by purchasing and restoring an already-existing narrow-gauge steam locomotive, and the job of finding one was given to Roger Broggie. With the assistance of Gerald Best, a suitable locomotive was found in Louisiana; it had been built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1894, had previously been used as a switcher at a sugar cane mill in Louisiana owned by the Godchaux Sugar Company, and was initially used by the Lafourche, Raceland & Longport Railway in Louisiana. After its purchase, the locomotive was delivered to the Walt Disney Studios' machine shop where restoration work began, which included installing a new boiler built by Dixon Boiler Works and having its firebox reconfigured to burn diesel oil for fuel to generate steam. This locomotive became the DRR's No. 3 locomotive and it went into service on March 28, 1958, at a cost after restoration of more than $37,000. Joining the No. 3 locomotive when it went into service were five new open-air Narragansett-style excursion cars with front-facing bench seating collectively referred to by Disneyland employees as the Excursion Train, which was designed by Bob Gurr and built at Walt Disney Studios. On March 31, 1958, the No. 3 locomotive participated in the inauguration ceremony for the DRR's Grand Canyon Diorama, which features a foreground with several lifelike animals, a background painted by artist Delmer J. Yoakum on a single piece of seamless canvas measuring long by high, and musical accompaniment from Ferde Grofé's Grand Canyon Suite. Located inside a tunnel on the DRR's route, the diorama was claimed by Disneyland to be the longest in the world, and during its inauguration it was blessed by Chief Nevangnewa, a 96-year-old Hopi chief. The diorama cost over $367,000 and took 80,000 labor hours to construct. The addition of the Grand Canyon Diorama in 1958 prompted changes to the Retlaw 2 freight train pulled by the DRR's No. 1 locomotive, which involved adding side-facing bench seating pointed towards Disneyland and red-and-white striped awnings on all of the cattle cars and gondolas. The walls on the cattle cars facing the park were also removed to allow for better views of the diorama. That same year, a third gondola with the same modifications as the other gondolas was added, and a fourth gondola with the same attributes was added in 1959. This brought the total number of freight cars in the train set, now referred to by Disneyland employees as Holiday Red, to eight. Prior to these modifications, the cattle cars and gondolas of this train set had no seating, requiring passengers to stand for the duration of the ride. Despite safety concerns voiced by Ward Kimball related to the lack of seats on these train cars, Walt Disney, for the purpose of authenticity, had insisted that there be no seats on them; he wanted the passengers to feel like cattle on an actual cattle train. In April 1958, Tomorrowland Station, a new station with a futuristic theme and consisting of a covered platform with no station building, was built in the Tomorrowland section for the DRR. The station was updated in 1998 as part of a redevelopment of the Tomorrowland section. Around the same time that the No. 3 locomotive was placed into service in 1958, Roger Broggie decided that a fourth locomotive was needed for the DRR. After Walt Disney concurred, Broggie once again began searching for a narrow-gauge steam locomotive to purchase and restore. Broggie eventually found an advertisement in a rail magazine offering a suitable locomotive for sale in New Jersey, and after contacting the seller, Broggie passed on the information to Gerald Best to research the locomotive. Best was able to determine that the locomotive had been built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1925, that it had previously been used to pull tourist trains on the Pine Creek Railroad in New Jersey, and that it had been initially used by the Raritan River Sand Company in New Jersey. After being purchased for $2,000, the locomotive was delivered to the Walt Disney Studios' machine shop where restoration work began, which included installing a new boiler built by Dixon Boiler Works and adding a new tender built by Fleming Metal Fabricators designed to hold diesel oil. This locomotive became the DRR's No. 4 locomotive and it went into service on July 25, 1959, at a cost after restoration of more than $57,000. 1959 was also the year in which E tickets arrived, and the attractions deemed to be the best in the park required them, including the DRR. Changes since 1960 To have sufficient space for the planned New Orleans Square section, the Disneyland Railroad's track on the western edge of its route was expanded outwards again in 1962, Frontierland Station's depot building in that same vicinity was moved across the DRR's track, and a covered platform with no station building was built on the opposite side to serve as the new Frontierland Station. Although the station was no longer in the Frontierland section, its name was not changed to New Orleans Square Station until September 1996. By 1965, the six passenger cars of the DRR's Retlaw 1 train, due to their slow passenger loading and unloading times, began to be phased out of service. In July 1974, the Retlaw 1 passenger cars were retired and stored in the DRR's roundhouse, except for the Grand Canyon observation coach, which was converted into a parlor car and renamed Lilly Belle after Walt Disney's wife Lillian. The Lilly Belle was given a new exterior paint scheme and a new interior, which included varnished mahogany paneling, velour curtains and seats, a floral-patterned wool rug, and Disney family pictures framed and hung on the walls. The first official passenger to come aboard the Lilly Belle after its conversion into a parlor car in September 1975 was Japanese Emperor Hirohito, and since then it can be regularly seen coupled on the ends of the DRR's trains. In 1996, rail collector Bill Norred acquired the five other Retlaw 1 passenger cars. Norred died two years later, and in 1999 his family sold the four coaches of the former Retlaw 1 passenger train to Rob Rossi, owner of the Pacific Coast Railroad located within Santa Margarita Ranch in Santa Margarita, California, leaving only the Retlaw 1 combine car in the Norred family's possession. On July 10, 2010, the Norred family sold the Retlaw 1 combine car to the Carolwood Foundation, which restored it and put it on display next to Walt Disney's Carolwood Barn within the Los Angeles Live Steamers Railroad Museum complex in Los Angeles' Griffith Park. In 1966, a five-gondola train set with green-and-white-striped awnings and a five-gondola train set with blue-and-white-striped awnings, referred to by Disneyland employees as Holiday Green and Holiday Blue respectively, were added to the DRR's rolling stock. Both train sets had side-facing bench seating like the Holiday Red freight train. By the time that the new Holiday Green and Holiday Blue trains sets were introduced in 1966, the DRR's original roundhouse, located on the end of a spur line connected to the main line near the Rivers of America in the Frontierland section, had been replaced by a larger roundhouse, located on the end of a new spur line connected to the main line in the Tomorrowland section. The new roundhouse, where the DRR's locomotives and train cars are stored and maintained, was also built to house the storage and maintenance facility for the Disneyland Monorail. The DRR's Primeval World Diorama was put on display later in 1966, adjacent to the Grand Canyon Diorama. One year prior, the DRR's track on the eastern edge of its route had been expanded outwards to accommodate the diorama's construction. The Audio-Animatronic dinosaurs from Ford's Magic Skyway, one of the attractions created by Disney for the 1964 New York World's Fair, were incorporated into the diorama, including a Tyrannosaurus confronting a Stegosaurus. The diorama was one of the last additions made to the DRR, and Disneyland in general, before the death of Walt Disney on December 15, 1966. From 1982, A, B, C, D, and E tickets were discontinued in favor of a pay-one-price admission system for Disneyland, allowing visitors to experience all of the park's attractions, including the DRR, as many times as desired. In June 1985, the new Videopolis Station, consisting of a covered platform with no station building, was constructed in the Fantasyland section for the DRR. That same year, the DRR's track on the northern edge of its route was expanded outwards in order to make room for the new Videopolis stage. With the Mickey's Toontown expansion of the park, Mickey's Toontown Depot, a cartoon-themed depot building, replaced Videopolis Station in 1993. Out of a desire to have four trains regularly running at once each day on the DRR, in the mid-1990s the Disneyland park began to search for an additional narrow-gauge steam locomotive to add to the railroad's rolling stock. One such locomotive was acquired from Bill Norred in 1996 in exchange for the combine car and four coaches from the DRR's retired Retlaw 1 passenger train set, but after the park received it, the new locomotive was deemed to be too large for the DRR's operations. In 1997, it was sent to the Walt Disney World Railroad in the Magic Kingdom park of Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida, where the locomotive was dedicated, despite being too small for the railroad's operations, and named after Disney animator and rail enthusiast Ward Kimball. Still needing a fifth locomotive for the DRR, the park traded the Ward Kimball locomotive in 1999 to the Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad in the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, for a new locomotive suitable for the railroad. Named Maud L., the locomotive was built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1902 and was originally used to haul sugar cane at the Laurel Valley Sugar Plantation in Louisiana owned by the Barker and Lepine Company. After arriving in Disneyland, the Maud L., later renamed Ward Kimball like the locomotive for which it was traded, was given a new cab built by Disney and a new boiler built by Hercules Power, which was subcontracted by Superior Boiler Works. Due to budget issues, the restoration of the locomotive was suspended not long after its arrival, and its parts were planned to be placed in long-term storage in late 2003. The Ward Kimball locomotive's restoration efforts were resurrected soon after, when it was decided that its addition to the DRR would be incorporated into the celebration of Disneyland's fiftieth anniversary in July 2005. In late 2004, Boschan Boiler and Restorations in Carson, California, led by Paul Boschan, a former roundhouse manager and engineer at the Roaring Camp & Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad in Felton, California, was awarded the contract to complete the restoration of the Ward Kimball. The restoration work performed included installing new driving wheels, attaching a new smokebox door, and applying gold-leaf silhouettes of Kimball's Jiminy Cricket character on the sides of the headlamp. The Ward Kimball locomotive, which entered service on June 25, 2005, became the DRR's No. 5 locomotive, and on February 15 the following year, John Kimball, the son of Ward Kimball, who died in 2002, christened the locomotive during its dedication ceremony. In 2011, Ward Kimball's grandson Nate Lord became a DRR engineer and frequently drove the Ward Kimball locomotive. A few weeks before the debut of the No. 5 locomotive, the railroad, for the first time in its history, hosted a privately owned train on its track. On the morning of May 10, before Disneyland opened for the day, a private ceremony was held at New Orleans Square Station to honor Disney animator and rail enthusiast Ollie Johnston, supposedly to thank him for helping to inspire Walt Disney's passion for trains, which led to the creation of Disneyland. The true motive for having Johnston there was soon revealed when a simple steam train not part of the DRR's rolling stock, consisting of a locomotive named Marie E. and a caboose, rolled towards the station and stopped at its platform. Johnston, a previous owner of the steam train, used to run it on his vacation property, which he sold, along with the train, in 1993. The man who now owned the train was Pixar film director John Lasseter, who had brought the train to Disneyland in order to give Johnston, his mentor, an opportunity to reunite with and drive his former locomotive. Johnston, then in his nineties, was helped into the Marie E., and with Lasseter at his side, he grasped the locomotive's throttle and drove his former possession three times around the DRR's main line. Although Johnston died in 2008, Lasseter continues to run the Marie E., the caboose, and an assortment of train cars on his private Justi Creek Railway. The diesel oil used for fuel to generate steam in the DRR's locomotives was replaced in April 2007 with B98 biodiesel, consisting of two percent diesel oil and ninety-eight percent soybean oil. Due to problems with storing the soybean-based biodiesel, the DRR briefly switched back to conventional diesel oil in November 2008 before adopting new biodiesel incorporating recycled cooking oil in January 2009. On January 11, 2016, the DRR temporarily closed to accommodate the construction of Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge. Additionally, the original DRR roundhouse building, which became a maintenance facility for ride vehicles of other Disneyland attractions, was demolished around April 2016. The DRR reopened on July 29, 2017, with a new route along the northern edge of the Rivers of America named Columbia Gorge, which features rock formations, waterfalls, a trestle bridge, and the line's only left-hand turn. The DRR's dioramas were also given new special projection effects. During a media preview for the attraction's reopening the previous day, Lasseter brought his Marie E. locomotive and drove it along the DRR's new route. Pulled behind the Marie E. were an inoperable locomotive and train car, which were both previously owned by Ward Kimball and run on his former Grizzly Flats Railroad. The inoperable locomotive, named Chloe, and the train car are now owned by the Southern California Railway Museum (formerly the Orange Empire Railway Museum) in Perris, California, which was in the process of restoring the Chloe to operating condition at the time of the DRR's media preview. On May 31, 2023, the Splash Mountain log flume attraction containing one of the DRR tunnels permanently closed to be rethemed as the new Tiana's Bayou Adventure ride. The DRR temporarily closed between August 24 and 25 due to work being done on the former Splash Mountain tunnel. Since January 2024, the New Orleans Square Station has been temporarily closed due to retheming with the Haunted Mansion ride. On August 5 that same year, the DRR was temporarily closed for complete track maintenance. Ride experience Beginning at Main Street, U.S.A. Station adjacent to Disneyland's entrance, where a pump-style handcar built by the Kalamazoo Manufacturing Company can be seen on a siding, the trains of the Disneyland Railroad travel along its single track in a clockwise direction on its circular route. The train will take around 18 minutes to complete a round trip on the mainline when three trains are running, and 20 minutes when four trains are running; on any given day, between two and four trains run, with three trains running on average. Each train arrives at each station every 5-10 minutes. An engineer accompanied by a fireman operates the locomotive, while conductors at each end of the train supervise the passengers. Prior to departing Main Street, U.S.A. Station, the engineer must confirm whether the signal light in the locomotive's cab is green, indicating that the track segment ahead is clear, or red, indicating that the track segment ahead is occupied by another train. The DRR's route is divided into eleven such segments, or blocks, and each locomotive has a block signal in its cab to communicate the status of each block. Prior to the installation of cab signalling in the locomotives around 2005, the status of each block along the railroad's of main-line track was displayed by track-side block signals, of which only the ones at the four stations remain. The speed limit of the DRR is . Once the signal light in the locomotive turns green, the journey from the Main Street, U.S.A. section begins with the train traversing a small bridge, passing by the Adventureland section, and going through a tunnel before arriving at New Orleans Square Station in the New Orleans Square section. While the train is stopped at this station, where the locomotive takes on water from the railroad's water tower if needed, the train crew will perform a boiler blowdown on the locomotive. At the old Frontierland Station depot building, a sound effect of a telegraph operator using a telegraph key to enter Morse code can be heard emanating the first two lines of Walt Disney's 1955 Disneyland dedication speech. Adjacent to the old Frontierland Station depot building, a freight house building used as a train crew break and storage area can be seen, as well as a fully functioning historic semaphore signal connected to the station's block signal. After the journey restarts, the train travels past the Haunted Mansion dark ride attraction, enters a tunnel through the upcoming Tiana's Bayou Adventure log flume attraction, and crosses a trestle bridge over the Critter Country section. It then moves over another trestle bridge that wraps around the Rivers of America in the Frontierland section. Occasionally, the Mark Twain Riverboat can be seen in the Rivers of America alongside the train, at which time they will sound their whistles at each other to the tune of Shave and a Haircut. Afterwards, the train rolls through another tunnel before reaching Mickey's Toontown Depot between the Mickey's Toontown and Fantasyland sections. While the train is stopped at this station, a non-functioning water tower can be seen on the opposite side of the track to the station's depot building. Once the journey resumes, the train moves across an overpass and passes by the façade of the It's a Small World water-based dark ride attraction before reaching a fuel pump disguised as a boulder, where the train stops if the locomotive needs to be refueled. From this point, the train cuts across an access road and goes underneath the track of the Disneyland Monorail before stopping at Tomorrowland Station in the Tomorrowland section. When the journey continues, the train goes across another access road and enters a tunnel containing the Grand Canyon Diorama followed by the Primeval World Diorama. As the train runs alongside the Grand Canyon Diorama, the main theme from On the Trail, the third movement of Ferde Grofé's Grand Canyon Suite, can be heard; and as the train runs alongside the Primeval World Diorama, music from the 1961 film Mysterious Island can be heard. Shortly after leaving the tunnel, the train arrives back at Main Street, U.S.A. Station, completing what the park refers to as The Grand Circle Tour. The DRR usually runs at night during evening fireworks shows, but sometimes closes due to adverse weather conditions. An option to ride on a seat in the tenders of the DRR's Nos. 1 and 2 locomotives is available upon request at Main Street, U.S.A. Station at the start of each operating day. The option to ride in the DRR's Lilly Belle parlor car is also available upon request at Main Street, U.S.A. Station when a Disneyland employee is available to monitor the passengers aboard it and no heavy rain is falling. The DRR's roundhouse, which cannot normally be viewed by the public, is made available for viewing to participants of specific runDisney events where the race course organized for the runners goes past the facility. On May 11, 2024, the DRR's roundhouse opened to guests taking the new Disneyland Railroad Guided Tour. Rolling stock Locomotives The first four steam locomotives to enter service on the Disneyland Railroad are named after former AT&SF Railway presidents. The fifth is named after a former Disney animator. Walt Disney himself, after putting on an engineer's outfit, occasionally drove the DRR's locomotives when they were pulling trains with passengers on board. Each year, the DRR locomotive fleet consumes about of fuel. The DRR locomotives each require gallons of water for one trip around the park. Since 2006, the DRR locomotives have been featured as static displays multiple times at Fullerton Railroad Days, an annual festival that takes place at the Fullerton Transportation Center in Fullerton, California. Since 2010, the DRR locomotives received overhauls one by one at the Hillcrest Shops in Reedley, California. Train cars The Disneyland Railroad today operates four sets of train cars, as well as a parlor car. The combine car from the railroad's former Retlaw 1 passenger train, one of the DRR's two original train sets, was Walt Disney's favorite train car on the railroad, as it brought back memories from his youth working as a news butcher on the Missouri Pacific Railway. On May 5 and 6, 2012, the Retlaw 1 combine car and the Lilly Belle parlor car were temporarily put on static display at Fullerton Railroad Days. Incidents Within a week of Disneyland's opening on July 17, 1955, a brakeman pulled the switch connecting the Disneyland Railroad's main line with a siding at Main Street, U.S.A. Station too soon as the Retlaw 2 freight train on the siding was passing the Retlaw 1 passenger train stopped at the station on the main line. The caboose on the end of the freight train had not made it fully across the switch when it was pulled, and as a result the caboose's front set of wheels correctly traveled along the siding while the rear set of wheels incorrectly traveled along the main line towards the passenger train, causing the caboose to swing to the side before colliding with a concrete slab and derailing upon impact. During the ensuing commotion, the erring brakeman, presumably to avoid disciplinary action, quietly left the scene of the accident, exited the park, and was not seen again. No injuries were reported, and by the following year the use of sidings at stations on the DRR's main line came to an end. In February 2000, a tree in the Adventureland section fell onto the DRR's Holiday Red freight train while it was in motion, damaging the awnings and their supports on the gondolas as well as knocking off the cupola on top of the caboose before the train came to a stop. No injuries occurred as a result of this accident. On the night of April 4, 2004, at Tomorrowland Station, accumulated diesel fumes in the firebox of the DRR's No. 3 locomotive exploded after its fire suddenly went out. The explosion ejected the engineer from the locomotive's cab and inflicted serious burns on the fireman. On the afternoon of August 11, 2019, the DRR's No. 5 locomotive broke down on a trestle over the entrance to Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge with a broken axle, forcing an evacuation of the train. No injuries were reported and the DRR was back in service by the following day. Between the night of December 28 and early morning of December 29, 2022, a fire broke out in the New Orleans Square section, damaging the freight depot. The cause of the fire is under investigation. On May 26, 2023, one of the DRR locomotives broke down on a trestle bridge over the Critter Country section near the entrance to Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, forcing an evacuation of the train 45 minutes later. See also AT&SF No. 3751 steam locomotive Ghost Town & Calico Railroad Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts References Bibliography External links 1955 establishments in California 3 ft gauge railways in the United States Dinosaurs in amusement parks Disneyland Heritage railroads in California Main Street, U.S.A. Mickey's Toontown Narrow gauge railroads in California New Orleans Square (Disneyland) Passenger rail transportation in California Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Railroads of amusement parks in the United States Railway lines opened in 1955 Tomorrowland (Disney Parks) Transportation in Anaheim, California Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Mundine

Anthony Mundine

Anthony Steven Mundine is an Australian former professional boxer and rugby league footballer. In boxing he competed from 2000 to 2021, and held the WBA super-middleweight title twice between 2003 and 2008. He also held the IBO middleweight title from 2009 to 2010, and the WBA interim super-welterweight title from 2011 to 2012. Mundine is well known for his heated rivalries with fellow Australians Danny Green and Daniel Geale. Early life and education Anthony Steven Mundine is the son of former professional boxer Tony Mundine and hails from the Bundjalung people of northern coastal areas of New South Wales. Both of his parents are Aboriginal. He was raised as a Christian but converted to Islam in the late 1990s. Mundine played junior rugby league for Hurstville United and, while attending Kingsgrove High School, Mundine starred for the school in the 1993 and 1994 teams which won the University Shield both of those years. He also played for the Australian Schoolboys team in 1993. That year, Mundine signed with the St. George Dragons as an eighteen-year-old. Mundine also attended Canterbury Boys' High School and Cleveland Street High School. Rugby league In 1994, Mundine represented the Junior Kangaroos, the team that beat Great Britain's under-19s in the curtain-raiser to the Australia v. France Test at Parramatta Stadium. In 1996, he played in a losing grand final, against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. That year, he was the victim of racial vilification when Rugby League player Barry Ward called Mundine a "black c- - - -". Ward was fined $10,000 for the offence. At the end of that season Mundine announced that he was signing with the Brisbane Broncos in the Super League competition. In 1997 he played 18 games for the Brisbane club, scoring three tries. He also played at centre in his second consecutive grand final, this time a victory against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in Brisbane. In 1998 he returned to St. George. Mundine was selected to play for New South Wales in each of the three matches of the 1999 State of Origin series, scoring a try in Game I on debut. That year he also assisted St. George Illawarra's run to the Grand Final, with a hat-trick against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the major semi-final. The following week the club lost to the Melbourne Storm in the 1999 NRL Grand Final during which and Mundine, playing at five-eighth knocked-on over the try line early in the second half when the score was 14-0 in favour of St. George Illawarra, which proved to be a major turning point in the match. The following year, Mundine said before the club's grand final rematch with Melbourne that Melbourne were not worthy premiers. Melbourne would hand St. George Illawarra a 70-10 defeat at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Mundine was disappointed that further representative honours did not follow, and believed that his representative opportunities did not reflect his abilities and achievements at club level. He raised the issue of racism as the main explanation for this. Mundine left rugby league halfway through the 2000 season, after being inspired to go into boxing, when a friend, Abdi Osman, showed him a video of Muhammad Ali. He later cited what he claimed was racism concerning rugby league as one of the reasons he quit to take up boxing. Mundine would later make implications during a promotion for a boxing match that former chairman of selectors and respected Aboriginal figure Arthur Beetson may have been an "Uncle Tom" who went along with the alleged racism. In 2005 Mundine was reported to be making a comeback to the NRL, but this did not eventuate. In 2007 Mundine was appointed Indigenous Liaison Officer at the South Sydney Rabbitohs. Mundine has close family ties to rugby league: he is a relative of Wes Patten, Amos Roberts, Beau Mundine, Blake Ferguson and Reece Robinson, all NRL footballers. He is also the brother-in-law of Tyran Smith who married Mundine's sister, Kellie. Mundine's son CJ Mundine is currently on the path to playing in the NRL. In September 2016, after stating on previous occasions he wanted to return to rugby league, Mundine claimed that St George chief executive Peter Doust had been in contact with him regarding his availability to play. On 8 December 2017, Mundine again declared that he desired to return to rugby league and singled out St George as the club for which he wanted to play. Mundine said in an interview with Fox Sports regarding his possible return that "It could be possible, you don't know. Anything is possible with me,". On 21 April 2019 it was announced that Mundine would make a return to rugby league and had signed with the Matraville Tigers in the South Sydney District Rugby League. Boxing career Mundine is trained by his father, Tony Mundine, who was a middleweight contender during the 1970s. Mundine fought his first professional boxing match in July 2000, at the age of 25. After a limited amateur career (he had 4 amateur fights when he was 17), his first professional fight was against New Zealander Gerrard Zohs. Only 10 professional bouts later Mundine fought for his first world title against long reigning IBF supermiddleweight champion Sven Ottke in January 2001. Mundine vs. Sven Ottke In 2001 Anthony Mundine took on then Super Middleweight champion Sven Ottke for the IBF Super Middleweight belt, Mundine was ahead on points before being knocked out by a right hand to the temple in the 10th round. This was the first time Mundine lost. Mundine vs. Antwun Echols Since the WBA and IBF super middleweight titles had been unified by Sven Ottke, Ottke was upgraded to "super" champion status by the WBA and the WBA "regular" super middleweight title was declared vacant (see undisputed champion). Mundine went on to claim the vacant WBA Super Middleweight title with a unanimous points decision over Antwun Echols on 3 September 2003, in front of his home crowd at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Mundine vs. Manny Siaca After gaining the vacant WBA title and defending the title once, Mundine fought against Manny Siaca, In a hesitant performance Mundine lost in a 12-round split points decision. Mundine vs. Mikkel Kessler Mundine failed in his attempt to win the WBA super middleweight title after losing by decision to Mikkel Kessler on 6 August 2005 at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Mundine vs. Danny Green Mundine's biggest Australian rivalry is with Perth-based Danny Green. In 2001, Mundine called Danny Green "a bum" in response to Green using Mundine's name to garner media attention, and stated that Danny would be a "no hoper" against him. Green waged a consistent media war with Mundine, using the media to build up his own name, and interest in a potential fight with Mundine. The two boxers finally, after much anticipation, fought on 17 May 2006, at Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney. The bout was one of the most anticipated in Australian boxing history, and was thought to eclipse the attendance record of 37,000 when Jeff Fenech fought Azumah Nelson in their rematch in 1992. The fight was broadcast on Main Event helmed by Michael Schiavello. It was the biggest Pay Per View event in Australian television history. Green became the slight favourite about 2 hours before the bout. Green had little answer to Mundine's speed and jab, giving Mundine the upper hand. Mundine won a twelve-round unanimous decision by the following scores: Judge Michael Lee 116–113, Judge Pinij Prayadsub 118–111, Judge Derek Milham 118–112. Mundine vs. Sam Soliman II Soliman and Mundine would meet for a second time, this time competing for the vacant WBA "regular" super middleweight championship of the world. Unlike the first fight, Mundine dominated the proceedings, knocking his opponent down once in the second round, and three times in the ninth, prompting a knockout ruling by the referee. Mundine vs. Daniel Geale On 27 May 2009, Mundine faced then-undefeated International Boxing Organization middleweight champion Daniel Geale (21–0–0). Mundine won by split decision with two judges scoring it 116–113 and 114–113 in favour of Mundine, the third judge scoring 115–113 for Geale. After the fight, Mundine admitted that he had barely studied Geale prior to the fight. The fight undercard also marked the debut of Mundine's close friend and league-turned-rugby player Sonny Bill Williams. Mundine vs. Garth Wood On 8 December 2010 Mundine took on the winner of The Contender Australia boxing series, Garth Wood. After an awkward first four rounds, consisting of grappling, Mundine was on his way to a wide decision (being ahead 4–0 on the cards). Mundine was knocked out in the 5th round by Wood. Wood was able to land a flush left hook on Mundine's chin, sending him to the canvas. The result was reported to be one of the biggest upsets in Australian boxing history. Mundine vs. Garth Wood II On 13 April 2011 Mundine gained revenge for his loss when he defeated Wood in a rematch won every round and dropped him twice and won, via a 10-round unanimous points decision. Mundine vs. Rigoberto Alvarez On 19 October 2011 Mundine faced former WBA champion Rigoberto Alvarez for the interim WBA Light Middleweight world title. Mundine won by unanimous decision and as a result became the mandatory challenger for the full belt holder Austin Trout. Mundine stripped of title Trout was previously in negotiations with Mundine, but when Trout's management put additional options in the contract Mundine's team decided to force the fight through mandatory position enabling a more favourable negotiation. In March 2012 Mundine turned down the opportunity to face Trout. The promotion of the fight went to a purse bid which Mundine did not pursue. The WBA stripped Mundine of his title in May 2012 for failing to meet the obligations for the mandatory fight. Mundine signed a short-term deal with American promoter Cameron Dunkin. Mundine vs. Bronco McKart On 14 July 2012, Mundine faced American Bronco McKart. It was Mundine's first fight in the United States, with the stated aim being to eventually challenge undefeated champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. Mundine went on to win the bout by seventh-round TKO. McKart's loss was his first stoppage defeat since 2006, when he lost to Kelly Pavlik, and only his third TKO defeat in 65 fights. Mundine vs. Daniel Geale II On 30 January 2013, Mundine fought Daniel Geale for the second time, with Geale's IBF title on the line. The bout was the first time two Australians have fought for the IBF world middleweight title. The fight was sought by Mundine as a stepping-stone to his ultimate desire of fighting world champion Floyd Mayweather Jr., while Geale was seeking to avenge his only professional career loss – which was to Mundine in 2009. This was the biggest boxing event in Australia since Mundine fought Danny Green in 2006. Featured on the undercards were Kimbo Slice and Joel Brunker, among others. Mundine went on to lose the bout by unanimous points decision 112–116, 111–117 and 111–117. However, he refused to accept the result and immediately after ring announcer Jimmy Lennon Jr. read out the result, Mundine and his entourage stormed out of the ring and left the arena. Following Mundine's attack on the fight judges and their scoring, New South Wales Combat Sports Authority chairman Denis Fitzgerald is seeking legal advice to determine whether Mundine can be sued for his outburst. Mundine vs. Shane Mosley Mundine was to have fought American boxing legend Shane Mosley on 23 October 2013, at the Sydney Entertainment Centre; however, the fight was called off at the last minute by Shane Moseley, who demanded $1 million before entering the ring. Mundine had sent $300,000 of his own money, and his friend Jeff Fenech also put in 1/2 million upon Mosely's arrival to Australia, but this was short of the required $1 million. Mundine was keen to reschedule the fight and managed to raise the required $1 million appearance money with his manager, and the fight eventually took place on 27 November at Allphones Arena. The fight ended after round 6 with Shane Mosley retiring due to back spasms, giving Mundine the victory via TKO. Mundine vs. Joshua Clottey On 9 April 2014 Mundine fought former IBF welterweight champion Joshua Clottey in Newcastle and lost by unanimous decision. Mundine vs. Sergey Rabchenko On 12 November 2014, Mundine fought then-undefeated European champion Sergey Rabchenko at Hisense Arena, Melbourne. The sponsorship manager of the fight was suspected Melbourne underworld figure, Mick Gatto. The undercard featured former NRL player Cory Paterson. Mundine came into the fight a huge underdog after his defeat to Clottey. Mundine went on to win the fight in a split decision, with the three judges scoring the fight 115–113 and 116–112 for Mundine, and 113–115 for Rabchenko. This made Mundine the mandatory contender for Floyd Mayweather Jr.'s WBC light middleweight title. Following Rabchenko, Mundine was due to fight Austin Trout in San Antonio, Texas on 9 May 2015; however, Mundine had to pull out after sustaining a perforated ear drum prior to the fight. Mundine was later replaced with Luis Galarza. Business interests Mundine has an extensive real estate portfolio and is also the owner of the sporting brand Boxa (est. 2000) and the Boxa Bar cafe in Hurstville. Early on the morning of 14 November 2013 the bar was destroyed by fire. Between 2000 and 2012 Mundine was managed by Khoder Nasser. Music career Mundine appeared in the music video of Angry Anderson's 1990 hit song "Bound for Glory". In 2001 Mundine appeared as himself in the music video "Like a Dog" by the Australian rock group Powderfinger, whose frontman Bernard Fanning praised Mundine as "the perfect lead, in terms of what the song is about and the fact that he's prepared to speak up for what he believes in." In 2005 he featured on beatboxer Joel Turner's single "Knock U Out". He then released his own debut single, "Platinum Ryder", which also featured Nathan Merritt and Amos Roberts in the music video. The film clip created controversy for the burning of the Union Jack and a photo of then Prime Minister of Australia John Howard. Mundine also appeared in the Brothablack music video, Are You With Me Out There, along with league player Joe Williams. In 2008 Mundine featured in the video of a GetUp Mob version of the song "From Little Things Big Things Grow". In 2009 Mundine also appeared alongside Shannon Noll on the Street Warriors' debut album, Unstoppable Force. Charted singles Other media Mundine has had a stormy relationship with the media: his conversion to Islam in 1999, self-promotion and outspoken opinions have created a love–hate relationship with the Australian public. Mundine has been described as "the most polarising athlete in Australian sports history". In July 2002, both Anthony and his father Tony appeared on an episode of Burke's Backyard with veteran Australian Gardening guru Don Burke. Also in 2002 he appeared with other stars and celebrities in Celebrity Big Brother. In 2003 he was in an episode of Greeks on the Roof and in 2005 he appeared on Dancing with the Stars. From 2007 to 2009 he appeared on The Footy Show. He was in a five-hour interactive DVD called Raising Children: A Guide to Parenting from Birth to Five. This DVD also featured Russell Crowe, Danielle Spencer, Neil Perry, Stan Grant and Johanna Griggs. He has also appeared in The Contender Australia three times. And been a guest, starring as himself, on the Pizza TV series. In 2010 Mundine was a Special Guest Trainer on The Biggest Loser Australia: Couples 2. Mundine's portrait by James Hunt, entitled Bora Anthony Mundine, was a notable finalist in the 2002 Archibald Prize. Mundine is featured as part of the roster on the Fight Night Round 4 and Fight Night Champion videogames. In October 2016 he appeared on Anh Do's Anh's Brush with Fame on ABC Television. In January 2018, Mundine was revealed as a celebrity contestant on the fourth season of the Australian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. As of 8 February 2018, Anthony Mundine became the second celebrity to walk out on the 2018 series of I'm a Celebrity Get me out of here Australia following Bernard Tomic. Recognition and awards Mundine was named the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Person of the Year in 2000. He is the first boxer in history to have had every one of his professional fights broadcast for television and has generated more pay-per-views than any other Australian boxer since he turned professional. Steve Bunce described him as "arguably the greatest crossover athlete in boxing history". In June 2014, the annual Anthony Mundine Award for Courage was created as one of three awards at the newly-established National Indigenous Human Rights Awards in Sydney, New South Wales. Deadly Awards |- | 2007 | Indigenous Male Sportsperson of the Year | Deadly Award Male Sportsperson of the Year | |- | 2006 | Indigenous Male Sportsperson of the Year | Deadly Award Male Sportsperson of the Year | |- | 2003 | Indigenous Male Sportsperson of the Year | Deadly Award Male Sportsperson of the Year | |} Public controversy In an interview in October 2001, Mundine said of the 11 September terrorist attacks, "They call it an act of terrorism, but if you can understand religion, and our way of life, it's not about terrorism. It's about fighting for God's law, and America's brought it upon themselves". Offering some insight into his tendency to make controversial comments in the media, Mundine stated, "If you want to toe the line, if you want to be some corporate guy and say the right things, do the right things, you might be okay in the media's eye, but it won't be real for me". Mundine later claimed he was taken out of context: "Those comments were just spun around like I was clapping my hands. I have a family too, I know what it is like to suffer the loss of someone close to me, and I would never wish that upon anyone. The point I was trying to get across was that it was in a war state of mind, and there is always going to be tit for tat, so why put yourself in a situation where you can endanger people. I have got nothing against any American, I have got nothing against any human being. It breaks my heart that people think I would even have that line of thought about being happy about people dying. That is crap and I want to clarify that because it is wrong". Mundine also referred to Cathy Freeman as a sellout: "Cathy Freeman. She sold out, toeing the line. And that ain't me. I'm not a fake." He also went on to state repeated times that men, not women, are more qualified to lead. "As far as being a leader, that's not her anyway, a man can only lead." In late 2012, Mundine questioned former opponent WBA/IBF champion Daniel Geale's indigenous Tasmanian heritage by saying that he should not wear the Australian Aboriginal flag on his shorts: "I thought they wiped all the Aborigines from Tasmania out.... He's got a white woman, he's got white kids. I keep it real, all day every day". When asked whether Geale deserved to sport the Aboriginal flag on his trunks, he said, "No". Mundine later apologised to the Tasmanian Aboriginal community and added that he felt many people claimed indigenous heritage to receive government benefits but had no real connection with their Aboriginal roots. He also claimed that Australia was one of "the most racist nations in the world" before calling for the Australian anthem and the Australian flag to be changed to be more inclusive of indigenous Australians. In November 2013, Mundine, an Aboriginal Australian, made comments on Twitter stating that homosexuality was incompatible with Aboriginal beliefs. Following Mundine's comments, Aboriginal actor Luke Carroll pointed out that Mundine's own religious beliefs that led him to form his opinions on homosexuality were incompatible with the Aboriginal Dreamtime. On coming out in a 2015 interview with NITV, former NRL player Casey Conway described Mundine's comments as "really disappointing" and unrepresentative of the Aboriginal community, describing the damage that homophobic comments can do to young people. Mundine is a strong opponent of lockdown measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 25 July, he attended a large anti-lockdown protest in Sydney breaching gathering laws, despite previously receiving two fines for breaking lockdown laws by flying from Sydney to Ballina without a reasonable excuse and refusing to wear a mask while shopping. He also opposes COVID-19 vaccination, writing on Facebook, “You take the shot then you will have serious health problems even death!”. Mundine considers the vaccine rollout to be an attempt to depopulate the Earth. In March 2024, Mundine became involved in a war of words with South Sydney player Latrell Mitchell in relation to a racism controversy in the NRL. Mundine had originally responded with an instagram video where he said Ezra Mam needed to “take it on the chin” and “toughen up” in relation to Mam being called a "Monkey" by Sydney Roosters player Spencer Leniu. Mitchell then responded with a post to Mundine attacking him for his comments. Mundine then responded to Mitchell saying “You’ve been underperforming far too long & been lucky to have Cody by your side to hold your hand, Earn the right to talk before you start trying to disrespect the OG of the game. Remember, despite what you might think, you’re no Greg Inglis & you’re certainly no Anthony Mundine". Professional boxing record References Further reading External links 1975 births Living people Australian male boxers Australian Muslims Australian rugby league players Big Brother (Australian TV series) contestants Boxers from Sydney Brisbane Broncos players Bundjalung people Converts to Islam Indigenous Australian boxers Indigenous Australian rugby league players International Boxing Organization champions Light-middleweight boxers Middleweight boxers New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players People educated at Canterbury Boys' High School People from the Inner West (Sydney) St. George Dragons players St. George Illawarra Dragons players Rugby league centres Rugby league five-eighths Rugby league players from Sydney World Boxing Association champions World super-middleweight boxing champions Sportsmen from New South Wales

1483452

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%20Street%20Railway

Market Street Railway

Market Street Railway may refer to: Market Street Railway (nonprofit), a nonprofit organization that supports the operation of the F Market historic streetcar line in San Francisco Market Street Railway (transit operator), a former commercial streetcar operator in San Francisco

1483456

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Peck

Dale Peck

Dale Peck (born 1967) is an American novelist, literary critic, and columnist. His 2009 novel, Sprout, won the Lambda Literary Award for Children's and Young Adult Literature , and was a finalist for the Stonewall Book Award in the Children's and Young Adult Literature category. Early life Peck was born on Long Island, New York. He was raised in Kansas and attended Drew University in New Jersey, graduating in 1989. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1994. Career Peck's first novel, Martin and John, was published in 1993. His subsequent work, which continued to explore issues of identity and sexuality, were met with more mixed reviews. Salon.com described Now It's Time to Say Goodbye as a "hyperpotboiler" with a plot "both sensational and preposterous." The New York Review of Books called Martin and John "surprisingly sophisticated", but said Now It's Time to Say Goodbye "collapsed under the weight of its overladen allegorical structures" and diagnosed Peck's fiction as a "seesaw between a strained 'lyricism' ... and cliché." Peck has also drawn attention as a critic. His reviews for The New Republic, while establishing him as one of the most influential commentators on books, also garnered the opprobrium of the literary establishment for their negative treatment of some of the most highly regarded writers at the time, but also their underlying questioning of what would be the larger project of turn-of-the-century American letters. His most notorious line, "Rick Moody is the worst writer of his generation," set the tone for a collection of essays published under the title Hatchet Jobs. In 1996, Peck reviewed the David Foster Wallace best-selling novel Infinite Jest, writing that "[w]hat makes the book's success even more noteworthy is that it is, in a word, terrible. Other words I might use include bloated, boring, gratuitous, and – perhaps especially – uncontrolled. I would, in fact, go so far as to say that Infinite Jest is one of the very few novels for which the phrase 'not worth the paper it's written on' has real meaning in at least an ecological sense." Peck, in the same article, also attacked American writers Jonathan Franzen, Don DeLillo, and Thomas Pynchon, characterizing the latter as "a very clever guy" and his prose as "tentacular – I might almost say... amorphous." Peck's reviews, in turn, were met with criticism, with the editors of Brooklyn-based n+1 magazine, though stating, in 2004, thatwhen The New Republic took a writer down—as it notoriously did with Toni Morrison, Judith Butler, Frank Bidart, Don DeLillo, Elaine Scarry, Colson Whitehead, Kurt Andersen, Sharon Olds, Thomas Pynchon, Zadie Smith, Jonathan Franzen, Barbara Kingsolver...[it] was the best literary section in the country also writing:With the emergence of the ridiculous Dale Peck, the method of Wieseltier's literary salon reached its reductio ad absurdum. Peck smeared the walls with shit, and bankrupted their authority for all time to come. So many forms of extremism turn into their opposite at the terminal stage. Thus The New Republics supposed brief for dry, austere, high-literary value—manifesting itself for years in a baffled rage against everything new or confusing—led to Peck's auto-therapeutic wetness (as self-pity is the refuge of bullies) and hatred of classic modernism (which, to philistines, will always be new and confusing). In May 2011, Peck's criticism of Jewish American literature in which he claimed "[I]f I have to read another book about the Holocaust, I'll kill a Jew myself" prompted a public outcry. His editors later removed the statement from his article. In 2016, Peck was named editor-in-chief of the revived online Evergreen Review. "I want the magazine to be something between a community and a place where lone wolves hang out," Peck said at the site's launch in March 2017. "I have a preference for experimental literature, but for genuinely experimental literature as opposed to literature that says it is experimental but it is really just repeating someone else’s experiment from 70 years ago. All good literature is experimental, at least in the sense that it invents its own terms." In 2019, Peck wrote an article published by The New Republic titled "My Mayor Pete Problem," referring to Democratic presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg, which, was subsequently criticized as homophobic. The New Republic pulled the article after hours online. Editor Chris Lehmann stated, "The New Republic recognizes that this post crossed a line, and while it was largely intended as satire, it was inappropriate and invasive." In response to the article all funders of the 2020 Democratic presidential nominee climate summit withdrew and the event was cancelled. Peck teaches creative writing at The New School in New York City. He is also a columnist for Out. Personal life Peck is gay and married. Bibliography Novels Martin and John (1993) – released as Fucking Martin in the UK The Law of Enclosures (1996) Now It's Time to Say Goodbye (1999) Body Surfing (2009) Shift: A Novel (Gates of Orpheus Trilogy) (2010) with Tim Kring The Garden of Lost and Found (2012) Night Soil, Soho Press (2018) Children's books Drift House: The First Voyage (2005) The Lost Cities: A Drift House Voyage (2007) Sprout (2009) Non-Fiction What We Lost (2004) Hatchet Jobs (2004) References External links James Atlas's profile of Peck in the New York Times Magazine in 2003 Peck's review of Rick Moody's The Black Veil "Burying The Hatchet Man" Review of Peck's Hatchet Jobs (2004), reviewed in n+1 by Marco Roth. "Peck the Knife: a Case Study in Critical Aggression" Review of Peck's Hatchet Jobs (2004) in Slate, by Laura Kipnis. 1967 births Living people 20th-century American novelists 21st-century American novelists American male novelists American gay writers Drew University alumni International House of New York alumni American literary critics People from Long Island Lambda Literary Award for Children's and Young Adult Literature winners Novelists from New York (state) American LGBTQ novelists 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers 21st-century American LGBTQ people

1483460

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27s%20the%20B%27y

I's the B'y

"I'se the B'y" (Roud 4432, also I's the Bye or Liverpool Handy) is a traditional Newfoundland folk song/ballad. "I's the B'y" is in the Newfoundland English dialect, and translates to standard English as "I'm the Boy" or "I'm the Guy". The Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame decided to honour the song in 2005, officially accepting it as part of the Canadian Song Hall of Fame. Native Newfoundland folk songs have fared well in terms of continued popularity, due in part to their appearance in widely circulated publications such as Gerald S. Doyle's songsters. Doyle's company published five free and popular collections of Newfoundland songs, the first in 1927, as a means of promoting his patent medicine business. These songs included "I'se the B'y", "Tickle Cove Pond", "Jack Was Every Inch a Sailor", "Old Polina", "The Ryans and the Pittmans", and "Lukey's Boat". Professional musicians including Clint Curtiss, Dick Nolan, Great Big Sea and Gordon Bok have recorded the song (the latter under both its original name and the title "Liverpool Handy"). Toronto-based Ubiquitous Synergy Seeker sampled the lyrics in their first single, "Hollowpoint Sniper Hyperbole". An instrumental version of the song was also played in episode two of the HBO series The Neistat Brothers. A Strathspey for bagpipes was composed in honour of "I's the B'y". Lyrics I's the b'y that builds the boat And I's the b'y that sails her I's the b'y that catches the fish And brings them home to Liza. (or Lizer) Chorus: Hip yer partner, Sally Thibault Hip yer partner, Sally Brown Fogo, Twillingate, Moreton's Harbour All around the circle! Sods and rinds to cover your flake Cake and tea for supper Codfish caught in the spring o' the year Fried in maggoty butter. Chorus: I don't want your maggoty fish They're no good for winter I could buy as good as that Down in Bonavista. Chorus: I took Liza to a dance As fast as she could travel And every step that she did take Was up to her knees in gravel. Chorus: Susan White, she's out of sight Her petticoat wants a border Old Sam Oliver in the dark He kissed her in the corner. See also List of Newfoundland songs Notes fish: Unless otherwise specified, "fish" in Newfoundland English almost always refers to codfish, fish entry at the Dictionary of Newfoundland English rind: A long strip of bark, normally from a standing spruce or fir, and used for various fisheries and building purposes, rind entry at the Dictionary of Newfoundland English flake: A platform built on poles and spread with boughs for drying codfish on land, flake entry at the Dictionary of Newfoundland English cake: Ship's biscuit or hardtack, cake entry at the Dictionary of Newfoundland English maggoty fish: Fish when not cured correctly would become infested with Blow-fly larva, maggoty entry at the Dictionary of Newfoundland English References Canadian folk songs Newfoundland and Labrador folk songs Songs about fishers Year of song unknown Great Big Sea songs

1483469

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbuck

Crossbuck

A crossbuck is a traffic sign used to indicate a level railway crossing. It is composed of two slats of wood or metal of equal length, fastened together on a pole in a saltire formation (resembling the letter X). Crossbucks are often supplemented by electrical warnings of flashing lights, a bell, and/or a boom barrier that descends to block the road and prevent traffic from crossing the tracks. Vienna Convention The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, a multilateral treaty of the United Nations with the intention of standardizing traffic signs around the world, prescribes several different regulations for the "crossbuck" sign. The sign should consist of two arms not less than long, crossed in the form of an . The first model may have a white or yellow background with a thick red or black border. The second model may have a white or yellow background with a thin black border and an inscription, for example, "RAILWAY CROSSING", "RAILROAD CROSSING", etc. If lateral clearance obstructs the placement of the sign, it may be rotated 90° so that its points are directed vertically. If used at a level crossing with more than one track, a half cross or a supplementary plate stating the number of tracks may be added below. It specified these models: It also specified multi-track models: Variants around the world In the United States, the crossbuck carries the words "RAIL" and "ROAD" on one arm and "CROSSING" on the other ("RAIL" and "ROAD" are separated by the "CROSSING" arm), in black text on a white background. Older variants simply used black and white paint; newer installations use a reflective white material with non-reflective lettering. Some antique U.S. crossbucks were painted in other color schemes, and used glass "cat's eye" reflectors on the letters to make them stand out. Other countries, such as China, also use this layout, but with appropriately localized terms. Often, a supplemental sign below the crossbuck indicates the number of tracks at the crossing. A special kind of crossing sign assembly was introduced on an experimental basis in Ohio in 1992, the "Buckeye Crossbuck". It included an enhanced crossbuck, reflective and with red lettering, and also a reflective plate reading "YIELD" below the crossbuck, whose sides are bent backwards in order to catch and reflect at a right angle the light of an approaching train. The experiment's final report gave the device a favorable review; however, the plate, R15-9 "Crossbuck Shield", was rejected for inclusion in the 2003 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. In Canada, crossbucks have a red border and no lettering. These were installed in the 1980s shortly after English-French bilingualism was made official, replacing signs of a style similar to those used in the U.S., except the word "RAILWAY" was used instead of "RAILROAD" and in certain areas the words "TRAVERSE DE CHEMIN DE FER" were used. In Mexico, the crossbucks read "CRUCERO FERROCARRIL", a literal translation of its U.S. counterpart. Older designs read "CUIDADO CON EL TREN", meaning "beware of the train". In Argentina, the most common legend is "PELIGRO FERROCARRIL" ("danger: railroad"). Other crosses also read "CUIDADO CON LOS TRENES - PARE MIRE ESCUCHE ("beware of the trains - stop, look, listen") for the Ferrocarril Belgrano, "PASO A NIVEL - FERRO CARRIL" for the Ferrocarril Mitre and "CUIDADO CON LOS TRENES" ("beware of the trains") for the Ferrocarril Roca. In parts of Europe, the cross is white with red trimmings or ends, sometimes on a rectangular background; in Finland and Greece the cross is yellow, trimmed with red. Taiwan uses two crossbucks: a version with a yellow and black cross, and one with the cross in white with a red border. A special symbol in the center indicates an electric railroad crossing, cautioning road users about excessive height cargo that may contact the electric wires. In Australia, the crossbuck is a St Andrews Cross as in Europe, but uses words and the same color as the American crossbuck. In contrast to the American "RAILROAD CROSSING", Australian signs say "RAILWAY CROSSING" or "TRAMWAY CROSSING". (Most cases where a tram in its own right-of-way crosses a road do not use a crossbuck and so are regular intersections rather than level crossings.) Different countries may classify the sign differently. For example, in Australia it is considered a regulatory sign, while in close neighbour New Zealand it is considered a warning sign. Some countries, such as Australia, France, New Zealand, Slovakia and Slovenia may place the crossbuck design on a "target board", while other countries quite often do not. In the United Kingdom, it is only used for crossings with no barriers or signal lights. Crossbucks of the world Multiple tracks Several countries use a sign to indicate that multiple tracks must be crossed at a level crossing. In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the U.S., a sign is mounted beneath the crossbuck (above the warning light assembly, if any) with the number of tracks. Many European countries use multiple crossbucks or additional chevrons ("half-crossbucks") below the first one. Taiwan also uses half-crossbucks below the regular crossbuck. Advance warning Several countries include the crossbuck iconography in their warning signs for a railway crossing ahead. See also Saltire Notes References External links Part 8. Traffic Control for Railroad and Light Rail Transit Grade Crossings, U.S. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 ed. Level crossings Railway safety Traffic signs

1483476

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia%20Green

Celia Green

Celia Elizabeth Green (born 1935) is a British parapsychologist and writer on parapsychology. Biography Green's parents were both primary school teachers, who together authored a series of geography textbooks which became known as The Green Geographies. Green completed a B.A., M.A., and B. Litt. from Oxford University. She studied psychical research at Trinity College, Cambridge from 1958 to 1960. From 1957 to 1962, Green held the post of Research Secretary at the Society for Psychical Research in London. In 1961, Green founded and became the Director of the Institute of Psychophysical Research. The Institute's areas of interest were initially listed as philosophy, psychology, theoretical physics, and ESP. However, its principal work during the sixties and seventies concerned hallucinations and other quasi-perceptual experiences. In 1982, while Green was the director, the Institute investigated psychokinetic phenomena. Writing In 1968 Green published Lucid Dreams, a study of a phenomenon described by Green as when a dreamer consciously changes the content of their dreams. The possibility of conscious insight during dreams had previously been treated with scepticism by some philosophers and psychologists and scientific skepticism continued after her book was published. Green collated both previously published first-hand accounts and the results of longitudinal studies of four subjects of her own. In Lucid Dreams, she proposed a correlation between lucid dreams and the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep. In 1968, Green also published a collection of 400 first-hand accounts of out-of-body experiences for the benefit of scientists interested in studying the phenomena. With Charles McCreery, Green co-authored the 1975 book Apparitions and the 1994 book Lucid Dreaming: The Paradox of Consciousness During Sleep. Apparitions is a taxonomy of 'apparitions', or hallucinations in which the viewpoint of the subject was not ostensibly displaced, based on a collection of 1500 first-hand accounts. A 1976 Kirkus Reviews review of Apparitions states, "It's hard to imagine anyone being converted by this [Institute for Psychophysical Research] product: an endless sequence of supposed apparitions [...] There are minimal efforts at objective classification by type of experience and attendant phenomena—visual and auditory effects, collective apparitions, out-of-body experiences—but none whatever at verification." Aphorisms Her aphorisms have been published in The Decline and Fall of Science and Advice to Clever Children. Ten are included in the Penguin Dictionary of Epigrams, and three in the Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations. CDs The CD titled Lucid Dreams 0096, which includes parts of the book Lucid Dreams narrated by Green for the label Em:t, was released in 1995. Earlier Green had contributed a nine-minute track to a compilation CD put out by the same recording label. The track was entitled "In the Extreme" and consisted of readings by the author from her books, The Human Evasion, and Advice to Clever Children. Selected works Books Lucid Dreams (1968) London: Hamish Hamilton. Reissued 1977, Oxford : Institute of Psychophysical Research . Out-of-the-body Experiences (1968) London: Hamish Hamilton. Reissued 1977, Oxford : Institute of Psychophysical Research The Human Evasion (1969) London: Hamish Hamilton. Reissued 1977, Oxford: Institute of Psychophysical Research The Decline and Fall of Science (1976) London: Hamish Hamilton. Reissued 1977, Oxford: Institute of Psychophysical Research . Advice to Clever Children (1981) Oxford : Institute of Psychophysical Research. The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem (2003) Oxford: Oxford Forum. Letters from Exile: Observations on a Culture in Decline (2004) Oxford: Oxford Forum. The Corpse and the Kingdom (2023) Oxford: Oxford Forum. with Charles McCreery: Apparitions (1975) London: Hamish Hamilton. Lucid Dreaming: The Paradox of Consciousness During Sleep (1994) London: Routledge. Selected papers 'Waking dreams and other metachoric experiences', Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, 15, 1990, pp. 123–128. 'Are mental events preceded by their physical causes?' (with Grant Gillett), Philosophical Psychology, 8, 1995, pp. 333–340. 'Freedom and the exceptional child', Educational Notes, No. 26, Libertarian Alliance, 1993. Available as an Online PDF 'Hindrances to the progress of medical and scientific research', in Medical Science and the Advancement of World Health, ed. R. Lanza, Praeger, New York, 1985. Translations René Sudre. Traité de Parapsychologie, published as Treatise on Parapsychology (1960) References and notes External links Green's web site The Human Evasion online 1935 births Living people 20th-century British women writers Alumni of the University of Oxford British parapsychologists Dream researchers

1483481

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20Saturday

Pink Saturday

Pink Saturday is a street party held the Saturday night before San Francisco Pride (Gay Pride Day) in San Francisco's Castro district. It coincides with the annual Dyke March in San Francisco. Attendees are asked to donate money at the gate. Gate donations in 2008 were around $20,000. In 2009, the event's estimated attendance was 100,000 people, and cost $150,000. 2010 shooting During the 2010 Pink Saturday, on June 26, 19-year-old Stephen Powell was killed after being shot four times in the chest. Two others were injured after being shot in the leg. A 20-year-old man named Ed Perkins was arrested in connection with the shooting. Perkins knew Powell, but did not know the two others. The shooting was not a hate crime, occurred outside the actual Pink Saturday event area, and was reported as gang-related. See also LGBT culture in San Francisco References Festivals in the San Francisco Bay Area LGBTQ events in California LGBTQ culture in San Francisco Saturday events

1483488

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYS

DYS

DYS may relate to the following: DYS (band) Dys, Poland the 3-letter abbreviation for Dystos, a Greek municipality

1483497

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Swanson

Howard Swanson

Howard Swanson (August 18, 1907 – November 12, 1978) was an American composer. Swanson studied at the Cleveland Institute of Music and was then taught by Nadia Boulanger in Paris. He received fellowships, awards and prizes. His preference was for linear construction and lyrical works with subtle tonal centers. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia and died in New York City. Particularly praised are the songs of Howard Swanson. William Flanagan, reviewing three songs of Swanson, said, "They are authentic and in the best tradition of the song-writing art--sensitive, intimate, and evocative." Virgil Thomson said, "Howard Swanson is a composer whose work singers (and pianists, too) should look into. It is refined, sophisticated of line and harmony in a way not at all common among American music writers. His songs have an acute elaboration of thought and an intensity for feeling that recall Fauré." Swanson's friendship with poet Langston Hughes and his subsequent setting of Hughes poetry gives insight not only to the music of the African-American community, but also gives an intimate view to the psyche of the poet. Swanson consulted the poet with regularity while setting his poetry. His compositions are considered by many to be the definitive interpretations of the poet's work. His individual song settings of the poems "Joy," "In Time of Silver Rain," "Night Song," "Pierrot," and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" (performed by Helen Thigpen and David Allen in 1950) reflect his intimate acquaintance with the inner workings of Hughes poetry. References 1907 births 1978 deaths 20th-century American composers 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century classical composers African-American classical composers American classical composers African-American male classical composers American male classical composers Cleveland Institute of Music alumni

1483499

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-surface%20missile

Surface-to-surface missile

A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) or ground-to-ground missile (GGM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship. They are often powered by a rocket engine or sometimes fired by an explosive charge, since the launching platform is typically stationary or moving slowly. They usually have fins and/or wings for lift and stability, although hyper-velocity or short-ranged missiles may use body lift or fly a ballistic trajectory. The first operational surface-to-surface missile was the V-1 flying bomb, it was powered by a pulsejet engine. Contemporary surface-to-surface missiles are usually guided. An unguided surface-to-surface missile is usually referred to as a rocket (for example, an RPG-7 or M72 LAW is an anti-tank rocket), whereas a BGM-71 TOW or AT-2 Swatter is an anti-tank guided missile. Examples of surface-to-surface missile include the MGM-140 ATACMS and the Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB). Examples ALAS BGM-109 Tomahawk Bina Hermes Hyunmoo-3 KARA Atmaca Kh-35 Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW) Luz Martlet MGM-166 LOSAT MGM-140 ATACMS Nimrod Otomat PARS 3 LR Polyphem P-800 Oniks RBS-15 Ure 3M-54 Kalibr Types Surface-to-surface missiles are usually divided into a number of categories: Ballistic missiles travel in a high trajectory, motor burns out partway through flight Tactical ballistic missile: Range between about 150 km and 300 km Battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM): Range less than 200 km Theatre ballistic missile (TBM): range between 300 km and 3500 km Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM): Range 1000 km or less Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): Range between 1000 km and 3500 km Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or Long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range between 3500 km and 5500 km Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5500 km Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM): Launched from ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), all current designs have intercontinental range. Cruise missiles travel low to the ground, motor burns during entire flight, typical range 2,500 km (1,500 mi) Anti-tank guided missiles travel low to the ground, may or may not burn motor throughout flight, typical range 5 km (3 mi) Anti-ship missiles travel low over the ground and sea, and often pop up or before striking the target ship; typical range 130 km (80 mi) Different parties break down missile type by the range differently. For example, the United States Department of Defense has no definition for LRBM, and thus defines an ICBM as those missiles with ranges greater than 5,500 km (3500 mi). The International Institute for Strategic Studies also does not define a range for LRBMs, and defines SRBMs as having somewhat shorter ranges than the definition used by the Department of Defense. References Missile types

1483503

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope%20%28Hillsong%20album%29

Hope (Hillsong album)

Hope is the twelfth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. The album reached No. 3 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Making of the album Hope was recorded live at the new Hillsong Convention Centre over two nights in early 2003 by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team. The DVD for the album was directed by Luke Irvine. Track listing Disc one "Better Than Life" (Marty Sampson) – "Glory" (Reuben Morgan) – "Ever Living God" (Raymond Badham) – "Need You Here" (Morgan) – "My Hope" (Darlene Zschech) – "Still" (Morgan) – "Angels" (Sampson) – "Can't Stop Praising" (Tulele Faletolu & Sampson) – "You Are"/"You Are Lord" ("You Are" Darlene Zschech; choir arrangement for "You Are Lord": Jennifer Va'a) – "Here I Am to Worship/Call" ("Here I Am to Worship" Tim Hughes; "Call": Darlene Zschech) – "Highest" (Morgan) – Disc two "Song of Freedom" (Marty Sampson) – "Shout Your Fame" (Jonas Myrin, Natasha Bedingfield, Gio Galanti & Paul Nevison) – "Exceeding Joy" (Miriam Webster) – "King of Love" (Tanya Riches) – "To the Ends of the Earth" (Joel Houston & Marty Sampson) – "Free" (Sampson) – "Highest" (reprise) – DVD "Song of Freedom" "Better Than Life" "Ever Living God" "Exceeding Joy" "Need You Here" "My Hope" "Can't Stop Praising" "To The Ends Of The Earth" "Here I Am To Worship"/"Call" "Free" "King Of Love" "Still" "You Are"/"You Are Lord" "Angels" "Shout Your Fame" "Glory" "Highest" Personnel Ruth Athanasio – choir conductor Raymond Badham – producer, acoustic guitar, music director Damian Bassett – vocals Julie Bassett – vocals Sonja Bailey – percussion Marcus Beaumont – electric guitar Steve Bullivant – saxophone Michael Guy Chislett – electric guitar Erica Crocker – vocals Ned Davies – vocals Holly Dawson – vocals Tulele Faletolu – vocals Ian Fisher – bass guitar Kylie Fisher – choir conductor Lucy Fisher – vocals Michelle Frager – vocals Craig Gower – piano, keyboards Peter Hart – vocals Scott Haslem – vocals, vocal production Nigel Hendroff – electric guitar, acoustic guitar Gary Honor – saxophone Matt Hope – trumpet, brass director Trent Hopkinson – trumpet Karen Horn – vocals Bobbie Houston (senior pastor) – executive producer Brian Houston (senior pastor) – executive producer Joel Houston – vocals, bass guitar Greg Hughes – trombone John Kasinathan – trombone Peter Kelly – percussion Peter King – piano, keyboards Stephanie Lambert – trumpet Garth Lazaro – vocals Jonno Louwrens – saxophone Steve Luke – trombone Donia Makedonez – vocals Steve McPherson – producer, vocals, vocal production Luke Munns – drums Reuben Morgan – producer, vocals, acoustic guitar Steve Ollis – choir conductor Katrina Peoples – vocals Woody Pierson – vocals Tanya Riches – choir conductor James Rudder – saxophone Natalie Rudder – choir conductor Marty Sampson – vocals, acoustic guitar Joanna Savage – vocals Reuben Singleton – flute Andrew Sloan – choir conductor Elisha Vella – percussion Miriam Webster – vocals Tim Whincop – trumpet Martine Williams – choir conductor Darlene Zschech – producer, worship leader, vocal production Hillsong Church Choir References 2003 live albums 2003 video albums 2000s live video albums Hillsong Music live albums Hillsong Music video albums pt:Hope (Álbum Hillsong)

1483508

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzino

Bronzino

Agnolo di Cosimo (; 17 November 150323 November 1572), usually known as Bronzino ( ) or Agnolo Bronzino, was an Italian Mannerist painter from Florence. His sobriquet, Bronzino, may refer to his relatively dark skin or reddish hair. He lived all his life in Florence, and from his late 30s was kept busy as the court painter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was mainly a portraitist but also painted many religious subjects, and a few allegorical subjects, which include what is probably his best-known work, Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time, c. 1544–45, now in London. Many portraits of the Medicis exist in several versions with varying degrees of participation by Bronzino himself, as Cosimo was a pioneer of the copied portrait sent as a diplomatic gift. He trained with Pontormo, the leading Florentine painter of the first generation of Mannerism, and his style was greatly influenced by him, but his elegant and somewhat elongated figures always appear calm and somewhat reserved, lacking the agitation and emotion of those by his teacher. They have often been found cold and artificial, and his reputation suffered from the general critical disfavour attached to Mannerism in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Recent decades have been more appreciative of his art. Life Bronzino was born in Florence, the son of a butcher. According to his contemporary Vasari, Bronzino was a pupil first of Raffaellino del Garbo, and then of Pontormo, to whom he was apprenticed at 14. Pontormo is thought to have introduced a portrait of Bronzino as a child (seated on a step) into one of his series on Joseph in Egypt now in the National Gallery, London. Pontormo exercised a dominant influence on Bronzino's developing style, and the two were to remain collaborators for most of the former's life. An early example of Bronzino's hand has often been detected in the Capponi Chapel in the church of Santa Felicita by the Ponte Vecchio in Florence. Pontormo designed the interior and executed the altarpiece, the masterly Deposition from the Cross and the sidewall fresco Annunciation. Bronzino apparently was assigned the frescoes on the dome, which have not survived. Of the four empanelled tondi or roundels depicting each of the evangelists, two were said by Vasari to have been painted by Bronzino. His style is so similar to his master's that scholars still debate the specific attributions. Towards the end of his life, Bronzino took a prominent part in the activities of the Florentine Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, of which he was a founding member in 1563. The painter Alessandro Allori was his favourite pupil, and Bronzino was living in the Allori family house at the time of his death in Florence in 1572 (Alessandro was also the father of Cristofano Allori). Bronzino spent the greater part of his career in Florence. Work Portraits Bronzino first received Medici patronage in 1539, when he was one of the many artists chosen to execute the elaborate decorations for the wedding of Cosimo I de' Medici to Eleonora di Toledo, daughter of the Viceroy of Naples. It was not long before he became, and remained for most of his career, the official court painter of the Duke and his court. His portrait figures – often read as static, elegant, and stylish exemplars of unemotional haughtiness and assurance – influenced the course of European court portraiture for a century. These well known paintings exist in many workshop versions and copies. In addition to images of the Florentine elite, Bronzino also painted idealized portraits of the poets Dante (c. 1530, now in Washington, D.C.) and Petrarch. Bronzino's best-known works comprise the aforementioned series of the duke and duchess, Cosimo and Eleonora, and figures of their court such as Bartolomeo Panciatichi and his wife Lucrezia. These paintings, especially those of the duchess, are known for their minute attention to the detail of her costume, which almost takes on a personality of its own in the image at right. Here the Duchess is pictured with her second son Giovanni, who died of malaria in 1562, along with his mother; however it is the sumptuous fabric of the dress that takes up more space on the canvas than either of the sitters. Indeed, the dress itself has been the object of some scholarly debate. The elaborate gown has been rumoured to be so beloved by the duchess that she was ultimately buried in it; when this myth was debunked, others suggested that perhaps the garment never existed at all and Bronzino invented the entire thing, perhaps working only from a fabric swatch. In any case, this picture was reproduced over and over again by Bronzino and his shop, becoming one of the most iconic images of the duchess. The version pictured here is in the Uffizi Gallery, and is one of the finest surviving examples. Bronzino's so-called "allegorical portraits", such as that of a Genoese admiral, Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune, are less typical but possibly even more fascinating owing to the peculiarity of placing a publicly recognized personality in the nude as a mythical figure. Finally, in addition to being a painter, Bronzino was also a poet, and his most personal portraits are perhaps those of other literary figures such as that of his friend the poet Laura Battiferri. The eroticized nature of these virile nude male portraits, as well as homoerotic references in his poetry, have led scholars to believe that Bronzino was homosexual. Religious and allegorical subjects In 1540/41, Bronzino began work on the fresco decoration of the Chapel of Eleanora di Toledo in the Palazzo Vecchio and an oil on panel Deposition of Christ to be an altarpiece for the chapel. Before this commission, his style in the religious genre was less Mannerist, and was based in balanced compositions of the High Renaissance. Yet he became elegant and classicizing (cf. Smyth) in this fresco cycle, and his religious works are examples of the mid-16th-century aesthetics of the Florentine court – traditionally interpreted as highly stylized and non-personal or emotive. Crossing the Red Sea is typical of Bronzino's approach at this time, though it should not be claimed that Bronzino or the court was lacking in religious fervour on the basis of the preferred court fashion. Indeed, the duchess Eleanora was a generous patron to the recently founded Jesuit order. Bronzino's work tends to include sophisticated references to earlier painters, as in one of his last grand frescoes called The Martyrdom of St. Lawrence (San Lorenzo, 1569), in which almost every one of the extraordinarily contorted poses can be traced back to Raphael or to Michelangelo, whom Bronzino idolized (cf. Brock). Bronzino's skill with the nude was even more enigmatically deployed in the celebrated Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time, which conveys strong feelings of eroticism under the pretext of a moralizing allegory. His other major works include the design of a series of tapestries on The Story of Joseph, for the Palazzo Vecchio. Many of Bronzino's works are still in Florence but other examples can be found in the National Gallery, London, and elsewhere. Selected works St. Mark (c. 1525) – Oil on Wood, Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicita, Florence St. Matthew (c. 1525) – Oil on Wood, Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicita, Florence Portrait of Lorenzo Lenzi (1527–28) – Oil on panel, castello Sforzesco, Milan Pietà (c. 1530) – Oil on panel, 105 x 100 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of Dante (1530) – Oil on panel, Milan Portrait of a Lady in Green (1530–32) – Oil on panel, 76,7 x 65,4 cm, Royal Collection, Windsor St. Sebastian (c. 1533) – Oil on panel, 87 x 77 cm, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid Holy Family (1534–40) – Oil on wood, 124.5 x 99.5 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna Adoration of the Shepherds (1535–1540) – Oil on wood, 65,3 x 46,7 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest Portrait of Ugolino Martelli (before 1537) – Oil on panel, 102 x 85 cm, State Museums, Berlin Portrait of Bartolomeo Panciatichi (c. 1540) – Tempera on wood, 104 x 84 cm, Uffizi, Florence Holy Family (c. 1540) – Oil on wood, 117 x 93 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of a Young Man with a Book (c. 1540) – Oil on wood, 96 x 75 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (Allegory; 1540–45) – Oil on panel, 146 x 116 cm, National Gallery, London Adoration of the Bronze Snake (1540–45) – Fresco, 320 x 385 cm, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence Deposition of Christ (1540–45) – Oil on panel, 268 x 173 cm, Musée des Beaux- Arts, Besançon Alessandro de Médici (1540–1553) – Oil on panel, 34,90 x 26,20 cm, Cerralbo Museum, Madrid. Crossing of the Red Sea (1541–42) – Fresco, 320 x 490 cm, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence Portrait of a Young Girl (1541–45) – Oil on wood, 58 x 46,5 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of Bia de' Medici (c. 1542) – Tempera on panel, 63 x 48 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici (1545) – Oil on panel, 74 x 58 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici (c. 1545) – Oil on panel, 76,5 x 59 cm, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. Portrait of Giovanni de' Medici as a Child (c. 1545) – Oil on wood, 58 x 46 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of Eleanor of Toledo (c. 1545) – Oil on panel, 115 x 96 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of Lucrezia Panciatichi (c. 1545) – Oil on panel, 101 x 82.8 cm, Uffizi, Florence Christ on the Cross (c. 1545) – Oil on panel, 145 x 115 cm, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Nice Portrait of Stefano Colonna (1546) – Oil on panel, 125 x 95 cm, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome Portrait of Don Garcia de' Medici (1550) – Oil on panel, Museo del Prado, Madrid Portrait of a Lady (c. 1550) – Oil on wood, 109 x 85 cm, Galleria Sabauda, Turin PortraIt of a Young Man (possibly Pierino da Vinci) (c. 1550) Venus, Cupid and Jealousy (or Envy) (c. 1550) – Oil on wood, 192 x 142 cm, Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune (1550–1555) – Oil on canvas, 115 x 53 cm, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan St. John the Baptist (1550–1555) – Oil on wood, 120 x 92 cm, Galleria Borghese, Rome Portrait of Pierantonio Bandini (c. 1550–1555) – Oil on wood, 106,7 x 82,5 cm, National Gallery of Canada Portrait of Francesco I de' Medici (1551) – Tempera on wood, 58.5 x 41.5 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of Maria de' Medici (1551) – Tempera on wood, 52.5 x 38 cm, Uffizi, Florence Portrait of Ludovico Capponi (1551) – Oil on wood, 117 x 86 cm, Frick Collection, New York Christ in Limbo, 1552, Florence, Museo dell'Opera di Santa Croce Portrait of the Dwarf Nano Morgante (1552) Holy Family (1555–1560) – Tempera on wood, 117 x 99 cm, Pushkin Museum, Moscow Portrait of Laura Battiferri (1555–1560) – Oil on canvas, 83 x 60 cm, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence Noli me tangere (1561) – Oil on canvas, 291 x 195 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris Allegory of Happiness (1564) – Oil on copper, 40 x 30 cm, Uffizi, Florence Deposition of Christ (1565) – Oil on wood, 350 x 235 cm, Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence Martyrdom of St. Lawrence (1569) – Fresco, San Lorenzo, Florence References Footnotes Citations Further reading Maurice Brock, Bronzino, Edition du Régard, Paris 2002. The Drawings of Bronzino, exh. cat. ed. by Carmen C. Bambach, contr. by Elizabeth Pilliod, Marzia Faietti, Janet Cox-Rearick, Philippe Costamagna, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York , 978-0-300-15512-9 Bronzino: pittore e poeta alla corte dei Medici, exh. cat. ed. by Antonio Natali e Carlo Falciani, Palazzo Strozzi, Florence 2010–11. . External links Bronzino: artist and poet. InToscana. Agnolo Bronzino's Biography, Style and Artworks The National Gallery: Agnolo Bronzino Biography Angolo Bronzino at Encyclopaedia Britannica Palazzo Strozzi, Florence/Bruce Adolphe's "Of Art and Onions: Homage to Bronzino" Italian Paintings: Florentine School, a collection catalog containing information about the artist and his works (see pages: 200–204). 1503 births 1572 deaths 16th-century Italian painters Italian male painters Painters from Florence Italian Mannerist painters Italian portrait painters Court painters 16th century in LGBTQ history

1483516

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%2C%20Cupid%2C%20Folly%20and%20Time

Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time

Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (also called An Allegory of Venus and Cupid and A Triumph of Venus) is an allegorical painting of about 1545 by the Florentine painter Agnolo Bronzino. It is now in the National Gallery, London. Scholars do not know for certain what the painting depicts. The painting has come to be known as Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time, and it is generally agreed that these are the principal figures (with "Folly" representing this or the personification of a similar concept). Cupid and Venus kiss in the foreground, while the putto Folly prepares to shower them with rose petals. The bald Time, at the top, looks on and holds a cloth. The meaning of the other three figures and the interactions between them all is much less certain. The painting displays the ambivalence, eroticism, and obscure imagery that are characteristic of the Mannerist period, and of Bronzino's master Pontormo. Painting The painting may have been commissioned by Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany or by Francesco Salviati, to be presented by him as a gift to Francis I of France. Vasari wrote that a Bronzino painting, probably this one, was sent to King Francis, though he does not specify by whom: "He made a picture of singular beauty, which was sent to King Francis in France; in which was a nude Venus with Cupid kissing her, and on one side Pleasure and Play with other Loves; and on the other, Fraud, Jealousy, and other passions of love" (so not mentioning Time). The erotic imagery would have appealed to the tastes prevalent in both the Medici and French courts at this time. The attention to texture and wealth is also consistent with Bronzino's aristocratic patronage. The painting was brought by Napoleon from Paris to Vienna, where in 1813, Johann Keglević gained possession of the painting from Franz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg. Since 1860 it has been in London. The figure of Venus can be likened to a precious object (such as a marble statue) in a luxurious setting, desirable because of her unavailability. In this large, unusually cold composition, which is deliberately constructed on a counterpoint of opposing movements, the finest work is in the treatment of the faces. Bronzino, known above all as a portrait painter, painted several carefully drawn portraits of the Medici family. Scholarly debate Crowded into the claustrophobic foreground of the painting are several figures whose identities have been the subject of extensive scholarly debate. At times it has also been called A Triumph of Venus. Its meaning, however, remains elusive. Cupid, along with his mother (Venus) and the nude putto, to the right, are all posed in a typical Mannerist figura serpentinata form. The two central figures are recognisable as Venus and Cupid. For example, she holds the golden apple she won in the Judgement of Paris, while he sports the characteristic wings and quiver. Both figures are nude, illuminated in a radiant white light. Cupid fondles his mother's bare breast and kisses her lips. The putto to the right of Cupid and Venus, preparing to shower them with rose petals, is often identified as Folly. On closer inspection his right foot can be seen pierced by large rose thorn pieces—an event that has no bearing on his expression, which seems engrossed in the pleasure of the moment. The bearded, bald figure to the upper right of the scene is believed to be Time, in view of the hourglass behind him. He sweeps his arm forcefully out to his right. Again, it is difficult to interpret his gesture with any certainty; it could be to prevent the figure at the far left of the picture from shielding the incestuous transgressions of Venus and the adolescent Cupid with the billowing blue fabric that provides a screen between the figures in the fore and background. Many scholars believe that his gesture seems to say "Time is fleeting, and you never know when it may be all over." The figure opposite Time, and also grasping at the drapery, is usually called Oblivion because of the lack of substance to his form—eyeless sockets and mask-like head. The mask-like face of this figure is echoed by the image of two actual masks in the lower right-hand corner. The identity of the remaining figures is even more ambiguous. The old woman rending her hair (see detail at left) has been called Jealousy—though some believe her to represent the ravaging effects of syphilis. The creature at the right-hand side behind the innocent-looking putto, with a girl's face and a concealed sphinx-like body, her head twisted at an unnatural angle, her hands reversed, extending a honeycomb with her right hand, and hiding behind her back a scorpion's barb at the end of her long serpentine tail, may represent Pleasure and Fraud. There is, however, no consensus on these identifications. In popular culture The foot at the lower left corner is the source of the emblematic Monty Python Foot. The painting is discussed in Iris Murdoch's novel The Nice and the Good. The painting is discussed in Nell Irvin Painter's memoir Old in Art School. The painting is discussed in Robertson Davies' novel What's Bred in the Bone. The painting is mentioned in David Mitchell's The Bone Clocks. The painting is used in Simon Raven's The Survivors as a representation and incitement of the breakdown of Patricia Llewellyn. The painting is the title of Episode 22 of Switched at Birth. The name of the painting is also the name of a box set by the pop band The Divine Comedy "Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time" is the title of a short story by the American writer Peter Taylor. References External links Essay on this painting from the book Beauty and Terror by Brian A. Oard 1545 paintings Paintings by Bronzino Paintings in the National Gallery, London Mannerist paintings Paintings of Venus 16th-century allegorical paintings Allegorical paintings by Italian artists Nude art Birds in art Paintings of Cupid Oil paintings

1483536

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Tcherepnin

Alexander Tcherepnin

Alexander Nikolayevich Tcherepnin (; 21 January 1899 – 29 September 1977) was a Russian-born composer and pianist. His father, Nikolai Tcherepnin (pupil of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov), and his sons, Serge Tcherepnin and Ivan Tcherepnin, as well as two of his grandsons (sons of Ivan), Sergei and Stefan, were composers. His son Serge was involved in the earliest development of electronic music and instruments. His mother was a member of the artistic Benois family, a niece of Alexandre Benois. Biography He was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and played the piano and composed prolifically from a very early age. He was stimulated in this activity by the atmosphere at home, which—thanks to his family's Benois-Diaghilev connection—was a meeting place for many well-known musicians and artists of the day. By the time he began formal theory and composition studies in his late teens, he had already composed hundreds of pieces, including more than a dozen piano sonatas. Among his teachers in Russia were composer Victor Belyayev (pupil of Anatoly Lyadov and Alexander Glazunov), who prepared Tcherepnin for Saint Petersburg Conservatory; Leokadiya Kashperova (renowned pianist, protégée of Anton Rubinstein); and his professor at the Conservatory Nikolay Sokolov (pupil of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov). Notably at that time Tcherepnin's mentor was famous musicologist Alexander Ossovsky, who also was a friend of his father. His works were influenced by composer Alexander Spendiarov. After the 1917 Russian Revolution, the family fled Saint Petersburg and settled for some time in Tbilisi, Georgia. In young Tcherepnin's luggage were some two hundred short piano pieces, quite a number of which eventually reached print (notably in his Bagatelles, Op. 5). In Tbilisi he continued his studies at the conservatory, gave concerts as both pianist and conductor and wrote music for the Kamerny Theatre. Because of the political environment in Tbilisi after Georgia was sovietized, the Tcherepnins chose to leave Russia permanently in 1921. They settled in Paris, where Alexander completed his studies with Paul Vidal and Isidor Philipp, who was the head of the piano department at the Paris Conservatory, and became associated with a group of composers that included Bohuslav Martinů, Marcel Mihalovici and Conrad Beck. Philipp secured the publication of several groups of short piano pieces that Tcherepnin had composed in Russia. From Paris Tcherepnin launched an international career as a pianist and composer. In 1925 he won the Schott Prize with his Concerto da Camera, Op. 33. He began yearly visits to the United States in 1926 and later went to the Far East, making several extended visits to China and Japan between 1934 and 1937. He promoted composers in Japan (Akira Ifukube, Fumio Hayasaka, Bunya Koh, and others) and China (He Luting and others), even founding his own publishing house in Tokyo for the purpose. While in China, he met the young Chinese pianist Lee Hsien Ming (1915–1991), and the two later married in Europe. They had three sons together: Peter, Serge and Ivan. During World War II, he lived in France. The war virtually stopped his musical activities. The immediate postwar period, however, brought a resurgence of creative energies; the result was a number of important works, beginning with Symphony No. 2 (composed 1947, not orchestrated until 1951). In 1948, he went to the United States, settling in Chicago in 1950 and in 1958 acquiring United States citizenship. He and his wife taught at DePaul University in Chicago. His students there included Phillip Ramey, Robert Muczynski, Gloria Coates, and John Downey. Tcherepnin's Symphony No. 3 was written while in Chicago during this time, commissioned in 1951 by Patricia and M. Martin Gordon, who were the founders of Princess Pat, a Chicago-based cosmetic company. The work was dedicated to Patricia Gordon and premiered in 1955 with Fabien Sevitzky conducting the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. Meanwhile, his Symphony No. 2 had its world premiere with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in 1952 under the direction of Rafael Kubelík. In 1957, Tcherepnin completed two major American orchestral commissions: the Divertimento, Op. 90 (for Fritz Reiner and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra) and his Symphony No. 4, Op. 91 (for Charles Munch and the Boston Symphony Orchestra). In 1964 he moved to New York and subsequently divided his time between the United States and Europe. He died in Paris in 1977. The Singapore Symphony Orchestra was the first to record his complete symphony cycle, conducted by Lan Shui. In 2008, these recordings were reissued together with Singapore Symphony performances of his six piano concertos (Noriko Ogawa, pianist), along with the Symphonic Prayer, Op. 93, Magna Mater, Op. 41 and other orchestral works. He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. Style and techniques His output includes three operas, four symphonies, a divertimento (which is a symphony in all but name), six piano concertos, works for ballet, choral music, alto saxophone solo, and a large amount of solo piano music. His Symphony No. 1 (1927) is remarkable for including the first symphonic movement ever written completely for unpitched percussion; this preceded by four years Edgard Varèse's Ionisation of 1931. One of two symphonies left incomplete at his death would have been for percussion alone. Tcherepnin invented his own harmonic languages. The most famous of his synthetic scales, derived by combining minor and major hexachords, has nine notes and consists of three conjunct semitone-tone-semitone tetrachords. This came to be known as the "Tcherepnin scale", and may be classified with Messiaen's modes of limited transposition. He also worked with pentatonic scales, old Russian modal tunes, Georgian harmonies, and a nine-note "chromatic perfect" scale built upon half-step and step-and-a-half intervals. Tcherepnin discussed these techniques in his monograph "Basic Elements of My Musical Language". Works List of compositions by Alexander Tcherepin Works with and without opus numbers are listed in this section, together with their dates of composition. Songs My Flowering Staff (Цветущий Посох) A volume of poems by Sergei Gorodetsky, set to music in a cycle of 36 Songs (incorporating Opp. 15, 16 and 17) (1918–22) Symphony Op. 42 Symphony No. 1 (1927) Op. 77 Symphony No. 2 (1946–51). Op. 83 Symphony No. 3 (1951). 1. Incorporating music from the ballet Dionys (1940) 2. Incorporating music from the ballet Atlantide (1943) 3. Incorporating music from the ballet Le Vendeur des papillons (c.1945) 4. Incorporating music from the ballet Dionys (1940) Op. 91 Symphony No. 4 (1957) Orchestral Op. 5 Bagatelles, version for orchestra (1958) Op. 5 Bagatelles, version for piano and orchestra (1960) Op. 25 Rhapsody georgienne (Georgian Rhapsody) for cello and orchestra (1922) Op. 33 Concerto da Camera for flute, violin and chamber orchestra (1924) Op. 37 3 Stücke fur Kammerorchester (Three Pieces for Chamber Orchestra), 1921–25. 1. Overture 2. Mystère 3. Pour un entrainment de boxe (For a Boxer's Training) Op. 37/2 Mystère for cello and chamber orchestra (1925). Small Ensemble Op. 34 Trio for violin, cello and piano (1925) Op. 38 No. 2 Arrangement for cello and percussion Op. 38 No. 3 Arrangement for cello and strings Op. 38 No. 4 Arrangement for cello and percussion Op. 38 No. 9 Arrangement for cello and strings Op. 38 No. 10 Arrangement for cello and strings Op. 47 Trio Concertante, arrangement for violin, cello, piano and strings (1960). Op. 59 Trio for 3 flutes (1939). Op. 61 Trio for 3 trumpets or clarinets (1939). Op. posth. Canon (1922–23), transcription for piano of Canon for string trio, which is based on the second movement of the cello sonata Piano Op. posth. Sunny Day (Forgotten Bagatelle) for piano (1915). Op. 1 Toccata No. 1 for piano (1921). Op. 2 No. 1 Nocturne No. 1 for piano (1919). Op. 2 No. 2 Danse No. 1 for piano (1919). Op. 3 Scherzo for piano (1917). Op. 4 Sonatine romantique for piano (1918). Op. 5 Bagatelles (10 pieces), original version for piano (1912–18). Revised and edited 1958. Op. 6 Petite Suite for piano (1918–19). Op. 7 Pièces sans titres (8 Pieces Without Title) for piano (1915–17). Op. 8 No. 1 Nocturne No. 2 for piano (1919). Op. 8 No. 2 Danse No. 2 for piano (1919). Op. 9 Eight Preludes for piano (1919–20). Op. 10 Feuilles libres (Loose Pages) for piano (1920). Op. 11 Arabesques for piano (1920–21). Op. 11 No. 5 Arabesque for Violin and Piano (1920–21). Op. 12 Piano Concerto No. 1 (1919–20). Op. 12 Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 1 for 2 pianos. Op. 13 9 Inventions for piano (1920–21). Op. 14 Sonata for Violin and Piano (1921–22). Op. 15 6 Mélodies for soprano or tenor and piano (1921). Op. 16 8 Mélodies for soprano or tenor and piano (1918–22). Op. 17 Haltes (Stops) for soprano or tenor and piano (1918–22). Op. 18 10 Etudes for piano (1915–20). Op. 19 2 Novelettes for piano (1921–22). Op. 20 Toccata No. 2 for piano (1922). Op. 21 6 Études de travail (6 Practice Studies) for piano (1922–23). Op. 22 Piano Sonata No. 1 (1918–19). Op. 23 4 Nostalgic Preludes for piano (1922). Op. 24 4 Preludes for piano (1922–23). Op. 24 No. 3 Arrangement of Prelude No. 3 for two flutes and piano (1971). Op. 25 Rhapsody georgienne, arrangement for cello and piano. Op. 26 Piano Concerto No. 2 (1922–23), original version for smaller orchestra. Op. 26 Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 2 for 2 pianos (1923). Op. 26 Piano Concerto No. 2, reorchestrated for larger orchestra (1950). Op. 27 Slavic Transcriptions for piano (1924). 1. Les Bateliers du Volga (The Volga Boatmen) 2. Chanson pour la cherie (Song for the Beloved) 3. Chanson: Grandrussienne (The Great Russian People) (later title: Russian Song) 4. Le Long du Volga (The Banks of the Volga) 5. Chanson tchèque (Czech Song) Op. 28 Canzona for piano (1924). Op. 29 Sonata No. 1 for cello and piano (1924). Op. 30 No. 1 Sonata No. 2 for cello and piano (1924). Op. 30 No. 2 Sonata No. 3 for cello and piano (1919–26). Op. 31 4 Romances for piano (1924). Op. 33a Intermezzo, arrangement for piano solo of the second movement of Concerto da Camera (1926). Op. 33 Arrangement of Concerto da Camera for flute, violin and piano. Op. 43 Elegy for Violin and Piano (1929). Op. 44 Quintet for piano and strings (1927). Op. posth. Tanz (Dance), arrangement of second movement of the Quintet for piano (1928) Op. 46 Entretiens (Conversations), piano solo (1930). Op. 47 Concertino for violin, cello, piano and string orchestra (1930–31). Op. 47 Concertino, original version for 12 solo strings and piano (1930). Op. 47 Concertino, version for clarinet, bassoon, piano and strings (1944). Op. 47 Triple Concertino, definitive version for violin, cello, piano and orchestra (1965). Op. 48 Piano Concerto No. 3 (1931–32). Op. 48 Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 3 for 2 pianos. Op. 49 Duo for violin and cello (1932). Op. 50 Dances russes (1933). Op. 51 Étude du piano sur la gamme pentatonique (Piano Study on the Pentatonic Scale) (1934–35). No. 1. Première suite (1934) No. 2. Deuxième suite (1934) No. 3. Bagatelles chinoises (Chinese Bagatelles) (1935) Op. 52 Five Concert Etudes (1934–36). No. 1 Shadow Play No. 2 The Lute No. 3 Homage to China No. 4 Punch and Judy No. 5 Chant Op. 53 Technical Exercises on the Five Note Scale, piano studies (1934–36) Op. 56 7 Etudes for piano (1938). Op. 57 Suite georgienne (Georgian Suite) for piano and strings (1938). Op. 57 Arrangement of Suite georgienne for 2 pianos. Op. 57 Suite georgienne, version for 1 piano 4 hands. Op. 57 / WoO Dialogue, arrangement of second movement of Georgian Suite for piano solo (1952). Op. 58 Sonatina for timpani and piano (1939) Op. 36b Histoire de la petite Thérèse de l'enfant Jésus (The Story of Little Therese of Infant Jesus), 13 short pieces for piano. Op. 37/2 Mystère, arrangement for cello and piano Op. 37/3c Training, piano reduction by Tcherepnin (1930). Op. 38 12 Preludes (Violoncelle bien tempéré) (The Well-Tempered Cello) for cello and piano (1925–26). Op. 39 Message, piano solo (1926). Op. 39b Voeux (Wishes), piano solo (1926) Op. 63 Sonatine sportive for alto saxophone or bassoon and piano (1939). Op. 63 Sonatine sportive, version for cello and piano (1939). Op. posth. Sonata in One Movement for clarinet and piano (1939). Op. 64 Andante for tuba or bass trombone and piano (1939). Op. 65 Pour Petits et Grands (For Young and Old), 12 piano pieces of medium difficulty (1940). Op. 66 Chant et refrain (Song and Refrain), piano solo (1940) Op. 81 Expressions, piano solo (1951). Op. 82 Songs Without Words, piano solo (1951). No. 1 Elegy No. 2 Rondel No. 3 Enigma No. 4 The Juggler No. 5 Hymn to Our Lady Op. 84 Songs and Dances for Cello and Piano (1953). Op. 85 12 Preludes for piano (1952–53). Op. 95 Cycle of 7 Chinese Folksongs for bass or other voices and piano (1962). In Chinese and English. Op. 96 Piano Concerto No. 5 (1963), original version for large orchestra. Op. 96 Piano Concerto No. 5 (1963), version for piano and small orchestra. Op. 96 Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 5 for 2 pianos Quartet Op. 36 String Quartet No. 1 (Love Offering of St. Theresa) (1922) Op. 40 String Quartet No. 2 (1926) Op. 60 Quartet for 4 flutes (1939) Ballet Op. 37/3b Training, ballet in one scene (1922) Op. 32 Ajanta's Frescoes, ballet in four scenes (1923) Op. 55 Trepak, ballet in three scenes (with Serge Sudeikin) (1937) Op. 79 La Femme et son ombre (The Woman and her Shadow), ballet (1948). Op. 79a Japanese Suite, orchestral suite from the ballet The Woman and her Shadow (1948) Op. 87 Suite for Orchestra (1953), suite for orchestra comprising first three movements from the ballet Le Gouffre. Op. 87b Le Gouffre (The Abyss), ballet (1949) Op. 92 Georgiana (1958–59), suite for orchestra from the ballet Chota Rostaveli (1946). Op. posth. Suite de ballet, arrangement after the second act of the ballet Chota Rostaveli for 2 pianos and percussion (1946) Other Op. 35 Ol-Ol, opera in five scenes (1930). Op. 36a Musica Sacra (1973). Arrangement (with Kurt Redel) for string orchestra from String Quartet No. 1 (1922). Op. 37/3 Training version for oboe and bassoon with chamber orchestra Op. 41 Magna Mater (1926–27). (Op. 42) Scherzo for percussion ensemble, from Symphony No. 1. Op. 45 Die Hochzeit der Sobeide (The Wedding of Sobeide), opera in three scenes (1928–30). In German. Op. 45a Festmusik (Celebration Music), suite from the opera Die Hochzeit der Sobeide (1930). Op. 58 Sonatina, arranged for timpani and orchestra (1954). Op. 58 Sonatina for timpani and band (1963). Op. 62 March for 3 trumpets in B-flat (1939). Op. 67 Romantic Overture (1942). Op. 68 2 Mélodies for soprano or tenor and piano (1946). Op. 69 Evocation (Enfance do Saint-Nino) (The Childhood of Saint Nino) (1944). Op. 70 Mouvement perpetuel for Violin and Piano (1944). Op. 71 7 Songs on Chinese Poems for soprano or tenor and piano (1945). Text in Chinese, Russian and English. Op. 72 The Nymph and the Farmer, opera in two scenes (1952). In French, German or English. Op. 73 Les Douze (The Twelve) for narrator and small orchestra (1945). Text in Russian, French, German or English. Op. 73 Les Douze, version for narrator and piano. Op. 74 Nativity Play, cantata for 2 sopranos, tenor, bass, chorus (optional), string orchestra and percussion (1945). Text in English, French, German or Russian. Op. 74 Nativity Play, version for soloists, chorus, string orchestra and percussion. Op. 74 Nativity Play, version for voice and piano. Op. 75 Le Monde en vitrine (Showcase), piano solo (1946). Op. 76 Suite for cello solo (1946). Op. 77 Symphony No. 2 (1946–51). Op. 78 Piano Concerto No. 4 (Fantasy) (1947). Op. 78 Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 4 for 2 pianos. Op. 80 Symphonic March, original version for orchestra (1951). Op. 80 Symphonic March, version for band (1954). Op. 83 Symphony No. 3 (1951). 1. Incorporating music from the ballet Dionys (1940) 2. Incorporating music from the ballet Atlantide (1943) 3. Incorporating music from the ballet Le Vendeur des papillons (1945) 4. Incorporating music from the ballet Dionys (1940) Op. 86 Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra (1953). Op. 86 Arrangement of Concerto for harmonica and piano. Op. 87b Rondo, arrangement for 2 pianos of final movement of Suite for Orchestra (1952). Op. 88 8 Pieces for Piano (1954–55) No. 1 Meditation No. 2 Intermezzo No. 3 Reverie No. 4 Impromptu No. 5 Invocation No. 6 The Chase No. 7 Etude No. 8 Burlesque Op. 89 The Lost Flute, for narrator and orchestra (1954). Op. 90 Divertimento (1955–57). Op. 91 Symphony No. 4 (1957). Op. 93 Symphonisches Gebet (Symphonic Prayer) (1959). Op. 94 Piano Sonata No. 2 (1961?). Op. 97 Serenade for Strings (1964). Op. 98 Vom Spass und Ernst (Of Things Light and Earnest), folksong cantata for contralto or bass and string orchestra (1964). Text in Russian, German or English. Op. 99 Piano Concerto No. 6 (1965). Op. 99 Arrangement of Piano Concerto No. 6 for 2 pianos. Op. 100 Suite for harpsichord (1966). Op. 101 Sonata da Chiesa for viola da gamba and organ (1966). Op. 101 Sonata da Chiesa, version for viola da gamba, string quintet, flute and cembalo. Op. 102 Mass for 3 Equal Voices (2 sopranos and alto, a cappella) (1966). Op. 103 6 Liturgical Chants for Mixed Chorus a cappella (1967). 1. Cherubim song 2. O My God 3. Light So Tender 4. Prayer to the Holy Spirit 5. Transfiguration 6. Alleluia Op. 104 4 Russian Folksongs for Mixed Chorus a cappella (1967). 1. Hills 2. Shali-Vali 3. Complaint 4. Nonsense Song Op. 105 Brass quintet (1970). Op. 106 Russian Sketches, for youth orchestra (1971). Op. 106 Russian Sketches, version for band (1977). Op. 107 Woodwind quintet (1976). Op. 108 (posth.) Duo for 2 Flutes (1977). Op. 109 Opivochki (Little Dregs), 39 miscellaneous short pieces for piano in various styles (1975–77). No Opus WoO [Work without Opus] Old Saint Petersburg, waltz for piano (1917). WoO Ballade for piano (1917). WoO A Contented Man, song for bass and piano (1918). WoO Ode for cello and piano (1919). WoO Episodes – Priskaski (Fleas), 12 simple pieces for piano (1912–20). WoO Étude de concert (Concert Etude) for piano (1920). WoO Romance for violin and small orchestra (1922). WoO Romance for violin and piano (1922). WoO Pour la paix en Orient (For Peace in the Orient), piano solo (1926). Originally intended as one movement of Voeux. WoO / Op. posth. Study for soprano or tenor and piano (1927). Former title: Vocalise-Étude for voice. WoO Die Heirate (The Marriage), opera in two scenes; music of first scene by Modest Moussorgsky (1863); music of second scene by Tcherepnin (1934–35). Orchestrations by Tcherepnin. In German or Russian. WoO Autour des montagnes russes (Riding the Roller Coaster), piano solo (1937). WoO La Legende de Razin (The Legend of Razin), ballet in three scenes (1940–41). Original title Stenka Razin. WoO La Foire do Sorotchinski (Sorochinsky Fair), ballet with music by Modest Moussorgsky, completed and orchestrated by Tcherepnin (1940). WoO Dionys, Ballet mythologique (1940). Incorporated into Symphony No. 3, movements 1 and 4. WoO Suite populaire russe for small orchestra (1941). WoO Badinage, piano solo (1941). WoO Vivre d'amour (Hymn of Love), lyric cantata for soloists, chorus and orchestra (1942). Text in English and French. WoO Atlantide, ballet (1943). Incorporated into Symphony No. 3, movement 2. WoO Valse orientale for piano, flute, xylophone and strings (1943). WoO Polka, original version for piano solo (1944). WoO Le Vendeur des papillons (The Butterfly Salesman), ballet (1945). Incorporated into Symphony No. 3, movement 3. WoO 2 Songs for soprano or tenor and piano (1945). WoO Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (Picnic on the Grass), ballet based on the music of Joseph Lanner (1945–46). WoO Rondo à la russe, piano solo (1946). WoO L'Écolier paresseux (The Lazy Scholar), folksong for voice and piano (1947). WoO J'avais mal ... (I Was Sick ... ), folksong for voice and piano (1947). WoO La Quatrième (The Fourth Republic), piano solo (1948–49). WoO La Colline des phantômes (The Hill of Phantoms) ballet (1953). WoO Pastoral, arrangement for piano solo from The Lost Flute (1955). WoO Polka, version for orchestra (1956) after original for piano (1944). WoO 17 Piano Pieces for Beginners (1954–57). WoO Exploring the Piano: 12 duets for beginner and teacher–pianist (1958). WoO Trio for flute, violin and cello (1960). WoO Fanfare for brass ensemble and percussion (1961). WoO Partita for accordion (1961). WoO Processional and Recessional for organ (1962). WoO Tzigane for accordion (1966). WoO Invention for accordion (1967). WoO The Story of Ivan the Fool (1968), music for a radio play, for narrator, vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra and electronic sound. WoO Ascension, piano solo (1969). WoO Ein Kleines Lied (A Little Song) for soprano or tenor and piano (1970). WoO Baptism Cantata for children's chorus, solo voice, recorders, flutes, strings, organ, and optional participation of the congregation (1972). WoO 4 Caprices diatoniques for harp or Celtic harp (1973). WoO Two Pieces for Children, piano solo (1976). No. 1 Indian Trail No. 2 Celebration Transcription for piano of 19th Century Russian church choir music by Bortniansky, Degtiareff and Berezovsky (1920). Arrangement for piano of Domenico Zipoli's organ piece All'Offertorio (1920). Free adaptation of Anton Rubinstein's Nocturne in F major, Op. 44 No. 5, piano solo (1920). Arrangement for piano of Chant hindou (Hindu Song) from Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's opera Sadko (1922). Music for the TV film The Unknown India (1936). 12 Favorite Pieces for Children from the Russian Masters, arranged for piano (1937). Music for a TV production of Swan Lake (1948). Music for the TV film The Cadets' Ball (1948). Music for the play King Lear (1950). Music for the play Blood Wedding (1951). Music for the play Fenelon (1951). Music for the TV film Crisis in Suez (1961). Music for the TV film Catch the Graf Spee (1962). Music for the TV film Retreat from Arnhem (1962). Music for the TV film Attack on Singapore (1963). Recordings Recordings of compositions by Alexander Tcherepnin Documents Letters by Alexander Tcherepnin held by the , company archives of the music publishing house C. F. Peters (Leipzig). References Sources Further reading Arias, Enrique Alberto. 1982–83. "Alexander Tcherepnin's Thoughts on Music". Perspectives of New Music 21:138–143. Arias, Enrique Alberto. 1986. "The Symphonies of Alexander Tcherepnin". Tempo, new series, no. 158:23–31. Arias, Enrique Alberto. 1989. Alexander Tcherepnin: A Bio-Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press. Tcherepnin, Alexander. 1979. "A Short Autobiography". Tempo, no. 130:12–18. External links Biography of Alexander Tcherepnin – The Tcherepnin Society Alexander Tcherepnin: The Saga of a Russian Emigré Composer 1899 births 1977 deaths 20th-century classical composers Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States DePaul University faculty American male classical composers American classical composers Russian classical composers Russian male classical composers American people of Russian descent Benois family Composers from Saint Petersburg Alexander Pupils of Isidor Philipp 20th-century American composers 20th-century American male musicians

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftali%20Hertz%20ben%20Yaakov%20Elchanan

Naftali Hertz ben Yaakov Elchanan

Naftali Hertz ben Yaakov Elchanan (Bacharach) (17th century) was a German rabbi, born in Frankfurt, author of the controversial work Emeq HaMelekh (Valley of the King, 1648, Amsterdam) on the subject of the Lurianic Kabbalah. Works His most well-known work, Emeq HaMelekh, was based mainly on Israel Sarug's Limmudei Azilut (published 1897), incorporating large portions of that text. It seems very likely that Bacharach borrowed heavily from many sources (including Sarug, Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, and Shabbetai Horowitz) without acknowledging the debt (Scholem 1974). The book had a major impact on later kabbalah as it was regarded among many, including the Chabad Hasidim and the followers of the Vilna Gaon, as an authoritative statement of Luria's kabbala. Its influence is also evident in Ramchal's system. The book indicates that, prior to the conquest of Jerusalem and the Babylonian captivity, the prophet Jeremiah hid the treasures of Solomon's Temple, with the assistance of five others. Although Emeq HaMelekh contained approbations from well-respected scholars, it also met with substantial disapproval from contemporary kabbalists such as Chaim Joseph David Azulai, Berechiah Berak, and Moses Hagiz. The book Emeq HaMelekh is the source for the famous story about the historic Avraham Avinu synagogue in Hebron. According to the introduction, a stranger appeared on the evening of Yom Kippur to serve as the 10th man of the minyan and thus complete the required number of people for a prayer service. After Yom Kippur, the rest of the congregation couldn't find him. That night, the hazzan of the synagogue dreamed that the man was speaking to him and told him that he was Avraham Avinu, the Patriarch of the Jewish people who is buried nearby in the Cave of Machpela. The full text of this story and the original cover of the book today hang on a plaque in the Avraham Avinu synagogue. The second part of this work, under the title Gan HaMelekh, is a commentary on passages of the Zohar. It is still in manuscript. Translations The first two "Gates" of Sefer Emeq HaMelekh were translated into English. References Bachrach, Naftali Hertz (2013) Sefer Emek haMelech (Hebrew Edition, reprinting) Brief explanation and English translation of Emeq HaMelekh Eliezer Baumgarten, Comments on Rav Naftali Bachrach's Usage of Pre-Lurianic Sources`, AJS Review 37:2 (November 2013) pp. 1–23 17th-century German rabbis Kabbalists German Orthodox rabbis Rabbis from Frankfurt Year of death unknown Year of birth unknown

1483541

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Hallows%2C%20Allerton

Church of All Hallows, Allerton

The Church of All Hallows is in Allerton, Liverpool, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Liverpool, the archdeaconry of Liverpool and the deanery of Liverpool South – Childwall. History The church was built at the expense of John Bibby of the Bibby Line in memory of his first wife, at a cost of £20,000 (equivalent to £ in ). It was designed by G. E. Grayson. The foundation stone was laid on 31 October 1872, and the church was consecrated on 10 August 1876 by the Bishop of Chester. During the Second World War the stained glass was removed to Slaidburn for safety and replaced by plain glass. This was destroyed in an air raid and the stained glass was returned in 1946. Architecture Exterior The church is built with red sandstone on its exterior and white stone from Storeton on the interior. The chancel is lined with square of red and green jasper, and the chancel steps and the base of the pulpit are in black Vaulsort marble. Its architectural style is Gothic Revival, with a mixture of Decorated and Perpendicular styles. The tower is described as being a "mighty Perpendicular tower of the Somerset type". Interior The finest feature of the church is its stained glass. Of the 15 windows, 14 were designed by Edward Burne-Jones, with some input from William Morris, and were made by Morris & Co. Pollard and Pevsner consider that the west and east windows are the best. The east window was made in 1875–86 and depicts the Adoration of the Lamb. Burne-Jones also claimed that this was his finest piece of work. The west window depicts the Four Evangelists. The window in the south transept was built in 1879 and depicts four holy men; Noah, Moses, Daniel and St Paul. In the north transept dating from 1880 are four holy women: Mary, the sister of Aaron, Ruth the Moabitess, Queen Esther and the Blessed Virgin. The north chancel windows followed in 1881; they depict angels and are memorials windows to John Bibby's children. The eight windows in the aisles were made between 1882 and 1886 and depict incidents from the life of Jesus. The other window is at the east end of the north transept and was made by Heaton, Butler and Bayne. Also in the church are memorials to members of the Bibby family. One represents an earlier John Bibby who died in 1811. It is by William Spence and contains a standing figure of Hope. This memorial was moved from St Thomas' Church, Seaforth in 1978. Another memorial is to Mrs Bibby by Frederigo Fabiani. Images See also Grade I listed buildings in Merseyside Grade I listed churches in Merseyside List of works by Grayson and Ould References Buildings by Grayson and Ould Church of All Hallows Grade I listed churches in Merseyside Churches in Liverpool Church of England church buildings in Merseyside Anglican Diocese of Liverpool Churches completed in 1876 19th-century Church of England church buildings Gothic Revival church buildings in England Gothic Revival architecture in Merseyside

1483543

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonetidae

Leptonetidae

Leptonetidae is a family of small spiders adapted to live in dark and moist places such as caves. The family is relatively primitive having diverged around the Middle Jurassic period. They were first described by Eugène Simon in 1890. Distinguishing characteristics Leptonetids are small, with most falling between 2 and 5mm in total length. They are generally pale in color and feature a greenish or bluish shine due to microscopic texture on the cuticle of their exoskeleton. Those species which have retained their eyes, have 6 eyes set in a distinctive pattern, with posterior pair set back from the others. If a spider from this family looses a leg, it usually separates between the patella and tibia rather than at the coxa/trochanter joint. Habitat Many live in caves or in leaf litter around the Mediterranean, and in Eurasia, Japan and southern North America. Genera , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera: Appaleptoneta Platnick, 1986 — United States Barusia Kratochvíl, 1978 — Montenegro, Croatia, Greece Calileptoneta Platnick, 1986 — United States Cataleptoneta Denis, 1955 — Asia, Europe Chisoneta Ledford & Griswold, 2011 — United States, Mexico Falcileptoneta Komatsu, 1970 — Japan, Korea Jingneta Wang & Li, 2020 Leptoneta Simon, 1872 — Europe, Asia, Algeria Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978 — Greece, Asia Longileptoneta Seo, 2015 — Korea Masirana Kishida, 1942 — Japan, Korea Montanineta Ledford & Griswold, 2011 — United States Neoleptoneta Brignoli, 1972 — Mexico Ozarkia Ledford & Griswold, 2011 — United States Paraleptoneta Fage, 1913 — Algeria, Italy Protoleptoneta Deltshev, 1972 — Europe Rhyssoleptoneta Tong & Li, 2007 — China Sulcia Kratochvíl, 1938 — Europe Tayshaneta Ledford & Griswold, 2011 — United States Teloleptoneta Ribera, 1988 — Portugal Yueleptoneta Tong, 2022 Two genera have been moved to the family Archoleptonetidae: Archoleptoneta Gertsch, 1974 — United States Darkoneta Ledford & Griswold, 2010 — North America, Central America See also List of Leptonetidae species References Further reading Gertsch, W.J. (1978). The spider family Leptonetidae in North America. Journal of Arachnology 1:145-203. PDF Platnick, N.I. (1986). On the tibial and patellar glands, relationships, and American genera of the spider family Leptonetidae (Arachnida, Araneae). American Museum Novitates 2855. PDF External links Arachnology Home Pages: Araneae Platnick, N.I. 2003. World Spider Catalog Araneomorphae families

1483562

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ware%20Lawton

Henry Ware Lawton

Henry Ware Lawton (March 17, 1843 – December 19, 1899) was a U.S. Army officer who served with distinction in the Civil War, the Apache Wars, and the Spanish–American War. He received the Medal of Honor for heroism during the American Civil War. He was the only U.S. general officer to be killed during the Philippine–American War and the first general officer of the United States killed in overseas action. The city of Lawton, Oklahoma, takes its name from General Lawton, as does a borough in the city of Havana, Cuba. Liwasang Bonifacio (Bonifacio Square) in downtown Manila was formerly named Plaza Lawton in his honor. Early life Lawton was born on March 17, 1843, in Maumee, Ohio. He was the son of millwright George W. Lawton and Catherine (née Daley) who had been married in December 1836. Henry had two brothers, George S. and Manley Chapin. In 1843, Lawton's father moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, to work on a mill. The family followed him the same year. George went to California in 1850 to build shakers for the gold miners. He returned to Ft. Wayne later in 1853 and shortly after, on January 21, 1854, his wife Catherine died. She had been living with family members in or near Birmingham and Sandusky, Ohio, during George's absence. According to accounts given years later by Andrew J. Barney, a resident of the area and family friend, Henry attended public school in Florence Township, Ohio, from 1850 to 1854. Barney married the sister of Henry's mother in 1856 and for a time, Henry lived with the Barney family, and with his aunt, Marie Lawton, of Sandusky. He traveled with his father to Iowa and Missouri in 1857, returning to Fort Wayne in 1858. He enrolled at the Methodist Episcopal College in 1858 and was studying there when the American Civil War began. Civil War Lawton was among the first to respond to President Abraham Lincoln's call for three-month volunteers. He enlisted in Company E of the 9th Indiana Volunteers, and was mustered into service on April 24, 1861, as one of the four company sergeants. He saw action at Philippi, Laurel Hill, and Corrick's Ford, in what is now West Virginia. He was mustered out on July 29, 1861, and returned home. Colonel Sion S. Bass was then organizing the 30th Indiana Infantry, and Lawton re-enlisted. The 30th Indiana Infantry mustered into service on August 20, 1861. Lawton was his company's first sergeant but was promoted to 1st lieutenant on August 20. The 30th joined the Army of the Ohio, under General Don Carlos Buell in Kentucky and remained there for a brief period. The army moved on to Tennessee early in 1862. Its first major engagement was at the Battle of Shiloh, where Lawton's regiment suffered heavy losses. Lawton had experienced one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. His unit moved on and fought at the Siege of Corinth in Mississippi. Lawton's unit also fought at Iuka while attached to Buell's forces. At the age of nineteen, on May 7, 1862, outside of Corinth, he was promoted to the rank of captain. He fought at the battles of Stones River and Chickamauga and saw action in over 22 major engagements. He received the Medal of Honor years later for his bravery at the Atlanta campaign. He was a brevet colonel at the end of the war. After the war, Lawton became a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Indian Wars After the Civil War he studied at Harvard Law School, graduating in 1866, before returning to the army. Lawton wanted a Captain's commission in the Army but did not receive it. Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan wrote recommendations supporting Lawton's efforts to rejoin the Army. Sheridan strongly urged Lawton to accept a 2nd lieutenant's commission, which he did, joining the 41st Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie on July 28, 1866. Lawton served for many years under Mackenzie, mainly as quartermaster, and also as a close confidant. He developed a reputation as a fierce and determined fighter as well as one of the most organized quartermasters in the service. Lawton served with Mackenzie in most of the major Indian campaigns in the southwest, including the Fourth Cavalry's victory at the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. While earning a reputation as a fierce and tenacious fighter, Lawton was also regarded as having compassion for the Indians. Among those who respected Lawton was Wooden Leg, a Northern Cheyenne who was in a group of Cheyenne escorted by then Lieutenant Lawton to a southern reservation. Lawton also served as an advocate for the Indians on the reservation when he learned that the local Indian agency was short-changing the Indians on their food allotments. On March 20, 1879, Lawton was promoted to the rank of captain in the regular army. In 1883, Lawton and Major William F. Tucker claimed 800 acres overlapping a traditional farming village near the Zuni Indian Reservation. The area, now desired for cattle ranching, was omitted from reservation borders in 1877. Lawton and Tucker were opposed by anthropologist Frank Hamilton Cushing, Chicago Inter-Ocean editor William Eleroy Curtis, and Boston Herald reporter Sylvester Baxter. In May 1883, US President Chester A. Arthur responded to the controversy with an executive order, expanding the reservation to include the contested village. In 1886, he was in command of B Troop, 4th Cavalry, at Fort Huachuca and was selected by Nelson Miles to lead the expedition that captured Geronimo. Stories abound as to who actually captured Geronimo, or to whom he surrendered. For Lawton's part, he was given orders to lead actions south of the U.S.-Mexico boundary where it was thought Geronimo and a small band of his followers would take refuge from U.S. authorities. Lawton was to pursue, subdue, and return Geronimo to the U.S., dead or alive. Lawton's official report dated September 9, 1886, sums up the actions of his unit and gives credit to a number of his troopers for their efforts. At the same time, in his typical fashion, Lawton takes no credit for himself. Geronimo himself gave credit to Lawton's tenacity for wearing the Apaches down with constant pursuit. Geronimo and his followers had little or no time to rest or stay in one place. Completely worn out, the little band of Apaches returned to the U.S. with Lawton and officially surrendered to General Nelson A. Miles on September 4, 1886. While debate continues as to whom Geronimo surrendered, Native Americans rarely "surrendered" to junior officers. They usually surrendered to general officers. At various times after the campaign, Lawton was questioned by friends about the campaign. He remained tightlipped and stated that his unit simply pursued Geronimo and brought him back. On September 17, 1888, Lawton was promoted to major, inspector general of the Army. On February 12, 1889, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, inspector general. His duties provided him with many opportunities to develop improvements in organization and equipment for the Army and he worked in this capacity for most of the time up until the Spanish–American War. Spanish–American War In May 1898, Lawton was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and assumed command of the 2nd Division, Fifth Army Corps, serving under General William Rufus Shafter. His unit was sent to Cuba, where it spearheaded the invasion of Cuba at Daiquiri, a shallow beach area east of Santiago. The landing of American forces took place on June 22, 1898. Lawton's force of 6,000 troops moved inland as Spanish forces retreated and he reached Siboney on June 23. General Joseph Wheeler took it upon himself to jump ahead of plan and found himself in a fierce fire fight with the Spanish at the Battle of Las Guasimas. Wheeler elected to send word back to Lawton for help and Lawton's unit rushed forward to help Wheeler from his difficulties but the battle was over by the time Lawton's lead regiments arrived and they took no part in the fighting. The fact that the Spanish did not put up a prolonged resistance gave the Americans the impression they would be easy to defeat. This resulted in some miscalculations regarding the Spanish capabilities in planning future engagements. Lawton's division was sent to take the Spanish fortress at El Caney. Preparation for the Cuban campaign had been helter-skelter and Shafter failed to disembark his siege guns. Moreover, he did not have mounted cavalry, necessary for a thorough reconnaissance of the terrain prior to engaging the Spanish forces. Generals Chaffee, Kent, and Wheeler all did independent recon prior to the El Caney and San Juan hill engagements but they provided an overly optimistic assessment of the difficulties ahead. Chaffee submitted his battle plan to Lawton who read and signed it without change. In the pre-battle meeting, Shafter and his generals agreed that El Caney would require no more than two hours to take. In the following Battle of El Caney, Lawton's division suffered heavy casualties but eventually took the city and linked up with the rest of the U.S. forces on San Juan Hill for the Siege of Santiago. Once Santiago had fallen, Lawton wanted to be returned to the U.S. along with General Shafter and Fifth Corps; however, the War Department selected him as military governor of Santiago de Cuba province, a position he held from early August to early October 1898. A number of problems faced Lawton and Leonard Wood. One major problem involved the health of the American troops and the priority of returning many of them home for medical treatment. The problem of sanitation in the city of Santiago itself also had to be addressed. Many of the residents were under nourished, ill, and in need of medical attention. Civil order had to be restored and unruly Cuban soldiers, still bearing arms, were ordered to remain outside the city. Conflicts with the police occurred because they were holdovers from the Spanish regime and continued to treat the citizens in an oppressive fashion. Bars and saloons were closed for a period of time and basic law enforcement became one of the duties of Lawton and his men. Lawton had a penchant for hands-on involvement alongside his troops and was personally engaged in the day-to-day post war activity. There are news reports of Lawton personally removing insurgent flags from public buildings and working alongside his troops to maintain order. Lawton immediately tackled the problem of law enforcement, ridding the police of its Spanish officers and replacing them with Cubans. By the end of summer, he had re-established a mounted police unit made up of Cubans to maintain order in Santiago. Eventually, taverns were re-opened and the locals were once again allowed to pursue their social pastimes. Lawton also re-established commerce in the city and outlying areas, all the way to Havana. He worked with the Customs Bureau to create an equitable system of collections and was praised by the bureau head in Cuba for his work in raising and protecting a substantial amount of money. Disgruntled Cuban generals who early had taken their troops into the interior and posed a threat to the U.S. presence were invited by Lawton to participate in local government and in fact, became quite instrumental in establishing and protecting the peace. Lawton suffered from a fever, possibly malaria, on and off between July and October. This fact was detected by only a few correspondents. For his part, Lawton did not make light of the illness except to a few close friends with whom he corresponded. His real condition may have been "recurring" malarial fever since he had been diagnosed with the illness, as well as dysentery in 1876. According to National Archive records, the army surgeon who diagnosed his condition at that time recommended a six-month leave in a different climate from the one in which he was stationed. His illness forced him to take a medical leave of absence on October 6, 1898. He returned to the U.S. on October 13 and shortly thereafter, began his preparation for the assignment that would take him to the Philippines. It has been speculated that Lawton may have been relieved due to drinking, yet, no evidence has surfaced to confirm that rumor. One source for the information was a 'phantom' (unnamed) correspondent for the New York Evening Sun and the second was Leonard Wood, a "moralistically intolerant" person who was later believed by many in the Army to have stabbed his friend Lawton in the back. Considering the number of correspondents in Santiago on the prowl for news, or possibly a scoop, any misbehavior on the part of a senior American general would have been detected and reported. Not one irregularity showed up about Lawton over the course of three months and hundreds of news reports. Private letters to close personal friends in the U.S. from Lawton revealed that he was concerned with the number of his troops suffering from disease, and that he was experiencing a fever, perhaps malaria, and did not like being assigned to a desk job. He was already looking ahead to a role in the Philippine campaign. Whatever reason for his return to the states, he came back as a major-general of volunteers, having been promoted within a week or so of his landing in Cuba. When Lawton returned, he joined General Shafter for a short period of time and then went on to Washington, D.C., where he was in conference with President William McKinley, Adjutant General Henry C. Corbin, and Secretary of War Russell A. Alger concerning conditions in Cuba. He also testified before the commission investigating the Santiago campaign and was given temporary command of the Fourth Army Corps in Huntsville on December 22. On December 29, Secretary Alger announced to the press that Lawton was being placed in command of the Army field forces in the Philippines and would be reporting to General Elwell Stephen Otis, the military governor, within a short time. Lawton also toured the country with President McKinley, and other dignitaries during the Peace Jubilee. Philippine–American War With the fighting against the Spanish over, Lawton was transferred to the Philippines to command the 1st Division of Eighth Army Corps during the Philippine–American War. He sailed from New York aboard USAT Grant on 17 January 1899 and arrived in the Philippines on 10 March 1899. There, he played a significant part in the military victories during the first part of the war, scoring victories at Santa Cruz and Zapote Bridge. He was able to inspire troops by his personal leadership and successfully incorporated tactics learned while fighting Indians in the American West. His competency and military achievements made for bad relations between him and the Eighth Corps commander, Otis. Despite this, Lawton was very popular among his men and the general public and was so respected by the colonial Americans in the Philippines that his image appeared on Filipino currency issued during the American colonial period in the 1920s. A major plaza in downtown Manila was named Lawton Plaza, which was later renamed in 1963 to Liwasang Bonifacio. After the Battle of San Isidro, a letter arrived at the Eighth Corps headquarters with the message: "Otis. Manila: Convey to General Law[ton] and the gallant men of his command congratulations on the successful operations during the past month, resulting in the capture this morning of San Isidro." The letter was signed by President William McKinley. Lawton continued to experience personal attacks on his reputation. General Charles King, upon returning to the U.S. had dinner with General Shafter. Shafter informed King that someone high in the chain of command in Manila was spreading rumors about Lawton being on drinking sprees in Manila which King emphatically denied. King wrote Lawton about his meeting with Shafter, who in turn wrote adjutant general Corbin. Apparently the rumors caused Otis to write to the Adjutant General on July 11, 1899. Corbin in turn wrote McKinley's personal secretary who had inquired about the rumors and labeled the whole affair as "mischievous gossip." (The letters are located in the McKinley Papers, Vol. 36, reel 7 of the Library of Congress.) General Emilio Aguinaldo, first President of the Philippines, referred to Lawton as "The General of the Night." When asked why he used that reference, Aguinaldo replied that Lawton was a night general and had attacked him (Aguinaldo) so often at night, he never knew when Lawton was coming. During the Battle of San Mateo, Lawton was, as usual, in the midst of the fighting and was killed by a Filipino sharpshooter, coincidentally under the command of a general named Licerio Gerónimo who possibly had Native American descent himself as Indians (Native Americans), Mestizos, and Criollos were once sent by Spain to serve as soldiers in the Philippines. He was the highest ranking American officer to fall in battle in either the Spanish–American or Philippine–American Wars. A vacancy had existed for a brigadier general in the Regular Army, and rumors had circulated for months as to whom the President would promote. The final tribute of recognition from the President and army had already been paid in the form of the promotion for Lawton on the day of his death. The adjutant general's office was processing the promotion when word was received in the White House of Lawton's death. Lawton laid in repose at the chapel in Paco Cemetery Manila. His body left the Philippines on board the U.S. Army Transport Thomas on December 30, 1899. The Thomas reached the shores of San Francisco on Tuesday, January 30, 1900. Lawton was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery on February 3, 1900. Tributes Nine years after his death in the Philippines a statue was commissioned by Indianapolis city leaders and erected on the grounds of the Marion County Courthouse. The statue itself was created in 1906 and won a prize for heroic statuary at the Paris Salon competition in that year, a first for an American entry into that competition. The dedication ceremony for the statue was presided over by President Theodore Roosevelt and Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks, a fellow Hoosier. The Hoosier Poet, James Whitcomb Riley, composed a poem to commemorate the event, which was one of few appearances he made in the last years of his life as he suffered lingering complications from a stroke. In 1917 the monument was moved to Indianapolis's Garfield Park and rededicated. In Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he was raised, Northside Park was renamed in his honor in 1900 and a bronze statue of him was erected in the town's Lakeside Park in 1921. In Lawton Park, a memorial featuring a cannon from his time in the Philippines is on display on a limestone base. In Manila, the plaza fronting the Manila Central Post Office building was named "Plaza Lawton" before it was renamed in 1963 as Liwasang Bonifacio after the Philippine hero Andrés Bonifacio. Today, the name Lawton is used to refer to the area in between the post office building (including Liwasang Bonifacio and the Manila Metropolitan Theater) all the way up to the Park n' Ride in Padre Burgos. In addition, the main road leading to the Manila American Cemetery was named Lawton Avenue in his honor. In 1899, the Army named a fort after Lawton. Fort Lawton was located just northwest of downtown Seattle, near the residential neighborhood of Lawton Wood. While Fort Lawton was a quiet outpost prior to World War II, it became the second largest port of embarkation of soldiers and materials to the Pacific Theater during World War II. The fort was closed by the Army in 1971, and today the bulk of the land makes up the city of Seattle's Discovery Park. In 1899, the Lawton Glacier in Alaska was named for him. For unknown reasons, the spelling was subsequently changed to Laughton Glacier. Lawton, Oklahoma is named after the general, as is San Francisco's Lawton Street. He is portrayed in the 1997 miniseries Rough Riders by actor John S. Davies. Awards Medal of Honor Civil War Campaign Medal Indian Campaign Medal Spanish Campaign Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Philippine Campaign Medal Note – with the exception of the Medal of Honor, all the awards listed above were established after General Lawton's death. Medal of Honor citation Rank and organization: Captain, Company A, 30th Indiana Infantry. Place and date: At Atlanta, Ga., August 3, 1864. Entered service at: Ft. Wayne, Allen County, Ind. Birth: Ohio. Date of issue: May 22, 1893. Citation: Led a charge of skirmishers against the enemy's rifle pits and stubbornly and successfully resisted 2 determined attacks of the enemy to retake the works. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L Young's Scouts References Rau, R., Lawton-Forgotten Warrior A Commemorative Biography, Copyright 1998 Library of Congress Rau, R., General of The Night-Henry W. Lawton A Biography, Copyright 2007 Library of Congress Wilcox, Marrion, Harper's History of the War, Harper, New York and London, 1900. [Sometimes called Harper's History of the War in the Philippines] External links 1843 births 1899 deaths United States Army Medal of Honor recipients American military personnel of the Spanish–American War Harvard Law School alumni United States Army generals People of Indiana in the American Civil War American military personnel killed in the Philippine–American War Lawton, Oklahoma Apache Wars Burials at Arlington National Cemetery American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor People from Maumee, Ohio Union Army officers Military personnel from Ohio

1483563

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingwood%20%28album%29

Kingwood (album)

Kingwood is the sixth album by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin, released on 30 March 2005 in Sweden and 12 April 2005 in North America. The song "Farewell My Hell" originated as an idea for singer Nikola Šarčević's first solo album, but was used for Kingwood instead. "Farewell My Hell" was played prominently in the Swedish vampire comedy horror film Frostbite. Release On 26 January 2005, Kingwood was announced for release in two months' time. On 1 March 2005, "Biftek Supernova" was posted online for free download. The music video for "Ray" was posted online on 8 March 2005; the track was released as the album's lead single eight days later. Kingwood was released in Europe on 28 March 2005, and in the United States on 14 April 2005. They went a tour of Europe with Street Dogs and the Lawrence Arms in April 2005, which was followed by on a West Coast US tour the following month with Boys Night Out and Roses Are Red. Between mid June and mid August, the group went on the 2005 edition of Warped Tour. Two singles from the album were released: "Ray" and "Shut You Out". Track listing All songs written by Nikola Šarčević and Mathias Färm, except where noted. "Farewell My Hell" (Sarcevic) - 2:52 "Birdie" - 2:32 "Cash or Clash" (Sarcevic) - 2:40 "Shut You Out" - 3:39 "Biftek Supernova" (Sarcevic) - 2:18 "My Name is Golden" - 3:08 "Ray" - 2:52 "Novo" - 2:58 "Simple Twist of Hate" - 1:29 "Stalemate" - 3:18 "Mooseman's Jukebox" - 2:12 "Hard Times" (Sarcevic) - 4:09 "Phony Tony" (Japanese release only) - 2:59 Personnel Millencolin Nikola Šarčević - lead vocals, bass Erik Ohlsson - guitar Mathias Färm - guitar Fredrik Larzon - drums References External links Kingwood at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed) Millencolin albums 2005 albums Epitaph Records albums Burning Heart Records albums

1483568

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fey%20%28singer%29

Fey (singer)

María Fernanda Blázquez Gil (born 21 July 1973), known mononymously as Fey (), is a Mexican singer and songwriter. She rose to fame with her first three studio albums, which established her as a teen idol and fashion icon of the 1990s in Mexico and Latin America. In 1995, Fey debuted with her self-titled album, which went platinum in Mexico. Following this success, she released Tierna la Noche in 1996, which reached the tenth position on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and the sixth spot on the Latin Pop Albums chart in the U.S. Additionally, it received a platinum record in Mexico, and earned her the Female Pop Album of the Year at the Billboard Latin Music Awards. In 1998, she released El Color de los Sueños, which attained a double gold record in Mexico. Notably, many of her songs, such as "Ni tú ni nadie," "Subidón," "Las lágrimas de mi almohada," "Muévelo," and "Azúcar amargo," reached the top 20 on both Billboards Hot Latin Tracks and Latin Pop Airplay charts. During the 2000s, Fey released her albums Vértigo (2002), La Fuerza del Destino (2004), Faltan Lunas (2006), and Dulce Tentación (2009). With the second receiving a Latin Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Album. With more than 10 million records sold worldwide, she is one of the best-selling Latin music artists, and holds the record of being the first female soloist to achieve more than 95,000 attendances in 10 performances at the National Auditorium. Career 1990s Fey released her first album, titled Fey, in 1995, through Sony Music (Mexico). Within a couple of months of the album's release, Fey had scored several hits in her native Mexico, and had reached No. 1 with "Media naranja", "Gatos en el balcon", "Me enamoro de ti" and "La noche se mueve". Fey toured Mexico, including consecutive concerts in the Teatro Metropolitan, and all of Latin America, and reached Gold status sales by the end of the year. In 1996 Fey released Tierna la Noche. "Azucar Amargo", the CD's first single, stayed in the Billboard chart for more than 30 weeks. Her tour, Tierna la noche, was also successful. Overall the tour consisted of more than 40 presentations in Mexico, the U.S. and Latin America, as well as some presentations in Europe. At the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards, Fey received a nomination for Pop New Artist. In 1998, and after more than 8 months of absence, Fey released her third album El color de los sueños, which itself was different from the preceding two in that the album was a mix of different rhythms and styles. "Ni tu ni nadie", the album's first single, instantly reached number one in the Latin charts; "Diselo con flores", "Canela" and "Cielo Liquido" soon followed. Although the record did very well in sales, it did not compare to the over-the-top success of Tierna la noche. In the overall period of the three first albums, Fey's amazing popularity and promotion caused all but 4 of the singles released to hit No. 1 in Mexico, with the most important being "Azucar Amargo", "Media Naranja", "Ni tu Ni Nadie", "Muevelo" and "Te Pertenezco", all of them spending more than a month in the top position in Mexico. After almost a year of promotion, Fey announced, at a 1999 charity concert, that: "everything has a cycle, and this is the end of mine". Vertigo (fourth studio album) Vertigo is the long awaited 4th album, which the singer prepared from 2000 to 2002, with several producers, including herself as such, in most of the songs. The album was released in CD and Cassette format, worldwide the album was released in Spanish with 11 and 12 tracks, depending on the country, in Mexico was released a deluxe edition that included a second CD with all the songs in English, plus 3 bonus tracks, included only in that album. The first single was titled "Se lo que vendrá / The Other Side", the song was a resounding success in Mexico, reaching the top of the charts, and the song in English was played on channels such as MTV, where it even made it to the top 100 most requested videos on MTV, as well as being awarded with a prize next to Nick Carter of the Backstreets boys at the MTV Video Music Awards LA. The promotion consisted of several performances on TV and at the EXA 02 festival, but the album was not promoted outside of Mexico and the United States, which caused the Latin American public to quickly forget the album. To finalize the promotion and after releasing some promotional songs like "Dime" and "Loca por amarte", the single "Noche Ideal / Dressing to kill" was released in CD format, without any kind of radio promotion, and was accompanied by a strictly limited edition with a slipcase with an alternative cover. It was published in a double edition with one album in English and one in Spanish. The album at the time went gold for its sales, but it is estimated to have surpassed one million copies worldwide. The promotion of Vertigo ended abruptly in December 2002, cancelling the world tour. La Fuerza del Destino (fifth studio album) In 2005, Fey, now a married woman, relaunched her career with La Fuerza del Destino, a tribute to the Spanish group Mecano. This album was successful; it contained three top-ten singles: "La Fuerza Del Destino", "Barco A Venus" and "Me Cuesta Tanto Olvidarte". A radio-only single, "Un Año Más", was released for the holiday season in Mexico. Fey toured in support of this album at the Viña del Mar festival 2005, the Selena Vive! festival, and many local clubs across the United States and Latin America. The record excelled sales-wise, and it gave Fey her very first Latin Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Female Vocal Album". She also received 4 nominations for Premios Orgullosamente Latino 2005 & 2006-Ritmoson Latino and a Premio Oye nomination. She was recognized by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) in Miami in 2006 for supporting gay human rights. Faltan Lunas (sixth studio album) After the success of her fifth album, Fey released a sixth one, Faltan Lunas and was produced by Carlos Jean. It was slated for an 1 August 2006, release, but was released on 21 July, Fey's birthday. It features a pop/dance sound along with acoustic elements. The first single released was "Y Aquí Estoy". It was announced by Fey herself that the second single would be "Me Has Vuelto Loca", but it was changed to "Como Un Ángel". The album was only released in a few Latin American countries, and sold around 10,000 copies worldwide, making it her lowest selling album ever. "Como Un Ángel" was released in January 2007, but it failed to make an impact on the charts. Dulce Tentación and Sweet Temptation (seventh studio album) Dulce Tentación was released 28 April 2009, and the English version called "Sweet Temptation" was set to be released over the next months. The album was produced by Sam 'FISH' Fisher, who also co-wrote more than half of the songs on the record and will be distributed internationally by Universal Music. One track, "Cicatrices" ["Monsters"] was available for download Fey's official site at the end of 2008. More than 170,000 downloads were registered while the track was available. The first official single was "Lentamente" (Let Me Show You), a song that put Fey back in the top of the charts in México. The album was an unexpected success, winning a gold status for over 50.000 copies sold in less than one month in México. The second single Provócame (Games That you Play) was released in July 2009, however, a conflict between Fey and her new record label Mi Rey Music over promotion differences and the concept of the new video led Fey to part ways with the record label. Fey decided to create her own record label by buying the rights to her music and to Elephant Music from Mi Rey Music. Late August 2009 Fey announced on her website that she was now in complete control of Elephant Music and continued to promote "Provócame", however, she suspended promotion of the single due to laryngitis. The video debuted on 21 September 2009; she also announced that she was to go on tour at the National Auditorium and record a live DVD. Fey toured clubs in the United States and Mexico. The last single from the album was "Adicto A Mi Cuerpo". Initial plans for a music video were scrapped due to Fey deciding to move on and record a new album, making the single a radio-only release. However, it did chart on several online radio stations. "Sweet Temptation" was shelved as Fey decided to record a new album. Family, return to Sony Music, Primera Fila (2012–2014) During April 2010, it was announced via a press conference that Fey was in the studio recording her eighth studio album, with a lead single tentatively called "Te Amo A Mi Manera" previewed at the conference. The project went to hiatus because of her marriage to Alonso Orozco in September 2010. Fey gave birth to her first child, Isabella, in January 2011. On 8 March 2012, it was confirmed via Sony Music Mexico that Fey would be returning to the record company, after almost ten years since the release of Vértigo, and three years after the release of Dulce Tentación/Sweet Temptation, her last studio album. She had announced that her eighth album would be a Primera Fila, an album composed entirely of live renditions of her past hits and a few new songs. It was recorded in June, and it was released in October 2012. The first single, "Frío", was released on July, 21st during Fey's 39th birthday celebration. The album was certified gold just three weeks after its release, marking it a success in Fey's career. She began her "Todo Lo Que Soy" (All That I Am) tour in February 2013 in Mexico's National Auditorium, where she had set a record years before for most sold-out performances by a female artist, to positive reviews. In March 2013, Premios Oye announced Fey as the official image and spokesperson for that year's ceremony, where she also performed. On 15 August 2013, Fey performed "Azucar Amargo" at Premios Texas where she also won the "Best Pop/Rock Artist" award. In January 2014, Fey announced her divorce from Orozco. Fey confirmed in April 2014 that she will be a judge for the 2014 season of the dance competition show, "Bailando Por Un Sueño" (Dancing for a Dream). On 11 December 2014, Fey announced the release date of her Todo Lo Que Soy live CD & DVD package to be released on 17 December physically and 24 December digitally of the same year. '90s Pop, Desnuda, Eternas Tours, New music and USA Tour (2016 – onwards) In February 2016, Fey officially released the single "No Me Acostumbro" alongside Cuban singer/actor Lenny de la Rosa, whom she had met as a judge on "Bailando Por Un Sueño" when he was a contestant. In the spring of 2016, Fey began promoting an upcoming tour called "Fey: 9.0 American Tour" which had a preview date in June 2016 in Mexico City's National Auditorium, home to Fey's own attendance record for a female recording artist. In September 2016, Fey released the digital single entitled "Amo", which was accompanied by a Fifty Shades of Grey inspired video. In 2017, Fey joined the line-up of the '90s Pop Tour, joining artists Aleks Syntek, OV7, Erik Rubin, Beto Cuevas, JNS, and others. The tour had many dates during the spring and summer of 2017 across Mexico and the US. After this tour, Fey announced plans to start her own tour in wanting to record a live CD & DVD. In 2018, Fey released two new singles, "Comiendote Tu Besos," and "No Te Necesito" along with the announcement of a new tour called "Desnuda Tour" (Nude Tour), an entirely different show from what the 9.0 American Tour was set to be. The tour began in October 2018 in Mexico with rave reviews its opening night as she performed songs from each of her previous albums. On 25 September 2020, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of her career, Fey launched the English-language electronic single, "The Perfect Song" featuring Paul Oakenfold. In November 2020, Fey launched the recorded version of her "Desnuda Tour" via Cinepolis during a stream to raise funds for World Vision, a charity she is the ambassador for. In February 2023, Fey announced that she and Alejandra Guzman will embark in a joint show called the "Eternas Tour" (Eternals Tour). The tour was cancelled shortly after its announcement due to management conflicts. In August 2023, Fey released a new single, "Veneno" with an accompanying music video and announced a tour would follow across the US and Mexico in the fall. In December 2023, Fey announced her long-awaited tour of the United States supported Live Nation, with which she will be touring the country for much of 2024. In January 2024, she released her song "Disparándole A La Nada", the song that supports the tour and debuted in the top # 5 of iTunes, and then in position # 4. With this song Fey began her promotional tour of the United States. She then announce a new show called "Hits" set for Mexico in November 2024. She continued to release music in June 2024 with the single "Estoy Bailando Por Ti", a duet with Columbian singer Esteman. Discography Studio albums Fey (1995) Tierna la Noche (1996) El Color de los Sueños (1998) Vértigo (2002) La Fuerza Del Destino (2004) Faltan Lunas (2006) Dulce Tentación (2009) Fey: Primera Fila (2012) Todo lo Que Soy – En Vivo (2014) See also List of best-selling Latin music artists Notes References External links Official website 1973 births Living people 20th-century Mexican women singers 21st-century Mexican women singers Age controversies EMI Latin artists English-language singers from Mexico Latin music songwriters Latin pop singers Mexican dance musicians Mexican people of Argentine descent Mexican singer-songwriters Mexican women pop singers Singers from Mexico City Sony Music Mexico artists Spanish-language singers of Mexico Synth-pop singers Women in Latin music

1483574

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original%20Hockey%20Hall%20of%20Fame

Original Hockey Hall of Fame

The Original Hockey Hall of Fame, formerly the International Hockey Hall of Fame (IHHOF) is a museum dedicated to the history of ice hockey in Canada, located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The IHHOF was intended to be the original Hall of Fame for hockey, but events led to the establishment of the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario instead. A dedicated building was opened in 1965, and eventually also hosted exhibits for the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) from 1992 to 1997, prior to the establishment of the IIHF Hall of Fame. The IHHOF was renamed the Original Hockey Hall of Fame in 2013, and now focuses on the history of the sport, and emphasis on the role people from Kingston had in its development. History The International Hockey Hall of Fame was founded on September 10, 1943, and incorporated as a non-profit charitable organization by the National Hockey League and the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA). It was established through the efforts of James T. Sutherland, a former president of the CAHA and the Ontario Hockey Association, who sought to establish it in Kingston because he believed that the city was the birthplace of ice hockey. In 1943, the NHL and CAHA reached an agreement that a Hall of Fame would be established in Kingston. On April 17, 1945, the CAHA arranged to give 25 per cent of its annual proceeds towards building a facility for the IHHOF. CAHA secretary George Dudley expected that amount to be $4,000 to $5,000. The first players were inducted on April 30, 1945, although the IHHOF still did not have a permanent home. Kingston lost its most influential advocate as permanent site of the Hockey Hall of Fame when Sutherland died in 1955. By 1958, the IHHOF organizers had still not raised sufficient funds to construct a permanent building in Kingston. Clarence Campbell, then President of the NHL, grew tired of waiting for the construction to begin and withdrew the NHL's support, subsequently reaching an agreement with the Canadian National Exhibition to establish a new Hall of Fame building in Toronto. CAHA president Jack Roxburgh felt that there was no place for two halls of fame in Canada, and stated it was a "tragedy nothing was done" while Sutherland was alive. The CAHA formally withdrew its support of Kingston in January 1962, in favour of Toronto. Despite this major setback, the Board of Directors of the International Hockey Hall of Fame moved forward. In 1962, a grant was awarded by the City of Kingston for the construction of a new building. In 1965 the International Hockey Hall of Fame moved into their new building adjacent to the Kingston Memorial Centre. In 1991, The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) reached an agreement with the city of Kingston, Ontario, and the IHHOF to loan its exhibits to the museum for a five-year period from 1992 to 1997, while a more permanent display was being planned. Kingston City Council provided a line of credit towards building a true international ice hockey museum. The partnership ended in 1997, when the IIHF withdrew. The IIHF cited the lack of progress made towards getting a new facility constructed in downtown Kingston, as the primary reason for terminating the agreement. The hall is now located at the Invista Centre, and reopened in spring 2016, with new exhibits and multimedia presentations, including a film, The Cradle of Hockey, narrated by Don Cherry. Exhibits The museum had two floors at their original home at 277 York Street. The first had exhibits about Bobby Orr, Don Cherry, the Original Six, Wayne Gretzky and others. The second floor had a display of the Hall of Fame's inductees, plus exhibits about Kingston and area professional hockey players, the World Hockey Association, and the evolution of ice skates and hockey sticks. Artifacts included jerseys worn by Gordie Howe, Rocket Richard and others, skates and sticks from the 1800s and the championship banner of the 1914 Toronto Blueshirts. Outside of the building was an oversized square puck. Inductees The Hockey Hall of Fame inducted nine builders and 33 players, but only two since 1952 and none since 1966. The inducted members were all included as inductees to the Hockey Hall of Fame. Historic Hockey Series Each February since 1969, the Hall of Fame presents its annual Historic Hockey Series. The series is both a competition and demonstration of the first organized hockey game played on the Kingston Harbour in 1886 between Queen's University and the Royal Military College of Canada. The original style hockey stick and uniforms, as well as the original rules of that era, are used including a square hockey puck, seven players per side and with no forward passing. Queen's University and the Royal Military College of Canada compete along with the 2nd Regiment from the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery from Petawawa who represent the garrison soldiers stationed in Kingston in the 1880s in a round-robin tournament. Since 2006, the series has been held on the outdoor rink at Kingston's downtown Market Square. Notable curators Bill Fitsell (1923–2020), Canadian sports journalist and historian References External links Official website Awards established in 1943 History of ice hockey Halls of fame in Canada Ice hockey museums and halls of fame Museums in Kingston, Ontario Sports museums in Canada

1483575

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauser

Hauser

Hauser is a German-language surname. Notable people with the surname include: Arnold George Hauser (1888–1966), American baseball player Arnold Hauser (art historian) (1892–1978), Hungarian art historian Bodo Hauser (1946–2004), German journalist and writer Cole Hauser (born 1975), American actor Dwight Hauser (1911–1969), screenwriter, actor, and producer; father of Wings Eduard Hauser (cross-country skier) (b. 1948), Swiss cross-country skier Eduard Hauser (general) (1895–1961), Generalleutnant in the Wehrmacht during World War II Emily Hauser (born 1987 or 1988), British classicist and novelist Erich Hauser (1930–2004), German sculptor Friedrich Hauser (1859–1917), German classical archaeologist and art historian Gayelord Hauser (1895–1984), German-American nutritionist and author Henri Hauser (1866–1946), Algerian-born French historian Hermann Hauser (born 1948), Austrian entrepreneur and cofounder of Acorn Computers Hermann Hauser Sr. (1882–1952), German luthier Joey Hauser (born 1999), American basketball player Julius Hauser (1854–1920), NYS Treasurer 1907-1908 Kaspar Hauser (1812–1833), German foundling Lisa Theresa Hauser (born 1993), Austrian biathlete Marc Hauser (born 1959), American ethologist found guilty of scientific misconduct Otto Hauser (1874–1932), Swiss pre-historian Paul Walter Hauser (born 1986), American actor Philip Hauser, demographer Sam Hauser (born 1997), American basketball player; brother of Joey Samuel Thomas Hauser (1833–1914), American politician from Montana Stjepan Hauser (born 1986), Croatian cellist Tim Hauser (1941–2014), singer and co-founder of vocal group The Manhattan Transfer Walter Hauser (1837–1902), Swiss politician Wings Hauser (born 1947), American actor, director, and screenwriter Zvi Hauser, Israeli politician See also Houser (disambiguation) Hauser, Idaho, in the United States Hauser, Oregon, in the United States German-language surnames

1483578

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waurn%20Ponds%2C%20Victoria

Waurn Ponds, Victoria

Waurn Ponds is a mainly residential southern suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The suburb is bounded by Rossack Drive, Princes Highway, the Geelong to Warrnambool railway, Reservoir Road, Draytons Road, Pigdons Road, Deakin University and Honeys Road. It is home to the main Geelong campus of Deakin University and the regional Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre. There are many schools around Waurn Ponds like Mount Duneed Regional Primary School. History The town was named after the Waurn chain of ponds, a watercourse that flows from Mount Moriac over 30 km into the Barwon River. 'Waurn' meaning "place of many houses" in reference to aboriginal stone houses in the Wathaurong language, though there is no evidence of this outside of Mr Pascoes book. It is thought that the name derives from an Aboriginal word meaning camp, although another authority states that the original name was Warren's Chain of Ponds. Two early hotels – the Victoria Inn (1845–60) and the Waurn Ponds Inn (1856) were located on the Princes Highway serving travellers on the road. The Albert and Victoria vineyards, owned by David Pettavel, began growing grapes in 1848 and the area was better known as Pettavel in the 1860s. The Pettavel Post Office opened on 12 January 1865 and remained open until 1952. The Waurn Ponds Post Office opened on 1 December 1871 and closed in 1968. A quarry for limestone was opened in the 1840s, with quarrying continuing from 1964 to today at the nearby Blue Circle Southern cement works. Kilns for making mortar lime operated until the 1970s. Waurn Ponds Memorial Reserve The Waurn Ponds Memorial Reserve (Formally Waurn Ponds Avenue of Honour) is located on the Corner of Cochranes Road and Waurn Ponds Drive, Waurn Ponds. The Avenue of Honour was planted in July 1919, by the residents of Waurn Ponds as a tribute to the Waurn Ponds World War One Servicemen. In 1999, the Victorian State Government decided to sell the Avenue of Honour. Local residents and the Victorian RSL President Bruce Ruxton campaigned that the Avenue of Honour would not be auctioned and that the site be protected. The Victorian State Government overturned the sale of the Waurn Ponds Memorial Reserve and a Committee of Management was appointed with Mr Jack Harriott been the Chair. A re dedication service was held with a plaque listing the Waurn Ponds W.W.1 Servicemen unveiled. In 2000, another two plaques were added with additional Waurn Ponds Servicemen who served in World War One and another plaque honouring the Waurn Ponds Servicemen and Servicewomen who served in the Second World War. Today there are plaques acknowledging those that served in the Korean War, Vietnam War, Royal Australian Air Force Nurses and Servicewomen from the Geelong area. The Memorial Reserve is also home to the 3.7 Anti Aircraft Gun which is on display at the Reserve. An annual memorial service is held on the first Sunday of July to mark the anniversary of the Waurn Ponds Memorial Reserve. Waurn Ponds Hall The Waurn Ponds Hall which is located on 225 Waurn Ponds Drive was erected in 1924 as mechanics institute and free library. The Hall is now used for many local events and can be hired for private functions. The back of the Waurn Ponds Hall was the original Waurn Ponds State School which was relocated to Grovedale Primary School and later back to the Waurn Ponds Hall as an extension. Waurn Ponds started to become part of the outer suburbs of Geelong from the 1970s, with the opening of the Deakin University campus and the Waurn Ponds Hotel on the highway. Major development did not begin until the early 1990s, based around Ghazeepore Road. The intervening years have seen housing developments spread across the hillside towards Grovedale. Heritage listed sites Waurn Ponds contains a number of heritage listed sites, including: Princes Highway and 110 Lemins Road, Lime Burning Kiln Princes Highway, Waurn Ponds Creek Bridge Geography Waurn Ponds is home to the quite small Waurn Ponds Creek. It starts around the Mount Moriac region and eventually flows into the Barwon River near Belmont Common. As of 2007, it is low on water and is no more than one metre deep in most sections. It has a large weed problem which makes the creek look uninhabitable. The creek is home to species of fish (many introduced) including Carp, Redfin, Roach, Tench, Australian Grayling and short finned eels. The creek also is a large habitat of native birds including the pacific black duck. Increase in annual rain will bring the creek back to its original status. Community groups The Friends of the Waurn Ponds Creek is a community group that gather on the first and third Sunday of the month to protect and conserve the health of the Waurn Ponds Creek and surrounding area. The Friends first started in 2002 and have won awards for their dedication and work towards enhancing the creek to protect the native fish and wildlife that habitat are along the creek. The Friends plant trees, clean up rubbish and maintain weeds and tree planting sites. Waurn Ponds has a large linear parkland following the creek. The neighbouring suburb of Grovedale has a skate park and baseball complex. Waurn Ponds has a Hall, Tennis Club, Cricket Club and Memorial Reserve to the west of Waurn Ponds. The Waurn Ponds Tennis Club located on 20 Belperroud Road off Waurn Ponds Drive, is a successful tennis club which has junior and senior competitions in the Tennis Geelong Competition. The Waurn Ponds Cricket Club located on Waurn Ponds Drive, access from Deskin University was established in 1986 and currently has senior men's team and junior sides. The Club is in the Geelong Cricket Association. The boundaries of Waurn Ponds were expanded in 2012 when, as a result of boundary changes related to the development of the nearby Armstrong Creek Growth Area, an area of land in the west of the current suburb between the Princes Highway and the Geelong-Warrnambool railway line was shifted from the locality of Mount Duneed to Waurn Ponds. Transport Waurn Ponds is located on the Princes Highway that links the suburb with the centre of Geelong. It is also the southern endpoint of the Geelong Ring Road, completed in 2009. Anglesea Road heads south through the suburb, linking the area to Torquay and Anglesea. Pioneer Road links the region west to Grovedale, the road not being completed eastward across the Waurn Ponds Creek until the mid-1990s. Public transport to the area is provided by buses operated by CDC Geelong and McHarry's Buslines, under contract to Public Transport Victoria. Routes to the Geelong city centre originate and terminate at Deakin University. Route 1 – Deakin University to North Shore and return, via Grovedale, Belmont, South Geelong railway station, Geelong, Geelong West and North Geelong – runs every 20 minutes on weekdays and every 30 minutes on weekends. There is a train station running from Melbourne to Warnambol and waurn ponds is one of the stops Route 40 – Deakin University to Geelong railway station and return, via Grovedale, Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre, Marshall railway station, Breakwater and East Geelong – runs hourly on weekdays but does not run on weekends. Route 41 – Deakin University to Geelong railway station and return, via Waurn Ponds railway station, Grovedale, Waurn Ponds Plaza, Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre, Belmont and South Geelong – runs every 30 minutes on weekdays and hourly on weekends. Route 42 – Deakin University to Geelong railway station and return, via Waurn Ponds railway station, Grovedale, Waurn Pond Shopping Centre, Highton, Belmont and South Geelong – runs every 20 minutes on weekdays and hourly on weekends. Route 43 – Deakin University to Geelong Railway station and return, via Highton and Newtown – runs every 40 minutes on weekdays and hourly on weekends. The Geelong V/Line rail service, to and from Geelong and Melbourne, was extended to the new Waurn Ponds railway station, situated in Sugargum Drive, in 2014. The new station was named Grovedale in the planning stages, despite being physically located in Waurn Ponds, but the official name of Waurn Ponds was announced in July 2014. An earlier extension of Geelong line rail services in the direction of Waurn Ponds had been considered when funding was set aside for a new station beyond South Geelong station in 2003–04, but that eventually resulted in the new station being built at Marshall, closer to Geelong, instead. University The Deakin University campus at Waurn Ponds had the beginnings in the Gordon Institute of TAFE, who purchased land there in 1969. A building for the Applied Sciences was first built, followed by a library and student lodgings in 1975. In 1976 the Gordon Institute was divided into two parts, with academic courses becoming part of the newly formed Deakin University based at the Waurn Ponds campus. Deakin enrolled its first students at its Waurn Ponds campus in 1977. Today the university is located on a site, has over 1,000 staff and over 4000 on-campus students. Deakin offers many social groups for students to join, The main Association is DUSA, followed closely by the Deakin Students' Commerce Society Deakin University Student Association#Deakin Commerce Students' Society Retail The Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre, located on the corner of Colac Road (Princes Highway) and Pioneer Road, is a regional-level shopping centre servicing the southern suburbs of Geelong and the surrounding region. It was opened in the early 1990s, and has been continually expanded. The most recent expansion was completed in August 2014, and increased the total area of the centre to 47,000 square metres. There are over 160 different shops. The Geelong Homemaker Centre, located on the Colac Road (Princes Highway) at the intersection and Pigdons Road, opened in mid-2005. It includes Bunnings Warehouse and Harvey Norman stores, as well as a number of smaller stores, such as Supercheap Auto, Beacon Lighting, Snooze, Ray's Outdoors and, most recently, JB-Hi-Fi. Waurn Ponds Plaza, located at the intersection of Rossack Drive and the Colac Road (Princes Highway), is another shopping centre in Waurn Ponds. It is the location of the office of the federal member for Corangamite, Libby Coker. References External links Victorian Places: Waurn Ponds Suburbs of Geelong Lime kilns in Australia

1483593

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource%20Management%20Act%201991

Resource Management Act 1991

The Resource Management Act (RMA) passed in 1991 in New Zealand is a significant, and at times, controversial Act of Parliament. The RMA promotes the sustainable management of natural and physical resources such as land, air and water. New Zealand's Ministry for the Environment describes the RMA as New Zealand's principal legislation for environmental management. The RMA and the decisions made under it by district and regional councils and in courts affect both individuals and businesses in large numbers, and often in very tangible ways. The Act has variously been attacked for being ineffective in managing adverse environmental effects, or overly time-consuming and expensive and concerned with bureaucratic restrictions on legitimate economic activities. The Sixth Labour Government replaced the RMA with two separate acts: the Natural and Built Environment Act 2023 (NBA), and the Spatial Planning Act 2023 (SPA); and planned to add the Climate Change Adaptation Bill (CAA). Following the 2023 New Zealand general election, the National-led coalition government repealed Labour's NBA and SPA legislation. It also promised to reform the RMA and eventually replace it with new resource management laws. Significance The adoption of the RMA was significant for three reasons. Firstly, the RMA established one integrated framework that replaced the many previous resource-use regimes, which had been fragmented between agencies and sectors, such as land use, forestry, pollution, traffic, zoning, water and air. Secondly, the RMA was the first statutory planning regime to incorporate the principle of sustainability. Thirdly, the RMA incorporated 'sustainable management', as an explicitly stated purpose placed at the heart of the regulatory framework and this purpose is to direct all other policies, standards, plans and decision-making under the RMA. Having the purpose of the RMA at the apex of an unambiguous legislative hierarchy was a unique concept worldwide at the time of the law's inception. Related legislations The RMA replaced a large number of acts, regulations and orders. A total of 59 Acts and amended Acts were repealed (see RMA Sixth Schedule), and nineteen regulations and orders were revoked (Seventh Schedule). The notable acts repealed were the Water and Soil Conservation Act 1967 and the Town and Country Planning Act 1977. The mining and minerals regime was separated from the Resource Management Bill at the third reading stage and was enacted as the Crown Minerals Act 1991. However, three of these statutes, provided important elements of the RMA. The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Act 1941 provided the precedent for catchment-based entities and catchment boards became part of the new regional councils. The Town and Country Planning Act 1977 provided the consenting and planning procedures. The Water and Soil Conservation Act 1967 provided the consenting regime and case law for water. Beginnings Following the National Party's antipathy to environmental issues in the 1980s, as expressed in the Think Big economic development projects and the National Development Act, the New Zealand Labour Party went into the 1984 election campaign with a platform of reforming planning and local government institutions and adopting better environmental policies. The reform policy involved creating an integrated resource decision making system to replace the existing sectoral based system. The Labour Party environment policy, such as this quote from Part I, paragraph 3, owed much to the Brundtland Commission's concept of sustainable development;to ensure the management of the human use of the biosphere to yield the greatest sustainable benefits to present generations while maintaining the potential to meet the goods and aspirations of future generations Resource Management Law Reform In the 1987 election the fourth Labour Government won a second term in office and deputy prime minister Geoffrey Palmer became the Minister for the Environment. Palmer initiated a comprehensive reform project for New Zealand's environmental and planning laws. This was the Resource Management Law Reform or RMLR. Palmer's objectives explicitly included giving effect to the Treaty of Waitangi, cost-effective use of resources, the World Conservation Strategy, intergenerational equity, and intrinsic values of ecosystems. Palmer chaired a Cabinet committee supervising a core group of four people supported by the Ministry for the Environment. The core group developed policy through a series of 32 working papers and through extensive public consultation. In December 1988, the reform proposals were published. In December 1989, Palmer introduced the 314-page Resource Management Bill to the Parliament of New Zealand. The Select Committee process was not completed by the election of 1990, which Labour lost. However, the new National Minister for the Environment, Simon Upton, continued the law reform process leading to the enactment of the RMA. Final drafting of the RMA The new Minister, Simon Upton, noted the divergent views of submitters on the proposed purpose and principles of the Bill. A Cabinet paper of 10 March 1989 argued that the overall objectives and the broad philosophy of the Bill should be stated in a purpose section and clarified in a section on fundamental principles. After the 1990 election, Simon Upton appointed a Review Group to assess the purpose and principle clauses. The group consisted of: Tony Randerson, a lawyer, as chair; Prue Crosson (now Prue Kapua), a lawyer; environmentalist Guy Salmon; planner Ken Tremaine; and Brent Wheeler, an economist. The Review Group considered that the clauses had become a conflicting 'shopping list' of matters advanced by interest groups, with no clear priority. That would result in the 'trading off' or balancing of socio-economic and biophysical aspects. They rejected such a balancing approach in favour of use within biophysical constraints. They considered that the Bill should not have a purpose of sustainable development with a focus on social justice and wealth redistribution. They concluded that purpose of the Bill should be 'sustainable management' and that the critical aspect of that purpose should be intergenerational equity, that is, safeguarding natural resource options for future generations. A second purpose of avoiding, remedying or mitigating adverse effects of activities was added. The purpose and principles sections were consequently rewritten. Finally, with the approval of Cabinet, Simon Upton added the third 'sustainable management' purpose of 'safeguarding the life-supporting capacity of air, water, soil and ecosystems'. Simon Upton stated in his third reading speech to Parliament that the purpose of the RMA was not concerned with planning and controlling economic activity, nor about trade-offs, but about sustaining, safeguarding, avoiding, remedying, and mitigating the adverse effects of the use of natural resources. The Bill provides us with a framework to establish objectives with a biophysical bottom line that must not be compromised. Provided that those objectives are met, what people get up to is their affair. As such, the Bill provides a more liberal regime for developers. On the other hand, activities will have to be compatible with hard environmental standards and society will set those standards. Clause 4 sets out the biophysical bottom line. Clauses 5 and 6 set out further specific matters that expand on the issues. The Bill has a clear and rigorous procedure for the setting of environmental standards – and the debate will be concentrating on just where we set those standards. Part 2 Purpose and Principles The result of Upton's input was that RMA was enacted with a Part 2 consisting of three 'principles' (sections 6,7 & 8) in an unambiguous hierarchy below the overarching purpose of 'sustainable management', set out in section 5. Under that section, the RMA has one specifically defined purpose; to promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources. Definition of sustainable management The RMA, in Section 5, describes "sustainable management" as managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical resources in a way, or at a rate which enables people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well-being and for their health and safety while- (a) Sustaining the potential of natural and physical resources (excluding minerals) to meet the reasonably foreseeable needs of future generations; and (b) Safeguarding the life-supporting capacity of air, water, soil, and ecosystem; and (c) Avoiding, remedying or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment. Principles Section 6 is a list of matters of national importance that shall be 'recognised and provided for' in achieving the purpose of the RMA; natural character of the coastal environment: outstanding natural features and landscapes: significant indigenous habitats and vegetation: public access to waterbodies: Māori culture, traditions, ancestral lands, water, sites, waahi tapu, and taonga: historic heritage: recognised customary activities. Section 7 is a list of matters that all decisions 'shall have particular regard to' in achieving the purpose of the RMA; Kaitiakitanga: stewardship: efficient use and development of natural and physical resources: efficiency of the end use of energy: amenity values: intrinsic values of ecosystems: quality of the environment: finite characteristics of natural and physical resources: habitat of trout and salmon: climate change: renewable energy. Section 8 has the title "Treaty of Waitangi" and states that in achieving the purpose of the RMA, 'account shall be taken' of the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. Designations Designations protect areas planned for future public works. Requiring authorities give notice of requirement for a designation to be included in a district plan to protect routes for roads, railways and other infrastructure. Interpretation Under the RMA virtually all significant uses of land, air, coastal, or water-related resources are regulated by provisions of the RMA or by rules in regional or district plans or by decisions on consent applications. Plans are to achieve the purpose of the RMA which is 'sustainable management' of natural and physical resources. Most rule-making and decision-making is expressly related back to the 'Purpose and Principles' section, Part II, which contains the statutory definition of 'sustainable management' in section 5. Consequently, the interpretation that is to be placed on the definition of 'sustainable management' will be of considerable importance. Very soon after the enactment of the RMA, Fisher (1991) wrote a substantial legal analysis of the RMA showing that the definition of 'sustainable management' was possibly ambiguous. In spite of the 'biophysical bottom line' interpretation, as in Simon Upton's third reading speech, being perhaps the most grammatically correct, Fisher noted that a 'single integrated purpose' definition could be made where providing for human well being was equal with and not subordinate to the 'bottom line' paragraphs a) to c) of s 5(2). Some six years after the enactment of the RMA, several decisions on consent applications had been appealed to the Environment Court where s5 was given some degree of interpretation. By 1997, two interpretations of s5 were recognised, 'balancing ' and the 'environmental bottom line'. However, the only common ground among the varying interpretations was the lack of consistence in the reasoning. Harris (2004) states that the "broad overall judgement" is most commonly accepted interpretation of sustainable management. Skelton and Memon (2002) reviewed the introduction of sustainable development into the RMA and the evolution of case law that had led to the "broad overall judgement" interpretation. They also criticised Simon Upton and the Ministry for the Environment for interpreting 'sustainable management' in section 5(2) of the RMA as a matter of biophysical environmental bottom lines. Skelton and Memon concluded that the "broad overall judgement" (a 'weighing', rather than a 'balancing' approach) is the interpretation of 'sustainable management' now favoured by the Environment Court. The 'broad overall judgement' approach is not without critics. Wheen (1997, 2002) argues that the broad overall judgement interpretation reduces 'sustainable management' to a balancing test with a bias towards tangible economic benefits over the intangible environmental concerns. Upton et al. (2002) responded to Skelton and Memon's paper by noting that the Review Group on the draft resource management bill had quite intentionally drafted section 5(2) to emphasise biophysical constraints to move away from the overly broad and unweighted list of socio-economic and environmental objectives in the Town and Country Planning Act. They concluded;In our view, the plain wording of section 5 is easy enough to understand without recourse to concepts like sustainable development that are not referred to, or the insistence that an anthropogenic reading of the section must necessarily involve weighing up everything against everything else. Resource consents The RMA requires that certain uses of natural resources require a specific authorisation by a resource consent. As part of an application for resource consent, an Assessment of Environmental Effects (AEE), a report similar to Planning Statement, is required. This assessment, in theory, includes all potential impacts on the environment, including those that are only long-term, with 'sustainability' as a strong, though not yet clearly legally defined part of the Act. Climate change decisions The RMA as originally enacted classified greenhouse gases as contaminants and it allowed consent authorities to consider the effects of global warming caused by discharges of greenhouse gases. In 1994, the Fourth National Government regarded the RMA as one of its policies to mitigate climate change. A number of decisions were made on that basis. Stratford gas thermal power station In 1993, the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) proposed to build the Stratford Power Station, a 400-megawatt gas-fired thermal power station in Stratford, Taranaki. ECNZ applied for a resource consent to discharge contaminants including carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The Environment Minister Simon Upton established a board of inquiry under the Resource Management Act to hear and advise him on the proposal. In February 1995, the board of inquiry Report of the Board of Inquiry, Proposed Taranaki Power Station – Air Discharge Effects (February 1995) concluded that the power station's operation would significantly increase New Zealand's emissions of carbon dioxide and make it more difficult for the Government to meet its obligation to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to their 1990 levels as committed to under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The board of inquiry recommended that ECNZ must establish a carbon sink "sufficient to eventually store in perpetuity the equivalent quantity of carbon emitted from the site over the term of the permit". In March 1995, Environment Minister Simon Upton in Decision of Hon Simon Upton, Minister for the Environment, Air Discharge Permit Taranaki Combined Cycle Power Station (Wellington, Ministry for the Environment, March 1995) accepted the bulk of the board's report and approved the resource consents. Upton made the conditions requiring carbon sequestration more flexible. The offsetting condition would only apply when electricity sector carbon dioxide emissions exceeded the volume emitted when the plant was commissioned. The offsetting condition allowed for either forests to create a carbon sink or greater efficiency elsewhere. The decisions of the Minister and the board of inquiry set the precedent that under the RMA consent authorities can consider global warming to be a relevant effect and can impose conditions on companies that limit their discharges of greenhouse gases or require mitigation through offsetting or sequestration in forest sinks. The N.Z. Forestry periodical noted that planting forests to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions would be a temporary solution for about 40 years that did not take into account the emissions from the eventual harvesting stage. In 2001, Minister for the Environment Marian Hobbs informed Parliament that ECNZ had never planted any forest for sequestration of the Stratford Power Station emissions. Otahuhu C gas thermal power station In 2001, Contact Energy obtained resource consents for a new 400 MW gas-fired power plant at the existing Otahuhu Power Station site. In 2002, the Environmental Defence Society (EDS) appealed the consents to the Environment Court. In the decision Environmental Defence Society (Incorporated) v Auckland Regional Council and Contact Energy''', the Environment Court agreed that the predicted annual emissions of 1.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide would contribute to climate change via the greenhouse effect. The Environment Court agreed with the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change and concluded that the proposed CO2 emissions would be an "adverse effect of some consequence" under the RMA. However the court declined to grant the relief requested by EDS. That was to impose conditions requiring the complete offsetting of the carbon dioxide emissions by planting new forests. The court cited its concerns over its "efficacy, appropriateness and reasonableness" of the offsetting conditions. Opinions The Act has regularly made headlines since its introduction, receiving the blame for the failure of a number of high-profile projects, such as the Project Aqua hydro dam. Proponents of the RMA argue that it ensures the sustainable use of resources for the foreseeable needs of the present and future generation, and also recognises the importance of indigenous rights in the mitigation process. In this respect, the RMA is a pioneering act in the area of sustainable development. Other advantages cited are the umbrella function, which (at least in theory) allows all consent decisions about a project to be considered in one process, freeing applicants from the need to research and apply for all the various permits they would otherwise have to apply for their development. It is also noted that the RMA is 'effects-based'. In other words, instead of a proposal needing to be on a list of approved or permitted developments or activities, if the applicant can prove that the 'effects' of the development on the environment are unproblematic, then he or she is allowed to go ahead. In practice however, this proof is often elusive, especially with new or contested activities or developments. Environment and conservation groups New Zealand's largest conservation organisation, the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand considers that; public participation is minimised as that 95% of all resource consents are granted without public notification, less than 1% of applications for consents are declined (MfE 1999–2000 survey), businesses equate public participation with added costs, but the OECD considers New Zealand to have low environmental compliance costs, consenting is an uneven playing field, as developers have better access to legal, planning, scientific experts than the public, the absence of national environmental standards and national policy statements has led to inconsistency between councils. Business interests Critics of the act argue that the resource management process is a barrier to investment, being unpredictable, expensive, protracted and often subject to undue influence from local lobby groups, especially the indigenous Māori iwi. A typical business viewpoint is expressed by the New Zealand Business Roundtable. 'The NZBR has long expressed concerns that are widely shared in the business community about the RMA. It is a cumbersome, time-consuming and costly piece of legislation that adds considerable uncertainty to business decision-making. It is a major impediment to the country's economic growth.' The Business Round Table has also argued that the RMA contains core concepts, such as sustainable management, intrinsic values, Treaty principles, kaitiakitanga and the definition of the environment, which are 'hopelessly fuzzy'. Companies have used it to hinder the operations of their competitors,Mayor wants development objections limited – The New Zealand Herald, Thursday 21 February 2008 even though the law specifically states that business competition is not to be a factor in decisions about giving consent. Other business critics argue that the RMA is destructive of property rights. Also especially criticised was the inability to restrict submissions against a project to those directly affected, and the need to go through a Council-level hearings phase even when it was already apparent that a case would eventually go to the Environment Court. The RMA has also been blamed for preventing Project Aqua, a major hydroelectric scheme, by making compliance, respectively the compliance process, too costly. Māori New Zealand's indigenous Māori have in return argued that decisions made under the RMA do not adequately take into account the interests and values of New Zealand's indigenous people. 2007 assessment of RMA's performance Rod Oram's paper 'The RMA now and in the future', presented at the 2007 Beyond the RMA conference assessed the RMA's performance over its first 16 years. The paper's main conclusions were the following: 'The effectiveness of the RMA is patchy. In rural areas it can cope with allocation and management of relatively abundant resources. But it cannot cope when resources, particularly water, are fully allocated. Nor can it cope with cumulative effects.... Under the RMA it is not easy for councils to declare a halt to further consents. And in urban areas, the RMA works well for small, local consents. But it is inadequate for dealing with wide area, long-term and strategic issues of urban development.' 'The efficiency of the RMA has increased.... And there may be more gains to come from the 2005 amendments, which put in place mechanisms to upskill council staff and for councils to share knowledge. But some 20 councils were still considered to be under-performing.... And there are still complaints by consent applicants about variable quality of staff, decisions and timeliness. The continuing lack of national policy statements and environmental standards are widely considered detrimental to the Act's administration.' 'The future of the RMA is highly uncertain. Almost all the development effort that has gone into it has focused on improving process rather than refining purpose. Thus, administration of the Act might have become more efficient but the legislation has failed to respond to greater pressures on the environment...or greater demands from the public for higher standards and more certain sustainability'. 2008 RMA reform The National Party, when in opposition to the government, made a promise to reform the RMA during the 2008 election campaign. After winning the election a reform group was announced. They were given the following terms of reference: raising New Zealand's rate of productivity and economic growth increasing the flexibility of the economy to facilitate adjustment and promote confidence and investment in response to the international economic crisis providing for sound environmental policies and practices. In February 2009 the National-led Government announced the "Resource Management (Simplify and Streamline) Amendment Bill 2009" aimed at: Removing frivolous, vexatious and anti-competitive objections Streamlining processes for projects of national significance Creating an Environmental Protection Authority Improving plan development and plan change processes Improving resource consent processes Streamlining decision making Improving workability and compliance Local Government New Zealand said in its submission to the local government and environment select committee that some of the changes designed to simplify and streamline the Resource Management Act were not well thought out and may actually create more delays and increase costs. ECO considered that the Bill will hinder the input from communities and to favour large projects. It would also fast-track large developments and make little difference to smaller projects, a similar situation to the controversial National Development Act (repealed in 1986). In 2013, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment Jan Wright criticised planned amendments to the Act, saying it "is not, and should not become, an economic development act". Fast-tracking projects in COVID-19 recovery plan As part of planning for economic recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Minister for the Environment announced on 3 May 2020 that the Government would amend the law to allow fast-tracking of selected projects through the RMA. The resource consent applications for the selected projects will be processed by an Expert Consenting Panel that is chaired by a current or retired Environmental Court Judge or senior lawyer. Each Panel will have a person nominated by the relevant local councils and a person nominated by the relevant iwi authorities. Consenting Panels will issue decisions within 25 working days after receiving comments on the application although this could be increased to 50 days for large scale projects. Existing Treaty of Waitangi settlements will be upheld, as will sustainable management and existing RMA national direction. Appeal rights will be limited to points of law and/or judicial review to the High Court, with one further right of appeal to the Court of Appeal. The announcement was welcomed by the industry body Infrastructure New Zealand. In a statement on 4 May, the Chief Executive said that “the RMA has become a litigious, cumbersome, and complex piece of legislation. It was never intended to be applied the way it has been, and it was not designed to facilitate recovery from something like the COVID-19 lockdown”. The Chief Executive of the New Zealand Infrastructure Commission, responsible for national oversight of infrastructure planning and investment, called for wide-ranging improvements to environmental planning, including more focus on long-term needs, more integrated decision making and institutional reform. Replacement efforts Sixth Labour government, 2020–2023 In 2020 a comprehensive independent review of New Zealand's resource management system was undertaken. This report is named the 'Randerson report', after the Court of Appeal Judge, Hon Tony Randerson, who led the review. The review identified issues with the current system, and concluded that the system cannot cope with current pressures. These pressures include high population growth and the lack of accommodating development, diminishing biodiversity, the degradation of nature, and the need to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The report also made several recommendations. The primary of which was the repeal and replacement of the RMA. On 10 February 2021, the Sixth Labour Government confirmed that the Resource Management Act will be replaced by three separate acts. This announcement follows many of the Randerson Report's recommendations. The three new acts will be the Natural and Built Environment Act 2023 (NBA), the Spatial Planning Act 2023 (SPA), and the Climate Change Adaptation Bill (CAA). The acts are to be drafted, notified and implemented over the next three years. In June 2021, the Government released an 'exposure draft' of the Natural and Built Environment Bill, to enable two rounds of public consultation. In mid November 2022, the Government introduced the NBA and the SPA as part of its first steps to replace the Resource Management Act. The NBA establishes a National Planning Framework (NPF) setting out rules for land use and regional resource allocation. The NPF also replaces the Government's policy statements on water, air quality and other issues with an umbrella framework. Under the framework of the NPF, all 15 regions will be required to develop a Natural and Built Environment Plan (NBE) that will replace the 100 district and regional plans, harmonising consenting and planning rules. An independent national Māori entity will also be established to provide input into the NPF and ensure compliance with the Treaty of Waitangi's provisions. The Spatial Planning Bill will deal with long-term planning. Local committees will be required to develop 30-year regional spatial strategies (RSS). These strategies will be informed by the NPF and will help the regions decide their NBEs. In response, the opposition National and ACT parties criticised the two replacement bills on the grounds that it created more centralisation, bureaucracy, and did little to reform the problems associated with the RMA process. The Green Party expressed concerns about the perceived lack of environment protections in the two bills. The Natural and Built Environment and Spatial Planning Acts passed their third readings on 15 August 2023, and received royal assent on 23 August. Sixth National Government, 2023–present Following the 2023 New Zealand general election, the NBA and SPA laws were repealed by the National-led coalition government, which passed the Resource Management (Natural and Built Environment and Spatial Planning Repeal and Interim Fast-track Consenting) Act 2023 on 19 December 2023. On 23 April 2024, the RMA Reform Minister Chris Bishop announced that the Government's RMA replacement legislation would remove intensive winter grazing regulations, low-slope map from stock exclusion regulations, suspend the requirement for local councils to identify new Significant Natural Areas for three years, eliminate the requirement for resource consents to comply with the "Te Mana o te Wai hierarchy of obligations," and ease coal mining restrictions. The Resource Management (Freshwater and Other Matters) Amendment Bill was introduced on 23 May 2024. On 20 September 2024, Bishop announced that the Government would introduce two new laws to replace the Resource Management Act 1991. One law would focus on managing the environmental effects of development activities while the second would enable urban development and infrastructure. See also District Plan, the main planning instrument of the RMA at District Council level Environment Court, the court dealing with Resource Management Act matters Environment of New Zealand New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement References Further reading Harris, Rob (ed.) (2004). Handbook of Environmental Law'' (2nd Ed.). Wellington: Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand, . Considered the standard commentary on the RMA. External links The Resource Management Act 1991 – Full text of the current act as of 19 December 2018, New Zealand Government The Resource Management Act 1991 The original Resource Management Act as enacted in 1991. New Zealand Association of Resource Management – resource management practitioners association Statutes of New Zealand Urban planning in New Zealand Environmental law in New Zealand 1991 in New Zealand law 1991 in the environment Environmental mitigation Environmental impact assessment Natural resource management

1483595

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case%20Anton

Case Anton

Case Anton () was the military occupation of France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942. It marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally-independent state and the disbanding of its army (the severely-limited Armistice Army), but it continued its existence as a puppet government in Occupied France. One of the last actions of the Vichy armed forces before their dissolution was the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon to prevent it from falling into Axis hands. Background A German plan to occupy Vichy France had been drawn up in December 1940 under the codename of Operation Attila and soon came to be considered with Operation Camellia, the plan to occupy Corsica. Operation Anton updated the original Operation Attila, including different German units and adding Italian involvement. For Adolf Hitler, the main rationale for permitting a nominally-independent France to exist was that it was, in the absence of German naval superiority, the only practical means to deny the use of the French colonies to the Allies. However, the Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942 caused that rationale to disappear, especially since it quickly became apparent that the Vichy government possessed neither the political will nor the practical means to prevent French colonial authorities from submitting to Allied occupation. Moreover, Hitler knew he could not risk an exposed flank on the French Mediterranean. After a final conversation with French Prime Minister Pierre Laval, Hitler gave orders for Corsica to be occupied on 11 November and Vichy France the following day. Operation By the evening of 10 November 1942, Axis forces had completed their preparations for Case Anton. The 1st Army advanced from the Atlantic coast, parallel to the Spanish border, while the 7th Army advanced from central France towards Vichy and Toulon, under the command of General Johannes Blaskowitz. The Italian 4th Army occupied the French Riviera and an Italian division landed on Corsica. By the evening of 11 November, German tanks had reached the Mediterranean coast. The Germans had planned Operation Lila to capture intact the demobilised French fleet at Toulon. French naval commanders managed to delay the Germans by negotiation and subterfuge long enough to scuttle their ships on 27 November, before the Germans could seize them, preventing three battleships, seven cruisers, 28 destroyers and 20 submarines from falling into the hands of the Axis powers. Despite the disappointment of the German Naval War Staff, Hitler considered that the elimination of the French fleet sealed the success of Operation Anton since the destruction of the fleet denied it to Charles de Gaulle and the Free French Navy. Vichy France offered no resistance, contenting itself with a radio broadcast objecting to the violation of the armistice of 1940. The German government countered that it was the French who violated the armistice first by not offering a determined resistance to the Allied landings in North Africa. The 50,000-strong Vichy French Army took defensive positions around Toulon, but when confronted by German demands to disband, it did so since it lacked the military capability to resist the Axis forces. Aftermath Although it became little more than a puppet government, the Vichy regime continued to exercise nominal civil authority over the whole of Metropolitan France except Alsace-Lorraine, as it had done since 1940. The Italian occupation zone was abolished following the removal of Mussolini from office and the Italian government's subsequent request for an armistice in 1943. France subsequently remained under exclusively German occupation from then until the Allied invasion and liberation of the country in 1944. See also German occupation of France during World War II Italian occupation of France during World War II Footnotes References External links 1942 in France 1942 in military history Anton World War II operations of the Western European Theatre Anton November 1942 events Axis powers Invasions by Germany

1483597

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky%20S-40

Sikorsky S-40

The Sikorsky S-40 was an American amphibious flying boat built by Sikorsky in the early 1930s for Pan American Airways. During WW2 they were used by the United States Navy for training. This was the first of flying clippers, large flying boats of the 1930s used for long distance air travel. More advanced designs soon followed, but the S-40 was big step forward as it could carry 38 passengers as opposed to the S-38's eight. Design and development Sikorsky designed the S-40 in response to a request from Juan Trippe, president of Pan American Airways, for a larger passenger-carrying airplane. The S-40 could carry 38 passengers, a significant increase over the S-38's eight passengers. Wind tunnel testing of the S-40 started in October 1928, and models of the hull were tested in April 1929. The aircraft featured a pantry with an electric refrigerator and stove as well as a smoking lounge with book-ended mahogany wood paneling. Six life rafts were carried. Despite a significant size increase over the preceding S-38, the S-40 design was a conservative iteration of the smaller aircraft; the numerous flying wires and strut braces that were used in the exterior support framework caused significant drag and prompted Charles Lindbergh, retained as a consultant for Pan American, to tell Sikorsky "it would be like flying a forest through the air." Only three were built as Sikorsky began designing the more advanced and streamlined S-42 shortly after the S-40 entered service, based partly on input from Lindbergh. All three S-40s were built by the Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft Division of the United Aircraft in Stratford, Connecticut. The first test flight occurred on August 6, 1931. The first aircraft was christened American Clipper by Lou Henry Hoover, wife of President Herbert Hoover, on October 12, 1931 at NAS Anacostia; after its christening, American Clipper flew around Washington, D.C. In 1935, all three aircraft were upgraded and re-designated as the Sikorsky S-40A. Upgrades included replacing the original Pratt & Whitney R-1860 Hornet B engines with smaller displacement but more powerful supercharged R-1690 Hornet T2D1 engines, eliminating the landing gear, and increasing the maximum weight slightly. Another source states the landing gear was removed soon after the type certificate was issued. Operational history Passenger carrying service was initiated on November 19, 1931, with a S-40 piloted by Charles Lindbergh and Basil Rowe, flying from Miami, Florida to the Panama Canal Zone with stops at Cienfuegos, Cuba; Kingston, Jamaica, and Barranquilla, Colombia. Igor Sikorsky, the aircraft's designer, was on board as a passenger; during that trip, Sikorsky and Lindbergh began working on concepts that were used in the succeeding S-42. The S-40 was Pan American's first large flying boat. American Clipper served as the flagship of Pan Am's clipper fleet and this aircraft model was the first to earn the popular designation of "Clipper" or "Pan Am Clipper". The three S-40s served without incident during their civilian lives, flying a total of over 10 million miles. Navy Service They were retired around 1940 and turned over to the US Navy during World War II, who used them as trainers for four-engined flight instruction. Under Navy service, the aircraft were designated Sikorsky RS-4. (see also Sikorsky RS) Two of the S-40 were pressed into Navy service, and called RS-4. In July 1943, an RS-4 (752V) was coming in for beaching when it struck an unforeseen submerged rock, which damaged the wheel strut, which in turn caused list that lead a pontoon striking a rail at the edge of ramp. Beaching is when the flying boat is on the water, but brings its wheels down to come on to land, usually by a seaplane ramp. Another was damaged at Dinner Key in April 1943, and then returned to Pan-American by the Navy, however it was not returned to service but was used for spare parts. List Specifications (S-40) See also References Notes Bibliography "American airplane specifications". Aviation, Vol. 32, No. 1, January 1933, pp. 28–32. Registration required. Davies, R.E.G. Pan Am: An Airline and its Aircraft. New York: Orion Books, 1987. . Yenne, Bill. Seaplanes & Flying Boats: A Timeless Collection from Aviation's Golden Age. New York: BCL Press, 2003. . External links "World's Largest Amphibian Takes Flight", Popular Science, October 1931 The Sikorsky S-40 in the film Flying Down to Rio "Huge Amphibian Will Carry Forty-Six Passengers" Popular Mechanics, July 1931 article and photos of construction of first S-40. "This Sea Going Airliner Is Like A Clipper Ship", Popular Mechanics, September 1931, early cutaway drawing on announcement of construction "Luxuries Found In Air Travel On Huge U.S. Planes", Popular Mechanics, July 1932, interior of S-40 showing passenger accommodations S-040 1930s United States airliners Flying boats Amphibious aircraft Twin-boom aircraft Four-engined tractor aircraft Parasol-wing aircraft Pan Am Aircraft first flown in 1931 Four-engined piston aircraft

1483598

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens%20Fishery%20Conservation%20and%20Management%20Act

Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

The Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSFCMA), commonly referred to as the Magnuson–Stevens Act (MSA), is the legislation providing for the management of marine fisheries in U.S. waters. Originally enacted in 1976 to assert control of foreign fisheries that were operating within 200 nautical miles off the U.S. coast, the legislation has since been amended, in 1996 and 2007, to better address the twin problems of overfishing and overcapacity (i.e., too much fishing power). These ecological and economic problems arose in the domestic fishing industry as it grew to fill the vacuum left by departing foreign fishing fleets. Eight regional fishery management councils, composed of representatives of the fishing industry and state fishery officials, prepare fishery management plans for approval and implementation by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), which is an agency within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a part of the Department of Commerce. The plans are amended frequently to adjust management policies and measures to changes in fish stock abundance and to meet the goals of the MSA as they are revised by the Congress. Acting on behalf of the Secretary of Commerce, who is responsible for implementing the MSA's mandates, the NOAA administrator must determine whether a council's proposed plan amendment or adjustment meets the MSA's National Standards. These standards require that management measures actually prevent overfishing, are based on the best scientific information available, and are fair and equitable. If allocations of allowable catches are necessary to prevent overfishing or rebuild overfished stocks, such allocation schemes do not allow sectors of the industry to obtain an excessive share. Background The Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act is the primary law governing marine fisheries management in United States federal waters. The law is named after U.S. Senators Warren G. Magnuson of Washington state and Ted Stevens of Alaska, who sponsored the Senate bill, S. 200, that eventually was enacted. The Magnuson–Stevens Act was originally enacted as the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976. The U.S. House of Representatives bill, H.R. 200, was introduced by Representative Gerry Studds (D-Mass), who obtained bipartisan support for the bill from Rep. Don Young (R-Alaska) through common concern over the fishing power of the foreign fleets operating off their respective coasts. Their goal was to extend the exclusive fisheries zone of the U.S. from 12 to 200 nautical miles from the coastline. Opposed by national security and foreign relations officials in the White House, the 94th United States Congress nevertheless enacted the bill, and it was signed into law by the 38th President of the United States Gerald Ford on April 13, 1976. The final version of the law, Public Law 94-265, extended fisheries jurisdiction to 200 miles. It also created eight regional fishery management councils to assist the Secretary of Commerce in managing the fisheries of the United States. The role included advising the Secretary of State whether foreign fishing fleets could have access to fish stocks that U.S. fishermen did not have the capacity to harvest. The United States fishery management law has been amended many times over the years. Two major recent sets of amendments to the law were the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996, and then 10 years later the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006. In short, the goal of these amendments was to require the regional councils and the Secretary of Commerce to identify overfished stocks and to rebuild them in as short a time as possible. Purpose The MSFCMA was enacted to promote the U.S. fishing industry's optimal exploitation of coastal fisheries by "consolidating control over territorial waters" and establishing eight regional councils to manage fish stocks. The act has been amended several times in response to continued overfishing of major stocks. The most recent version, authorized in 2007, includes seven purposes: Acting to conserve fishery resources Supporting enforcement of international fishing agreements Promoting fishing in line with conservation principles Providing for the implementation of fishery management plans (FMPs) which achieve optimal yield Establishing Regional Fishery Management Councils to steward fishery resources through the preparation, monitoring, and revising of plans which (A) enable stake holders to participate in the administration of fisheries and (B) consider social and economic needs of states. Developing underutilized fisheries Protecting essential fish habitats Additionally, the law calls for reducing bycatch and establishing fishery information monitoring systems. Regulatory mechanisms Regional Fishery Management Councils are charged with developing and recommending fishery management plans, both to restore depleted stocks and manage healthy stocks. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) aids the Secretary of Commerce, who evaluates, approves, and implements the Councils' FMPs. Regional Fishery Management Council members are nominated by the governors of their respective states, and appointed by the Secretary of Commerce. A FMP must specify the criteria which determine when a stock is overfished and the measures needed to rebuild it. Regional councils regulate fishers with mechanisms, including annual catch limits, individual catch limits, community development quotas, and others. The Marine Fish Conservation Network highlighted the most significant changes in the mechanisms utilized in a 2010 report: "To achieve the goal of ending overfishing … Congress strengthened the role of science in the fishery management process and required fishery managers to establish science based annual catch limits (ACLs) and accountability measures (AMs) for all US fisheries with a deadline of 2010 for all stocks subject to overfishing… The new fisheries law requires the councils' science advisors, the scientific and statistical committees to make recommendations for 'acceptable biological catch' (ABC) which managers may not exceed…" The ACL is the centerpiece of the report which is supplemented by other mechanisms regulating the types of gear used, licensing vessels, and using of observers on fishing boats. In section 303 b, the Act enumerates the types of actions authorized for use by councils to achieve optimal catch goals. Including Permitting vessels or operators Designating Zones and periods where fishing is limited Limiting sale, catch or transport of certain fish. Regulating types of fishing equipment Requiring observers onboard vessels Regulatory effectiveness The act's results vary for different regions and different fish stocks. It did not prevent the overfishing of many species throughout its first 20 years of existence. This prompted major amendments in 1996 and 2006. The National Marine Fisheries Service issued a report to Congress in 2010 on the status of U.S. fisheries. It reported that of the 192 stocks monitored for overfishing 38 stocks (20%) still have fish "mortality rates that exceed the overfishing threshold … and 42 stocks (22%) are overfished". This is down from 38% and 48% respectively in 2000. A 2003 NMFS report reviewed achievements of the act since 1996. Highlighting the inconsistent effects of the legislation, it revealed that overfishing was eliminated in 15 major fish stocks while overfishing was initiated in 12 major fish stocks. To improve their overfishing prevention programs, the NMFS has implemented the Fish Stock Sustainability Index (FSSI), which measures key stocks according to their overfishing status and biomass levels. Since the FSSI began the index has increased every year. The act also has impacts on financial matters. While taxpayers have paid over $3 billion on NMFS programs since the acts inception, ultimately the fishing industry is most affected by the act's design flaws and incomplete implementation. According to Zeke Grader, Jr., the executive director of the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, the largest active trade association of commercial fishermen on the west coast, "Most of the U.S. fisheries stocks are facing a disaster due to over capitalization of the fishing industry and the mismanagement practices of U.S. Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and their appointed regional fishery management councils". Chris Kellogg, chief technical officer for the New England Fishery Management Council, emphasizes the tenuous position of many fishers, "On average, my guess is the fishing harvesting industry here in New England is basically covering costs and just on the border of solvency and insolvency". Stakeholders Many interest groups are concerned with the forming of fisheries conservation legislation. Fishers, corporations, activist groups and the public all share interest in protecting fishing eco-systems and economies via the MSFCMA. Fishers advocate measures that encourage regulatory processes to be scaled to the local level and which ensure fishing privileges aren't concentrated into small groups. They are also aware that if too much competition for finite resources prevails, their livelihood will suffer. Despite this, some fishermen prefer minimal government intervention in their market, defiantly demanding "the right to go broke". The fishing industry is worth $4 billion annually, as of 2010. Fish harvesting and processing corporations are invested in the political process to maximize their profits, to protect against foreign competition and to prevent regulations from making their proprietary information available to the public. Candice May, of Colorado State University, argues that federal legislators can't forge these relationships largely because they haven't properly identified what a "fishing community" is. She highlights the successes of the Community Development Quota system employed in some Alaska fisheries. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) focusing on fish conservation and environmentalism were key forces behind the incremental improvements in the law's regulatory mechanisms. The Pew Oceans Commission and the US commission on Oceans Policy prompted many of the amendments found within the 2006 reauthorization. Many advocacy groups speak through coalitions. The Marine Fish Conservation Network, for example, represents over 90 member organizations from across the United States. The public is represented as a stake holder by elected representatives, who ostensibly take them into consideration when drafting ways to protect public resources such as fish stocks. Critiques The major criticisms of the act have been its failure to stem overfishing. This includes the failure of the Secretary of Commerce, acting through NOAA, to require regulations that minimize catches of non-target species (referred to as "bycatch") or to ban discarding at sea undersized or unwanted catches of target species, and to hold accountable regional councils that don't enforce or implement fisheries management plans. Additionally, some of the regional councils' policies, such as restarting the timeline for rebuilding overfished stocks, appear to critics to have shielded commercial fishermen from the consequences of their poor business decisions and thereby inadequately protected the marine ecosystems they depend upon. Additionally, the critics have contended that the management plans lack transparency requirements for fishery related data. Limited federal enforcement and high levels of non-compliance with management regulations have contributed to stock depletion. Fishermen have accused each other of cheating on landings and chastised regulators for concentrating the quota allocations into too few hands. Other critics claim the regulatory framework is too "top-down" and alienates local fishers, thereby reducing the likelihood to achieve the cooperation needed to enforce many provisions. In response to these criticisms, NOAA adopted a National Catch Share Policy, and encouraged regional management councils to allocate catch quotas to individual fishermen, groups of fishing companies operating through cooperatives, or fishing communities. "On May 1, 2010, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) implemented a new management system for ground fish in New England. It established 17 fishermen-run collectives, called sectors. Sectors were pioneered by fishermen as voluntary, cooperative and community-based, and were designed to protect fleet diversity and coastal communities. The new management system operates on three simple premises: It implements science-based catch limits to rebuild fish populations and prevent overfishing. It incorporates monitoring so fishermen and regulators know exactly how much fish is being caught, and as a result, fishing stops once catch limits have been reached. Each sector receives its own share of the annual catch. While respecting catch limits, the co-ops provide fishermen with the flexibility to set their own fishing guidelines so they can run their businesses more efficiently and profitably. Those who develop more innovative fishing gear can target more of the healthy fish populations and avoid those populations that are struggling." As reported at the Council meeting, the first three months of sector operations resulted in (May 1 – August 15): Fishermen earning more money for less fishing under the new system. In 2010, landings are down compared to 2009. Only 85.8 percent of total landings last year were landed this year (for the same period of time). Meanwhile, revenues are up 112.4 percent. Sector fishermen are avoiding weak stocks and targeting robust stocks. The ratio of Georges Bank cod to Georges Bank haddock (in metric tons) in 2009 was 1121:1532. In 2010, it was 743:2768. Landings of Gulf of Maine winter flounder, a stock at very low abundance, are being effectively avoided under sectors. In 2009, 66 metric tons were landed. In 2010, 32 metric tons were landed." In the June 2024 Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo Supreme Court ruling, it was found that the law not authorize officials to create industry-funded monitoring requirements. See also Fisheries management Sustainable fisheries North Pacific Fishery Management Council References External links PDF version of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, as amended through January 12, 2007 NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service website on the most recent reauthorization of the Magnusion-Stevens Act Data Collection Issues in Relation to the Reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act: Oversight Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans, and Insular Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, Tuesday, May 21, 2013 NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service website on the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 Short overview of the Act by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pew Environment Group: Rebuilding America's Fisheries with One Single Act Reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act: Oversight Hearing Before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, Wednesday, September 11, 2013 1976 in American law 1976 in the environment Fish conservation United States federal environmental legislation Fisheries law Ted Stevens

1483602

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same%20Old%20Tunes

Same Old Tunes

Same Old Tunes is the debut album by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin, released on 28 October 1994 in Sweden by Burning Heart Records under the original title Tiny Tunes. The song "Da Strike" was released as the album's single, with an accompanying music video. Controversy The album's title and cover art mimicked the cartoon television show Tiny Toon Adventures, leading to a number of copyright infringement lawsuits against the band when the album was re-released in the United States on 22 September 1998 through Epitaph Records. Warner Bros, the owner of Tiny Toon Adventures, sued the record label and caused the band to change the title and cover art. They chose the title Same Old Tunes to reflect the fact that the album's track list had not changed. The band also printed T-shirts for the song "Chiquita Chaser" that imitated the logo of Chiquita Brands International, who threatened them with a lawsuit causing them to cease production of the shirts. Track listing All songs written by Nikola Šarčević except where noted. Personnel Millencolin Nikola Šarčević – lead vocals, bass guitar Erik Ohlsson – guitar Mathias Färm – guitar Fredrik Larzon – drums Additional musicians Fredrik Folcke – saxophone on "Da Strike" References External links Same Old Tunes at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed) Millencolin albums 1994 debut albums Epitaph Records albums Burning Heart Records albums

1483611

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise%20Klein%20Healy

Eloise Klein Healy

Eloise Klein Healy (born 1943) is an American poet. She has published five books of poetry and three chapbooks. Her collection of poems, Passing, was a finalist for the 2003 Lambda Literary Awards in Poetry and the Audre Lorde Award from The Publishing Triangle. Healy has also received the Grand Prize of the Los Angeles Poetry Festival and has received six Pushcart Prize nominations. Biography Healy was born in 1943 in El Paso, Texas and grew up in rural Iowa. She graduated from Immaculate Heart College. She was involved in the Woman's Building, the well known West Coast feminist cultural center, throughout the 1970s and 1980s in various capacities including as a teacher and a member of the Board of Directors. Healy became the first Poet Laureate of Los Angeles in 2012. She was instrumental in directing the women's studies program at Cal State Northridge, started the MFA program in creative writing at Antioch University, Los Angeles where she is professor emeritus, and founded Arktoi Books, an imprint of Red Hen Press. Works Individual works Artemis In Echo Park: Poetry, Firebrand Books, 1991, Building Some Changes, (chapbook), (A Beyond Baroque New Book), Beyond Baroque Foundation, 1976, OCLC: 2462676 The Islands Project, Red Hen Press, 2007, Ordinary Wisdom, Red Hen Press, 2005, A Packet Beating Like a Heart, (chapbook), Books of a Feather, 1981, OCLC: 8463876 Passing, Red Hen Press, 2002, A Wild Surmise: New & Selected Poems & Recordings, Red Hen Press, 2013, Women's Studies Chronicles (Laguna Poets Series, 99), The Inevitable Press, 1998, (chapbook) Anthologies including her writings Another City: Writing from Los Angeles, ed. David L. Ulin, City Lights Publishers, 2001, The Geography of Home: California's Poetry of Place, Heyday Books, 1999, Grand Passion: Poets of Los Angeles and Beyond, principal ed., Suzanne Lummis, Red Wind Books, 1995, Intimate Nature: The Bond Between Women and Animals, eds., Barbara Peterson, Brenda Peterson and Deena Metzger, Ballantine Books, 1999, The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, eds., Michael Lassell, Elena Georgiou, St. Martin's Press, 2000, References Living people Poets Laureate of Los Angeles American women poets American lesbian writers American LGBTQ poets 1943 births Chapbook writers 21st-century American women writers

1483612

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto%20Rumi

Moto Rumi

The Moto Rumi organisation was formed at the beginning of the twentieth century and originally supplied cast components to the textile machinery industry. At the outbreak of World War II, Rumi became involved in the manufacture of armaments, miniature submarines and torpedoes. After the end of the war in 1950, Rumi decided to get involved in the manufacture of lightweight motorcycles. It was also decided to base the powerplant on the horizontal twin two stroke unit of 125 cc capacity. In 1952, with the popularity of scooters, Rumi started manufacturing the Squirrel or Scoiottolo – a cast aluminum monocoque body with tubular swinging arm rear suspension and teleforks with 14 inch wheels and three gears. Subsequent models had a four speed gearbox and electric starter and were reputed to be the fastest scooters then in production. 1952 In 1952, Rumi was producing the "sports" and "super sport" motorcycle models (single and twin carburettor versions respectively). The "super sport" was superseded by the "Competizione" or "Gobbetto", a pure factory racer. 1954 1954 brought the production of the Formichino or Little Ant scooter, which was reputedly designed by Ing Salvatti. A "Competizione" won the Italian National Championship in 1954. The entire body (with exception of the front forks, crash rails and legshields) was produced in cast aluminium, with the front and rear castings bolted to the engine to form a monocoque which resulted in a light and rigid construction. The rear swinging arm, chaincase and silencer box were also constructed in cast aluminium. These models originally had 8 inch wheels, but by 1958 they reverted to 10 inch which gave a better stability and ground clearance. 1955 During 1955, the "Competizione" was superseded by the "Junior Corsa" and "Junior Gentleman". 1958 In 1958, Rumi also produced a sports version called the "Tipo Sport" which had a 22 mm carburettor, larger exhaust pipes and a higher compression ratio. 1957/58 In 1957/58 and 1960, Rumi won the famous Bol d'Or 24-hour races at Montlhery in France and subsequently Rumi produced the Bol d'Or scooter named after the race. In the UK, it sported dropped handlebars, chrome plated aluminium cylinders and twin carburettors but the French version favoured the Bol d'or with a single 22 mm carburettor. Liquidation During the 1960s, Rumi went into liquidation and Donnino Rumi went back to being a sculptor and artist. See also List of Italian companies List of motorcycle manufacturers References MotoRumi Forum Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Italy Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1950 Italian companies established in 1950

1483613

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroaki%20Abe

Hiroaki Abe

was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Biography Early career Abe was born in Yonezawa city in Yamagata prefecture in northern Japan. He graduated from the 39th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1911, with a ranking of 26th out of a class of 148 cadets. As a midshipman, he served on the cruiser and battleship . After his promotion to ensign on 1 December 1912, he was assigned to the cruisers and , and the battleship . After attending torpedo school and naval artillery school, he was promoted to sub-lieutenant and served on the destroyer , followed by the cruiser during World War I. However, it does not appear that Abe experienced combat during his tour of duty. After the end of the war, he served in mostly staff positions until he was given his first command on 20 July 1922, the destroyer . He then commanded the destroyer , and was promoted to lieutenant commander the following year on 1 December 1923. He was captain of the destroyer for one year in 1925. Abe returned to the Naval Staff College in 1926. He was promoted to commander on 10 December 1928, and captain on 1 December 1932. In 1936, he assumed command of the cruiser , and a year later, that of the battleship . Pacific War On 15 November 1938, Abe was promoted to the rank of rear admiral. He was thus in command of Cruiser Division 8 (CruDiv8) during the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the subsequent Battle of Wake Island. During the Guadalcanal campaign, as commander of Combat Division 11 (BatDiv 3 and CruDiv 8), he led his ships as the vanguard group at the Battle of the Eastern Solomons from 23–25 August 1942 and the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands from 26–28 October. He was promoted to vice admiral on 1 November. However, during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 12–13 November, when assigned to bombard Henderson Field on Guadalcanal, he broke off his attack after encountering an almost completely crippling 40 minutes of intense combat with U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Daniel Callaghan's Task Group 67.4 (TG 67.4). Abe lost his flagship, the battleship , which he ordered scuttled after it had been seriously damaged, as well as two destroyers. Abe himself was wounded – and his chief of staff (Captain Masakane Suzuki) was killed – by machine-gun fire from the , a destroyer that he sank afterwards. But he still had the undamaged battleship to bombard Henderson Field and enough destroyers to finish off damaged Allied vessels. His failure to aggressively push through his attack against an inferior enemy force created tremendous controversy, and he was relieved of his command by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Abe was forced to resign from the Imperial Japanese Navy soon afterward in March 1943. He died in 1949. His younger brother, , was also a career navy officer, and was captain of the aircraft carrier . Abe went down with Shinano, when she was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine while performing trials. Notable positions held Crewmember, BB Kongō – 27 May 1914 – 1 December 1914 Staff Officer, 3rd Fleet – 1 December 1919 – 10 November 1921 Torpedo Officer, CL Tama – 10 May 1923 – 1 May 1924 Senior Staff Officer, DesRon 2 – 30 November 1929 – 31 October 1931 ComDesDiv 1 – 31 October 1931 – 16 May 1932 ComDesDiv 2 – 15 November 1932 – 15 November 1933 ComDesDiv 23 – 15 November 1933 – 15 November 1934 Commanding Officer, CL Jintsu – 1 December 1936 – 1 December 1937 Commanding Officer, BB Fusō – 1 December 1937 – 1 April 1938 Commanding Officer, Air Group 14 - 1 April 1938 - 15 December 1938 Chief Instructor of the Naval Academy - 15 December 1938 - 1 November 1940 ComDesRon 6 – 15 November 1940 – 21 July 1941 ComCruDiv 8 – 1 August 1941 – 14 July 1942 ComBatDiv 11 – 14 July 1942 – 20 December 1942 Dates of promotions Midshipman – 18 July 1911 Ensign – 1 December 1912 Sublieutenant – 1 December 1914 Lieutenant – 1 December 1917 Lieutenant Commander – 1 December 1923 Commander – 10 December 1928 Captain – 1 December 1932 Rear Admiral – 15 November 1938 Vice Admiral – 1 November 1942 References Books Notes External links 1889 births 1949 deaths People from Yamagata Prefecture Japanese admirals of World War II Battle of Midway

1483618

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethriel

Ethriel

Ethriel, son of Íriel Fáid, according to medieval Irish legends and historical traditions, succeeded his father as High King of Ireland. During his reign he cleared six plains. He ruled for twenty years, until he was killed in the Battle of Rairiu by Conmáel in revenge for his father Éber Finn, who had been killed by Ethriel's grandfather Érimón. He was the last of the chieftains who arrived in the invasion of the sons of Míl to rule Ireland. The Lebor Gabála Érenn says that during his reign Tautanes, king of Assyria, died (1182 BC according to Jerome's Chronicon), as did Hector and Achilles (the Trojan War is usually dated to the 13th century BC), and Samson was king of the Tribe of Dan in ancient Israel. Geoffrey Keating dates his reign from 1259 to 1239 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters from 1671 to 1651 BC. References Legendary High Kings of Ireland Monarchs killed in action

1483621

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraha

Abraha

Abraha (Ge’ez: አብርሃ) (also spelled Abreha, died presumably in 570 CE), was an Aksumite viceroy for the Kingdom of Aksum who ruled over Himyar and much of the Arabian peninsula according to his inscriptions in the 6th century. He is famous for the tradition of his attempt to destroy the Kaaba, a revered religious site in Mecca, using an army that included war elephants, an event known as Year of the Elephant. Life The Byzantine historian Procopius identified Abraha as the former slave of a Roman merchant who conducted business in Adulis, while the Muslim historian al-Tabari says that he was related to the Aksumite royal family. Later, Abraha was either one of the commanders or a member of one of the armies led by King Kaleb of Axum against Dhu Nuwas. In al-Tabari's history, Abraha is said to have been the commander of the second army sent by Kaleb of Axum after the first, led by 'Ariat, failed. Abraha was reported to have led his army of 100,000 men to successfully crush all resistance by the Yemeni army and then, following the suicide of Dhu Nuwas, seized power and established himself at Sanaa. However, he aroused the wrath of Kaleb by withholding tribute. In response, Kaleb sent his general 'Ariat to take over the governorship of Yemen. One version of what then happened was that Abraha fought a duel with 'Ariat which resulted in 'Ariat being killed and Abraha suffering the injury which earned him the sobriquet al-Ashram "Scarface." It was also said that Abraha's nose had either been lost in battle or had been severely damaged due to a disease. According to Procopius, Abraha seized control of Yemen from Sumyafa Ashwa, the Christian viceroy appointed by Kaleb, with the support of dissident elements within the Aksumite soldiers who were eager to settle in South Arabia, then a rich and fertile land. An army sent by Kaleb to subdue Abraha decided instead to join his ranks and killed the commander (perhaps a reference to 'Ariat), and a second army was defeated. After this, Kaleb had to accord Abraha de facto recognition; he earned a more formal recognition under Kaleb's successor in return for nominal tribute. Stuart Munro-Hay, who proposes a 518 date for the rise of Dhu Nuwas, dates this event to 525, while by the chronology based on Dhu Nuwas coming to power in 523, this event would have happened about 530, although a date as late as 543 has been postulated by Jacques Ryckmans. The reign of Abraha is documented in six inscriptions, four of which were recorded by the king himself. The most detailed is dated to 548 CE and commemorates the suppression of a rebellion by the governor of Kinda, Yazid, and Sabaean and Himyarite princes, as well as the restoration of the Marib Dam, and the hosting of an international conference in which delegations from the Kingdom of Aksum, the Sasanian Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Lakhmid kingdom, and the Ghassanids came to Marib. The reason for this conference is not known. The second inscription of Abraha, dated 552, mentions military campaigns in central Arabia. Two columns of Arab auxiliaries tasked with suppressing a rebellion by Banu Amir, while Abraha himself went to Haliban, approximately 300 km southwest of Riyadh. The Ma‘add tribe was defeated, and they pledged allegiance and handed over hostages. While, Nasrid ‘Amr, son of al-Mundhir, offered his own son, who had previously served as the governor of Ma‘add. The inscriptions reads as: With Rahmanan’s might and that of his Messiah, King Abraha Zybmn, king of Saba’, of dhu-Raydan, of Hadramawt, and of Yamnat, and of their Arabs in the Upper-Country and on the Coast, inscribed this text when he raided Ma‘add for the fourth time, in the month of dha-thabatan {= April}, when all the Banu Amir had revolted; the king sent Abu Jabr with Kinda and ‘Ali, and Bishr son of Hisn with Sa‘d and Murad; the two chiefs of the army began to battle against the Banu Amir, Kinda, and Ali in the valley of dhu Murakh, and Murad and Sa'd in a valley at the water hole of Turaban, and they slew, took prisoners, and seized booty in abundance; the king held an assembly at Haliban and they pledged allegiance, the rebels of Ma‘add who surrendered hostages; following this, Amr, son of Mundhir submitted to {Abraha}, he gave his son as a hostage while he Amr had been set up as governor over Ma‘add {Abraha} returned from Haliban with Rahmanan’s might, in the month of dhu-‘allan {= September} six hundred and sixty-two. Abraha's last notable inscription celebrates the consolidation of power over a large portion of the Arabian Peninsula and enumerates the various regions and tribes that submitted to him. This inscription, known as Murayghān 3, is believed to have been created after the previous inscription (Ry 506). Two significant facts are stated in this inscription. Firstly, it indicates that Abraha had lost control of the great tribal confederation of Ma'add. Abraha commends himself for successfully reconquering Ma'add. Secondly, it highlights the conquest of a substantial portion of the Arabian Peninsula. The inscription reads as: The king Abraha ZYBMN, King of Saba' and Dhū-Raydān and Hadramōt and Yamanāt and their Arabs of the Upper Country and on the coast, wrote this inscription when he returned from the land of Ma'add, when he seized the Arabs of Ma'add from Mundhir and drove out 'Amr, son of Mundhir, and he seized all the Arabs of Ma'add and Hagar and Khatt and Tayy and Yathrib and Guzām. The different locations have all been positively identified, except for "Guzam," which Christian Robin believes is a reference to the Judham tribe. The final two inscriptions from Abraha's reign discuss the last repairs to the Marib Dam, and potentially the building of the famous Al-Qalis Church, although this is uncertain and may have been construction work at Ghumdan palace. It is dated to 559/60, making it the last known dated Himyarite text. Hisham ibn al-Kalbi mentions one of the Quraysh, al-Ḥarith ibn Alqama, who was a hostage of the Quraysh was handed over to Abraha the Abyssinian. The Quraysh surrendered him to Abraha, who agreed in return not to sever the commercial relations between his kingdom and Mecca. The need for the surrender of hostages arose after some merchants from Abraha's country had been robbed in Mecca. Another hostage with Abraha, ʿUtbān b. Mālik of the Thaqif tribe, was from Taif, east-southeast of Mecca. Al-Kalbi also provides some details about Abraha's offspring. Rayhana, "daughter of al-Ashram al-Ḥabashī [the Abyssinian]," is said to have given birth to Abraha ibn al-Ṣabbāḥ, "king of Tihamah [along the Red Sea coast]." His brother was Khayr ibn al-Ṣabbāḥ. Another daughter of Abraha, sister of Masruq, was Basbāsa. A nephew of al-Ashram, named Yaksūm, is said to have given the Prophet Muhammad some kind of weapon as a gift. Year of the Elephant Islamic view Abraha is best known in Islamic accounts for his infamous attempt to attack the Kaaba in Mecca. He aimed to replace the Kaaba by constructing a grand church named the Al-Qalis (from the Greek Ekklesia) in Sanaa. He also built a church in Najran for Bani Al-Harith, the House of Al-Lat in Taif for the tribe of Thaqeef, the House of Yareem and the House of Ghamdan in Yemen. To counter the decline of Mecca as a pilgrimage center, the people of North Arabian tribes, specifically the Kināna and the nasaʾa (those responsible for intercalation) desecrated Abraha's church. In response to this act, Abraha resolved to launch an assault on Mecca with the aid of an elephant, with the intention of destroying the Kaaba. The elephant was supposedly provided by the Negus. Abraha's army is said to have included forces from South Arabian tribes, including the 'Akk, al-Ashʿar, and Khath'am. On his way north, Abraha is said to have passed through the settlements of various Arab tribes from which he took prisoners who were forced to act as his guides. Abraha's army is reported to have eventually crossed through Taif, where the Banu Thaqif provided a guide named Abū Righāl to accompany him. As they approached al-Mughammas, a short distance from Mecca, Abū Righāl died and was laid to rest there and his grave would later be stoned by the Arabs (who were mostly pagans at the time) after the failure of Abraha's expedition. Abraha sent an expedition to subjugate the Azd tribes to his army and also to open the road to Mecca, but Abraha's army was defeated by an Azdi leader named Abd Shams Ibn Masruh, so Abraha was forced to take another route to Mecca. The memory of the Mecca campaign is encapsulated in "The Year of the Elephant," typically dated to 570 CE, which serves as the starting point for Mecca's pre-Islamic history chronology. Some traditions link Muhammad's birth (usually stated as 570 CE) with this year, while others place his birth either 23 or 40 years after the Year of the Elephant, suggesting a date range between about 530 and 547 CE. Scholars Ibrahim Zein and Ahmed el-Wakil state that the week of the attack according to the Muslim commentaries began Sunday, 14 February 572 (13 Muḥarram 51 Before Hijrah) and the birth of Muhammad and his progeny was on Monday, 11 April 572 (12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 51 BH). The earliest Islamic reference to Abraha's attack on Mecca is found in the Al-Fil (Qur'an 105), which describes a divine intervention against the "People of the Elephant." God was said to have thwarted their wicked scheme, sending flocks of birds to rain down stones upon them, reducing them to "straw eaten up." Muslim scholars concur that the "People of the Elephant" were Abraha's troops who assaulted the Kaaba. Abraha had a troop of about 13 war elephants in the expeditionary forces. Muhammad's and his progeny paternal grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, put the battle in God's hands, realising that he could not take on the forces of Abraha. As Abraha's forces approached the city, the story goes: The next day, as they prepared for battle, they discovered that their elephant (called Mahmud) refused to approach Mecca. Even worse, birds came from the sea, each of which brought three small stones, which they dropped on the soldiers of Abraha. Everyone hit by these stones was killed. Abraha was hit repeatedly and slowly dismembered. By the time he reached Sanaa, he was nothing but a miserable stump of a body. His heart burst from his chest, and he died. So the year of the War of the Elephant was a year of death. But it was also a year of life, for in that same year Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon him and his progeny was born. Earlier mentions appear in pre-Islamic poetry, particularly in some qaṣīdas considered of unquestionable pre-Islamic origin, such as Abū Qays Ṣayfī b. al-Aslat's. This poet praises God for His help "on the day of the elephant of the Abyssinians" and narrates the elephant's defiance when the Abyssinians tried to force it forward with hooks and knives. God sent a wind showering pebbles from above, causing them to retreat in disarray. In the verses of another poet, an "ingenuous test" is mentioned, wherein God's armies compelled the Quraysh to withdraw with regret after pelting them and covering them with dust. Only a few of them reached their homes, and Ṭufayl al-Ghanawī's poetry mentions a place near Mecca where "the elephant disobeyed his masters." Ethiopian view Outside of later Islamic tradition, there is no mention of Abraha's expedition at Mecca, including from Abraha's own inscriptions. Historians see the story as a later Islamic tradition designed to explain the "Men of the Elephant" in Qur'an 105:1-5. However, recent findings of Himyaritic inscriptions describe an hitherto unknown expedition by Abraha, which subsequently led Iwona Gajda to identify this expedition as the failed conquest of Mecca. In addition, scholar Christian Julien Robin notes that the historicity of a failed expedition is completely plausible, given that the Quraysh, despite their small number, quickly rose to prominence in the following years, evidenced by the great fair of Quraysh, held in al-ʿUkāẓ, as well as the ḥums cultural association, which associated members of tribes of Western Arabia with the Mecca sanctuary. Gajda accepted the dating of the expedition to 552 CE, thus not coinciding with the birth of the Prophet, traditionally dated to 570 CE. It also observed that Mecca is not mentioned in the inscription. On the other hand, Daniel Beck claims that there are several issues with the story, and that African war elephants hadn't been used in the region for over 600 years. It is also difficult to explain how Abraha would have obtained African war elephants in Arabia. He also claims that surah al-Fil appears to be in reference to 2 Maccabees and 3 Maccabees, and not referencing any expedition on Abraha's part. However, Michael Charles published a study where he detailed how the Aksumite kingdom used elephants for war and had access to them during the 6th century when the expedition is said to have taken place. It should also be noted that while 2 Maccabees mentioned elephants as war beasts and a foiled military expedition, it did not mention any flying creatures. However, angels as protective flying creatures foiling an elephant army can be found in 3 Maccabees 5 and 6:18-21. Death Munro-Hay dates his death to some time after 553 based on the inscription at Murayghän. Islamic tradition places his death immediately after his expedition to Mecca. Between 570 and 575 a pro-Persian group in Yemen made contact with the Sassanid king through the Lakhmid princes in Al-Hirah. The Sassanids then sent troops under the command of Wahriz, who helped (the semi-legendary) Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan drive the Aksumites from Yemen and Southern Arabia. As a result, Southern Arabia and Yemen came under the control of the Sassanid Empire. See also Ancient history of Yemen#Kingdom of Aksum (520 – 570 CE) Abd al-Muttalib References Further reading Sidney Smith, "Events in Arabia in the 6th Century A. D.", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 16 (1954), pp. 425–468 People from the kingdom of Aksum 6th-century military personnel 6th-century regents Pre-Islamic Arabia Yemeni Christians History of South Arabia Ethiopian military personnel Kings of Himyar

1483623

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20V%C3%A9rendrye%20Wildlife%20Reserve

La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve

La Vérendrye wildlife reserve is one of the largest reserves in the province of Quebec, Canada, covering of contiguous land and lake area (Assinica wildlife reserve is the largest in the province, but its territory is broken up in four non-contiguous parts). It is named after Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, a French-Canadian explorer. Located north of Ottawa (Canada’s capital), it is traversed from south to north by Route 117. With more than 4000 lakes and rivers and two huge reservoirs (Cabonga and Dozois), the wilderness territory is a venue of choice for outdoor enthusiasts. In addition to hunting and fishing, it also offers the opportunity to practice wilderness camping or canoe camping on more than of interconnecting canoe routes. Two First Nation communities are found within the boundaries of the wildlife reserve: Kitcisakik on Great Victoria Lake and Lac-Rapide on Cabonga Reservoir. History The reserve was established in 1939 with the name Reserve Route-Mont-Laurier-Senneterre. It was that year that the road linking Mont-Laurier to Abitibi (now known as Route 117) was expected to be completed. Because this new road made an exceptionally rich wildlife territory accessible to thousands of hunters and fishermen, it became thus important to protect it. In 1950, the government transformed the hunting and fishing reservation into a park and renamed it in honour of explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Lord of La Vérendrye, on the 200th anniversary of his death (1749). It gained the status of wildlife reserve in 1979. Activity La Vérendrye Reserve is a popular park for outdoor activities in all seasons. In the winter, snowmobiling can be done on trails through the park. In the spring there are whitewater rivers to canoe, in particular the Gens de Terre River. In the summer it is a great place for fishing, hiking, swimming, and canoe camping. In the autumn, hunting is permitted. Popular game animals include moose and white-tailed deer (black bear hunting in the spring). Permits and payment of fees are required for any of these activities. Le Domaine is the community along Route 117 where most of the park services are concentrated. Here permits, fuel, and food can be obtained. Flora La Vérendrye's landscape is typical of the Canadian Shield. The main tree species include black spruce, white spruce, jack pine, eastern white pine, red pine, and white birch. Fauna There are over 40 species of mammals, including moose, white-tailed deer, black bears, wolves, gray and red foxes, beavers, snowshoe hares (among others), and over 150 species of birds, including spruce grouse and ruffed grouse. Fish Walleye, northern pike, lake trout (salmon trout), smallmouth bass, and lake sturgeon. A few bodies of water, in the southern part of the reserve, contain brook trout (speckled trout). References External links Sépaq official website, La Vérendrye section Wildlife sanctuaries of Canada Nature reserves in Outaouais Protected areas of Abitibi-Témiscamingue

1483633

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities%20market

Securities market

Security market is a component of the wider financial market where securities can be bought and sold between subjects of the economy, on the basis of demand and supply. Security markets encompasses stock markets, bond markets and derivatives markets where prices can be determined and participants both professional and non professional can meet. Securities markets can be split into two levels: primary markets, where new securities are issued, and secondary markets where existing securities can be bought and sold. Secondary markets can further be split into organised exchanges, such as stock exchanges and over-the-counter, where individual parties come together and buy or sell securities directly. For securities holders knowing that a secondary market exists in which their securities may be sold and converted into cash increases the willingness of people to hold stocks and bonds and thus increases the ability of firms to issue securities. There are a number of professional participants of a securities market and these include; brokerages, broker-dealers, market makers, investment managers, speculators as well as those providing the infrastructure, such as clearing houses and securities depositories. A securities market is used in an economy to attract new capital, transfer real assets in financial assets, determine prices which will balance demand and supply and provide a means to invest money both short and long term. Conditions A securities market is a system of interconnection between all participants (professional and nonprofessional) that provides effective conditions: to attract new capital by means of issuing new security (securitization of debt) to transfer real asset into financial asset to invest money for short or long term periods with the aim of deriving profitability commercial function (to derive profit from operation on this market) price determination (demand and supply balancing, the continuous process of prices movements guarantees to state correct price for each security so the market corrects mispriced securities) informative function (market provides all participants with market information about participants and traded instruments) regulation function (securities market creates the rules of trade, contention regulation, priorities determination) Transfer of ownership (securities markets transfer existing stocks and bonds from owners who no longer desire to maintain their investments to buyers who wish to increase those specific investments Insurance (hedging) of operations though securities market (options, futures, etc.) Levels of securities market Primary market The primary market is that part of the capital markets that deals with the issue of new securities. Companies, governments or public sector institutions can obtain funding through the sale of a new stock or bond issue. This is typically done through a syndicate of securities dealers. The process of selling new issues to investors is called underwriting. In the case of a new stock issue, this sale is a public offering. Dealers earn a commission that is built into the price of the security offering, though it can be found in the prospectus. Primary markets create long term instruments through which corporate entities borrow from capital market... Features of primary markets are: This is the market for new long term equity capital. The primary market is the market where the securities are sold for the first time. Therefore, it is also called the new issue market (NIM). In a primary issue, the securities are issued by the company directly to investors. The company receives the money and issues new security certificates to the investors. Primary issues are used by companies for the purpose of setting up new business or for expanding or modernizing the existing business. The primary market performs the crucial function of facilitating capital formation in the economy. The new issue market does not include certain other sources of new long term external finance, such as loans from financial institutions. Borrowers in the new issue market may be raising capital for converting private capital into public capital; this is known as "going public." Secondary market The secondary market, also known as the aftermarket, is the financial market where previously issued securities and financial instruments such as stock, bonds, options, and futures are bought and sold. The term "secondary market" is also used to refer to the market for any used goods or assets, or an alternative use for an existing product or asset where the customer base is the second market (for example, corn has been traditionally used primarily for food production and feedstock, but a "second" or "third" market has developed for use in ethanol production). Stock exchange and over the counter markets. With primary issuances of securities or financial instruments, or the primary market, investors purchase these securities directly from issuers such as corporations issuing shares in an IPO or private placement, or directly from the federal government in the case of treasuries. After the initial issuance, investors can purchase from other investors in the secondary market. The secondary market for a variety of assets can vary from loans to stocks, from fragmented to centralized, and from illiquid to very liquid. The major stock exchanges are the most visible example of liquid secondary markets – in this case, for stocks of publicly traded companies. Exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange, Nasdaq and the American Stock Exchange provide a centralized, liquid secondary market for the investors who own stocks that trade on those exchanges. Most bonds and structured products trade "over the counter", or by phoning the bond desk of one's broker-dealer. Loans sometimes trade online using a Loan Exchange. There exists a private secondary market for shares who have not yet went through the IPO process. This market is also known as 'secondaries' because it is a secondary market, although shares are traded privately, typically through registered broker-dealers or between counterparties directly. Over-the-counter market Over-the-counter (OTC) or off-exchange trading is to trade financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, commodities or derivatives directly between two parties. It is contrasted with exchange trading, which occurs via facilities constructed for the purpose of trading (i.e., exchanges), such as futures exchanges or stock exchanges. In the U.S., over-the-counter trading in stock is carried out by market makers that make markets in OTCBB and Pink Sheets securities using inter-dealer quotation services such as Pink Quote (operated by Pink OTC Markets) and the OTC Bulletin Board (OTCBB). OTC stocks are not usually listed nor traded on any stock exchanges, though exchange listed stocks can be traded OTC on the third market. Although stocks quoted on the OTCBB must comply with United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reporting requirements, other OTC stocks, such as those stocks categorized as Pink Sheet securities, have no reporting requirements, while those stocks categorized as OTCQX have met alternative disclosure guidelines through Pink OTC Markets. An over-the-counter contract is a bilateral contract in which two parties agree on how a particular trade or agreement is to be settled in the future. It is usually from an investment bank to its clients directly. Forwards and swaps are prime examples of such contracts. It is mostly done via the computer or the telephone. For derivatives, these agreements are usually governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreement. This segment of the OTC market is occasionally referred to as the "Fourth Market". The NYMEX has created a clearing mechanism for a slate of commonly traded OTC energy derivatives which allows counterparties of many bilateral OTC transactions to mutually agree to transfer the trade to ClearPort, the exchange's clearing house, thus eliminating credit and performance risk of the initial OTC transaction counterparts.. Main financial instruments Bond, Promissory note, Cheque – a security contains requirement to make full payment to the bearer of cheque, Certificate of deposit, Bill of Lading (a Bill of Lading is a "document evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of transporting or forwarding goods." ), Stock. Promissory note A promissory note, referred to as a note payable in accounting, or commonly as just a "note", is a contract where one party (the maker or issuer) makes an unconditional promise in writing to pay a sum of money to the other (the payee), either at a fixed or determinable future time or on demand of the payee, under specific terms. They differ from IOU's in that they contain a specific promise to pay, rather than simply acknowledging that a debt exists. Certificate of deposit A certificate of deposit or CD is a time deposit, a financial product commonly offered to consumers by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions. CDs are similar to savings accounts in that they are insured and thus virtually risk-free; they are "money in the bank" (CDs are insured by the FDIC for banks or by the NCUA for credit unions). They are different from savings accounts in that the CD has a specific, fixed term (often three months, six months, or one to five years), and, usually, a fixed interest rate. It is intended that the CD be held until maturity, at which time the money may be withdrawn together with the accrued interest. ЯОзФ Bond Bond - an issued security establishing its holder's right to receive from the issuer of the bond, within the time period specified therein, its nominal value and the interest fixed therein on this value or other property equivalent. The bond may provide for other property rights of its holder, where this is not contrary to legislation. Stocks (shares) Common shares Common shares represent ownership in a company and a claim (dividends) on a portion of profits. Investors get one vote per share to elect the board members, who oversee the major decisions made by management. Over the long term, common stock, by means of capital growth, yields higher returns than almost every other investment. This higher return comes at a cost since common stocks entail the most risk. If a company goes bankrupt and liquidates, the common shareholders will not receive money until the creditors, and preferred shareholders are paid. Preferred share Preferred share represents some degree of ownership in a company but usually doesn't come with the same voting rights (this may vary depending on the company). With preferred shares, investors are usually guaranteed a fixed dividend forever. This is different than common stock, which has variable dividends that are never guaranteed. Another advantage is that in the event of liquidation preferred shareholders are paid off before the common shareholder (but still after debt holders). Preferred stock may also be callable, meaning that the company has the option to purchase the shares from shareholders at any time for any reason (usually for a premium). Some people consider preferred stock to be more like debt than equity. Professional participants Professional participants in the securities markets – legal persons, including credit organizations, and also citizens registered as business persons who conduct the following types of activity: Brokerage shall be deemed performance of civil-law transactions with securities as agent or commission agent acting under a contract of agency or commission, and also under a power (letter) of attorney for the performance of such transactions in the absence of indication of the powers of agent or commission agent in the contract. Dealer activity shall be deemed performance of transactions in the purchase and sale of securities in one's own name and for one's own account through the public announcement of the prices of purchase and/or sale of certain securities, with an obligation of the purchase and/or sale of these securities at the prices announced by the person pursuing such activity. Activity in the management of securities shall be deemed performance by a legal person or individual business person, in his own name, for a remuneration, during a stated period, of trust management of the following conveyed into his possession and belonging to another person, in the interests of this person or of third parties designated by this person: securities; monies intended for investment in securities; monies and securities received in the process of securities management. Clearing activity shall be deemed activity in determining mutual obligations (collection, collation and correction of information on security deals and preparation of bookkeeping documents thereon) and in offsetting these obligations in deliveries of securities Depositary activity shall be deemed the rendering of services in the safekeeping of certificates of securities and/or recording and transfer of rights to securities Activity in the keeping of a register of owners of securities shall be deemed collection, fixing, processing, storage and provision of data constituting a system of keeping the register of security owners Provision of services directly promoting conclusion of civil-law transactions with securities between participants in the securities market shall be deemed activity in the arrangement of trading on the securities market. See also Commodity markets Securitization Financial engineering References Financial markets

1483634

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg%20oil

Nutmeg oil

Nutmeg oil is a volatile essential oil from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). The oil is colorless or light yellow and smells and tastes of nutmeg. It contains numerous components of interest to the oleochemical industry. The essential oil consists of approximately 90% terpene hydrocarbons. Prominent components are sabinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene. A major oxygen-containing component is terpinen-4-ol. The oil also contains small amounts of various phenolic compounds and aromatic ethers, e.g. myristicin, elemicin, safrole, and methyl eugenol. The phenolic fraction is considered main contributor to the characteristic nutmeg odor. However, in spite of the low oil content, the characteristic composition of nutmeg oil makes it a valuable product for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, an improved process for its extraction would be of industrial interest. General uses The essential oil is obtained by the steam distillation of ground nutmeg and is used heavily in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The nutmeg essential oil is used as a natural food flavoring in baked goods, syrups, beverages (e.g. Coca-Cola), sweets, etc. It can then be used to replace ground nutmeg, as it leaves no particles in the food. The essential oil is also used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for instance in toothpaste and as a major ingredient in some cough syrups. References Essential oils Flavors

1483640

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conm%C3%A1el

Conmáel

Conmáel, son of Éber Finn, according to medieval Irish legend and historical traditions, became High King of Ireland when he killed Ethriel, son of Íriel Fáid, in the Battle of Rairiu. He was the first Milesian High King to have been born in Ireland, and the first to have been based in Munster. He fought twenty-five battles against the descendants of Érimón, and ruled for thirty years, until he was killed by Tigernmas in the Battle of Óenach Macha. The Eóganachta are said to be his descendants. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with the deaths of Samson in ancient Israel, and Fleuthius, king of Assyria. Geoffrey Keating dates his reign from 1239–1209 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters from 1651 to 1621 BC. Notes Legendary High Kings of Ireland Regicides Monarchs killed in action

1483643

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest%20Miramichi%20River

Northwest Miramichi River

The Northwest Miramichi River or Elmunokun is a river in New Brunswick, Canada. The Mi'kmaq referred to the river as Elmunokun, possibly meaning "a beaver hole" in reference to a deep pool in the river, just below the mouth of the Big Sevogle River, its second largest tributary, after the Little Southwest Miramichi. The Northwest Miramichi River has its origins near Big Bald Mountain in the Miramichi Highlands, part of the Appalachian Mountains in Northumberland County. Initially flowing east, the river turns south at the confluence of the Tomogonops River and Portage River. It continues south to Sunny Corner where it becomes tidal, and then flows east. The Northwest Miramichi River joins the Southwest Miramichi River at Newcastle, NB to form the Miramichi River. The river is noted for Atlantic Salmon fishing. The headwaters offer important spawning sites for Atlantic Salmon; thus, much of the upper river is either closed to fishing, or designated as Crown Reserve and subject to special fishing regulations. In spring canoeists often run the lower stretch of the river from Miner's Bridge (where the river first crosses Route 430), south to Redbank and Sunny Corner. Tributaries Little River Tomogonops River Portage River Big Sevogle River Little Sevogle River Little Southwest Miramichi River See also List of rivers of New Brunswick References Rivers of New Brunswick Landforms of Northumberland County, New Brunswick

1483646

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race%20and%20genetics

Race and genetics

Researchers have investigated the relationship between race and genetics as part of efforts to understand how biology may or may not contribute to human racial categorization. Today, the consensus among scientists is that race is a social construct, and that using it as a proxy for genetic differences among populations is misleading. Many constructions of race are associated with phenotypical traits and geographic ancestry, and scholars like Carl Linnaeus have proposed scientific models for the organization of race since at least the 18th century. Following the discovery of Mendelian genetics and the mapping of the human genome, questions about the biology of race have often been framed in terms of genetics. A wide range of research methods have been employed to examine patterns of human variation and their relations to ancestry and racial groups, including studies of individual traits, studies of large populations and genetic clusters, and studies of genetic risk factors for disease. Research into race and genetics has also been criticized as emerging from, or contributing to, scientific racism. Genetic studies of traits and populations have been used to justify social inequalities associated with race, despite the fact that patterns of human variation have been shown to be mostly clinal, with human genetic code being approximately 99.6%-99.9% identical between individuals and without clear boundaries between groups. Some researchers have argued that race can act as a proxy for genetic ancestry because individuals of the same racial category may share a common ancestry, but this view has fallen increasingly out of favor among experts. The mainstream view is that it is necessary to distinguish between biology and the social, political, cultural, and economic factors that contribute to conceptions of race. Phenotype may have a tangential connection to DNA, but it is still only a rough proxy that would omit various other genetic information. Today, in a somewhat similar way that "gender" is differentiated from the more clear "biological sex", scientists state that potentially "race" / phenotype can be differentiated from the more clear "ancestry". However, this system has also still come under scrutiny as it may fall into the same problems – which would be large, vague groupings with little genetic value. Overview The concept of race The concept of "race" as a classification system of humans based on visible physical characteristics emerged over the last five centuries, influenced by European colonialism. However, there is widespread evidence of what would be described in modern terms as racial consciousness throughout the entirety of recorded history. For example, in Ancient Egypt there were four broad racial divisions of human beings: Egyptians, Asiatics, Libyans, and Nubians. There was also Aristotle of Ancient Greece, who once wrote: "The peoples of Asia... lack spirit, so that they are in continuous subjection and slavery." The concept has manifested in different forms based on social conditions of a particular group, often used to justify unequal treatment. Early influential attempts to classify humans into discrete races include 4 races in Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae (Homo europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer) and 5 races in Johann Friedrich Blumenbach's On the Natural Variety of Mankind. Notably, over the next centuries, scholars argued for anywhere from 3 to more than 60 race categories. Race concepts have changed within a society over time; for example, in the United States social and legal designations of "White" have been inconsistently applied to Native Americans, Arab Americans, and Asian Americans, among other groups (See main article: Definitions of whiteness in the United States). Race categories also vary worldwide; for example, the same person might be perceived as belonging to a different category in the United States versus Brazil. Because of the arbitrariness inherent in the concept of race, it is difficult to relate it to biology in a straightforward way. Race and human genetic variation There is broad consensus across the biological and social sciences that race is a social construct, not an accurate representation of human genetic variation. As more progress has been made on sequencing the human genome, it has been found that any two humans will share an average of 99.35% of their DNA based on the approximately 3.1 billion haploid base pairs. However, this number should be understood as an average, any two specific individuals can have their genomes differ by more or less than 0.65%. Additionally, this average is an estimate, subject to change as additional sequences are discovered and populations sampled. In 2010, the genome of Craig Venter was found to differ by an estimated 1.59% from a reference genome created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. We nonetheless see wide individual variation in phenotype, which arises from both genetic differences and complex gene-environment interactions. The vast majority of this genetic variation occurs within groups; very little genetic variation differentiates between groups. Crucially, the between-group genetic differences that do exist do not map onto socially recognized categories of race. Furthermore, although human populations show some genetic clustering across geographic space, human genetic variation is "clinal", or continuous. This, in addition to the fact that different traits vary on different clines, makes it impossible to draw discrete genetic boundaries around human groups. Finally, insights from ancient DNA are revealing that no human population is "pure" – all populations represent a long history of migration and mixing. Sources of human genetic variation Genetic variation arises from mutations, from natural selection, migration between populations (gene flow) and from the reshuffling of genes through sexual reproduction. Mutations lead to a change in the DNA structure, as the order of the bases are rearranged. Resultantly, different polypeptide proteins are coded. Some mutations may be positive and can help the individual survive more effectively in their environment. Mutation is counteracted by natural selection and by genetic drift; note too the founder effect, when a small number of initial founders establish a population which hence starts with a correspondingly small degree of genetic variation. Epigenetic inheritance involves heritable changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence. Human phenotypes are highly polygenic (dependent on interaction by many genes) and are influenced by environment as well as by genetics. Nucleotide diversity is based on single mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The nucleotide diversity between humans is about 0.1 percent (one difference per one thousand nucleotides between two humans chosen at random). This amounts to approximately three million SNPs (since the human genome has about three billion nucleotides). There are an estimated ten million SNPs in the human population. Research has shown that non-SNP (structural) variation accounts for more human genetic variation than single nucleotide diversity. Structural variation includes copy-number variation and results from deletions, inversions, insertions and duplications. It is estimated that approximately 0.4 to 0.6 percent of the genomes of unrelated people differ. Genetic basis for race Much scientific research has been organized around the question of whether or not there is genetic basis for race. In Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza's book (circa 1994) "The History and Geography of Human Genes" he writes, "From a scientific point of view, the concept of race has failed to obtain any consensus; none is likely, given the gradual variation in existence. It may be objected that the racial stereotypes have a consistency that allows even the layman to classify individuals. However, the major stereotypes, all based on skin color, hair color and form, and facial traits, reflect superficial differences that are not confirmed by deeper analysis with more reliable genetic traits and whose origin dates from recent evolution mostly under the effect of climate and perhaps sexual selection". In 2018 geneticist David Reich reaffirmed the conclusion that the traditional views which assert a biological basis for race are wrong: In 1956, some scientists proposed that race may be similar to dog breeds within dogs. However, this theory has since been discarded, with one of the main reasons being that purebred dogs have been specifically bred artificially, whereas human races developed organically. Furthermore, the genetic variation between purebred dog breeds is far greater than that of human populations. Dog-breed intervariation is roughly 27.5%, whereas human populations inter-variation is only at 10-15.6%. Including non purebreds would substantially decrease the 27.5% genetic variance, however. Mammal taxonomy is rarely defined by genetic variance alone. Research methods Scientists investigating human variation have used a series of methods to characterize how different populations vary. Early studies of traits, proteins, and genes Early racial classification attempts measured surface traits, particularly skin color, hair color and texture, eye color, and head size and shape. (Measurements of the latter through craniometry were repeatedly discredited in the late 19th and mid-20th centuries due to a lack of correlation of phenotypic traits with racial categorization.) In actuality, biological adaptation plays the biggest role in these bodily features and skin type. A relative handful of genes accounts for the inherited factors shaping a person's appearance. Humans have an estimated 19,000–20,000 human protein-coding genes. Richard Sturm and David Duffy describe 11 genes that affect skin pigmentation and explain most variations in human skin color, the most significant of which are MC1R, ASIP, OCA2, and TYR. There is evidence that as many as 16 different genes could be responsible for eye color in humans; however, the main two genes associated with eye color variation are OCA2 and HERC2, and both are localized in chromosome 15. Analysis of blood proteins and between-group genetics Before the discovery of DNA, scientists used blood proteins (the human blood group systems) to study human genetic variation. Research by Ludwik and Hanka Herschfeld during World War I found that the incidence of blood groups A and B differed by region; for example, among Europeans 15 percent were group B and 40 percent group A. Eastern Europeans and Russians had a higher incidence of group B; people from India had the greatest incidence. The Herschfelds concluded that humans comprised two "biochemical races", originating separately. It was hypothesized that these two races later mixed, resulting in the patterns of groups A and B. This was one of the first theories of racial differences to include the idea that human variation did not correlate with genetic variation. It was expected that groups with similar proportions of blood groups would be more closely related, but instead it was often found that groups separated by great distances (such as those from Madagascar and Russia), had similar incidences. It was later discovered that the ABO blood group system is not just common to humans, but shared with other primates, and likely predates all human groups. In 1972, Richard Lewontin performed a FST statistical analysis using 17 markers (including blood-group proteins). He found that the majority of genetic differences between humans (85.4 percent) were found within a population, 8.3 percent were found between populations within a race and 6.3 percent were found to differentiate races (Caucasian, African, Mongoloid, South Asian Aborigines, Amerinds, Oceanians, and Australian Aborigines in his study). Since then, other analyses have found FST values of 6–10 percent between continental human groups, 5–15 percent between different populations on the same continent and 75–85 percent within populations. This view has been affirmed by the American Anthropological Association and the American Association of Physical Anthropologists since. Critiques of blood protein analysis While acknowledging Lewontin's observation that humans are genetically homogeneous, A. W. F. Edwards in his 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy" argued that information distinguishing populations from each other is hidden in the correlation structure of allele frequencies, making it possible to classify individuals using mathematical techniques. Edwards argued that even if the probability of misclassifying an individual based on a single genetic marker is as high as 30 percent (as Lewontin reported in 1972), the misclassification probability nears zero if enough genetic markers are studied simultaneously. Edwards saw Lewontin's argument as based on a political stance, denying biological differences to argue for social equality. Edwards' paper is reprinted, commented upon by experts such as Noah Rosenberg, and given further context in an interview with philosopher of science Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther in a recent anthology. As referred to before, Edwards criticises Lewontin's paper as he took 17 different traits and analysed them independently, without looking at them in conjunction with any other protein. Thus, it would have been fairly convenient for Lewontin to come up with the conclusion that racial naturalism is not tenable, according to his argument. Sesardic also strengthened Edwards' view, as he used an illustration referring to squares and triangles, and showed that if you look at one trait in isolation, then it will most likely be a bad predicator of which group the individual belongs to. In contrast, in a 2014 paper, reprinted in the 2018 Edwards Cambridge University Press volume, Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther argues that "Lewontin's Fallacy" is effectively a misnomer, as there really are two different sets of methods and questions at play in studying the genomic population structure of our species: "variance partitioning" and "clustering analysis." According to Winther, they are "two sides of the same mathematics coin" and neither "necessarily implies anything about the reality of human groups." Current studies of population genetics Researchers currently use genetic testing, which may involve hundreds (or thousands) of genetic markers or the entire genome. Structure Several methods to examine and quantify genetic subgroups exist, including cluster and principal components analysis. Genetic markers from individuals are examined to find a population's genetic structure. While subgroups overlap when examining variants of one marker only, when a number of markers are examined different subgroups have different average genetic structure. An individual may be described as belonging to several subgroups. These subgroups may be more or less distinct, depending on how much overlap there is with other subgroups. In cluster analysis, the number of clusters to search for K is determined in advance; how distinct the clusters are varies. The results obtained from cluster analyses depend on several factors: A large number of genetic markers studied facilitates finding distinct clusters. Some genetic markers vary more than others, so fewer are required to find distinct clusters. Ancestry-informative markers exhibit substantially different frequencies between populations from different geographical regions. Using AIMs, scientists can determine a person's ancestral continent of origin based solely on their DNA. AIMs can also be used to determine someone's admixture proportions. The more individuals studied, the easier it becomes to detect distinct clusters (statistical noise is reduced). Low genetic variation makes it more difficult to find distinct clusters. Greater geographic distance generally increases genetic variation, making identifying clusters easier. A similar cluster structure is seen with different genetic markers when the number of genetic markers included is sufficiently large. The clustering structure obtained with different statistical techniques is similar. A similar cluster structure is found in the original sample with a subsample of the original sample. Recent studies have been published using an increasing number of genetic markers. Focus on study of structure has been criticized for giving the general public a misleading impression of human genetic variation, obscuring the general finding that genetic variants which are limited to one region tend to be rare within that region, variants that are common within a region tend to be shared across the globe, and most differences between individuals, whether they come from the same region or different regions, are due to global variants. Distance Genetic distance is genetic divergence between species or populations of a species. It may compare the genetic similarity of related species, such as humans and chimpanzees. Within a species, genetic distance measures divergence between subgroups. Genetic distance significantly correlates to geographic distance between populations, a phenomenon sometimes known as "isolation by distance". Genetic distance may be the result of physical boundaries restricting gene flow such as islands, deserts, mountains or forests. Genetic distance is measured by the fixation index (FST). FST is the correlation of randomly chosen alleles in a subgroup to a larger population. It is often expressed as a proportion of genetic diversity. This comparison of genetic variability within (and between) populations is used in population genetics. The values range from 0 to 1; zero indicates the two populations are freely interbreeding, and one would indicate that two populations are separate. Many studies place the average FST distance between human races at about 0.125. Henry Harpending argued that this value implies on a world scale a "kinship between two individuals of the same human population is equivalent to kinship between grandparent and grandchild or between half siblings". In fact, the formulas derived in Harpending's paper in the "Kinship in a subdivided population" section imply that two unrelated individuals of the same race have a higher coefficient of kinship (0.125) than an individual and their mixed race half-sibling (0.109). Critiques of FST While acknowledging that FST remains useful, a number of scientists have written about other approaches to characterizing human genetic variation. Long & Kittles (2009) stated that FST failed to identify important variation and that when the analysis includes only humans, FST = 0.119, but adding chimpanzees increases it only to FST = 0.183. Mountain & Risch (2004) argued that an FST estimate of 0.10–0.15 does not rule out a genetic basis for phenotypic differences between groups and that a low FST estimate implies little about the degree to which genes contribute to between-group differences. Pearse & Crandall 2004 wrote that FST figures cannot distinguish between a situation of high migration between populations with a long divergence time, and one of a relatively recent shared history but no ongoing gene flow. In their 2015 article, Keith Hunley, Graciela Cabana, and Jeffrey Long (who had previously criticized Lewontin's statistical methodology with Rick Kittles) recalculate the apportionment of human diversity using a more complex model than Lewontin and his successors. They conclude: "In sum, we concur with Lewontin's conclusion that Western-based racial classifications have no taxonomic significance, and we hope that this research, which takes into account our current understanding of the structure of human diversity, places his seminal finding on firmer evolutionary footing." Anthropologists (such as C. Loring Brace), philosopher Jonathan Kaplan and geneticist Joseph Graves have argued that while it is possible to find biological and genetic variation roughly corresponding to race, this is true for almost all geographically distinct populations: the cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on the initial hypotheses of the researcher and the populations sampled. When one samples continental groups, the clusters become continental; with other sampling patterns, the clusters would be different. Weiss and Fullerton note that if one sampled only Icelanders, Mayans and Maoris, three distinct clusters would form; all other populations would be composed of genetic admixtures of Maori, Icelandic and Mayan material. Kaplan therefore concludes that, while differences in particular allele frequencies can be used to identify populations that loosely correspond to the racial categories common in Western social discourse, the differences are of no more biological significance than the differences found between any human populations (e.g., the Spanish and Portuguese). Historical and geographical analyses Current-population genetic structure does not imply that differing clusters or components indicate only one ancestral home per group; for example, a genetic cluster in the US comprises Hispanics with European, Native American and African ancestry. Geographic analyses attempt to identify places of origin, their relative importance and possible causes of genetic variation in an area. The results can be presented as maps showing genetic variation. Cavalli-Sforza and colleagues argue that if genetic variations are investigated, they often correspond to population migrations due to new sources of food, improved transportation or shifts in political power. For example, in Europe the most significant direction of genetic variation corresponds to the spread of agriculture from the Middle East to Europe between 10,000 and 6,000 years ago. Such geographic analysis works best in the absence of recent large-scale, rapid migrations. Historic analyses use differences in genetic variation (measured by genetic distance) as a molecular clock indicating the evolutionary relation of species or groups, and can be used to create evolutionary trees reconstructing population separations. Results of genetic-ancestry research are supported if they agree with research results from other fields, such as linguistics or archeology. Cavalli-Sforza and colleagues have argued that there is a correspondence between language families found in linguistic research and the population tree they found in their 1994 study. There are generally shorter genetic distances between populations using languages from the same language family. Exceptions to this rule are also found, for example Sami, who are genetically associated with populations speaking languages from other language families. The Sami speak a Uralic language, but are genetically primarily European. This is argued to have resulted from migration (and interbreeding) with Europeans while retaining their original language. Agreement also exists between research dates in archeology and those calculated using genetic distance. Self-identification studies Jorde and Wooding found that while clusters from genetic markers were correlated with some traditional concepts of race, the correlations were imperfect and imprecise due to the continuous and overlapping nature of genetic variation, noting that ancestry, which can be accurately determined, is not equivalent to the concept of race. A 2005 study by Tang and colleagues used 326 genetic markers to determine genetic clusters. The 3,636 subjects, from the United States and Taiwan, self-identified as belonging to white, African American, East Asian or Hispanic ethnic groups. The study found "nearly perfect correspondence between genetic cluster and SIRE for major ethnic groups living in the United States, with a discrepancy rate of only 0.14 percent". Paschou et al. found "essentially perfect" agreement between 51 self-identified populations of origin and the population's genetic structure, using 650,000 genetic markers. Selecting for informative genetic markers allowed a reduction to less than 650, while retaining near-total accuracy. Correspondence between genetic clusters in a population (such as the current US population) and self-identified race or ethnic groups does not mean that such a cluster (or group) corresponds to only one ethnic group. African Americans have an estimated 20–25-percent European genetic admixture; Hispanics have European, Native American and African ancestry. In Brazil there has been extensive admixture between Europeans, Amerindians and Africans. As a result, skin color differences within the population are not gradual, and there are relatively weak associations between self-reported race and African ancestry. Ethnoracial self- classification in Brazilians is certainly not random with respect to genome individual ancestry, but the strength of the association between the phenotype and median proportion of African ancestry varies largely across population. Critique of genetic-distance studies and clusters Genetic distances generally increase continually with geographic distance, which makes a dividing line arbitrary. Any two neighboring settlements will exhibit some genetic difference from each other, which could be defined as a race. Therefore, attempts to classify races impose an artificial discontinuity on a naturally occurring phenomenon. This explains why studies on population genetic structure yield varying results, depending on methodology. Rosenberg and colleagues (2005) have argued, based on cluster analysis of the 52 populations in the Human Genetic Diversity Panel, that populations do not always vary continuously and a population's genetic structure is consistent if enough genetic markers (and subjects) are included. They also wrote, regarding a model with five clusters corresponding to Africa, Eurasia (Europe, Middle East, and Central/South Asia), East Asia, Oceania, and the Americas: This applies to populations in their ancestral homes when migrations and gene flow were slow; large, rapid migrations exhibit different characteristics. Tang and colleagues (2004) wrote, "we detected only modest genetic differentiation between different current geographic locales within each race/ethnicity group. Thus, ancient geographic ancestry, which is highly correlated with self-identified race/ethnicity—as opposed to current residence—is the major determinant of genetic structure in the U.S. population". Cluster analysis has been criticized because the number of clusters to search for is decided in advance, with different values possible (although with varying degrees of probability). Principal component analysis does not decide in advance how many components for which to search. The 2002 study by Rosenberg et al. exemplifies why meanings of these clusterings can be disputable, though the study shows that at the K=5 cluster analysis, genetic clusterings roughly map onto each of the five major geographical regions. Similar results were gathered in further studies in 2005. Critique of ancestry-informative markers Ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) are a genealogy tracing technology that has come under much criticism due to its reliance on reference populations. In a 2015 article, Troy Duster outlines how contemporary technology allows the tracing of ancestral lineage but along only the lines of one maternal and one paternal line. That is, of 64 total great-great-great-great-grandparents, only one from each parent is identified, implying the other 62 ancestors are ignored in tracing efforts. Furthermore, the 'reference populations' used as markers for membership of a particular group are designated arbitrarily and contemporarily. In other words, using populations who currently reside in given places as references for certain races and ethnic groups is unreliable due to the demographic changes which have occurred over many centuries in those places. Furthermore, ancestry-informative markers being widely shared among the whole human population, it is their frequency which is tested, not their mere absence/presence. A threshold of relative frequency has, therefore, to be set. According to Duster, the criteria for setting such thresholds are a trade secret of the companies marketing the tests. Thus, we cannot say anything conclusive on whether they are appropriate. Results of AIMs are extremely sensitive to where this bar is set. Given that many genetic traits are found to be very similar amid many different populations, the designated threshold frequencies are very important. This can also lead to mistakes, given that many populations may share the same patterns, if not exactly the same genes. "This means that someone from Bulgaria whose ancestors go back to the fifteenth century could (and sometime does) map as partly 'Native American. This happens because AIMs rely on a '100% purity' assumption of reference populations. That is, they assume that a pattern of traits would ideally be a necessary and sufficient condition for assigning an individual to an ancestral reference populations. Race, genetics, and medicine There are certain statistical differences between racial groups in susceptibility to certain diseases. Genes change in response to local diseases; for example, people who are Duffy-negative tend to have a higher resistance to malaria. The Duffy negative phenotype is highly frequent in central Africa and the frequency decreases with distance away from Central Africa, with higher frequencies in global populations with high degrees of recent African immigration. This suggests that the Duffy negative genotype evolved in Sub-Saharan Africa and was subsequently positively selected for in the Malaria endemic zone. A number of genetic conditions prevalent in malaria-endemic areas may provide genetic resistance to malaria, including sickle cell disease, thalassaemias and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-limiting autosomal recessive disease among people of European ancestry; a hypothesized heterozygote advantage, providing resistance to diseases earlier common in Europe, has been challenged. Scientists Michael Yudell, Dorothy Roberts, Rob DeSalle, and Sarah Tishkoff argue that using these associations in the practice of medicine has led doctors to overlook or misidentify disease: "For example, hemoglobinopathies can be misdiagnosed because of the identification of sickle-cell as a 'Black' disease and thalassemia as a 'Mediterranean' disease. Cystic fibrosis is underdiagnosed in populations of African ancestry, because it is thought of as a 'White' disease." Information about a person's population of origin may aid in diagnosis, and adverse drug responses may vary by group. Because of the correlation between self-identified race and genetic clusters, medical treatments influenced by genetics have varying rates of success between self-defined racial groups. For this reason, some physicians consider a patient's race in choosing the most effective treatment, and some drugs are marketed with race-specific instructions. Jorde and Wooding (2004) have argued that because of genetic variation within racial groups, when "it finally becomes feasible and available, individual genetic assessment of relevant genes will probably prove more useful than race in medical decision making". However, race continues to be a factor when examining groups (such as epidemiologic research). Some doctors and scientists such as geneticist Neil Risch argue that using self-identified race as a proxy for ancestry is necessary to be able to get a sufficiently broad sample of different ancestral populations, and in turn to be able to provide health care that is tailored to the needs of minority groups. Usage in scientific journals Some scientific journals have addressed previous methodological errors by requiring more rigorous scrutiny of population variables. Since 2000, Nature Genetics requires its authors to "explain why they make use of particular ethnic groups or populations, and how classification was achieved". Editors of Nature Genetics say that "[they] hope that this will raise awareness and inspire more rigorous designs of genetic and epidemiological studies". A 2021 study that examined over 11,000 papers from 1949 to 2018 in The American Journal of Human Genetics, found that "race" was used in only 5% of papers published in the last decade, down from 22% in the first. Together with an increase in use of the terms "ethnicity," "ancestry," and location-based terms, it suggests that human geneticists have mostly abandoned the term "race." Gene-environment interactions Lorusso and Bacchini argue that self-identified race is of greater use in medicine as it correlates strongly with risk-related exposomes that are potentially heritable when they become embodied in the epigenome. They summarise evidence of the link between racial discrimination and health outcomes due to poorer food quality, access to healthcare, housing conditions, education, access to information, exposure to infectious agents and toxic substances, and material scarcity. They also cite evidence that this process can work positively – for example, the psychological advantage of perceiving oneself at the top of a social hierarchy is linked to improved health. However they caution that the effects of discrimination do not offer a complete explanation for differential rates of disease and risk factors between racial groups, and the employment of self-identified race has the potential to reinforce racial inequalities. Objections to racial naturalism Racial naturalism is the view that racial classifications are grounded in objective patterns of genetic similarities and differences. Proponents of this view have justified it using the scientific evidence described above. However, this view is controversial and philosophers of race have put forward four main objections to it. Semantic objections, such as the discreteness objection, argue that the human populations picked out in population-genetic research are not races and do not correspond to what "race" means in the United States. "The discreteness objection does not require there to be no genetic admixture in the human species in order for there to be US 'racial groups' ... rather ... what the objection claims is that membership in US racial groups is different from membership in continental populations. ... Thus, strictly speaking, Blacks are not identical to Africans, Whites are not identical to Eurasians, Asians are not identical to East Asians and so forth." Therefore, it could be argued that scientific research is not really about race. The next two objections, are metaphysical objections which argue that even if the semantic objections fail, human genetic clustering results do not support the biological reality of race. The 'very important objection' stipulates that races in the US definition fail to be important to biology, in the sense that continental populations do not form biological subspecies. The 'objectively real objection' states that "US racial groups are not biologically real because they are not objectively real in the sense of existing independently of human interest, belief, or some other mental state of humans." Racial naturalists, such as Quayshawn Spencer, have responded to each of these objections with counter-arguments. There are also methodological critics who reject racial naturalism because of concerns relating to the experimental design, execution, or interpretation of the relevant population-genetic research. Another semantic objection is the visibility objection which refutes the claim that there are US racial groups in human population structures. Philosophers such as Joshua Glasgow and Naomi Zack believe that US racial groups cannot be defined by visible traits, such as skin colour and physical attributes: "The ancestral genetic tracking material has no effect on phenotypes, or biological traits of organisms, which would include the traits deemed racial, because the ancestral tracking genetic material plays no role in the production of proteins it is not the kind of material that 'codes' for protein production." Spencer contends that certain racial discourses require visible groups, but disagrees that this is a requirement in all US racial discourse. A different objection states that US racial groups are not biologically real because they are not objectively real in the sense of existing independently of some mental state of humans. Proponents of this second metaphysical objection include Naomi Zack and Ron Sundstrom. Spencer argues that an entity can be both biologically real and socially constructed. Spencer states that in order to accurately capture real biological entities, social factors must also be considered. It has been argued that knowledge of a person's race is limited in value, since people of the same race vary from one another. David J. Witherspoon and colleagues have argued that when individuals are assigned to population groups, two randomly chosen individuals from different populations can resemble each other more than a randomly chosen member of their own group. They found that many thousands of genetic markers had to be used for the answer to "How often is a pair of individuals from one population genetically more dissimilar than two individuals chosen from two different populations?" to be "Never". This assumed three population groups, separated by large geographic distances (European, African and East Asian). The global human population is more complex, and studying a large number of groups would require an increased number of markers for the same answer. They conclude that "caution should be used when using geographic or genetic ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes", and "The fact that, given enough genetic data, individuals can be correctly assigned to their populations of origin is compatible with the observation that most human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them. It is also compatible with our finding that, even when the most distinct populations are considered and hundreds of loci are used, individuals are frequently more similar to members of other populations than to members of their own population". This is similar to the conclusion reached by anthropologist Norman Sauer in a 1992 article on the ability of forensic anthropologists to assign "race" to a skeleton, based on craniofacial features and limb morphology. Sauer said, "the successful assignment of race to a skeletal specimen is not a vindication of the race concept, but rather a prediction that an individual, while alive was assigned to a particular socially constructed 'racial' category. A specimen may display features that point to African ancestry. In this country that person is likely to have been labeled Black regardless of whether or not such a race actually exists in nature". Criticism of race-based medicines Troy Duster points out that genetics is often not the predominant determinant of disease susceptibilities, even though they might correlate with specific socially defined categories. This is because this research oftentimes lacks control for a multiplicity of socio-economic factors. He cites data collected by King and Rewers that indicates how dietary differences play a significant role in explaining variations of diabetes prevalence between populations. Duster elaborates by putting forward the example of the Pima of Arizona, a population suffering from disproportionately high rates of diabetes. The reason for such, he argues, was not necessarily a result of the prevalence of the FABP2 gene, which is associated with insulin resistance. Rather he argues that scientists often discount the lifestyle implications under specific socio-historical contexts. For instance, near the end of the 19th century, the Pima economy was predominantly agriculture-based. However, as the European American population settles into traditionally Pima territory, the Pima lifestyles became heavily Westernised. Within three decades, the incidence of diabetes increased multiple folds. Governmental provision of free relatively high-fat food to alleviate the prevalence of poverty in the population is noted as an explanation of this phenomenon. Lorusso and Bacchini argue against the assumption that "self-identified race is a good proxy for a specific genetic ancestry" on the basis that self-identified race is complex: it depends on a range of psychological, cultural and social factors, and is therefore "not a robust proxy for genetic ancestry". Furthermore, they explain that an individual's self-identified race is made up of further, collectively arbitrary factors: personal opinions about what race is and the extent to which it should be taken into consideration in everyday life. Furthermore, individuals who share a genetic ancestry may differ in their racial self-identification across historical or socioeconomic contexts. From this, Lorusso and Bacchini conclude that the accuracy in the prediction of genetic ancestry on the basis of self-identification is low, specifically in racially admixed populations born out of complex ancestral histories. See also , section; 4.2 Race, identity and cranio-facial description Zionism, race and genetics References Further reading This review of current research includes chapters by Jonathan Marks, John Dupré, Sally Haslanger, Deborah A. Bolnick, Marcus W. Feldman, Richard C. Lewontin, Sarah K. Tate, David B. Goldstein, Jonathan Kahn, Duana Fullwiley, Molly J. Dingel, Barbara A. Koenig, Mark D. Shriver, Rick A. Kittles, Henry T. Greely, Kimberly Tallbear, Alondra Nelson, Pamela Sankar, Sally Lehrman, Jenny Reardon, Jacqueline Stevens, and Sandra Soo-Jin Lee. Genetic genealogy Race (human categorization) Human population genetics Biological anthropology

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Charles%20Abrial

Jean-Marie Charles Abrial

Jean-Marie Charles Abrial (; 17 December 1879 – 19 December 1962) was a French Admiral and Naval Minister. He fought in both World wars, and was known mostly for his actions at Dunkirk in 1940. Early years Abrial started his career in 1896 at the École Navale, the French naval academy, taking his first post as an aspirant (midshipman) in 1898. During World War I, Abrial served in command of a high-seas patrol boat until 1917, when he joined the Naval Ministry's anti-submarine division. In 1920 he was promoted to Capitaine de frégate (Commander), first commanding the destroyer and eventually an entire flotilla of destroyers stationed in the Mediterranean Sea. Promotions After completing studies at the École Navale near the Atlantic-Coast port of Brest, he was promoted to Capitaine de vaisseau (Captain) in 1925, commanding the heavy cruiser in 1927–1929 and serving as commanding officer of the 1st Squadron at Toulon. In 1930 he was promoted to Rear Admiral and in 1936 to Vice Admiral, after which he commanded the Mediterranean squadron for three years. In 1939 he was charged with protecting French overseas trade as well as the north coast of France, and the following year General Maxime Weygand named him as Commander-in-Chief of the northern naval forces. World War II Abrial worked in cooperation with the British troops during the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940, even though he had not been informed of it prior to the operation. The operation began on 26 May with the requisitioning of several private boats in attempts to organize assistance from the French Navy. On 29 May the evacuation began; Abrial was one of the last to be evacuated. After evacuation, Abrial was based in Cherbourg — where, as senior officer, he was forced to surrender the port to the Germans on 19 June. From July 1940 to July 1941, he served Philippe Pétain's Vichy regime as the governor general of Algeria. Vichy regime President Pierre Laval appointed him as Naval Minister and commander of naval forces, a position he held from 29 November 1942 until 25 March 1943. Collaboration On the downfall of the Vichy regime, Abrial was arrested and charged with collaboration, for which he lost his pension. After the Provisional Government of the French Republic re-established the Haute Cour de justice, that court condemned him for his Nazi collaboration and sentenced him to ten years of forced labor. In December 1947, however, he gained provisional release, and in 1954 he was granted amnesty. Popular culture In the 2004 BBC miniseries Dunkirk, Abrial was played by French actor André Oumansky. References Bibliography External links Dictionnaire biographique 1879 births 1962 deaths People from Tarn (department) French military personnel of World War I French Navy admirals of World War II French prisoners and detainees Ministers of marine Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath French Navy admirals Governors general of Algeria People convicted of indignité nationale 19th-century French military personnel